ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Read Montague - Behavioral Neuroscientist
What does "normal behavior" look like? To find out, Read Montague is imaging thousands of brains at work.

Why you should listen

Until recently, the world's curiosity about our brains seemed to focus on abnormal behavior. Which of course left a big question unanswered: Do we even know what "normal behavior" is? Through the landmark Roanoke Brain Study, Read Montague is hoping to find that out, exploring the everyday tasks of brains -- making decisions, understanding social context, and relating to others -- by neuroimaging some 5,000 people, ages 18-85, over a period of many years.

Montague's teams in Virginia and in London lead fascinating research in computational neuroscience (how the brain's "machinery" works), offering insight into the relationship between the social and cognitive functions. For instance, a recent study from his group found that in small social groups, some people will alter the expression of their IQ in reaction to social pressures -- revising, in almost all cases, downward.

More profile about the speaker
Read Montague | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2012

Read Montague: What we're learning from 5,000 brains

里德 蒙塔古: 我们从5000个大脑中学到了什么

Filmed:
763,896 views

脑研究的实验对象已不仅仅局限于老鼠,昆虫和仓鼠了。功能性磁振造影技术使科学家们可以纪录活人,在呼吸的,在做决定的人的脑部活动。里德 蒙塔古的演讲向我们介绍了他的团队如何利用这一技术深入了解人与人之间复杂的互动方式。
- Behavioral Neuroscientist
What does "normal behavior" look like? To find out, Read Montague is imaging thousands of brains at work. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
Other people. Everyone大家 is interested有兴趣 in other people.
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每个人都对其他人感兴趣
00:19
Everyone大家 has relationships关系 with other people,
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每个人都与其他人建立这样那样的关系
00:21
and they're interested有兴趣 in these relationships关系
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并且,人们因为各种各样的原因
00:22
for a variety品种 of reasons原因.
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对这些关系感兴趣
00:24
Good relationships关系, bad relationships关系,
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好的关系,坏的关系
00:26
annoying恼人的 relationships关系, agnostic不可知 relationships关系,
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令人讨厌的关系,未知的关系等等
00:29
and what I'm going to do is focus焦点 on the central中央 piece
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我今天演讲的重点
00:33
of an interaction相互作用 that goes on in a relationship关系.
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是人际关系中“互动”的核心内容
00:36
So I'm going to take as inspiration灵感 the fact事实 that we're all
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我会从“人们都对
00:38
interested有兴趣 in interacting互动 with other people,
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与他人互动感兴趣” 这个事实出发,
00:41
I'm going to completely全然 strip跳闸 it of all its complicating并发 features特征,
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摒弃这个事实的复杂的特点
00:45
and I'm going to turn that object目的, that simplified object目的,
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将其进行简化,然后把这个事实当作
00:49
into a scientific科学 probe探测, and provide提供 the early stages阶段,
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一个"科学探亲器",并提供一些初期
00:53
embryonic胚胎 stages阶段 of new insights见解 into what happens发生
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研究成果,试着从一个新的方面来阐释
00:55
in two brains大脑 while they simultaneously同时 interact相互作用.
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两个人在进行互动时他们大脑的活动。
00:59
But before I do that, let me tell you a couple一对 of things
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不过在此之前,我还要先介绍几种技术
01:01
that made制作 this possible可能.
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是这些技术让此研究成为可能。
01:03
The first is we can now eavesdrop窃听 safely安然
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第一,我们现在已经可以
01:06
on healthy健康 brain activity活动.
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安全地侦测健康大脑的活动
01:08
Without没有 needles and radioactivity放射性,
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不需要进行注射或者放射检查
01:11
without any kind of clinical临床 reason原因, we can go down the street
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也不需要有任何临床诊断的动因,我们就可以去
01:14
and record记录 from your friends'朋友 and neighbors'邻居' brains大脑
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记录在你朋友或邻居在进行各类认知活动时
01:17
while they do a variety品种 of cognitive认知 tasks任务, and we use
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大脑的活动,
01:19
a method方法 called functional实用 magnetic磁性 resonance谐振 imaging成像.
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我们使用的方法叫做功能性磁振造影
01:23
You've probably大概 all read about it or heard听说 about in some
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你们可能已经听过或者读过不同版本的功能性磁振造影
01:26
incarnation化身. Let me give you a two-sentence两句话 version of it.
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那么我就简单地介绍一下
01:30
So we've我们已经 all heard听说 of MRIs核磁共振成像. MRIs核磁共振成像 use magnetic磁性 fields领域
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我们都听说过磁共振成像(简称MRIs)
01:33
and radio无线电 waves波浪 and they take snapshots快照 of your brain
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MRIs利用磁场和无线电波来给你的大脑,
01:35
or your knee膝盖 or your stomach,
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或膝盖,胃等“拍照”
01:38
grayscale灰阶 images图片 that are frozen冻结的 in time.
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它会把拍摄瞬间的活动以灰阶图记录下来
01:40
In the 1990s, it was discovered发现 you could use
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上世纪90年代,人们发现
01:42
the same相同 machines in a different不同 mode模式,
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可以在不同模式下运用MRIs
01:45
and in that mode模式, you could make microscopic显微 blood血液 flow
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在这一模式下,我们可以分别纪录大脑内
01:47
movies电影 from hundreds数以百计 of thousands数千 of sites网站 independently独立地 in the brain.
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成千上百个小区域中任何一个的微观血液流动
01:50
Okay, so what? In fact事实, the so what is, in the brain,
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好,这意味着什么呢?事实上,在大脑中
01:54
changes变化 in neural神经 activity活动, the things that make your brain work,
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促使大脑运转的,
01:57
the things that make your software软件 work in your brain,
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使你大脑里的“软件”工作的,神经活动的变化
01:59
are tightly紧紧 correlated相关 with changes变化 in blood血液 flow.
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与血流的变化息息相关
02:02
You make a blood血液 flow movie电影, you have an independent独立
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如果你能够纪录血流的变化
02:04
proxy代理 of brain activity活动.
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也就意味着能大致记录大脑的活动
02:06
This has literally按照字面 revolutionized革命性 cognitive认知 science科学.
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这个发现极大地改变了认知科学
02:09
Take any cognitive认知 domain you want, memory记忆,
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任何你想要了解的认知范围:记忆
02:11
motor发动机 planning规划, thinking思维 about your mother-in-law岳母,
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动作计划,想到你的丈母娘,
02:13
getting得到 angry愤怒 at people, emotional情绪化 response响应, it goes on and on,
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对人生气,情绪反映等等
02:17
put people into functional实用 MRIMRI devices设备, and
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把受试者放到磁共振成像仪下,
02:20
image图片 how these kinds of variables变量 map地图 onto brain activity活动.
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我们就能对不同脑部的活动进行成像
02:24
It's in its early stages阶段, and it's crude原油 by some measures措施,
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这一技术还处在初期阶段,某种程度上来说还相对粗糙
02:26
but in fact事实, 20 years年份 ago, we were at nothing.
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但20年前,我们一无所有
02:29
You couldn't不能 do people like this. You couldn't不能 do healthy健康 people.
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我们还不可能拿健康的人来这样研究
02:31
That's caused造成 a literal文字 revolution革命, and it's opened打开 us up
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这一技术引发了一场真正的革命
02:34
to a new experimental试验 preparation制备. Neurobiologists神经生物学家,
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它使我们获得了新的实验对象
02:37
as you well know, have lots of experimental试验 preps棉片,
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神经生物学家一直有很多实验对象
02:40
worms蠕虫 and rodents啮齿动物 and fruit水果 flies苍蝇 and things like this.
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像蠕虫,啮齿类动物,果蝇等等
02:44
And now, we have a new experimental试验 prep预备: human人的 beings众生.
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现在,我们可以研究人类了
02:47
We can now use human人的 beings众生 to study研究 and model模型
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我们可以研究人类并建造
02:51
the software软件 in human人的 beings众生, and we have a few少数
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人类思维模型,同时
02:54
burgeoning新兴 biological生物 measures措施.
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我们还有其他新的生物测量技术。
02:57
Okay, let me give you one example of the kinds of experiments实验 that people do,
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举个以人类作为研究对象的例子,
03:00
and it's in the area of what you'd call valuation计价.
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有这么一个概念:评价
03:03
Valuation计价 is just what you think it is, you know?
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简单来说就是你觉得某种东西怎么样
03:05
If you went and you were valuing价值评估 two companies公司 against反对
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如果要你对两家公司进行对比评价
03:08
one another另一个, you'd want to know which哪一个 was more valuable有价值.
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你肯定会想了解哪一家公司更有价值
03:11
Cultures文化 discovered发现 the key feature特征 of valuation计价 thousands数千 of years年份 ago.
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早在几千年前,人们就发觉了评价的关键特点
03:15
If you want to compare比较 oranges桔子 to windshields挡风玻璃, what do you do?
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如果你要比较橙子和挡风玻璃,你会怎么做?
03:17
Well, you can't compare比较 oranges桔子 to windshields挡风玻璃.
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当然,你不能直接比较这两者
03:20
They're immiscible不混溶. They don't mix混合 with one another另一个.
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它们没有交集,没有可比性
03:22
So instead代替, you convert兑换 them to a common共同 currency货币 scale规模,
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所以,你得将它们转换成一个共同的中间标准
03:24
put them on that scale规模, and value them accordingly于是.
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然后在这个标准下再来进行评价比较
03:27
Well, your brain has to do something just like that as well,
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你的大脑做的就是一些这样的工作
03:30
and we're now beginning开始 to understand理解 and identify鉴定
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现在,我们开始了解并且识别
03:33
brain systems系统 involved参与 in valuation计价,
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与“评价”有关的大脑系统
03:35
and one of them includes包括 a neurotransmitter神经递质 system系统
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其中之一就是某个神经递质系统,
03:38
whose谁的 cells细胞 are located位于 in your brainstem脑干
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其细胞位于脑干
03:40
and deliver交付 the chemical化学 dopamine多巴胺 to the rest休息 of your brain.
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并且向大脑的其他部位传递多巴胺
03:44
I won't惯于 go through通过 the details细节 of it, but that's an important重要
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我不会赘述细节,你只需要知道这是个
03:46
discovery发现, and we know a good bit about that now,
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重要的发现,而且我们现在已经知道很多了,
03:48
and it's just a small piece of it, but it's important重要 because
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但这也只是其中很小的一部分,但它相当重要
03:50
those are the neurons神经元 that you would lose失去 if you had Parkinson's帕金森氏 disease疾病,
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因为如果得了帕金森症,这些神经元就没了
03:54
and they're also the neurons神经元 that are hijacked劫持 by literally按照字面
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它们也是
03:56
every一切 drug药物 of abuse滥用, and that makes品牌 sense.
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几乎所有毒品所危害的对象
03:58
Drugs毒品 of abuse滥用 would come in, and they would change更改
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毒品会改变
04:00
the way you value the world世界. They change更改 the way
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你看待世界的方式
04:02
you value the symbols符号 associated相关 with your drug药物 of choice选择,
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改变你怎样理解那些与所服用的毒品相联系的符号,
04:05
and they make you value that over everything else其他.
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从而使你觉得毒品比任何其他东西都重要。
04:08
Here's这里的 the key feature特征 though虽然. These neurons神经元 are also
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关键的是,这些神经元与
04:11
involved参与 in the way you can assign分配 value to literally按照字面 abstract抽象 ideas思路,
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你怎样赋予抽象概念特定价值有关
04:14
and I put some symbols符号 up here that we assign分配 value to
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这里有一些符号,我们会因为不同的原因
04:16
for various各个 reasons原因.
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给它们赋予一定的价值
04:19
We have a behavioral行为的 superpower超级大国 in our brain,
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我们大脑中有着一个决定行为的上层力量,
04:22
and it at least最小 in part部分 involves涉及 dopamine多巴胺.
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而其至少需要多巴胺。
04:23
We can deny拒绝 every一切 instinct直觉 we have for survival生存 for an idea理念,
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我们可以为了一个想法而否定所有的生存本能,仅仅一个想法。
04:28
for a mere idea理念. No other species种类 can do that.
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没有任何其他种生物可以做到这一点。
04:32
In 1997, the cult礼拜 Heaven's Gate committed提交 mass suicide自杀
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1997年,邪教 “天堂之门” 的信徒集体自杀
04:35
predicated预测 on the idea理念 that there was a spaceship飞船
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因为他们相信在
04:37
hiding in the tail尾巴 of the then-visible然后可见 comet彗星 Hale-Bopp海尔 - 波普
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海尔波普彗星的尾巴里藏着一艘宇宙飞船
04:41
waiting等候 to take them to the next下一个 level水平. It was an incredibly令人难以置信 tragic悲惨 event事件.
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会带他们到一个全新的境界。这一惨剧轰动一时。
04:46
More than two thirds三分之二 of them had college学院 degrees.
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超过2/3的自杀者有大学学位。
04:49
But the point here is they were able能够 to deny拒绝 their instincts本能 for survival生存
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这件事情告诉我们的重点是,他们可以用让自己生存了
04:53
using运用 exactly究竟 the same相同 systems系统 that were put there
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这么多年的系统来否定自己的生存本能。
04:56
to make them survive生存. That's a lot of control控制, okay?
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这是很大的控制力,对不对?
05:00
One thing that I've left out of this narrative叙述
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我在这个例子里遗漏了一点
05:02
is the obvious明显 thing, which哪一个 is the focus焦点 of the rest休息 of my
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而这正是接下来我演讲的重点,
05:04
little talk, and that is other people.
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那就是“ 其他人”。
05:06
These same相同 valuation计价 systems系统 are redeployed重新部署
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当我们评价与他人的互动时,
05:09
when we're valuing价值评估 interactions互动 with other people.
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同样的评价系统会进行重组。
05:12
So this same相同 dopamine多巴胺 system系统 that gets得到 addicted上瘾 to drugs毒品,
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于是,这个可以让人吸毒成瘾的多巴胺系统,
05:15
that makes品牌 you freeze冻结 when you get Parkinson's帕金森氏 disease疾病,
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这个可以让人在得了帕金森症后无法动弹的,
05:17
that contributes有助于 to various各个 forms形式 of psychosis精神病,
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同时也可以引起多种形式精神疾病的系统,
05:20
is also redeployed重新部署 to value interactions互动 with other people
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在我们与其他人产生互动时重组,
05:24
and to assign分配 value to gestures手势 that you do
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并且对你与他人互动时的手势
05:27
when you're interacting互动 with somebody else其他.
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赋予特定的意义。
05:30
Let me give you an example of this.
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让我举个例子。
05:32
You bring带来 to the table such这样 enormous巨大 processing处理 power功率
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你在与人互动时,可挥出自己所没有意识到的
05:35
in this domain that you hardly几乎不 even notice注意 it.
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的巨大的分析处理能力。
05:38
Let me just give you a few少数 examples例子. So here's这里的 a baby宝宝.
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这里有一些图片:第一张是个婴儿
05:40
She's three months个月 old. She still poopspoops in her diapers尿布 and she can't do calculus结石.
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她才三个月大,仍然整天包着尿布,当然也不会计算。
05:43
She's related有关 to me. Somebody will be very glad高兴 that she's up here on the screen屏幕.
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她是我的一个亲戚。
(她爸妈)一定会很高兴看到她的照片出现在这里。
05:47
You can cover up one of her eyes眼睛, and you can still read
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当你蒙住她的一只眼睛,你仍然可以
05:49
something in the other eye, and I see sort分类 of curiosity好奇心
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从另一只眼睛里看出些什么,我在一只眼睛里
05:52
in one eye, I see maybe a little bit of surprise in the other.
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看到了好奇,另一只里则好像是一些惊奇
05:55
Here's这里的 a couple一对. They're sharing分享 a moment时刻 together一起,
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这是一对情侣,他们正在分享美好的时刻
05:59
and we've我们已经 even doneDONE an experiment实验 where you can cut out
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我们做了个实验,从这张照片里
06:00
different不同 pieces of this frame and you can still see
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截取不同的部分,但你仍然可以看出
06:03
that they're sharing分享 it. They're sharing分享 it sort分类 of in parallel平行.
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他们在分享这一刻,这种分享似乎是对应的
06:05
Now, the elements分子 of the scene现场 also communicate通信 this
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照片中的其他元素同样可以传递这样的信息,
06:08
to us, but you can read it straight直行 off their faces面孔,
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但从他们脸上我们可以更直接地读出来,
06:10
and if you compare比较 their faces面孔 to normal正常 faces面孔, it would be a very subtle微妙 cue球杆.
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如果你把这两张脸和一般的脸做对比,
你会发现,那些(能告诉他们在互动的)信息并不很明显
06:14
Here's这里的 another另一个 couple一对. He's projecting突出 out at us,
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这是另一对情侣,男的表情是看着我们的,
06:17
and she's clearly明确地 projecting突出, you know,
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女人则非常明显地表现出了
06:20
love and admiration钦佩 at him.
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对这个他的爱慕。
06:22
Here's这里的 another另一个 couple一对. (Laughter笑声)
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这里还有一对(笑声)。
06:26
And I'm thinking思维 I'm not seeing眼看 love and admiration钦佩 on the left. (Laughter笑声)
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我从左边这位的脸上可没看出什么爱慕之情(笑声)。
06:31
In fact事实, I know this is his sister妹妹, and you can just see
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事实上,我知道这是他的姐姐,你似乎
06:33
him saying, "Okay, we're doing this for the camera相机,
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可以听见他说:“好吧,面对镜头就装装样子
06:36
and then afterwards之后 you steal my candy糖果 and you punch冲床 me in the face面对." (Laughter笑声)
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一会你就会偷我的糖,还打我的脸。” (笑声)
06:42
He'll地狱 kill me for showing展示 that.
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我把这张照片放上来,他一定很想杀了我。
06:44
All right, so what does this mean?
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好,这又说明了什么呢?
06:46
It means手段 we bring带来 an enormous巨大 amount of processing处理 power功率 to the problem问题.
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这意味着我们拥有巨大的处理分析问题的能力,
06:50
It engages啮合 deep systems系统 in our brain, in dopaminergic多巴胺
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它藏在我们大脑的深处,
06:53
systems系统 that are there to make you chase sex性别, food餐饮 and salt.
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正是同样的这个多巴胺能系统让我们追求异性,食物和盐。
06:56
They keep you alive. It gives them the pie馅饼, it gives
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使我们生存下去。它给我们像食物一样的
06:59
that kind of a behavioral行为的 punch冲床 which哪一个 we've我们已经 called a superpower超级大国.
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行为动力,我们称之为“上层决定力”的行为动力。
07:02
So how can we take that and arrange安排 a kind of staged上演
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那么我们应该如何用这些已知的,来安排特定的
07:06
social社会 interaction相互作用 and turn that into a scientific科学 probe探测?
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社交互动,然后把这个互动变成“科学探测器”?
07:08
And the short answer回答 is games游戏.
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答案是博弈。
07:11
Economic经济 games游戏. So what we do is we go into two areas.
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经济学中的博弈分为两种
07:16
One area is called experimental试验 economics经济学. The other area is called behavioral行为的 economics经济学.
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一个是实验经济学,另一个是行为经济学
07:19
And we steal their games游戏. And we contrive图谋 them to our own拥有 purposes目的.
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我们要借用它的博弈,来为我们的研究服务
07:23
So this shows节目 you one particular特定 game游戏 called an ultimatum最后通牒 game游戏.
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这张图片显示的是博弈的一种,叫做”最后通牒“。
07:26
Red person is given特定 a hundred dollars美元 and can offer提供
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小红人可以得到100美元,并且可以分一些给小蓝人
07:28
a split分裂 to blue蓝色. Let's say red wants to keep 70,
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假设小红人想留下70美元,
07:32
and offers报价 blue蓝色 30. So he offers报价 a 70-30 split分裂 with blue蓝色.
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给小蓝人30, 也就是七三分。
07:36
Control控制 passes通行证 to blue蓝色, and blue蓝色 says, "I accept接受 it,"
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现在决定权给了小蓝人,他可以说
07:38
in which哪一个 case案件 he'd他会 get the money, or blue蓝色 says,
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“我接受”,他就能得到30美元,
07:40
"I reject拒绝 it," in which哪一个 case案件 no one gets得到 anything. Okay?
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但如果他说“我不接受”,两个人都得不到钱。
07:45
So a rational合理的 choice选择 economist经济学家 would say, well,
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经济学家认为,理性选择的话
07:48
you should take all non-zero非零 offers报价.
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你应该接受任何不为零的所得
07:50
What do people do? People are indifferent冷漠 at an 80-20 split分裂.
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但人们通常会怎么做呢?
对于八二分成,人们的选择没有明显的倾向,
07:54
At 80-20, it's a coin硬币 flip翻动 whether是否 you accept接受 that or not.
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接受率就和抛硬币一样,大概是一半一半
07:57
Why is that? You know, because you're pissed生气 off.
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这是为什么呢?因为你生气了,
08:00
You're mad. That's an unfair不公平 offer提供, and you know what an unfair不公平 offer提供 is.
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你觉得这个交易是不公平的,
而且你知道什么是不公平的开价
08:04
This is the kind of game游戏 doneDONE by my lab实验室 and many许多 around the world世界.
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我们在实验室里用这样的博弈
世界上还有许多其他学者也用它
08:07
That just gives you an example of the kind of thing that
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这个例子告诉你,用这类博弈可以探测到的东西。
08:09
these games游戏 probe探测. The interesting有趣 thing is, these games游戏
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有趣的是,这样的博弈实验
08:13
require要求 that you have a lot of cognitive认知 apparatus仪器 on line线.
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需要动用大量的认知机能
08:17
You have to be able能够 to come to the table with a proper正确 model模型 of another另一个 person.
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你必须在博弈前就估计对方是什么样的人。
08:20
You have to be able能够 to remember记得 what you've doneDONE.
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你必须记得住自己做了什么。
08:23
You have to stand up in the moment时刻 to do that.
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你必须在正确的时刻做。
08:24
Then you have to update更新 your model模型 based基于 on the signals信号 coming未来 back,
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你得根据得到的反馈来更新你对对方的认识
08:28
and you have to do something that is interesting有趣,
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有趣的是
08:31
which哪一个 is you have to do a kind of depth深度 of thought assay化验.
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你还得进行非常深入地思考,
08:33
That is, you have to decide决定 what that other person expects预计 of you.
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你要决定对方对你的期望是什么。
08:36
You have to send发送 signals信号 to manage管理 your image图片 in their mind心神.
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你需要发出信号,以建立你在他们眼里的形象。
08:39
Like a job工作 interview访问. You sit across横过 the desk from somebody,
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就好像工作面试,你和招聘官隔桌而坐,
08:42
they have some prior image图片 of you,
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他们对你有一个先决的印象,
08:44
you send发送 signals信号 across横过 the desk to move移动 their image图片
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你则发出信号,将你在他们眼中的形象
08:46
of you from one place地点 to a place地点 where you want it to be.
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转变成你想要的样子。
08:50
We're so good at this we don't really even notice注意 it.
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我们其实很擅长这个,以至于自己都没有意识到。
08:54
These kinds of probes探头 exploit利用 it. Okay?
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这类”探测器“(博弈)正是在探究这方面的问题。
08:57
In doing this, what we've我们已经 discovered发现 is that humans人类
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我们发现,在社交活动中
08:59
are literal文字 canaries金丝雀 in social社会 exchanges交流.
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人类就好像金丝雀。
09:02
Canaries加那利群岛 used to be used as kind of biosensors生物传感器 in mines矿山.
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过去,人们在煤矿里将金丝雀作为生物感应器
09:05
When methane甲烷 built内置 up, or carbon dioxide二氧化碳 built内置 up,
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当甲烷或二氧化碳含量过高,
09:09
or oxygen was diminished减少, the birds鸟类 would swoon昏厥
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或者氧气减少时,
金丝雀会比人类先昏过去--
09:13
before people would -- so it acted行动 as an early warning警告 system系统:
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就好像一种预警系统:
09:15
Hey, get out of the mine. Things aren't going so well.
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“伙计,快点出矿去,有什么不太对劲。”
09:18
People come to the table, and even these very blunt,
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人们进行互动时,即使是非常简单直接的,
09:21
staged上演 social社会 interactions互动, and they, and there's just
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特定安排的社交活动,
09:24
numbers数字 going back and forth向前 between之间 the people,
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交流的只是数字,
09:27
and they bring带来 enormous巨大 sensitivities敏感性 to it.
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人们也可以给予这样的交流无数敏感的内涵
09:29
So we realized实现 we could exploit利用 this, and in fact事实,
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所以我们意识到,我们可以从这个方面着手研究
09:32
as we've我们已经 doneDONE that, and we've我们已经 doneDONE this now in
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事实上,现在我们已经对
09:34
many许多 thousands数千 of people, I think on the order订购 of
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五六千人做了这样的研究。
09:37
five or six thousand. We actually其实, to make this
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实际上,要成为生物“探测器”,
09:39
a biological生物 probe探测, need bigger numbers数字 than that,
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我们还需要更多的人数。
09:42
remarkably异常 so. But anyway无论如何,
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不过,无论如何
09:45
patterns模式 have emerged出现, and we've我们已经 been able能够 to take
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我们已经发现了规律
09:47
those patterns模式, convert兑换 them into mathematical数学的 models楷模,
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并且将其转化为数学模型,
09:51
and use those mathematical数学的 models楷模 to gain获得 new insights见解
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然后再利用这些模型来获得对(人们间)信息交流新的发现
09:54
into these exchanges交流. Okay, so what?
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好的,这又意味着什么?
09:56
Well, the so what is, that's a really nice不错 behavioral行为的 measure测量,
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这意味着这是一个非常好的行为度量衡,
09:59
the economic经济 games游戏 bring带来 to us notions概念 of optimal最佳 play.
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经济学中的博弈给我们提供了“最优策略”的概念。
10:02
We can compute计算 that during the game游戏.
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我们可以计算在博弈中的最优策略。
10:05
And we can use that to sort分类 of carve雕刻 up the behavior行为.
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并以此来划分行为。
10:08
Here's这里的 the cool thing. Six or seven years年份 ago,
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六七年前,
10:12
we developed发达 a team球队. It was at the time in Houston休斯顿, Texas德州.
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我们在德克萨斯州的休斯顿建立了一个团队,
10:15
It's now in Virginia弗吉尼亚州 and London伦敦. And we built内置 software软件
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现在他们在弗吉尼亚州和伦敦。
10:18
that'll那会 link链接 functional实用 magnetic磁性 resonance谐振 imaging成像 devices设备
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我们制作了一个软件,将功能性磁振造影仪
10:21
up over the Internet互联网. I guess猜测 we've我们已经 doneDONE up to six machines
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连接上因特网,大概一次可以连接六台仪器,
10:25
at a time, but let's just focus焦点 on two.
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不过我们现在先来看其中的两台。
10:27
So it synchronizes下同步 machines anywhere随地 in the world世界.
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这个软件可以让世界上任何(MRI)仪器同步。
10:30
We synchronize同步 the machines, set them into these
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我们先同步两台仪器,并让受测者进行上述
10:34
staged上演 social社会 interactions互动, and we eavesdrop窃听 on both
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特设的社交活动,然后我们就可以监测
10:36
of the interacting互动 brains大脑. So for the first time,
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双方的脑部活动。所以,有史以来第一次,
10:37
we don't have to look at just averages均线 over single individuals个人,
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我们不需要看平均数据,
10:41
or have individuals个人 playing播放 computers电脑, or try to make
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或者让个体操作电脑,
10:44
inferences推论 that way. We can study研究 individual个人 dyads二人组合.
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或者是试着用电脑干扰。我们可以研究每两个互动的个体。
10:47
We can study研究 the way that one person interacts交互 with another另一个 person,
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可以研究人与人之间互动的方式,
10:49
turn the numbers数字 up, and start开始 to gain获得 new insights见解
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如果继续扩大样本数,我们会开始
10:52
into the boundaries边界 of normal正常 cognition认识,
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在一般认知层面也获得新的发现,
10:54
but more importantly重要的, we can put people with
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更重要的是,我们可以让
10:57
classically经典 defined定义 mental心理 illnesses疾病, or brain damage损伤,
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传统上被定义为患有精神疾病或脑损伤的病人,
11:00
into these social社会 interactions互动, and use these as probes探头 of that.
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进行这样的社交互动,并利用他们的数据来“探测” 精神疾病。
11:04
So we've我们已经 started开始 this effort功夫. We've我们已经 made制作 a few少数 hits点击,
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我们也已经开始了这样的研究。
11:06
a few少数, I think, embryonic胚胎 discoveries发现.
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并有了一些初期成果。
11:09
We think there's a future未来 to this. But it's our way
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我们认为这里面的前景非常乐观。
11:12
of going in and redefining重新定义, with a new lexicon词库,
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但我们需要用新的数学词汇来进行
11:14
a mathematical数学的 one actually其实, as opposed反对 to the standard标准
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重新定义,改变传统上对
11:18
ways方法 that we think about mental心理 illness疾病,
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精神疾病的看法,
11:21
characterizing特征 these diseases疾病, by using运用 the people
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并发现这些疾病的特质,用人来做这些疾病“探测器”,
11:23
as birds鸟类 in the exchanges交流. That is, we exploit利用 the fact事实
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就像“报警的金丝雀”一样。我们让健康的同伴
11:26
that the healthy健康 partner伙伴, playing播放 somebody with major重大的 depression萧条,
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来与重度抑郁症患者,
11:30
or playing播放 somebody with autism自闭症 spectrum光谱 disorder紊乱,
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自闭症患者,
11:33
or playing播放 somebody with attention注意 deficit赤字 hyperactivity多动症 disorder紊乱,
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或者多动症患者,进行互动
11:37
we use that as a kind of biosensor生物传感器, and then we use
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将他们的互动作为“生物感应器”,然后
11:40
computer电脑 programs程式 to model模型 that person, and it gives us
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利用电脑程序给受试者建立模型......
11:43
a kind of assay化验 of this.
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像这样的试验。
11:45
Early days, and we're just beginning开始, we're setting设置 up sites网站
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早些时候我们还在起步阶段,我们在世界各地都建立了实验点。
11:47
around the world世界. Here are a few少数 of our collaborating合作 sites网站.
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这是其中几个与我们合作的点,
11:51
The hub枢纽, ironically讽刺地 enough足够,
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够讽刺的是,中转站,
11:53
is centered中心 in little Roanoke罗阿诺克, Virginia弗吉尼亚州.
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位于弗吉尼亚州的罗阿诺克市。
11:56
There's another另一个 hub枢纽 in London伦敦, now, and the rest休息
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现在还有一个中转站在伦敦,余下的也正在
11:58
are getting得到 set up. We hope希望 to give the data数据 away
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建设当中。我们希望在今后的某个阶段,
12:02
at some stage阶段. That's a complicated复杂 issue问题
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可以发表我们的研究数据。不过要让
12:06
about making制造 it available可得到 to the rest休息 of the world世界.
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所有人都能使用这些数据,是个很复杂的问题。
12:09
But we're also studying研究 just a small part部分
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人类本身是如此的有趣,
12:11
of what makes品牌 us interesting有趣 as human人的 beings众生, and so
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而我们的研究只针对于其中很小的一部分,
12:13
I would invite邀请 other people who are interested有兴趣 in this
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所以我非常欢迎其他对此感兴趣的朋友
12:15
to ask us for the software软件, or even for guidance指导
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向我们索要软件,
12:18
on how to move移动 forward前锋 with that.
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或是如何利用这些软件进行研究的指导。
12:20
Let me leave离开 you with one thought in closing关闭.
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现在,让我提出一个想法作为结束,
12:22
The interesting有趣 thing about studying研究 cognition认识
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从某种程度上来说,研究认知科学
12:24
has been that we've我们已经 been limited有限, in a way.
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的趣味在于人本身的局限性。
12:28
We just haven't没有 had the tools工具 to look at interacting互动 brains大脑
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我们现在还没有可以即时呈现脑部运动
12:31
simultaneously同时.
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的工具
12:32
The fact事实 is, though虽然, that even when we're alone单独,
255
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事实上,即使我们独处的时候,
12:34
we're a profoundly深深 social社会 creature生物. We're not a solitary mind心神
256
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4111
我们仍然是不折不扣的社会性动物。
12:39
built内置 out of properties性能 that kept不停 it alive in the world世界
257
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我们并不是独立于其他人
12:43
independent独立 of other people. In fact事实, our minds头脑
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而存在于这个世界上的。事实上,
12:47
depend依靠 on other people. They depend依靠 on other people,
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我们的思想是依靠其他人而存在的,
12:50
and they're expressed表达 in other people,
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并通过其他的人表现出来,
12:51
so the notion概念 of who you are, you often经常 don't know
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所以,对于“我是谁”这个问题,
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who you are until直到 you see yourself你自己 in interaction相互作用 with people
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你在没有与其他人互动之前,通常是没有答案的
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that are close to you, people that are enemies敌人 of you,
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这些人可以是与你亲近的人,你的敌人
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people that are agnostic不可知 to you.
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或其他看似不相关的人。
13:03
So this is the first sort分类 of step into using运用 that insight眼光
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以上就是我们对“什么让我们成为人类”这一问题
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into what makes品牌 us human人的 beings众生, turning车削 it into a tool工具,
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的初步研究,我们将其转化为工具
13:10
and trying to gain获得 new insights见解 into mental心理 illness疾病.
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希望能在精神疾病方面取得新突破
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Thanks谢谢 for having me. (Applause掌声)
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谢谢大家(鼓掌)
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(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Candice Liu
Reviewed by Yukun Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Read Montague - Behavioral Neuroscientist
What does "normal behavior" look like? To find out, Read Montague is imaging thousands of brains at work.

Why you should listen

Until recently, the world's curiosity about our brains seemed to focus on abnormal behavior. Which of course left a big question unanswered: Do we even know what "normal behavior" is? Through the landmark Roanoke Brain Study, Read Montague is hoping to find that out, exploring the everyday tasks of brains -- making decisions, understanding social context, and relating to others -- by neuroimaging some 5,000 people, ages 18-85, over a period of many years.

Montague's teams in Virginia and in London lead fascinating research in computational neuroscience (how the brain's "machinery" works), offering insight into the relationship between the social and cognitive functions. For instance, a recent study from his group found that in small social groups, some people will alter the expression of their IQ in reaction to social pressures -- revising, in almost all cases, downward.

More profile about the speaker
Read Montague | Speaker | TED.com