ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gary Greenberg - Micro photographer
Gary Greenberg is a photographer, biomedical researcher and inventor intent on giving us all a view of the microscopic wonders all around us.

Why you should listen

A photographer and filmmaker with a Ph.D. in biomedical research, Gary Greenberg creates new ways to capture the spectacular landscapes that are hidden from everyday perception inside grains of sand, human cells and flower petals. Using high-definition, three-dimensional light microscopes -- for which he holds 18 patents -- Greenberg makes the miracles of nature tangible, exposing their hidden details. Most recently, Greenberg turned his attention to sand grains, photographing samples from around the world for the book, A Grain of Sand: Nature's Secret Wonder. For it, Greenberg even photographed moon sand returned from NASA’s Apollo 11 Mission.

Greenberg has also taught at the University of Southern California and has been a featured artist at the Science Museum of Minnesota. 

More profile about the speaker
Gary Greenberg | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxMaui

Gary Greenberg: The beautiful nano details of our world

Gary Greenberg: 纳米世界的醉人之处

Filmed:
1,118,591 views

在3D显微镜下, 沙粒呈现出宛如色彩斑斓的糖果般模样,而花朵的雄蕊则变身为主题公园迷人的塔尖。Gary Greenberg 为我们揭开微观世界神秘的面纱。 (于TEDxMaui拍摄)
- Micro photographer
Gary Greenberg is a photographer, biomedical researcher and inventor intent on giving us all a view of the microscopic wonders all around us. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:17
So I want to talk a little bit about seeing眼看 the world世界
0
1797
2467
我要讲的是如何
00:20
from a totally完全 unique独特 point of view视图,
1
4264
2726
从一个全新的角度去看世界
00:22
and this world世界 I'm going to talk about is the micro world世界.
2
6990
3025
我要说的是微观世界
00:25
I've found发现, after doing this for many许多, many许多 years年份,
3
10015
2580
在从事这项工作多年以后,我发现
00:28
that there's a magical神奇 world世界 behind背后 reality现实.
4
12595
2716
现实的背后藏着一个魔幻的世界
00:31
And that can be seen看到 directly through通过 a microscope显微镜,
5
15311
3159
我们可以透过显微镜直接观察它
00:34
and I'm going to show显示 you some of this today今天.
6
18470
2105
今天我要跟你们分享其中一部分
00:36
So let's start开始 off looking at something rather not-so-small不那么小,
7
20575
3687
我们先从那些还不算太小的
00:40
something that we can see with our naked eye,
8
24262
2264
肉眼就能观察到的东西开始吧
00:42
and that's a bee蜜蜂. So when you look at this bee蜜蜂,
9
26526
2441
这是一只蜜蜂 你看它
00:44
it's about this size尺寸 here, it's about a centimeter厘米.
10
28967
2896
大概是这样的大小 大约一厘米
00:47
But to really see the details细节 of the bee蜜蜂, and really
11
31863
2288
但是如果真的要看清楚细节 真正地
00:50
appreciate欣赏 what it is, you have to look a little bit closer接近.
12
34151
3729
欣赏它 你就更近距离地观察
00:53
So that's just the eye of the bee蜜蜂 with a microscope显微镜,
13
37880
3086
这是在显微镜下蜜蜂的眼部
00:56
and now all of a sudden突然 you can see that the bee蜜蜂 has
14
40966
2347
忽然间你能看到蜜蜂的眼睛
00:59
thousands数千 of individual个人 eyes眼睛 called ommatidia小眼,
15
43313
2831
其实是由上千只小眼所构成 叫做复眼
01:02
and they actually其实 have sensory感觉的 hairs in their eyes眼睛
16
46144
2432
眼睛当中其实还有具传感作用的短毛
01:04
so they know when they're right up close to something,
17
48576
2369
这样如果马上要碰到什么东西的时候能立刻察觉
01:06
because they can't see in stereo立体声.
18
50945
3704
因为蜜蜂是看不到立体影像的
01:10
As we go smaller, here is a human人的 hair头发.
19
54649
3704
当我们观察得更细微时,这是人类的头发
01:14
A human人的 hair头发 is about the smallest最少 thing that the eye can see.
20
58353
2819
头发大概是肉眼能看到的最小的东西了
01:17
It's about a tenth第十 of a millimeter毫米.
21
61172
2734
大约是十分之一毫米
01:19
And as we go smaller again,
22
63906
1176
让我们再缩小一点
01:20
about ten times smaller than that, is a cell细胞.
23
65082
3406
再小十倍的话,是细胞的大小
01:24
So you could fit适合 10 human人的 cells细胞
24
68488
2583
十个人体细胞
01:26
across横过 the diameter直径 of a human人的 hair头发.
25
71071
3666
刚好能排满一根头发直径的长度
01:30
So when we would look at cells细胞, this is how I really got
26
74737
1586
所以说我们观察细胞的时候 这是我参与
01:32
involved参与 in biology生物学 and science科学 is by looking
27
76323
3268
生物学和科学研究的方式
01:35
at living活的 cells细胞 in the microscope显微镜.
28
79591
2467
我用显微镜来观察活细胞
01:37
When I first saw living活的 cells细胞 in a microscope显微镜, I was
29
82058
2071
当我第一次从显微镜下看到活细胞时,
01:40
absolutely绝对 enthralled如醉如痴 and amazed吃惊 at what they looked看着 like.
30
84129
3899
我完全被它们的样子迷住了
01:43
So if you look at the cell细胞 like that from the immune免疫的 system系统,
31
88028
3316
如果你看到免疫系统的细胞
01:47
they're actually其实 moving移动 all over the place地点.
32
91344
1824
它们其实活跃于各处
01:49
This cell细胞 is looking for foreign国外 objects对象,
33
93183
3750
这个细胞在寻找异物
01:52
bacteria, things that it can find.
34
96933
2357
细菌等能找到的东西
01:55
And it's looking around, and when it finds认定 something,
35
99290
2648
在此过程中,一旦有了目标
01:57
and recognizes识别 it being存在 foreign国外,
36
101938
2296
并确认是异物
02:00
it will actually其实 engulf吞噬 it and eat it.
37
104234
1292
就会把它吞噬掉
02:01
So if you look right there, it finds认定 that little bacterium细菌,
38
105526
4284
你看,就在那里, 它找到了一个小细菌
02:05
and it engulfs吞没 it and eats it.
39
109810
5622
于是就把它包围起来吃掉了
02:11
If you take some heart cells细胞 from an animal动物,
40
115432
3181
如果从动物身上取部分心脏细胞
02:14
and put it in a dish, they'll他们会 just sit there and beat击败.
41
118613
2896
再放到培养皿里,它们就会在那里不住地跳动
02:17
That's their job工作. Every一切 cell细胞 has a mission任务 in life,
42
121509
3590
因为这是职责所在 每个生命体内的细胞都有其使命
02:20
and these cells细胞, the mission任务 is
43
125099
1801
这些细胞 它们的任务是
02:22
to move移动 blood血液 around our body身体.
44
126900
3527
把血液运送到身体各处
02:26
These next下一个 cells细胞 are nerve神经 cells细胞, and right now,
45
130427
2784
这些是神经细胞 此刻
02:29
as we see and understand理解 what we're looking at,
46
133211
2936
当我们边看边学的时候
02:32
our brains大脑 and our nerve神经 cells细胞 are actually其实 doing this
47
136147
2114
我们的脑细胞和神经细胞其实也在做一样的事情
02:34
right now. They're not just static静态的. They're moving移动 around
48
138261
2542
它们不是静止的 它们在活动
02:36
making制造 new connections连接, and that's what happens发生 when we learn学习.
49
140803
3502
建立新的联系 这是学习的过程
02:40
As you go farther更远 down this scale规模 here,
50
144305
2790
当我们把测量范围进一步缩小
02:42
that's a micron微米, or a micrometer千分尺, and we go
51
147095
2904
就是一微米 接下来
02:45
all the way down to here to a nanometer纳米
52
149999
2348
到纳米
02:48
and an angstrom. Now, an angstrom is the size尺寸
53
152347
2757
和埃(一亿分之一厘米)
02:51
of the diameter直径 of a hydrogen atom原子.
54
155104
3367
埃的大小恰好是一个氢原子的直径的长度
02:54
That's how small that is.
55
158471
1633
这就是小的程度
02:56
And microscopes显微镜 that we have today今天 can actually其实 see
56
160104
2302
如今的显微镜能让人们
02:58
individual个人 atoms原子. So these are some pictures图片
57
162421
3058
看到独立的原子 这些是它们的
03:01
of individual个人 atoms原子. Each bump磕碰 here is an individual个人 atom原子.
58
165479
2833
照片 每一个凸起都是一个单独的原子
03:04
This is a ring of cobalt atoms原子.
59
168312
2829
这是一圈钴原子
03:07
So this whole整个 world世界, the nano纳米 world世界, this area in here
60
171141
2658
这一切,这个纳米世界, 以上
03:09
is called the nano纳米 world世界, and the nano纳米 world世界,
61
173799
3195
被称为纳米世界
03:12
the whole整个 micro world世界 that we see,
62
176994
3134
在整个看得见的微观世界里面
03:16
there's a nano纳米 world世界 that is wrapped包裹 up within that, and
63
180128
3033
还藏着这样一个纳米世界
03:19
the whole整个 -- and that is the world世界 of molecules分子 and atoms原子.
64
183161
4395
这是分子和原子的世界
03:23
But I want to talk about this larger world世界,
65
187556
2458
但是我要讲的是相对较大的那个
03:25
the world世界 of the micro world世界.
66
190014
2337
即微观世界
03:28
So if you were a little tiny bug窃听器 living活的 in a flower,
67
192351
4119
假设你是住在花朵里的一只小昆虫
03:32
what would that flower look like, if the flower was this big?
68
196470
3151
那朵花看起来是什么样子的呢,如果它有这么大的话
03:35
It wouldn't不会 look or feel like anything that we see
69
199621
2515
看上去和感觉上跟人类
03:38
when we look at a flower. So if you look at this flower here,
70
202136
3294
观察到的角度肯定是不一样的 所以如果你从这里看这朵花
03:41
and you're a little bug窃听器, if you're on that surface表面
71
205430
1832
而你又是一只虫子 就在花里头
03:43
of that flower, that's what the terrain地形 would look like.
72
207262
4066
这个就是它看上去的样子
03:47
The petal花瓣 of that flower looks容貌 like that, so the ant蚂蚁
73
211328
2376
花瓣是这样的 而小蚂蚁
03:49
is kind of crawling爬行 over these objects对象, and if you look
74
213704
2681
就在这些东西上面爬行 如果再靠近一点的话
03:52
a little bit closer接近 at this stigma柱头 and the stamen here,
75
216385
3344
在柱头和雄蕊这里
03:55
this is the style样式 of that flower, and you notice注意
76
219729
2745
这是花柱 注意看
03:58
that it's got these little -- these are like little jelly-like像果冻一样 things
77
222474
4225
上面有这些细小 像喈哩状的东西
04:02
that are what are called spurs马刺. These are nectar花蜜 spurs马刺.
78
226699
4742
我们称为花距 这是蜜距
04:07
So this little ant蚂蚁 that's crawling爬行 here, it's like
79
231441
2617
换而言之 对小蚂蚁而言 就像
04:09
it's in a little Willy威利 Wonka旺卡 land土地.
80
234058
1826
置身于威力旺卡(Willy Wonka)的奇妙世界当中一样
04:11
It's like a little Disneyland迪斯尼乐园 for them. It's not like what we see.
81
235884
4135
有如身处迪士尼乐园 跟我们看到的不一样
04:15
These are little bits of individual个人 grain粮食 of pollen花粉
82
240019
3903
这是颗粒花粉的样子
04:19
there and there, and here is a --
83
243922
3446
在那里 还有那里 这个呢
04:23
what you see as one little yellow黄色 dot of pollen花粉,
84
247368
2578
是你看到的那些呈黄点状的花粉
04:25
when you look in a microscope显微镜, it's actually其实 made制作
85
249946
1964
透过显微镜 它其实是由
04:27
of thousands数千 of little grains谷物 of pollen花粉.
86
251910
3764
上千个细小的花粉粒所组成
04:31
So this, for example, when you see bees蜜蜂 flying飞行 around
87
255674
2235
举例来说 当你看到蜜蜂环绕着
04:33
these little plants植物, and they're collecting搜集 pollen花粉,
88
257909
2805
这些小株植物飞行 并采集花粉时
04:36
those pollen花粉 grains谷物 that they're collecting搜集, they pack
89
260714
2423
它们搜集花粉粒
04:39
into their legs and they take it back to the hive蜂巢,
90
263137
2433
把它们藏在腿上 再带回巢中
04:41
and that's what makes品牌 the beehive蜂窝,
91
265570
2630
是建筑蜂巢的原料
04:44
the wax in the beehive蜂窝. And they're also collecting搜集 nectar花蜜,
92
268200
3818
就是蜂蜡 同时它们也搜集花蜜
04:47
and that's what makes品牌 the honey蜜糖 that we eat.
93
272018
3911
也就是酿造我们吃的蜂蜜的材料
04:51
Here's这里的 a close-up特写 picture图片, or this is actually其实 a regular定期 picture图片
94
275929
3257
这是一幅特写,就是平常的
04:55
of a water hyacinth风信子, and if you had really, really good vision视力,
95
279186
2673
凤眼蓝的图片,假如你有很好的视力
04:57
with your naked eye, you'd see it about that well.
96
281859
2561
肉眼就能看得同样清楚了
05:00
There's the stamen and the pistil雌蕊. But look what the stamen
97
284420
2628
这是雄蕊和雌蕊 再来看
05:02
and the pistil雌蕊 look like in a microscope显微镜. That's the stamen.
98
287048
3514
显微镜下它们的样子 这是雄蕊
05:06
So that's thousands数千 of little grains谷物 of pollen花粉 there,
99
290562
2651
这是上千个花粉微粒
05:09
and there's the pistil雌蕊 there, and these are the little things
100
293213
3286
这是雌蕊 这些小东西
05:12
called trichomes. And that's what makes品牌 the flower give
101
296499
3719
称为毛状物 是花朵用来散发香味用的
05:16
a fragrance香味, and plants植物 actually其实 communicate通信
102
300218
3960
植物之间的沟通
05:20
with one another另一个 through通过 their fragrances香水.
103
304178
5394
用的就是它们的香气
05:25
I want to talk about something really ordinary普通,
104
309572
2368
我想讲一些真的很常见的事物
05:27
just ordinary普通 sand.
105
311940
1924
平常的沙粒
05:29
I became成为 interested有兴趣 in sand about 10 years年份 ago,
106
313864
1930
大约十年前起我开始对沙产生了兴趣
05:31
when I first saw sand from Maui毛伊岛,
107
315794
2561
当我初次见到来自毛伊岛(Maui)的沙的时候
05:34
and in fact事实, this is a little bit of sand from Maui毛伊岛.
108
318355
3147
这就是毛伊岛的沙
05:37
So sand is about a tenth第十 of a millimeter毫米 in size尺寸.
109
321502
3031
一粒沙差不多是十分一毫米
05:40
Each sand grain粮食 is about a tenth第十 of a millimeter毫米 in size尺寸.
110
324533
2911
每一粒都大概是这个大小
05:43
But when you look closer接近 at this, look at what's there.
111
327444
2583
但当你靠近细看时,看看观察的结果
05:45
It's really quite相当 amazing惊人. You have microshellsmicroshells there.
112
330027
3502
是很迷人的 你看到的是微小的贝壳
05:49
You have things like coral珊瑚.
113
333529
2193
有像珊瑚一样的东西
05:51
You have fragments片段 of other shells炮弹. You have olivine黄绿.
114
335722
3534
还有其他贝类的碎片 有橄榄石
05:55
You have bits of a volcano火山. There's a little bit
115
339256
2196
火山碎片 那里有一点点
05:57
of a volcano火山 there. You have tube worms蠕虫.
116
341452
2627
是火山碎片 还有管栖蠕虫
05:59
An amazing惊人 array排列 of incredible难以置信 things exist存在 in sand.
117
344079
4726
沙里面藏着许多引人入胜的东西
06:04
And the reason原因 that is, is because in a place地点 like this island,
118
348805
2679
之所以有这样的结果,是因为这个岛上
06:07
a lot of the sand is made制作 of biological生物 material材料
119
351484
2366
大部分的沙都是由生物材料构成的
06:09
because the reefs珊瑚礁 provide提供 a place地点 where all these
120
353850
2997
因为礁石是许多
06:12
microscopic显微 animals动物 or macroscopic宏观 animals动物 grow增长,
121
356847
3890
极小生物生长的地方
06:16
and when they die, their shells炮弹 and their teeth
122
360737
2338
当它们死去后他们的壳和牙齿
06:18
and their bones骨头 break打破 up and they make grains谷物 of sand,
123
363075
2342
还有骨头会分解形成沙粒
06:21
things like coral珊瑚 and so forth向前.
124
365417
2970
像是珊瑚等
06:24
So here's这里的, for example, a picture图片 of sand from Maui毛伊岛.
125
368387
3793
比方说 这就是一幅毛伊岛上沙的图片
06:28
This is from Lahaina拉海纳,
126
372180
2537
这是来自于拉海纳(Lhaina)
06:30
and when we're walking步行 along沿 a beach海滩, we're actually其实
127
374717
1730
我们沿着沙滩走的时候其实
06:32
walking步行 along沿 millions百万 of years年份 of biological生物 and geological地质 history历史.
128
376447
3454
也正在浏览历经百万年的生物学和地理学历史
06:35
We don't realize实现 it, but it's actually其实 a record记录
129
379901
2467
我们或者没有意识到这点,但它确实
06:38
of that entire整个 ecology生态.
130
382368
2573
是生态系统的完整纪录
06:40
So here we see, for example, a sponge海绵 spicule交合刺,
131
384941
3158
请看 这是一个海绵骨针
06:43
two bits of coral珊瑚 here,
132
388099
2586
两个珊瑚碎片
06:46
that's a sea urchin顽童 spine脊柱. Really some amazing惊人 stuff东东.
133
390685
3850
一根海胆刺 真的是很吸引人的
06:50
So when I first looked看着 at this, I was -- I thought,
134
394535
2377
所以我第一次看的时候我想的是
06:52
gee哎呀, this is like a little treasure宝藏 trove宝库 here.
135
396912
1749
这简直是一个宝库啊
06:54
I couldn't不能 believe it, and I'd go around dissecting解剖
136
398661
2166
实在让人难以置信 我到处寻找
06:56
the little bits out and making制造 photographs照片 of them.
137
400827
3309
分析这些细小的片断 再为它们拍照
07:00
Here's这里的 what most of the sand in our world世界 looks容貌 like.
138
404136
2511
世界上大部分的沙看起来是这个样子的
07:02
These are quartz石英 crystals晶体 and feldspar长石,
139
406647
3261
这些是石英晶体和长石
07:05
so most sand in the world世界 on the mainland大陆
140
409908
2461
也就是说地球大陆上大多数的沙
07:08
is made制作 of quartz石英 crystal水晶 and feldspar长石. It's the erosion侵蚀 of granite花岗岩 rock.
141
412369
3750
都是石英晶体和长石构成的 是花岗岩被侵蚀后的产物
07:12
So mountains are built内置 up, and they erode侵蚀 away by water
142
416119
4351
山脉形成后经历流水
07:16
and rain and ice and so forth向前,
143
420470
2027
和冰霜雨雪等的洗礼
07:18
and they become成为 grains谷物 of sand.
144
422497
1306
最后就成了沙子
07:19
There's some sand that's really much more colorful华美.
145
423803
2450
有一些沙的色彩特别丰富
07:22
These are sand from near the Great Lakes,
146
426253
2069
这些是五大湖区附近的沙
07:24
and you can see that it's filled填充 with minerals矿物质
147
428337
2011
可以看到里面有
07:26
like pink garnet石榴石 and green绿色 epidote绿帘石, all kinds of amazing惊人 stuff东东,
148
430348
3492
粉色石榴石和绿帘石以及各种神奇的矿物质
07:29
and if you look at different不同 sands沙滩 from different不同 places地方,
149
433840
2384
当观察来自不同地方的沙
07:32
every一切 single beach海滩, every一切 single place地点 you look at sand,
150
436224
3251
每一片海滩每一个地方的沙
07:35
it's different不同. Here's这里的 from Big Sur苏尔, like they're little jewels珠宝.
151
439475
5032
都是不一样的。这是大苏尔(Big Sur)海岸的沙 它们像小粒的珠宝
07:40
There are places地方 in Africa非洲 where they do the mining矿业
152
444507
2489
在非洲某处 人们开采宝石的地方
07:42
of jewels珠宝, and you go to the sand where the rivers河流 have
153
446996
4169
你去看江河汇入
07:47
the sand go down to the ocean海洋, and it's like literally按照字面 looking
154
451165
2299
大海处的沙 在显微镜下就跟
07:49
at tiny jewels珠宝 through通过 the microscope显微镜.
155
453464
2863
看着微小的宝石一般
07:52
So every一切 grain粮食 of sand is unique独特. Every一切 beach海滩 is different不同.
156
456327
3177
所以说每一粒沙都是独一无二的. 每处沙滩也各不相同
07:55
Every一切 single grain粮食 is different不同. There are no two grains谷物
157
459504
3182
这世上没有
07:58
of sand alike一样 in the world世界.
158
462686
1700
一模一样的两粒砂
08:00
Every一切 grain粮食 of sand is coming未来 somewhere某处 and going somewhere某处.
159
464386
3532
每一粒沙子都有自己的过去和未来
08:03
They're like a snapshot快照 in time.
160
467918
3728
通过沙粒我们看到一幅浓缩了时空的快照
08:07
Now sand is not only on Earth地球, but sand is
161
471646
3423
不仅在地球上有沙
08:10
ubiquitous普及 throughout始终 the universe宇宙. In fact事实, outer space空间
162
475069
2598
宇宙当中它们也是无处不在的 事实上 外太空
08:13
is filled填充 with sand, and that sand comes together一起
163
477667
3664
充斥着沙 它们汇聚一体
08:17
to make our planets行星 and the Moon月亮.
164
481331
3197
形成我们的行星和月球
08:20
And you can see those in micrometeorites微陨石.
165
484528
1582
你看这些微小的陨石
08:22
This is some micrometeorites微陨石 that the Army军队 gave me,
166
486110
2543
是军方提供的
08:24
and they get these out of the drinking wells in the South Pole.
167
488653
3094
来自南极饮用水的取水井
08:27
And they're quite相当 amazing-looking惊人的前瞻性, and these are the
168
491747
2746
实在是非常迷人 正是这些
08:30
tiny constituents成分 that make up the world世界 that we live生活 in --
169
494493
4424
微小的元素造就了我们所生活的
08:34
the planets行星 and the Moon月亮.
170
498917
1915
行星系和月球
08:36
So NASANASA wanted me to take some pictures图片 of Moon月亮 sand,
171
500832
3244
美国宇航局局(NASA)希望我能给月球上的沙拍点照片
08:39
so they sent发送 me sand from all the different不同 landings着陆
172
504076
2263
他们把四十年前阿波罗计划登月时在不同着陆点
08:42
of the Apollo阿波罗 missions任务 that happened发生 40 years年份 ago.
173
506339
4478
所搜集到的沙发给了我
08:46
And I started开始 taking服用 pictures图片 with my three-dimensional三维 microscopes显微镜.
174
510817
3640
然后我就开始用三维显微镜给它们拍照
08:50
This was the first picture图片 I took. It was kind of amazing惊人.
175
514457
2967
这是第一张 惊人的美
08:53
I thought it looked看着 kind of a little bit like the Moon月亮, which哪一个 is sort分类 of interesting有趣.
176
517424
3783
我觉得它看上去就像月球 所以很妙
08:57
Now, the way my microscopes显微镜 work is, normally一般
177
521207
2663
显微镜的工作原理是 通常情况下
08:59
in a microscope显微镜 you can see very little at one time,
178
523870
2466
用显微镜 我们每次能观察到的并不多
09:02
so what you have to do is you have to refocus重新聚焦 the microscope显微镜,
179
526336
2947
所以就必须不断的重新对焦
09:05
keep taking服用 pictures图片, and then I have a computer电脑 program程序
180
529283
3791
连续拍摄 然后运用电脑程序
09:08
that puts看跌期权 all those pictures图片 together一起
181
533074
2474
汇总所有的照片
09:11
into one picture图片 so you can see actually其实 what it looks容貌 like,
182
535548
3122
整合为一张后才能看到真实的样子
09:14
and I do that in 3D. So there, you can see,
183
538670
3235
而我则要在三维空间里做上述的事 请看
09:17
is a left-eye左眼 view视图. There's a right-eye右眼 view视图.
184
541905
2702
这是左眼的视角 这是右眼的视角
09:20
So sort分类 of left-eye左眼 view视图, right-eye右眼 view视图.
185
544607
2553
就像先左边看 再右边看
09:23
Now something's什么是 interesting有趣 here. This looks容貌 very different不同
186
547160
2368
这里很有趣的是 它看起来
09:25
than any sand on Earth地球 that I've ever seen看到, and I've
187
549528
2378
跟我所看过的所有地球上的沙都不一样
09:27
seen看到 a lot of sand on Earth地球, believe me. (Laughter笑声)
188
551906
3800
相信我 地球上的沙我看得可不少
09:31
Look at this hole in the middle中间. That hole was caused造成
189
555706
2958
你看中间的空洞 它是由于
09:34
by a micrometeorite微陨星 hitting the Moon月亮.
190
558664
2339
小陨石撞击月球而形成的
09:36
Now, the Moon月亮 has no atmosphere大气层, so micrometeorites微陨石
191
561003
2357
因为月球没有大气层 所以
09:39
come in continuously一直, and the whole整个 surface表面 of the Moon月亮
192
563360
3216
会不断受到陨尘的袭击 月球表面
09:42
is covered覆盖 with powder粉末 now, because for four billion十亿 years年份
193
566576
2600
如今呈粉末状 就是由于40亿年来
09:45
it's been bombarded炮轰 by micrometeorites微陨石,
194
569176
2794
不断被陨尘撞击的结果
09:47
and when micrometeorites微陨石 come in at about
195
571970
2390
当陨尘以
09:50
20 to 60,000 miles英里 an hour小时, they vaporize蒸发 on contact联系.
196
574360
4010
每小时20到六万英里的速度袭来时 一旦击中目标便会气化
09:54
And you can see here that that is --
197
578370
1910
你可以从这里看到 那就是
09:56
that's sort分类 of vaporized蒸发, and that material材料 is holding保持 this
198
580280
2594
类似气化后的状况 它能
09:58
little clump of little sand grains谷物 together一起.
199
582874
2546
把细小的沙粒凝聚在一起
10:01
This is a very small grain粮食 of sand, this whole整个 thing.
200
585420
2179
这是一粒小沙子
10:03
And that's called a ring agglutinate粘合.
201
587599
2160
也被称作环状凝聚物
10:05
And many许多 of the grains谷物 of sand on the Moon月亮 look like that,
202
589759
3944
许多月球表面的沙粒都是这个样子的
10:09
and you'd never find that on Earth地球.
203
593703
3457
而地球上找不到
10:13
Most of the sand on the Moon月亮,
204
597160
3253
月球上大部分的沙
10:16
especially特别 -- and you know when you look at the Moon月亮,
205
600413
1699
尤其是,你可以看到月球
10:18
there's the dark黑暗 areas and the light areas. The dark黑暗 areas
206
602112
2360
有背光面也有向光面
10:20
are lava岩浆 flows流动. They're basaltic玄武 lava岩浆 flows流动,
207
604472
4141
背光面是熔岩流 是玄武岩的熔岩流
10:24
and that's what this sand looks容貌 like, very similar类似
208
608613
2665
这是它们的沙的样子
10:27
to the sand that you would see in Haleakala哈雷阿卡拉.
209
611278
3763
和哈里阿卡拉火山(Haleakala)的沙很像
10:30
Other sands沙滩, when these micrometeorites微陨石 come in,
210
615041
3423
其他的沙子 当陨石接近时
10:34
they vaporize蒸发 and they make these fountains喷泉,
211
618464
3089
它们会气化而形成这些喷泉
10:37
these microscopic显微 fountains喷泉 that go up into the --
212
621553
2623
这些微小的喷泉喷涌而上
10:40
I was going to say "up into the air空气," but there is no air空气 --
213
624176
2364
我本来想说冲到空中,但是这里并没有空气
10:42
goes sort分类 of up, and these microscopic显微 glass玻璃 beads
214
626540
4220
那就只能说涌向上方吧 这些微粒
10:46
are formed形成 instantly即刻, and they harden硬化, and by the time
215
630791
2513
瞬间成型并固化为玻璃状的颗粒
10:49
they fall秋季 down back to the surface表面 of the Moon月亮,
216
633304
3385
当它们坠回月球表面的时候
10:52
they have these beautiful美丽 colored有色 glass玻璃 spherules小球.
217
636689
2896
就成了色彩斑斓的玻璃小球
10:55
And these are actually其实 microscopic显微;
218
639585
1545
它们都是能用显微镜捕捉得到的
10:57
you need a microscope显微镜 to see these.
219
641130
2968
只要有合适的工具
10:59
Now here's这里的 a grain粮食 of sand that is from the Moon月亮,
220
644098
3437
这是一颗来自月球的沙粒
11:03
and you can see that the entire整个
221
647535
2154
你能看到完整的
11:05
crystal水晶 structure结构体 is still there.
222
649689
2483
剔透的结构仍得以完整的呈现
11:08
This grain粮食 of sand is probably大概 about
223
652172
2148
这粒沙大概有
11:10
three and a half or four billion十亿 years年份 old,
224
654320
2282
三十五亿到四十亿年的历史了
11:12
and it's never eroded侵蚀 away like the way we have sand
225
656602
2191
它没有像地球上的沙那样
11:14
on Earth地球 erodes溶蚀 away because of water and tumbling翻筋斗,
226
658793
4019
受到水分,碰撞
11:18
air空气, and so forth向前. All you can see is a little bit of erosion侵蚀
227
662812
3250
空气等的侵蚀 只有看到的极小的侵蚀
11:21
down here by the Sun太阳, has these solar太阳能 storms风暴,
228
666062
4607
来自太阳 像是太阳雨
11:26
and that's erosion侵蚀 by solar太阳能 radiation辐射.
229
670669
4763
和太阳辐射
11:31
So what I've been trying to tell you today今天 is
230
675432
2586
所以说 今天我想告诉大家的是
11:33
things even as ordinary普通 as a grain粮食 of sand
231
678018
3569
平凡如一粒沙
11:37
can be truly extraordinary非凡 if you look closely密切
232
681587
2975
只要观察入微,也有它独特的魅力
11:40
and if you look from a different不同 and a new point of view视图.
233
684562
3305
只要你能找到不同的视角和新的观察角度
11:43
I think that this was best最好 put by William威廉 Blake布莱克 when he said,
234
687867
4375
我想英国诗人威廉·布莱克(William Blake)说的最好了
11:48
"To see a world世界 in a grain粮食 of sand
235
692242
2542
一沙一世界
11:50
and a heaven天堂 in a wild野生 flower,
236
694784
2754
一花一片天
11:53
hold保持 infinity无穷 in the palm棕榈 of your hand,
237
697538
2333
掌中握无限
11:55
and eternity永恒 in an hour小时."
238
699871
2333
永恒刹那间
11:58
Thank you. (Applause掌声)
239
702204
3729
谢谢(掌声)
Translated by Louise LIANG
Reviewed by Jenny Zhou

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Gary Greenberg - Micro photographer
Gary Greenberg is a photographer, biomedical researcher and inventor intent on giving us all a view of the microscopic wonders all around us.

Why you should listen

A photographer and filmmaker with a Ph.D. in biomedical research, Gary Greenberg creates new ways to capture the spectacular landscapes that are hidden from everyday perception inside grains of sand, human cells and flower petals. Using high-definition, three-dimensional light microscopes -- for which he holds 18 patents -- Greenberg makes the miracles of nature tangible, exposing their hidden details. Most recently, Greenberg turned his attention to sand grains, photographing samples from around the world for the book, A Grain of Sand: Nature's Secret Wonder. For it, Greenberg even photographed moon sand returned from NASA’s Apollo 11 Mission.

Greenberg has also taught at the University of Southern California and has been a featured artist at the Science Museum of Minnesota. 

More profile about the speaker
Gary Greenberg | Speaker | TED.com