ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Schwaitzberg - Surgeon and technologist
Dr. Steven Schwaitzberg is on a mission to teach surgeons around the world to perform minimally invasive surgery. But first, he's had to find the right technology to allow communication across the language barrier.

Why you should listen

Steven Schwaitzberg, MD, is a pioneer in the field of minimally invasive surgery. Over the course of his career, he has worked on developing the techniques and certification standards for this type of surgery, which is far less painful for patients and allows them to return to their normal lives sooner than with traditional surgery.

Schwaitzberg is the Chief of Surgery at the Cambridge Health Alliance at the Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital. He recently served as the president of SAGES (Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons), a national organization that seeks to advance surgery and improve patient care. Now, he has his eye on teaching minimally invasive surgery techniques to surgeons who live and work across the globe -- a task which has led him on a hunt for the right technology to allow for video conferencing and real-time translation in a surgeon’s native language.

More profile about the speaker
Steven Schwaitzberg | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxBeaconStreet

Steven Schwaitzberg: A universal translator for surgeons

史蒂芬 史威茨博格:给手术师的世界性翻译工具

Filmed:
514,886 views

腹腔镜手术采用微创技术,减少病人疼痛并缩短愈合时间。但史威茨博格发现,这项技术在世界范围内的应用遇到了两个难题——语言及距离。他将同我们分享,一个整合了视频会议技术的世界性翻译工具,如何能够有效地解决这些问题。
- Surgeon and technologist
Dr. Steven Schwaitzberg is on a mission to teach surgeons around the world to perform minimally invasive surgery. But first, he's had to find the right technology to allow communication across the language barrier. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
So I want to talk to you about two things tonight今晚.
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今晚,我想同大家讲两件事
00:19
Number one:
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第一
00:22
Teaching教学 surgery手术 and doing surgery手术
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教人做外科手术和做外科手术
00:25
is really hard.
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真的很难。
00:27
And second第二,
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第二
00:29
that language语言 is one of the most profound深刻 things
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语言,在这个世界上语言
00:31
that separate分离 us all over the world世界.
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将我们彼此远远地隔开。
00:35
And in my little corner of the world世界,
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并且,在我的那一方小天地里,
00:36
these two things are actually其实 related有关,
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这两件事息息相关,
00:38
and I want to tell you how tonight今晚.
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今晚,我会告诉大家我的理由。
00:40
Now, nobody没有人 wants an operation手术.
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现在,没人想做手术
00:44
Who here has had surgery手术?
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在座的有人接受过外科手术吗?
00:48
Did you want it?
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你当时想接受外科手术吗?
00:50
Keep your hands up if you wanted an operation手术.
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如果想,请继续举手。
00:51
Nobody没有人 wants an operation手术.
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没人愿意。
00:53
In particular特定, nobody没有人 wants an operation手术
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尤其是,没人想要这种
00:56
with tools工具 like these through通过 large incisions切口
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运用工具大面积缝合的
01:02
that cause原因 a lot of pain疼痛,
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带来不少疼痛的
01:04
that cause原因 a lot of time out of work or out of school学校,
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耽误大量上班、上课的时间,
01:07
that leave离开 a big scar瘢痕.
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最后会留下巨大疤痕的手术。
01:10
But if you have to have an operation手术,
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但是,如果你不得不接受手术
01:13
what you really want is a minimally微创 invasive侵入的 operation手术.
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你期望一个微创手术
01:15
That's what I want to talk to you about tonight今晚 --
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这个,就是我今晚想聊的:
01:17
how doing and teaching教学 this type类型 of surgery手术
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自己进行、并且教会别人这种手术的想法
01:20
led us on a search搜索
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使得我们开始寻找一个
01:21
for a better universal普遍 translator翻译者.
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优秀的,通用翻译器
01:24
Now, this type类型 of surgery手术 is hard,
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好的,刚刚讲到,微创手术很难
01:26
and it starts启动 by putting people to sleep睡觉,
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它从让人麻醉睡觉开始
01:30
putting carbon dioxide二氧化碳 in their abdomen腹部,
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然后把二氧化碳注入人的腹部
01:32
blowing them up like a balloon气球,
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向吹气球一样吹起来
01:34
sticking症结 one of these sharp尖锐 pointy尖尖 things into their abdomen腹部 --
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把尖头的工具刺进腹部
01:39
it's dangerous危险 stuff东东 --
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很危险
01:42
and taking服用 instruments仪器 and watching观看 it on a TV电视 screen屏幕.
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需要一边拿工具,一边对着显像屏幕观察
01:47
So let's see what it looks容貌 like.
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实际情况差不多是这样
01:49
So this is gallbladder胆囊 surgery手术.
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这是一个胆囊手术
01:51
We perform演出 a million百万 of these a year
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我们一年得做上百万例
01:53
in the United联合的 States状态 alone单独.
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仅仅在美国就这么多。
01:55
This is the real真实 thing. There's no blood血液.
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这是真事,一点血液都看不到
01:57
And you can see how focused重点 the surgeons外科医生 are,
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你看,手术师多么全神贯注
02:00
how much concentration浓度 it takes.
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精力完全集中。
02:03
You can see it in their faces面孔.
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看他们的面部表情就知道
02:04
It's hard to teach, and it's not all that easy简单 to learn学习.
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这手术很难教,也很难学
02:11
We do about five million百万 of these in the United联合的 States状态
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我们在美国做了五百万例
02:13
and maybe 20 million百万 of these worldwide全世界.
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全世界大概两千万例
02:18
All right, you've all heard听说 the term术语:
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嗯,估计大家都听过这句话
02:21
"He's a born天生 surgeon外科医生."
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“他天生就是个手术师。”
02:23
Let me tell you, surgeons外科医生 are not born天生.
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要我说,手术师没有天生的
02:26
Surgeons外科医生 are not made制作 either.
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也不是制造出来的
02:30
There are no little tanks坦克 where we're making制造 surgeons外科医生.
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我们找不到一个培养容器能够生产他们
02:33
Surgeons外科医生 are trained熟练 one step at a time.
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手术师是一步一步训练出来的
02:38
It starts启动 with a foundation基础, basic基本 skills技能.
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首先从最基本的技能开始
02:42
We build建立 on that and we take people, hopefully希望, to the operating操作 room房间
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然后在此基础上,有希望的话,把他们带进手术室
02:46
where they learn学习 to be an assistant助理.
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在那儿,他们学会怎么做助理。
02:48
Then we teach them to be a surgeon外科医生 in training训练.
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之后,训练他们怎么做手术师
02:50
And when they do all of that for about five years年份,
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学大概五年
02:53
they get the coveted令人垂涎 board certification证明.
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拿到证书
02:57
If you need surgery手术, you want to be operated操作 on
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如果你必须接受手术,有证书的手术师
02:59
by a board-certified认证资格 surgeon外科医生.
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是你的优先考虑对象。
03:02
You get your board certificate证书,
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好了,拿到了证书
03:04
and you can go out into practice实践.
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就可以实战演练了
03:06
And eventually终于, if you're lucky幸运, you achieve实现 mastery征服.
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最终,足够幸运的话,会变成大师级别
03:10
Now that foundation基础 is so important重要
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这其中,基础至关重要
03:14
that a number of us
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我们当中的一些人
03:16
from the largest最大 general一般 surgery手术 society社会 in the United联合的 States状态, SAGES圣人,
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来自美国最大的手术协会,SAGES(内镜外科医师学会),
03:20
started开始 in the late晚了 1990s a training训练 program程序
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在90年代后期,创立了一个培训项目
03:23
that would assure保证 that every一切 surgeon外科医生 who practices做法 minimally微创 invasive侵入的 surgery手术
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确保每一个进行微创手术的外科医生
03:27
would have a strong强大 foundation基础 of knowledge知识 and skills技能
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都有过硬的知识和技能
03:32
necessary必要 to go on and do procedures程序.
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让他们顺利的完成手术
03:34
Now the science科学 behind背后 this is so potent有力的
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这后面蕴含的科学性显而易见
03:38
that it became成为 required需要 by the American美国 Board of Surgery手术
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美国手术委员会的硬性要求
03:42
in order订购 for a young年轻 surgeon外科医生 to become成为 board certified认证.
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每一个新进手术师都参与培训才能拿到认证。
03:46
It's not a lecture演讲, it's not a course课程,
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这不仅仅是一个讲座,亦不仅是课程
03:49
it's all of that plus a high-stakes高风险 assessment评定.
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而是除上述两者之外,还要加上高风险的评估。
03:53
It's hard.
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非常困难
03:55
Now just this past过去 year,
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仅仅去年一年
03:58
one of our partners伙伴, the American美国 College学院 of Surgeons外科医生,
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我们的合作伙伴之一:美国手术师学院
04:01
teamed联手 up with us to make an announcement公告
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同我们联合宣布
04:03
that all surgeons外科医生 should be FLSFLS (Fundamentals基本面 of Laparoscopic腹腔镜 Surgery手术)-certified认证的
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所有的手术师都必须通过FLS (腹腔镜手术基本知识)考试
04:07
before they do minimally微创 invasive侵入的 surgery手术.
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之后才能进行微创手术
04:10
And are we talking about just people here in the U.S. and Canada加拿大?
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仅仅是美国和加拿大的手术师吗?
04:13
No, we just said all surgeons外科医生.
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不,全世界的
04:15
So to lift电梯 this education教育 and training训练 worldwide全世界
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所以,要推广这个全球性的教育和训练
04:20
is a very large task任务,
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会是一项非常庞大的任务
04:21
something I'm very personally亲自 excited兴奋 about as we travel旅行 around the world世界.
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我个人很兴奋,因为我们全世界地旅行
04:25
SAGES圣人 does surgery手术 all over the world世界, teaching教学 and educating教育 surgeons外科医生.
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SAGES在世界范围内进行手术,并提供培训
04:30
So we have a problem问题, and one of the problems问题 is distance距离.
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所以现在就有个问题,距离
04:34
We can't travel旅行 everywhere到处.
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我们不能每个角落都顾及到
04:36
We need to make the world世界 a smaller place地点.
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我们得把这个世界变小一点
04:39
And I think that we can develop发展 some tools工具 to do so.
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或许开发一些工具能够解决这个问题
04:41
And one of the tools工具 I like personally亲自 is using运用 video视频.
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其中一个我个人非常喜欢的工具就是视频沟通。
04:45
So I was inspired启发 by a friend朋友.
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这是我某位朋友启发我的
04:48
This is Allan艾伦 OkrainecOkrainec from Toronto多伦多.
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他叫艾伦 奥科莱耐,来自多伦多
04:50
And he proved证实
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他证明了
04:53
that you could actually其实 teach people to do surgery手术
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可以用视频会议
04:57
using运用 video视频 conferencing会议.
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教会人如果做手术
05:00
So here's这里的 Allan艾伦 teaching教学 an English-speaking英语会话 surgeon外科医生 in Africa非洲
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这里是艾伦正在教一个居住在非洲、会讲英语的手术师
05:04
these basic基本 fundamental基本的 skills技能
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这些基本技能
05:06
necessary必要 to do minimally微创 invasive侵入的 surgery手术.
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是进行微创手术的必备知识
05:09
Very inspiring鼓舞人心.
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非常具有启发性
05:11
But for this examination检查, which哪一个 is really hard,
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但是,对于这个困难的测试
05:15
we have a problem问题.
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我们还有一个问题
05:17
Even people who say they speak说话 English英语,
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即便人们会讲英语
05:20
only 14 percent百分 pass通过.
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仅有14%的人通过测试
05:22
Because for them it's not a surgery手术 test测试,
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因为对于他们而言,这不是个手术考试
05:24
it's an English英语 test测试.
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而是个英语考试
05:28
Let me bring带来 it to you locally本地.
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我讲的更具体一点
05:30
I work at the Cambridge剑桥 Hospital醫院.
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我在剑桥医院工作
05:32
It's the primary Harvard哈佛 Medical School学校 teaching教学 facility设施.
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那里是哈佛医学院的主要教学设施。
05:35
We have more than 100 translators译者 covering覆盖 63 languages语言,
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我们有超过一百位的翻译人员,懂得超过63种语言
05:40
and we spend millions百万 of dollars美元 just in our little hospital醫院.
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在这个小医院里头,翻译花掉了上百万美元
05:45
It's a big labor-intensive劳动密集型 effort功夫.
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是个劳动密集型的工作。
05:47
If you think about the worldwide全世界 burden负担
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再设想一下全世界面临的负担
05:51
of trying to talk to your patients耐心 --
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要同你的病人交流
05:53
not just teaching教学 surgeons外科医生, just trying to talk to your patients耐心 --
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不是教会手术师,而仅仅是和你的病人交流
05:56
there aren't enough足够 translators译者 in the world世界.
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我们就会面临世界范围内翻译人员的短缺。
05:59
We need to employ采用 technology技术 to assist助攻 us in this quest寻求.
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我们得采用技术来帮助我们
06:05
At our hospital醫院 we see everybody每个人 from Harvard哈佛 professors教授
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在医院,我们看到哈佛的教授
06:08
to people who just got here last week.
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也看到上个星期刚刚来的人
06:10
And you have no idea理念 how hard it is
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你无法想象
06:13
to talk to somebody or take care关心 of somebody you can't talk to.
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要照顾一个你不能交流的人有多困难
06:16
And there isn't always a translator翻译者 available可得到.
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而且你还不总能找到翻译
06:19
So we need tools工具.
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因此,我们需要工具
06:23
We need a universal普遍 translator翻译者.
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我们需要一个通用翻译器
06:27
One of the things that I want to leave离开 you with as you think about this talk
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这个讲座结束后,我希望大家
06:31
is that this talk is not just about us preaching说教 to the world世界.
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并不仅把本次讲座看作一个传道和说教
06:37
It's really about setting设置 up a dialogue对话.
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而将它看成建立一个对话
06:39
We have a lot to learn学习.
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等待我们学习的东西还有很多
06:41
Here in the United联合的 States状态 we spend more money per person
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同世界其他地方相比,平均下来我们每个美国人
06:45
for outcomes结果 that are not better than many许多 countries国家 in the world世界.
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付出的金钱甚多,但收效甚微
06:49
Maybe we have something to learn学习 as well.
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或许我们也要学习一些事情
06:53
So I'm passionate多情 about teaching教学 these FLSFLS skills技能 all over the world世界.
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所以,我满怀热情地在全世界教授FLS技能
06:57
This past过去 year I've been in Latin拉丁 America美国, I've been in China中国,
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去年,我到了拉丁美洲,还有中国
07:01
talking about the fundamentals基本面 of laparoscopic腹腔镜 surgery手术.
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讲授腹腔镜手术的基础知识
07:04
And everywhere到处 I go the barrier屏障 is:
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然而,我在所有地方每每遇到相同的困难
07:08
"We want this, but we need it in our language语言."
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“我们需要这些,但我们希望用自己的语言”
07:12
So here's这里的 what we think we want to do:
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因此,我们想要这样做:
07:15
Imagine想像 giving a lecture演讲
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设想我正在进行一场讲座
07:18
and being存在 able能够 to talk to people in their own拥有 native本地人 language语言 simultaneously同时.
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并同时能用听众自己的语言同他们交流
07:23
I want to talk to the people in Asia亚洲, Latin拉丁 America美国, Africa非洲, Europe欧洲
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我希望同来自亚洲的,拉美的,非洲的,欧洲的人
07:28
seamlessly无缝, accurately准确
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准确的,毫无隔阂的交流
07:33
and in a cost-effective经济有效 fashion时尚 using运用 technology技术.
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运用一种性价比极高的技术,同他们交流
07:37
And it has to be bi-directional双向.
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并且双向的沟通
07:39
They have to be able能够 to teach us something as well.
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他们同样可以教会我们一些事情
07:42
It's a big task任务.
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这个任务艰巨
07:43
So we looked看着 for a universal普遍 translator翻译者; I thought there would be one out there.
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所以,我们尝试寻找一个通用翻译器;我以为它会出现。
07:46
Your webpage网页 has translation翻译, your cellphone手机 has translation翻译,
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你的网页可以翻译,你的手机可以翻译
07:50
but nothing that's good enough足够 to teach surgery手术.
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但没有什么足够充当手术教学的翻译
07:56
Because we need a lexicon词库. What is a lexicon词库?
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因为我们需要一部辞典。什么是辞典?
07:58
A lexicon词库 is a body身体 of words that describes介绍 a domain.
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它是一个描述某领域的词汇系统
08:02
I need to have a health健康 care关心 lexicon词库.
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我需要一个医保辞典
08:05
And in that I need a surgery手术 lexicon词库.
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这其中,我需要一部手术辞典
08:08
That's a tall order订购. We have to work at it.
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这是一个艰巨的任务。我们必须努力去做。
08:12
So let me show显示 you what we're doing.
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所以让我告诉你我们所做的努力。
08:14
This is research研究 -- can't buy购买 it.
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这是研究——买不到
08:17
We're working加工 with the folks乡亲 at IBMIBM Research研究 from the Accessibility无障碍 Center中央
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我们这在同IBM帮助和支持中心的人员合作
08:21
to string together一起 technologies技术 to work towards the universal普遍 translator翻译者.
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研发一种通用翻译器
08:26
It starts启动 with a framework骨架 system系统
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它建立在一个框架系统上
08:28
where when the surgeon外科医生 delivers提供 the lecture演讲
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医生用此框架发布一个讲座时,
08:31
using运用 a framework骨架 of captioning字幕 technology技术,
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运用了字幕技术
08:34
we then add another另一个 technology技术 to do video视频 conferencing会议.
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同时,采用其他技术进行视频会议
08:38
But we don't have the words yet然而, so we add a third第三 technology技术.
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但是,我们现在还没有具体的文字,所以,第三种技术应运而生
08:42
And now we've我们已经 got the words,
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有了具体文字之后
08:45
and we can apply应用 the special特别 sauce: the translation翻译.
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我们把关键的一环加上:翻译
08:49
We get the words up in a window窗口 and then apply应用 the magic魔法.
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我们将文字放入一个窗口,接着施上魔法
08:53
We work with a fourth第四 technology技术.
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我们还有第四种技术
08:56
And we currently目前 have access访问 to eleven十一 language语言 pairs.
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目前,共十一组语言配对可供使用
09:00
More to come as we think about trying to make the world世界 a smaller place地点.
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当然,当我们尝试将世界变小一点的时候,更多东西出现了
09:04
And I'd like to show显示 you our prototype原型
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我想跟大家分享一下我们的基本模型
09:07
of stringing穿线 all of these technologies技术 that don't necessarily一定 always talk to each other
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这个模型将看似乎不相连的几个技术整合起来
09:12
to become成为 something useful有用.
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发挥着重要的作用
09:15
Narrator旁白: Fundamentals基本面 of Laparoscopic腹腔镜 Surgery手术.
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旁白:腹腔镜手术的基本知识
09:19
Module five: manual手册 skills技能 practice实践.
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模块五:动手技巧练习
09:23
Students学生们 may可能 display显示 captions字幕 in their native本地人 language语言.
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学生可以显示其母语的字幕
09:30
Steven史蒂芬 SchwaitzbergSchwaitzberg: If you're in Latin拉丁 America美国,
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史蒂芬 史威茨博格:如果你在拉丁美洲
09:32
you click点击 the "I want it in Spanish西班牙语" button按键
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请点击按钮“我需要西班牙文”
09:34
and out it comes in real真实 time in Spanish西班牙语.
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西班牙文解说会即时出现
09:37
But if you happen发生 to be sitting坐在 in Beijing北京 at the same相同 time,
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如果你人在北京
09:40
by using运用 technology技术 in a constructive建设性 fashion时尚,
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运用相似的方法
09:43
you could get it in Mandarin普通话 or you could get it in Russian俄语 --
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你可以找到中文,甚至俄语等等
09:47
on and on and on, simultaneously同时 without the use of human人的 translators译者.
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这一切都来自技术,不需要真人翻译
09:52
But that's the lectures讲座.
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这就是教学讲座
09:54
If you remember记得 what I told you about FLSFLS at the beginning开始,
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如果你还记得我一开始讲到的FLS
09:57
it's knowledge知识 and skills技能.
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我的描述是:知识和技巧
10:00
The difference区别 in an operation手术
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在一个手术中
10:03
between之间 doing something successfully顺利 and not
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做错或做对
10:07
may可能 be moving移动 your hand this much.
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常常仅在手的分毫移动中决定
10:11
So we're going to take it one step further进一步;
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所以,我们要更进一步
10:13
we've我们已经 brought my friend朋友 Allan艾伦 back.
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现在,我们把老朋友艾伦找回来
10:15
Allan艾伦 OkrainecOkrainec: Today今天 we're going to practice实践 suturing缝合.
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艾伦:今天,我们来练习缝合
10:20
This is how you hold保持 the needle.
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针应该这样拿
10:22
Grab the needle at the tip小费.
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拿起尖头处。
10:28
It's important重要 to be accurate准确.
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一定要准确
10:30
Aim目标 for the black黑色 dots.
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对准黑点
10:34
Orient东方 your loop循环 this way.
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你的缝线圈圈应该是这样的
10:37
Now go ahead and cut.
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现在把线切断
10:42
Very good Oscar奥斯卡. I'll see you next下一个 week.
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奥斯卡,非常好。下周见
10:46
SSSS: So that's what we're working加工 on
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ss: 这就是我们现在在做的
10:49
in our quest寻求 for the universal普遍 translator翻译者.
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找寻一个通用翻译器
10:52
We want it to be bi-directional双向.
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我们希望它是双向的
10:54
We have a need to learn学习 as well as to teach.
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我们需要教,亦需要学
10:58
I can think of a million百万 uses使用 for a tool工具 like this.
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我能够想出千万种使用这个工具的方法
11:02
As we think about intersecting相交 technologies技术 --
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当我们谈论起交叉互通技术时
11:05
everybody每个人 has a cell细胞 phone电话 with a camera相机 --
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每个人都有一个带摄像头的手机
11:07
we could use this everywhere到处,
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随时随地可用
11:09
whether是否 it be health健康 care关心, patient患者 care关心,
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比如健保、病人护理、
11:11
engineering工程, law, conferencing会议, translating翻译 videos视频.
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工程、法律、会议、视频翻译等等
11:16
This is a ubiquitous普及 tool工具.
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这是个各处皆宜的工具
11:18
In order订购 to break打破 down our barriers障碍,
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若想打破限制
11:21
we have to learn学习 to talk to people,
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我们必须学会沟通
11:22
to demand需求 that people work on translation翻译.
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同别人一起提高翻译技术
11:26
We need it for our everyday每天 life,
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我们日常生活都需要这个工具
11:29
in order订购 to make the world世界 a smaller place地点.
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而世界才得以变得更小
11:32
Thank you very much.
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谢谢大家!
11:33
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Sharon X. Yan
Reviewed by dahong zhang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Schwaitzberg - Surgeon and technologist
Dr. Steven Schwaitzberg is on a mission to teach surgeons around the world to perform minimally invasive surgery. But first, he's had to find the right technology to allow communication across the language barrier.

Why you should listen

Steven Schwaitzberg, MD, is a pioneer in the field of minimally invasive surgery. Over the course of his career, he has worked on developing the techniques and certification standards for this type of surgery, which is far less painful for patients and allows them to return to their normal lives sooner than with traditional surgery.

Schwaitzberg is the Chief of Surgery at the Cambridge Health Alliance at the Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital. He recently served as the president of SAGES (Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons), a national organization that seeks to advance surgery and improve patient care. Now, he has his eye on teaching minimally invasive surgery techniques to surgeons who live and work across the globe -- a task which has led him on a hunt for the right technology to allow for video conferencing and real-time translation in a surgeon’s native language.

More profile about the speaker
Steven Schwaitzberg | Speaker | TED.com