ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ellen Jorgensen - Biologist, community science advocate
Ellen Jorgensen is at the leading edge of the do-it-yourself biotechnology movement, bringing scientific exploration and understanding to the public.

Why you should listen

In 2009, after many years of working as a molecular biologist in the biotech industry, together with TED Fellow Oliver Medvedik, Jorgensen founded Genspace, a nonprofit community laboratory dedicated to promoting citizen science and access to biotechnology. Despite criticism that bioresearch should be left to the experts, the Brooklyn-based lab continues to thrive, providing educational outreach, cultural events and a platform for science innovation at the grassroots level. At the lab, amateur and professional scientists conduct award-winning research on projects as diverse as identifying microbes that live in Earth's atmosphere and (Jorgensen's own pet project) DNA-barcoding plants, to distinguish between species that look alike but may not be closely related evolutionarily. Fast Company magazine named Genspace one of the world's "Top 10 innovative companies in education."

More profile about the speaker
Ellen Jorgensen | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2012

Ellen Jorgensen: Biohacking -- you can do it, too

Ellen Jorgensen: 生物黑客--你也可以

Filmed:
1,283,675 views

我们已经拥有了个人电脑,为什么不试试个人生物科技?创办位于布鲁克林的非盈利性DIY生物实验室Genspace前,这一直是生物学家Ellen Jorgensen和她的同事面对的问题。这家实验室致力于公众科学,为爱好者提供了实验生物技术的平台。Genspace非但没有成为一些人想象中的罪恶的Frankenstein的实验室,却为DIY生物提供了无数乐趣,创意和实际的应用。
- Biologist, community science advocate
Ellen Jorgensen is at the leading edge of the do-it-yourself biotechnology movement, bringing scientific exploration and understanding to the public. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
It's a great time to be a molecular分子 biologist生物学家. (Laughter笑声)
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时下,当一名分子生物学家真是太美妙了(笑声)
00:19
Reading and writing写作 DNA脱氧核糖核酸 code is getting得到 easier更轻松
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读写DNA密码越来越简单
00:22
and cheaper便宜.
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也越来便宜
00:24
By the end结束 of this year, we'll be able能够 to sequence序列
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今年底,我们就能
00:26
the three million百万 bits of information信息
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在不到一天的时间里
00:28
in your genome基因组 in less than a day
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排列出你体内基因组内包含的三百万比特的信息
00:31
and for less than 1,000 euros欧元.
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而这只花不到1000欧元
00:33
Biotech生物技术 is probably大概 the most powerful强大
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生物科技可能是整个科技领域
00:36
and the fastest-growing增长最快 technology技术 sector扇形.
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最强大,发展最快的一个分支
00:39
It has the power功率, potentially可能,
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它极有可能
00:42
to replace更换 our fossil化石 fuels燃料,
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取代化石燃料
00:44
to revolutionize革命化 medicine医学,
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彻底革新医学药品
00:47
and to touch触摸 every一切 aspect方面 of our daily日常 lives生活.
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影响我们日常生活的方方面面
00:51
So who gets得到 to do it?
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那么谁会让这些成为现实呢?
00:55
I think we'd星期三 all be pretty漂亮 comfortable自在 with
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我觉得可能我们比较愿意
00:57
this guy doing it.
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让这个人来做
01:00
But what about
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那这个人
01:02
that guy? (Laughter笑声)
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如何?(笑声)
01:05
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
01:07
In 2009, I first heard听说 about DIYbioDIYbio.
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2009年,我第一次听说“DIY(自己动手)生物学”
01:13
It's a movement运动 that -- it advocates倡导者 making制造 biotechnology生物技术
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这是一场旨在
01:17
accessible无障碍 to everyone大家,
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让每个人都能接触生物科技的运动
01:19
not just scientists科学家们 and people in government政府 labs实验室.
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而不仅仅是科学家和政府实验室的工作人员
01:22
The idea理念 is that if you open打开 up the science科学
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这一运动的理念在于,如果你真正开放科学探索
01:26
and you allow允许 diverse多种 groups to participate参加,
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并让各行各业的人参与进来
01:29
it could really stimulate刺激 innovation革新.
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将会激发真正的创新
01:30
Putting technology技术 in the hands of the end结束 user用户
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让最终消费者去接触科技
01:33
is usually平时 a good idea理念 because they've他们已经 got the best最好 idea理念
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是一个很好的想法,因为他们最清楚
01:36
of what their needs需求 are.
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自己的需求是什么
01:39
And here's这里的 this really sophisticated复杂的 technology技术
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当一些复杂难懂的科技
01:42
coming未来 down the road, all these associated相关
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出现在市面上,并引发相关的
01:44
social社会, moral道德, ethical合乎道德的 questions问题,
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社会、道德、伦理问题
01:47
and we scientists科学家们 are just lousy糟糕 at explaining说明 to the public上市
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科学家们只能不厌其烦地向公众解释
01:51
just exactly究竟 what it is we're doing in those labs实验室.
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我们在这样的实验室里已经做过的事情
01:54
So wouldn't不会 it be nice不错
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如果
01:57
if there was a place地点 in your local本地 neighborhood邻里
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你家附近有个地方
02:00
where you could go and learn学习 about this stuff东东,
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可以了解这些东西
02:02
do it hands-on动手?
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还能亲身实践,不是很好吗?
02:04
I thought so.
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我觉得这样很好
02:06
So, three years年份 ago, I got together一起
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所以,三年前我
02:08
with some friends朋友 of mine who had similar类似 aspirations愿望
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同一些有类似想法的朋友一起
02:11
and we founded成立 GenspaceGenspace.
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建立了Genspace
02:14
It's a nonprofit非营利性, a community社区 biotech生物技术 lab实验室
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它是个非营利社区性质的生物科技实验室
02:17
in Brooklyn布鲁克林, New York纽约,
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位于纽约布鲁克林
02:18
and the idea理念 was people could come,
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它的理念是人们可以过来
02:20
they could take classes and putter推杆 around in the lab实验室
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在开放友好的气氛中
02:24
in a very open打开, friendly友善 atmosphere大气层.
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上上课,在实验室里做些小实验
02:28
None没有 of my previous以前 experience经验 prepared准备 me
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我之前所有的经历
02:31
for what came来了 next下一个. Can you guess猜测?
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都不足以让我预知接下来发生了什么。你能猜得到吗?
02:34
The press started开始 calling调用 us.
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媒体开始给我们打电话
02:37
And the more we talked about how great it was to increase增加
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我们想谈提高科学素质是多么好的一件事
02:40
science科学 literacy读写能力, the more they wanted to talk
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而他们却想谈
02:43
about us creating创建 the next下一个 Frankenstein科学怪人,
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我们将会创造出下一个科学怪人(小说《弗兰肯斯坦》:主人公成功地创造出人工生命,但最终与其同归与尽)
02:46
and as a result结果, for the next下一个 six months个月,
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结果,接下来的半年里
02:49
when you Googled谷歌搜索 my name名称,
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在Google上搜索我名字的时候
02:51
instead代替 of getting得到 my scientific科学 papers文件, you got this.
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搜到的不是我的科技论文
02:55
["Am I a biohazard生物危害?"]
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而是[“我是个生化危机源”?]
02:56
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:58
It was pretty漂亮 depressing压抑.
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我特别沮丧
03:00
The only thing that got us through通过 that period
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支撑着我们挺过那段时期的唯一的东西
03:03
was that we knew知道 that all over the world世界,
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就是我们知道,在世界的其他地方
03:05
there were other people that were trying to do
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也有人试着
03:07
the same相同 thing that we were.
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在做跟我们一样的事情
03:09
They were opening开盘 biohackerbiohacker spaces空间, and some of them
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这就是早期的生物黑客
03:11
were facing面对 much greater更大 challenges挑战 than we did,
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他们中一些人面临着比我们更大的压力
03:14
more regulations法规, less resources资源.
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更多的限制和更少的资源
03:18
But now, three years年份 later后来, here's这里的 where we stand.
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但如今,三年后,我们已经发展成这样
03:22
It's a vibrant充满活力, global全球 community社区 of hackerspaces黑客空间,
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(Genspace)成为了一个生机勃勃的全球生物黑客社区
03:26
and this is just the beginning开始.
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而这仅仅只是个开始
03:28
These are some of the biggest最大 ones那些,
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这些只是稍大型的黑客空间
03:30
and there are others其他 opening开盘 every一切 day.
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每天都有其他的在新开放
03:32
There's one probably大概 going to open打开 up in Moscow莫斯科,
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在莫斯科可能会开放一个
03:35
one in South Korea韩国,
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在韩国也会有一个
03:37
and the cool thing is they each have their own拥有
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有意思的是它们每一个
03:39
individual个人 flavor味道
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都有自己独特的特色
03:41
that grew成长 out of the community社区 they came来了 out of.
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这种特色根植于本土社区
03:43
Let me take you on a little tour游览.
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让我带着大家看一看
03:46
BiohackersBiohackers work alone单独.
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独自工作的生物黑客
03:49
We work in groups,
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一起工作的
03:51
in big cities城市 — (Laughter笑声) —
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在大城市(笑声)
03:56
and in small villages村庄.
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小村庄
03:58
We reverse相反 engineer工程师 lab实验室 equipment设备.
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设计工程实验室设备
04:01
We genetically基因 engineer工程师 bacteria.
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用遗传基因的方法制造细菌
04:04
We hack hardware硬件,
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我们发掘研究硬件
04:06
software软件,
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软件
04:08
wetware湿件,
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湿件(计算机专家用语, 指软件、硬件以外的"件", 即人脑)
04:10
and, of course课程, the code of life.
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当然还有生命的密码
04:13
We like to build建立 things.
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我们喜欢造东西
04:16
Then we like to take things apart距离.
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又喜欢拆东西
04:23
We make things grow增长.
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我们让生物生长
04:25
We make things glow辉光.
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让物体发光
04:27
And we make cells细胞 dance舞蹈.
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让细胞跳舞
04:31
The spirit精神 of these labs实验室, it's open打开, it's positive,
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这些实验室的氛围是开放的,积极的
04:34
but, you know, sometimes有时 when people think of us,
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但你知道,有时人们想到我们
04:37
the first thing that comes to mind心神 is bio-safety生物安全,
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第一个念头就是生物安全
04:41
bio-security生物安全, all the dark黑暗 side stuff东东.
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以及其它黑暗的方面
04:44
I'm not going to minimize最小化 those concerns关注.
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我不会试着去打消这些顾虑
04:47
Any powerful强大 technology技术 is inherently本质 dual use,
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因为任何强大科技的作用,生来都是两面性的
04:50
and, you know, you get something like
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如果你对
04:52
synthetic合成的 biology生物学, nanobiotechnology纳米生物技术,
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合成生物学,纳米生物科技这种东西
04:55
it really compels迫使 you, you have to look at both
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真正感兴趣,就必须
04:58
the amateur业余 groups but also the professional专业的 groups,
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同时关注相关业余爱好群体和专业人士
05:01
because they have better infrastructure基础设施,
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因为他们(专业人士)有更好的基础设施
05:04
they have better facilities设备,
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更好的设备
05:05
and they have access访问 to pathogens病原体.
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也能直接接触病原体
05:08
So the United联合的 Nations国家 did just that, and they recently最近
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联合国就是这样做的。最近
05:11
issued发行 a report报告 on this whole整个 area,
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他们就整个生物科技领域发布了一份报告
05:14
and what they concluded总结 was the power功率 of this technology技术
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并得出结论,这种科技的影响
05:17
for positive was much greater更大 than the risk风险 for negative,
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积极意义要远远大于消极意义
05:21
and they even looked看着 specifically特别 at the DIYbioDIYbio community社区,
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他们还特意强调了DIY生物学这一领域
05:24
and they noted注意, not surprisingly出奇, that the press
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指出媒体一直有一种
05:28
had a tendency趋势 to consistently始终如一 overestimate估计过高 our capabilities功能
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高估我们的能力
05:32
and underestimate低估 our ethics伦理.
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而低估我们的道德水准的倾向
05:34
As a matter of fact事实, DIYDIY people from all over the world世界,
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事实上,来自世界各地
05:38
America美国, Europe欧洲, got together一起 last year,
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包括美洲,欧洲的DIY生物学家去年已经在去年
05:41
and we hammered敲定 out a common共同 code of ethics伦理.
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共同敲定了我们的道德准则
05:43
That's a lot more than conventional常规 science科学 has doneDONE.
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而传统科学却没有做到这一点
05:47
Now, we follow跟随 state and local本地 regulations法规.
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我们遵循国家和地区的规定
05:50
We dispose部署 of our waste浪费 properly正确, we follow跟随
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合理处置废料垃圾
05:52
safety安全 procedures程序, we don't work with pathogens病原体.
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遵守安全细则,不使用病原体
05:56
You know, if you're working加工 with a pathogen病原,
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如果你使用了病原体
05:58
you're not part部分 of the biohackerbiohacker community社区,
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你就不是生物黑客社区的一份子
06:01
you're part部分 of the bioterrorist生物恐怖 community社区, I'm sorry.
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你就是生物恐怖分子社区的成员,抱歉
06:04
And sometimes有时 people ask me,
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有时候有人问我
06:06
"Well, what about an accident事故?"
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"那么万一发生事故怎么办?"
06:08
Well, working加工 with the safe安全 organisms生物 that we normally一般
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我可以这样说,使用常规安全的生物体
06:11
work with, the chance机会 of an accident事故 happening事件
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事故发生的几率
06:15
with somebody accidentally偶然 creating创建, like,
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就像不小心创造出
06:17
some sort分类 of superbug超级病菌,
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某种超级细菌一样
06:19
that's literally按照字面 about as probable可能 as a snowstorm暴风雪
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就同一场暴雪
06:23
in the middle中间 of the Sahara撒哈拉 Desert沙漠.
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降临在沙哈拉沙漠正中一样小
06:25
Now, it could happen发生,
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它确实有可能发生
06:26
but I'm not going to plan计划 my life around it.
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但我不打算为这种事担扰
06:30
I've actually其实 chosen选择 to take a different不同 kind of risk风险.
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我实际上准备冒另一种“风险”
06:33
I signed up for something called the Personal个人 Genome基因组 Project项目.
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我签署了一个叫Personal Genome(个人基因)的项目
06:36
It's a study研究 at Harvard哈佛 where, at the end结束 of the study研究,
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它是一项在哈佛大学进行的项目,
06:39
they're going to take my entire整个 genomic基因组 sequence序列,
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研究结束后,我所有的基因序列
06:42
all of my medical information信息, and my identity身分,
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医疗信息,个人身份
06:45
and they're going to post岗位 it online线上 for everyone大家 to see.
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都会由他们公布在网络上,所有人都能看到
06:50
There were a lot of risks风险 involved参与 that they talked about
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在知情同意环节时
06:52
during the informed通知 consent同意 portion一部分.
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他们谈论了很多可能遇到的风险
06:54
The one I liked喜欢 the best最好 is,
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我最喜欢的一个是
06:56
someone有人 could download下载 my sequence序列, go back to the lab实验室,
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有人下载了我们基因序列,回到实验室
07:00
synthesize合成 some fake Ellen艾伦 DNA脱氧核糖核酸,
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合成一个假Ellen的DNA
07:02
and plant it at a crime犯罪 scene现场. (Laughter笑声)
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然后放在一个犯罪现场里(笑声)
07:06
But like DIYbioDIYbio, the positive outcomes结果 and
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但像DIY生物学一样,我相信它正面的结果
07:11
the potential潜在 for good for a study研究 like that
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以及为带来研究的益处
07:14
far outweighs胜过 the risk风险.
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还是超过了风险
07:16
Now, you might威力 be asking yourself你自己,
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也许你会自问
07:18
"Well, you know, what would I do in a biolab生物实验室?"
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“在生物实验室我都能做些什么?”
07:22
Well, it wasn't that long ago we were asking, "Well,
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不久前类似的问题也有过
07:25
what would anyone任何人 do with a personal个人 computer电脑?"
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“人们用电脑都能做些什么?”
07:28
So this stuff东东 is just beginning开始.
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所以,这仅仅是个开始
07:30
We're only seeing眼看 just the tip小费 of the DNA脱氧核糖核酸 iceberg冰山.
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我们只是瞥见了DNA的冰山一角
07:34
Let me show显示 you what you could do right now.
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让我告诉你你现在能做些什么
07:37
A biohackerbiohacker in Germany德国, a journalist记者, wanted to know
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一位德国的生物黑客,也是个记者,他想知道
07:41
whose谁的 dog was leaving离开 little presents礼物 on his street?
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谁家的狗在他家附近的街道上留下了“小礼物”
07:44
(Laughter笑声) (Applause掌声)
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(笑声)(掌声)
07:47
Yep是的, you guessed it. He threw tennis网球 balls
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你们猜对了!他向
07:50
to all the neighborhood邻里 dogs小狗, analyzed分析 the saliva唾液,
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所有邻居家的狗扔网球,分析唾液成分
07:53
identified确定 the dog, and confronted面对 the dog owner所有者.
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找到了那只狗,并向主人说明了情况
07:57
(Laughter笑声) (Applause掌声)
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(笑声)(掌声)
08:03
I discovered发现 an invasive侵入的 species种类 in my own拥有 backyard后院.
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我在我家后院发现了一只“入侵物种”
08:07
Looked看着 like a ladybug瓢虫, right?
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看上去像只瓢虫,是吗?
08:09
It actually其实 is a Japanese日本 beetle甲虫.
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其实是只日本金龟子
08:11
And the same相同 kind of technology技术 --
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同样的
08:13
it's called DNA脱氧核糖核酸 barcoding条形码, it's really cool --
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这种叫做DNA条形码的技术,真的很酷--
08:15
You can use it to check if your caviar鱼子酱 is really beluga白鲸,
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你可以通过它确认你吃的是不是真正的白鲟鱼鱼子酱
08:20
if that sushi寿司 is really tuna金枪鱼, or if that goat山羊 cheese起司
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是不是真的金枪鱼寿司,或者
08:23
that you paid支付 so much for is really goat's山羊.
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你花了大价钱买到的山羊乳干酪是不是真的山羊乳
08:26
In a biohackerbiohacker space空间, you can analyze分析 your genome基因组
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作为一名生物黑客
08:30
for mutations突变.
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你可以分析你有没有基因上的变异
08:31
You can analyze分析 your breakfast早餐 cereal谷类 for GMO'sGMO的,
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你可以分析你早餐麦片里的转基因成分
08:35
and you can explore探索 your ancestry祖先.
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你还可以探索你的祖先,血统
08:37
You can send发送 weather天气 balloons气球 up into the stratosphere平流层,
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把气象气球发送到平流层
08:40
collect搜集 microbes微生物, see what's up there.
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采集微生物,看看里面有什么
08:43
You can make a biocensorbiocensor out of yeast酵母
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你可以用酵母当做生物传感器
08:46
to detect检测 pollutants污染物 in water.
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来检测水污染
08:48
You can make some sort分类 of a biofuel生物燃料 cell细胞.
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合成某种生物燃料细胞
08:52
You can do a lot of things.
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你可以做无数的事情
08:54
You can also do an art艺术 science科学 project项目. Some of these
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你还可以进行艺术科学项目
08:57
are really spectacular壮观, and they look at social社会,
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有些项目真的很赞
09:01
ecological生态 problems问题 from a completely全然 different不同 perspective透视.
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从完全不同的角度审视社会和生态问题
09:04
It's really cool.
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真的很酷
09:05
Some people ask me, well, why am I involved参与?
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有人会问,为什么我要参与这种事儿?
09:08
I could have a perfectly完美 good career事业 in mainstream主流 science科学.
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我可以在主流科学行业里有很好的工作
09:12
The thing is, there's something in these labs实验室
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问题关键是,在这样的实验室里
09:15
that they have to offer提供 society社会 that you can't find
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有些东西是你在别处找不到的
09:18
anywhere随地 else其他.
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有些东西是你在别处找不到的
09:20
There's something sacred神圣 about a space空间 where
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黑客空间有好的一面,就是
09:22
you can work on a project项目, and you don't have to justify辩解
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你可以开展项目
09:25
to anyone任何人 that it's going to make a lot of money,
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而无须向任何人解释“它会带来丰厚的利润”
09:28
that it's going to save保存 mankind人类, or even that it's feasible可行.
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无须向任何人解释“它会拯救人类”,甚至“它能够行得通”
09:31
It just has to follow跟随 safety安全 guidelines方针.
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只要遵循安全规定(操作项目)
09:34
If you had spaces空间 like this all over the world世界,
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如果在世界各地都有这样的地方
09:37
it could really change更改 the perception知觉
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那将会真正改变人们对于
09:39
of who's谁是 allowed允许 to do biotech生物技术.
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“谁才有资格接触生物科技”这一问题的观念
09:41
It's spaces空间 like these that spawned催生 personal个人 computing计算.
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就是这样的地方,推动了个人电脑的应用和传播
09:45
Why not personal个人 biotech生物技术?
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所以为什么不能让个人生物科技也如此呢?
09:48
If everyone大家 in this room房间 got involved参与,
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如果在场的每个人都参与进来
09:50
who knows知道 what we could do?
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谁都想象不到我们能够做到什么
09:52
This is such这样 a new area, and as we say back in Brooklyn布鲁克林,
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这是个全新的领域,正如刚才提到布鲁克林时我讲到的
09:55
you ain't seen看到 nothin'没什么 yet然而. (Laughter笑声)
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还有更厉害的呢。(笑声)
09:59
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by dahong zhang
Reviewed by JIN Huiying

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ellen Jorgensen - Biologist, community science advocate
Ellen Jorgensen is at the leading edge of the do-it-yourself biotechnology movement, bringing scientific exploration and understanding to the public.

Why you should listen

In 2009, after many years of working as a molecular biologist in the biotech industry, together with TED Fellow Oliver Medvedik, Jorgensen founded Genspace, a nonprofit community laboratory dedicated to promoting citizen science and access to biotechnology. Despite criticism that bioresearch should be left to the experts, the Brooklyn-based lab continues to thrive, providing educational outreach, cultural events and a platform for science innovation at the grassroots level. At the lab, amateur and professional scientists conduct award-winning research on projects as diverse as identifying microbes that live in Earth's atmosphere and (Jorgensen's own pet project) DNA-barcoding plants, to distinguish between species that look alike but may not be closely related evolutionarily. Fast Company magazine named Genspace one of the world's "Top 10 innovative companies in education."

More profile about the speaker
Ellen Jorgensen | Speaker | TED.com