ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charmian Gooch - Anti-corruption activist
Charmian Gooch is the 2014 TED Prize winner. At Global Witness, she exposes how a global architecture of corruption is woven into the extraction and exploitation of natural resources.

Why you should listen

Charmian Gooch co-founded the watchdog NGO Global Witness with colleagues Simon Taylor and Patrick Alley, in response to growing concerns over covert warfare funded by illicit trade in 1993. Since then, Global Witness has captured headlines for their exposé of "blood diamonds" in Uganda, of mineral exploitation in the Congo, of illegal timber trade between Cambodia and Thailand, and more. With unique expertise on the shadowy threads connecting corrupt businesses and governments, Global Witness continues its quest to uncover and root out the sources of exploitation.

In 2014, Gooch and Global Witness were awarded the $1 million TED Prize, along with the Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship, for their campaign to end anonymous companies. Gooch's TED Prize wish: for us to know who ultimately owns and controls companies and launch a new era of openness in business. Global Witness highlighted the importance of this issue in an investigation, aired on 60 Minutes, where they sent an undercover investigator into 13 New York law firms. The investigator posed as an adviser to a government minister in Africa and asked for thoughts on how to move money into the United States for a plane, a yacht and a brownstone. All but one firm offered advice. 

The Panama Papers, released in April of 2016, further demonstrate the need for transparency. The papers paint a picture of how the rich and powerful around the world use offshore accounts and anonymous companies to move money. "This secretive world is being opened up to global public scrutiny," said Gooch, on the day the papers were released.

 

More profile about the speaker
Charmian Gooch | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2013

Charmian Gooch: Meet global corruption's hidden players

演讲者姓名:查尔米恩·古奇(Charmian Gooch): 认识世界级贪腐的幕后黑手

Filmed:
1,793,117 views

一个来自极端贫困国家的总统之子,它的官方月薪仅为7,000美金,但当他开始购买豪宅和高级跑车时,Charmian Gooch 告诉大家,贪腐可能就在其中。在这令人大开眼界的演讲中(通过多个具体的实例)她仔细地讲述了全球贪腐追查者是如何寻着金钱的流向找到一些令人惊讶的熟悉面孔。
- Anti-corruption activist
Charmian Gooch is the 2014 TED Prize winner. At Global Witness, she exposes how a global architecture of corruption is woven into the extraction and exploitation of natural resources. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
When we talk about corruption腐败,
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当我们谈论腐败时,
00:14
there are typical典型 types类型 of individuals个人 that spring弹簧 to mind心神.
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有几类典型的人会映入脑海。
00:18
There's the former前任的 Soviet苏联 megalomaniacs自大狂.
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例如前苏联的自大狂。
00:20
Saparmurat尼亚佐夫 Niyazov尼亚佐夫, he was one of them.
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萨帕尔穆拉特 · 尼亚佐夫(Saparmurat Niyazov)就是其中一个。
00:23
Until直到 his death死亡 in 2006,
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直至2006 年他去世之前,
00:25
he was the all-powerful万能 leader领导 of Turkmenistan土库曼斯坦,
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他一直是土库曼斯坦最有权利的领袖,
00:29
a Central中央 Asian亚洲 country国家 rich丰富 in natural自然 gas加油站.
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这是一个中亚国家,天然气丰富。
00:32
Now, he really loved喜爱 to issue问题 presidential总统 decrees法令.
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他很爱颁布总统令。
00:36
And one renamed改名 the months个月 of the year
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其中之一是他曾经更改月份的名字
00:39
including包含 after himself他自己 and his mother母亲.
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包括用他本人和他母亲的名字取而代之。
00:42
He spent花费 millions百万 of dollars美元
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他花了数百万美元
00:44
creating创建 a bizarre奇异的 personality个性 cult礼拜,
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建立了一个怪诞的个人崇拜,
00:47
and his crowning加冕 glory荣耀 was the building建造
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他至高无上的荣耀是
00:49
of a 40-foot-high-foot高 gold-plated镀金 statue雕像 of himself他自己
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为自己修建了一座40英尺高的镀金雕像
00:53
which哪一个 stood站在 proudly傲然 in the capital's首都 central中央 square广场
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这个雕像傲然屹立于该国首都的中心广场
00:56
and rotated旋转 to follow跟随 the sun太阳.
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并能随太阳旋转。
00:59
He was a slightly unusual异常 guy.
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他是个有点异常的人。
01:01
And then there's that clich老生常谈é,
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另一个就是老生常谈的人物,
01:03
the African非洲人 dictator独裁者 or minister部长 or official官方.
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被称为非洲的独裁者、部长或官员。
01:07
There's Teodor特奥多尔ín Obiang奥比昂.
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特奥多罗·奥比昂(Teodorin Obiang)。
01:10
So his daddy is president主席 for life of Equatorial赤道 Guinea几内亚,
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他父亲是赤道几内亚的终身总统
01:14
a West西 African非洲人 nation国家 that has exported出口
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这是一个西非国家,
01:17
billions数十亿 of dollars美元 of oil since以来 the 1990s
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自从1990 年代以来,已出口了数十亿美元的石油,
01:21
and yet然而 has a truly appalling骇人听闻的 human人的 rights权利 record记录.
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但该国也有着骇人听闻的人权记录。
01:25
The vast广大 majority多数 of its people
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绝大多数老百姓都
01:27
are living活的 in really miserable poverty贫穷
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生活于非常悲惨的贫困中
01:30
despite尽管 an income收入 per capita人头 that's on a par平价
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尽管其人均收入相当于
01:32
with that of Portugal葡萄牙.
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葡萄牙。
01:34
So Obiang奥比昂 junior初级, well, he buys购买 himself他自己
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小奥比昂(Obiang junior)给自己
01:37
a $30 million百万 mansion大厦 in Malibu马里布, California加州.
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在加利福尼亚州的马里布买了一栋3000万美元的豪宅。
01:41
I've been up to its front面前 gates.
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我到过那豪宅的大门前。
01:42
I can tell you it's a magnificent华丽的 spread传播.
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可以说,那真是气势恢宏。
01:45
He bought an €18 million百万 art艺术 collection采集
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他买了价值1800 万欧元的艺术收藏品
01:49
that used to belong属于 to fashion时尚 designer设计师 Yves伊夫 Saint Laurent洛朗,
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该收藏品原属于时装设计师伊夫 · 圣洛朗(YSL),
01:53
a stack of fabulous极好 sports体育 cars汽车,
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小奥比昂还有多辆豪华跑车,
01:55
some costing成本核算 a million百万 dollars美元 apiece一块 --
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有些车单价超过100 万美金
01:57
oh, and a Gulfstream湾流 jet喷射, too.
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哦,他还有一驾湾流喷气机。
02:00
Now get this:
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现在我们来看看:
02:01
Until直到 recently最近, he was earning盈利 an official官方 monthly每月一次 salary薪水
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直到最近,他官方的月薪
02:05
of less than 7,000 dollars美元.
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仅有不到7,000 美元。
02:09
And there's Dan EteteEtete.
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还有另一位丹·埃泰特(Dan Etete)
02:11
Well, he was the former前任的 oil minister部长 of Nigeria尼日利亚
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他是尼日利亚的前石油部长
02:14
under President主席 Abacha阿巴查,
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隶属于阿巴查(Abacha)总统政府
02:16
and it just so happens发生 he's a convicted被定罪 money launderer洗钱 too.
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丹·埃泰特也恰巧被定罪洗黑钱。
02:20
We've我们已经 spent花费 a great deal合同 of time
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我们花了大量的时间
02:22
investigating调查 a $1 billion十亿 --
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针对10亿美金— —
02:24
that's right, a $1 billion十亿
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是的,10 亿美金的一笔交易进行追查— —
02:26
oil deal合同 that he was involved参与 with,
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这是他所参与的石油交易的金额
02:29
and what we found发现 was pretty漂亮 shocking触目惊心,
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结果非常令人震惊,
02:31
but more about that later后来.
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我们稍后再谈这个吧。
02:33
So it's easy简单 to think that corruption腐败 happens发生
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所以,我们很容易就下结论认为
02:37
somewhere某处 over there,
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腐败发生在那边,
02:39
carried携带的 out by a bunch of greedy贪婪 despots暴君
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被一群贪婪的专制统治者
02:41
and individuals个人 up to no good in countries国家
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和对国家无一益处的腐败者把持着
02:43
that we, personally亲自, may可能 know very little about
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这些,对我们来说,可能是知之甚少的
02:46
and feel really unconnected悬空 to
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感觉真得和自己没什么关系
02:48
and unaffected未受影响 by what might威力 be going on.
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而且我们也没受什么影响。
02:51
But does it just happen发生 over there?
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但腐败仅仅只发生在那边吗?
02:55
Well, at 22, I was very lucky幸运.
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在我22岁时,我非常幸运。
02:58
My first job工作 out of university大学
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我大学毕业后的第一份工作
03:01
was investigating调查 the illegal非法 trade贸易 in African非洲人 ivory象牙.
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是调查非洲象牙非法贸易。
03:05
And that's how my relationship关系 with corruption腐败 really began开始.
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那是我参与反腐的开始。
03:09
In 1993, with two friends朋友 who were colleagues同事,
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1993 年,我与两个朋友,也是我同事,
03:12
Simon西蒙 Taylor泰勒 and Patrick帕特里克 Alley胡同,
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西蒙 · 泰勒(Simon Taylor)和帕特里克· 埃里(Patrick Alley)
03:15
we set up an organization组织 called Global全球 Witness见证.
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一起成立了一个组织叫做“全球见证”(Global Witness)。
03:18
Our first campaign运动 was investigating调查 the role角色
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我们第一次行动就是调查
03:21
of illegal非法 logging记录 in funding资金 the war战争 in Cambodia柬埔寨.
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非法伐木在柬埔寨战争的资助方面所扮演的角色。
03:25
So a few少数 years年份 later后来, and it's now 1997,
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几年后,1997 年,
03:28
and I'm in Angola安哥拉 undercover秘密 investigating调查 blood血液 diamonds钻石.
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我在安哥拉秘密调查血钻。
03:33
Perhaps也许 you saw the film电影,
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也许你看过
03:35
the Hollywood好莱坞 film电影 "Blood血液 Diamond钻石,"
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好莱坞电影"血钻",
03:36
the one with Leonardo莱昂纳多 DiCaprio迪卡普里奥.
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莱昂纳多 · 迪卡普里奥主演的。
03:38
Well, some of that sprang窜出 from our work.
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电影的部分情节是根据我们的调查而来的。
03:42
Luanda罗安达, it was full充分 of land土地 mine victims受害者
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罗安达,到处都是地雷受害者
03:44
who were struggling奋斗的 to survive生存 on the streets街道
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他们在街上挣扎求生
03:47
and war战争 orphans孤儿 living活的 in sewers下水道 under the streets街道,
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战争孤儿生活在街道下的下水道中
03:50
and a tiny, very wealthy富裕 elite原种
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极少部分富裕的精英们
03:52
who gossiped闲话 about shopping购物 trips旅行 to Brazil巴西 and Portugal葡萄牙.
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在闲谈着到巴西和葡萄牙的购物之旅。
03:55
And it was a slightly crazy place地点.
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那是一个相当疯狂的地方。
03:58
So I'm sitting坐在 in a hot and very stuffy hotel旅馆 room房间
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所以我坐在一个非常闷热的酒店客房
04:01
feeling感觉 just totally完全 overwhelmed不堪重负.
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感觉完全不知所措。
04:04
But it wasn't about blood血液 diamonds钻石.
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但这和血钻无关。
04:07
Because I'd been speaking请讲 to lots of people there
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因为我和当地许多人都交流过
04:10
who, well, they talked about a different不同 problem问题:
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他们谈到另一个不同的问题:
04:12
that of a massive大规模的 web卷筒纸 of corruption腐败 on a global全球 scale规模
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在全球范围内一个巨大规模的腐败网
04:15
and millions百万 of oil dollars美元 going missing失踪.
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以及与石油相关的数以百万美金不知去向。
04:19
And for what was then a very small organization组织
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对于一个只有几个人
04:21
of just a few少数 people,
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的组织来说,
04:23
trying to even begin开始 to think how we might威力 tackle滑车 that
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试图思考我们怎样解决这个问题
04:26
was an enormous巨大 challenge挑战.
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真是一个巨大的挑战。
04:29
And in the years年份 that I've been,
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在这些年,
04:30
and we've我们已经 all been campaigning竞选 and investigating调查,
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我们一直在行动和调查,
04:33
I've repeatedly反复 seen看到 that what makes品牌 corruption腐败
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我一次又一次看到,
04:35
on a global全球, massive大规模的 scale规模 possible可能,
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是什么让腐败在全球巨大的范围内发生,
04:37
well it isn't just greed贪心 or the misuse滥用 of power功率
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这不仅仅是贪婪或权力滥用
04:40
or that nebulous星云 phrase短语 "weak governance治理."
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或用含糊不清的"无能治理"可以解释的。
04:43
I mean, yes, it's all of those,
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我的意思是,刚刚提到的都是原因,
04:45
but corruption腐败, it's made制作 possible可能 by the actions行动
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但是腐败,之所以出现
04:48
of global全球 facilitators主持人.
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是因为全球协调者的所作所为导致的。
04:51
So let's go back to some of those people I talked about earlier.
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所以让我们谈谈我之前提到过的那些人。
04:55
Now, they're all people we've我们已经 investigated调查,
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他们都是我们调查过的
04:56
and they're all people who couldn't不能 do what they do alone单独.
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而且他们不可能单独靠自己就能做出那些事的。
04:59
Take Obiang奥比昂 junior初级. Well, he didn't end结束 up
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以小奥比昂(Obiang junior)为例。
05:01
with high-end高端 art艺术 and luxury豪华 houses房屋 without help.
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没有协助的话,他是无法获得那些高端艺术品和豪宅的。
05:05
He did business商业 with global全球 banks银行.
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他与全球的银行有来往。
05:07
A bank银行 in Paris巴黎 held保持 accounts账户 of companies公司 controlled受控 by him,
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在巴黎的一家银行拥有由他控制的公司的帐户,
05:11
one of which哪一个 was used to buy购买 the art艺术,
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他就是用其中一个账号来购买艺术品的,
05:14
and American美国 banks银行, well, they funneled漏斗状的
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他和美国的银行也有来往,
05:16
73 million百万 dollars美元 into the States状态,
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令他把7300 万美金汇到了美国,
05:19
some of which哪一个 was used to buy购买 that California加州 mansion大厦.
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他用其中一些钱购买了加州豪宅。
05:23
And he didn't do all of this in his own拥有 name名称 either.
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而且他并不是用自己的名字行事的。
05:26
He used shell贝壳 companies公司.
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他用空壳公司。
05:28
He used one to buy购买 the property属性, and another另一个,
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他用一个空壳公司购买豪宅,
05:30
which哪一个 was in somebody else's别人的 name名称,
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另一个在其他人名下,
05:32
to pay工资 the huge巨大 bills票据 it cost成本 to run the place地点.
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用来支付豪宅生活所需的巨额账单。
05:36
And then there's Dan EteteEtete.
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再有丹·埃泰特(Dan Etete)。
05:39
Well, when he was oil minister部长,
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当他是石油部长的时候,
05:41
he awarded颁发 an oil block now worth价值 over a billion十亿 dollars美元
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他将一块现在价值超过10 亿美金油田授予了一个公司
05:46
to a company公司 that, guess猜测 what, yeah,
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是的,你猜怎么着,
05:49
he was the hidden owner所有者 of.
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他是那公司的幕后老板。
05:51
Now, it was then much later后来 traded交易 on
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现在,这公司
05:54
with the kind assistance帮助 of the Nigerian尼日利亚 government政府 --
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在尼日利亚政府的协助下
05:57
now I have to be careful小心 what I say here —
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现在我得小心地在这里说 — —
05:59
to subsidiaries子公司 of Shell贝壳 and the Italian意大利 Eni埃尼,
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它与壳牌石油公司和意大利埃尼石油公司的
子公司进行了交易,
06:03
two of the biggest最大 oil companies公司 around.
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这是那里最大的两家石油公司。
06:06
So the reality现实 is, is that the engine发动机 of corruption腐败,
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因此事实是,这个腐败的引擎,
06:08
well, it exists存在 far beyond the shores海岸 of countries国家
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它远远不止只在这些国家存在
06:11
like Equatorial赤道 Guinea几内亚 or Nigeria尼日利亚 or Turkmenistan土库曼斯坦.
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像赤道几内亚共和国,尼日利亚,或者土库曼斯坦。
06:14
This engine发动机, well, it's driven驱动
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这个引擎被驱动着,
06:16
by our international国际 banking银行业 system系统,
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这包括,我们的国际银行系统,
06:19
by the problem问题 of anonymous匿名 shell贝壳 companies公司,
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那些匿名的空壳公司,
06:21
and by the secrecy保密 that we have afforded提供
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和我们所给予的那些
06:24
big oil, gas加油站 and mining矿业 operations操作,
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大型石油、 天然气和采矿经营的隐秘的权利,
06:27
and, most of all, by the failure失败 of our politicians政治家
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而且最重要的,还有我们的政客
06:30
to back up their rhetoric修辞 and do something
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他们无法兑现那些花言巧语,
06:32
really meaningful富有意义的 and systemic系统的 to tackle滑车 this stuff东东.
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也拿不出真正有意义的和系统性的行动来应对腐败。
06:37
Now let's take the banks银行 first.
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现在让我们先看看银行。
06:39
Well, it's not going to come as any surprise
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我要告诉你们银行会收脏钱
06:42
for me to tell you that banks银行 accept接受 dirty money,
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我想你们不会觉得惊讶。
06:46
but they prioritize优先 their profits利润 in other destructive有害 ways方法 too.
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但他们也用其他具有破坏性的方式优先处理他们的利润。
06:51
For example, in Sarawak砂拉越, Malaysia马来西亚.
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例如,在马来西亚沙捞越。
06:54
Now this region地区, it has just five percent百分
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现在这个区域,
06:57
of its forests森林 left intact完整. Five percent百分.
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只有5 %的森林是完好无损。5%啊。
07:03
So how did that happen发生?
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怎么会这样呢?
07:04
Well, because an elite原种 and its facilitators主持人
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因为一个精英和其主事者们
07:07
have been making制造 millions百万 of dollars美元
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多年来,
07:09
from supporting支持 logging记录 on an industrial产业 scale规模
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一直支持伐木工业的规模化发展
07:13
for many许多 years年份.
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来赚取数百万的美元。
07:15
So we sent发送 an undercover秘密 investigator研究者 in
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所以我们派出卧底调查员
07:18
to secretly偷偷 film电影 meetings会议 with members会员 of the ruling裁决 elite原种,
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秘密地录下了与管理层成员的会议过程,
07:21
and the resulting造成 footage镜头, well, it made制作 some people very angry愤怒,
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这段录影让有些人非常生气,
07:24
and you can see that on YouTubeYouTube的,
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你可以在 youtube 上看到。
07:27
but it proved证实 what we had long suspected嫌疑,
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但它证明了我们长期以来的怀疑,
07:28
because it showed显示 how the state's状态 chief首席 minister部长,
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因为这段录影证实了这个州长,
07:32
despite尽管 his later后来 denials否认,
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尽管他后来加以否认,
07:34
used his control控制 over land土地 and forest森林 licenses许可证
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通过他对土地和森林的许可证的控制
07:38
to enrich丰富 himself他自己 and his family家庭.
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为自己和家人牟利。
07:41
And HSBC汇丰银行, well, we know that HSBC汇丰银行 bankrolled提供资金
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汇丰银行(HSBC),好吧,我们知道汇丰银行
07:45
the region's地区 largest最大 logging记录 companies公司
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给该地区最大的几家伐木公司提供资金
07:47
that were responsible主管 for some of that destruction毁坏
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对于这些公司在沙捞越和其他地方的破坏行为
07:49
in Sarawak砂拉越 and elsewhere别处.
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汇丰银行脱不了干系。
07:52
The bank银行 violated违反 its own拥有 sustainability可持续性 policies政策 in the process处理,
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汇丰违反了它自己的可持续发展政策,
07:56
but it earned around 130 million百万 dollars美元.
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但它赚了大约 1 亿 3000 万美金。
08:00
Now shortly不久 after our expos博览会é,
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在我们曝光这件事不久,
08:02
very shortly不久 after our expos博览会é earlier this year,
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就在我们今年早些时候曝光不久,
08:05
the bank银行 announced公布 a policy政策 review评论 on this.
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汇丰对外宣布关于这件事他们要重新审议公司政策。
08:08
And is this progress进展? Maybe,
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这是进步吗?也许是,
08:10
but we're going to be keeping保持 a very close eye
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但我们会对此案件
08:13
on that case案件.
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保持密切关注。
08:15
And then there's the problem问题 of anonymous匿名 shell贝壳 companies公司.
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然后我们看看匿名空壳公司的问题。
08:18
Well, we've我们已经 all heard听说 about what they are, I think,
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我想,我们都听说他们,
08:21
and we all know they're used quite相当 a bit
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我们都知道一些人和一些公司
08:24
by people and companies公司 who are trying to avoid避免
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利用空壳公司来试图逃避
08:26
paying付款 their proper正确 dues to society社会,
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对社会应尽的责任,
08:29
also known已知 as taxes.
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也就是税。
08:31
But what doesn't usually平时 come to light
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但是,通常不为人知的是
08:34
is how shell贝壳 companies公司 are used to steal
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如何利用空壳公司窃取庞大的金钱
08:39
huge巨大 sums总和 of money, transformational转型 sums总和 of money,
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大笔大笔的金钱被洗白之后
08:42
from poor较差的 countries国家.
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从贫穷的国家转出。
08:44
In virtually实质上 every一切 case案件 of corruption腐败 that we've我们已经 investigated调查,
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在我们调查过的几乎每一个腐败案件中,
08:48
shell贝壳 companies公司 have appeared出现,
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都有空壳公司的参与,
08:50
and sometimes有时 it's been impossible不可能 to find out
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而且,有时我们无法找出
08:52
who is really involved参与 in the deal合同.
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谁真正参与了交易。
08:56
A recent最近 study研究 by the World世界 Bank银行
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最近世界银行有项研究
08:58
looked看着 at 200 cases of corruption腐败.
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在200 例腐败案件中,
09:01
It found发现 that over 70 percent百分 of those cases
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70%以上的案件
09:04
had used anonymous匿名 shell贝壳 companies公司,
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使用了匿名的空壳公司,
09:07
totaling共计 almost几乎 56 billion十亿 dollars美元.
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涉案金额总计达560 亿美元。
09:11
Now many许多 of these companies公司 were in America美国
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现在,许多这样的公司是在美国
09:13
or the United联合的 Kingdom王国,
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或在英国,
09:14
its overseas海外 territories领土 and Crown王冠 dependencies依赖,
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在海外领土和英国皇家属地,
09:17
and so it's not just an offshore海上 problem问题,
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所以这并不仅仅是一个境外的问题,
09:19
it's an on-shore岸上 one too.
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这也发生在我们境内。
09:21
You see, shell贝壳 companies公司, they're central中央
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你看,空壳公司,他们是这些秘密交易的核心
09:23
to the secret秘密 deals交易 which哪一个 may可能 benefit效益 wealthy富裕 elites精英
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这些交易可能使富裕精英们受益
09:26
rather than ordinary普通 citizens公民.
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但普通公民并未受益。
09:29
One striking引人注目 recent最近 case案件 that we've我们已经 investigated调查
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我们最近调查了一个引人注目的案件
09:33
is how the government政府 in the Democratic民主的 Republic共和国 of Congo刚果
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是刚果民主共和国的政府
09:36
sold出售 off a series系列 of valuable有价值, state-owned国有 mining矿业 assets资产
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如何将一系列的宝贵的国有矿业资产
09:40
to shell贝壳 companies公司 in the British英国的 Virgin处女 Islands岛屿.
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卖给了英属维尔京群岛的空壳公司。
09:43
So we spoke to sources来源 in country国家,
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我们与刚果的线人谈话,
09:46
trawled搜罗 through通过 company公司 documents文件 and other information信息
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搜罗公司文件和其他信息,
09:49
trying to piece together一起 a really true真正 picture图片 of the deal合同.
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尝试拼凑出这笔交易的真实模样。
09:53
And we were alarmed惊慌 to find that these shell贝壳 companies公司
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我们都震惊地发现,这些空壳公司
09:56
had quickly很快 flipped翻转 many许多 of the assets资产 on
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快速地将许多资产转卖给了
09:58
for huge巨大 profits利润 to major重大的 international国际 mining矿业 companies公司
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在伦敦上市的大型国际矿业公司
10:02
listed上市 in London伦敦.
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以此赚取丰厚利润。
10:05
Now, the Africa非洲 Progress进展 Panel面板, led by Kofi科菲 Annan安南,
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现在,由科菲 · 安南(Kofi Annan)领导的非洲进步小组(Africa Progress Panel),
10:08
they've他们已经 calculated计算 that Congo刚果 may可能 have lost丢失
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已经计算出刚果可能因这些交易损失了
10:11
more than 1.3 billion十亿 dollars美元 from these deals交易.
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超过13 亿美金。
10:16
That's almost几乎 twice两次
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这几乎是
10:18
the country's annual全年 health健康 and education教育 budget预算 combined结合.
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该国每年的健康和教育预算总和的两倍。
10:24
And will the people of Congo刚果, will they ever get their money back?
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那么刚果的人民,他们能把自己的钱拿回来吗?
10:26
Well, the answer回答 to that question,
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这个问题的答案,
10:28
and who was really involved参与 and what really happened发生,
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谁真正参与了,以及到底发生了什么,
10:30
well that's going to probably大概 remain locked锁定 away
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除非我们能采取些行动,否则这一切可能都将被封存在
10:33
in the secretive隐秘 company公司 registries登记 of the British英国的 Virgin处女 Islands岛屿
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英属维尔京群岛注册的神秘公司那里
10:36
and elsewhere别处 unless除非 we all do something about it.
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和其他什么地方。
10:41
And how about the oil, gas加油站 and mining矿业 companies公司?
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2987
那么,石油、 天然气和采矿公司又是怎样的?
10:43
Okay, maybe it's a bit of a clich老生常谈é to talk about them.
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好吧,也许这有点老生常谈。
10:46
Corruption腐败 in that sector扇形, no surprise.
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在这些产业发生贪腐一点都不奇怪。
10:48
There's corruption腐败 everywhere到处, so why focus焦点 on that sector扇形?
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到处都有贪腐,那么为什么要关注这些产业?
10:53
Well, because there's a lot at stake赌注.
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2200
因为这里涉及很多利益。
10:55
In 2011, natural自然 resource资源 exports出口
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2011 年,在非洲、 亚洲和拉丁美洲
10:59
outweighed抵销 aid援助 flows流动 by almost几乎 19 to one
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3512
天然资源的出口与援助资金的比例相差极为悬殊
11:03
in Africa非洲, Asia亚洲 and Latin拉丁 America美国. Nineteen十九 to one.
225
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几乎是19:1。
11:07
Now that's a hell地狱 of a lot of schools学校 and universities高校
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这严重损害了很多学校,大学,
11:11
and hospitals医院 and business商业 startups初创公司,
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1977
医院和创业公司的利益,
11:13
many许多 of which哪一个 haven't没有 materialized物化 and never will
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2262
他们根本得不到实际的资金支持而且也永远得不到
11:15
because some of that money has simply只是 been stolen被盗 away.
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4427
因为那些支援的经费已经被轻而易举地盗走了。
11:19
Now let's go back to the oil and mining矿业 companies公司,
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现在让我们回到石油和矿业公司,
11:22
and let's go back to Dan EteteEtete and that $1 billion十亿 deal合同.
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让我们重新谈谈丹·埃泰特和那10 亿美金的交易。
11:25
And now forgive原谅 me, I'm going to read the next下一个 bit
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现在请原谅我,我要照着纸条念,
11:28
because it's a very live生活 issue问题, and our lawyers律师
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因为这是一个现场的演说,我们的律师
11:30
have been through通过 this in some detail详情
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查阅过相关的法律条文
11:32
and they want me to get it right.
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所以他们希望我不要有任何口误。
11:36
Now, on the surface表面, the deal合同 appeared出现 straightforward直截了当.
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现在,表面上,这笔交易看来很简单。
11:40
Subsidiaries子公司 of Shell贝壳 and Eni埃尼
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壳牌和埃尼集团的子公司
11:42
paid支付 the Nigerian尼日利亚 government政府 for the block.
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付钱给尼日利亚政府购买了那块油田。
11:45
The Nigerian尼日利亚 government政府 transferred转入
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尼日利亚政府将收到的钱
11:47
precisely恰恰 the same相同 amount, to the very dollar美元,
240
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2824
以完全一样的金额,以美元的方式转给了
11:50
to an account帐户 earmarked专项 for a shell贝壳 company公司
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一个空壳公司的一个专用帐户
11:55
whose谁的 hidden owner所有者 was EteteEtete.
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这公司背后的老板是埃泰特。
11:57
Now, that's not bad going for a convicted被定罪 money launderer洗钱.
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对这个被定罪的洗钱犯来说这笔交易可真不赖啊。
12:00
And here's这里的 the thing.
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1457
但现在的问题是
12:02
After many许多 months个月 of digging挖掘 around
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1877
经过数月的挖掘
12:03
and reading through通过 hundreds数以百计 of pages网页 of court法庭 documents文件,
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3535
和对数百页法庭文件的阅读
12:07
we found发现 evidence证据 that, in fact事实,
247
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1955
我们发现了证据,
12:09
Shell贝壳 and Eni埃尼 had known已知 that the funds资金
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3429
事实上,壳牌公司和埃尼集团早就知道这些资金
12:12
would be transferred转入 to that shell贝壳 company公司,
249
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3075
将被转到那个空壳公司,
12:15
and frankly坦率地说, it's hard to believe they didn't know
250
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3707
坦白说,很难相信他们不知道
12:19
who they were really dealing交易 with there.
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3291
他们是真得在和谁做交易。
12:22
Now, it just shouldn't不能 take these sorts排序 of efforts努力
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3088
而现在,不应该花费种种的努力
12:26
to find out where the money in deals交易 like this went.
253
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去找出这些交易的金钱去哪儿了。
12:28
I mean, these are state assets资产.
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我的意思是,这些都是国有资产。
12:30
They're supposed应该 to be used for the benefit效益
255
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1466
他们本应该用于造福
12:31
of the people in the country国家.
256
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1733
这个国家的人民。
12:33
But in some countries国家, citizens公民 and journalists记者
257
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3189
但在一些国家、 公民和记者
12:36
who are trying to expose暴露 stories故事 like this
258
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1955
那些想曝光这些事情的人们
12:38
have been harassed骚扰 and arrested被捕
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1486
却被骚扰和逮捕
12:40
and some have even risked冒险 their lives生活 to do so.
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还有一些人甚至在冒生命危险去揭露真相。
12:44
And finally最后, well, there are those who believe
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3804
最后,有一些人他们相信
12:48
that corruption腐败 is unavoidable不免.
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腐败是不可避免的。
12:50
It's just how some business商业 is doneDONE.
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2149
他们认为这就是做生意的一种方式。
12:52
It's too complex复杂 and difficult to change更改.
264
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2565
太复杂也太难改变了。
12:55
So in effect影响, what? We just accept接受 it.
265
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2927
所以,后果是什么?我们只能接受它。
12:58
But as a campaigner活动家 and investigator研究者,
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2393
但作为一个活动者和调查员,
13:00
I have a different不同 view视图,
267
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1051
我有不同的看法,
13:01
because I've seen看到 what can happen发生
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因为我见过当一个想法汇聚了力量之后
13:03
when an idea理念 gains收益 momentum动量.
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会发生什么。
13:06
In the oil and mining矿业 sector扇形, for example,
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举例来说,在石油和采矿行业,
13:09
there is now the beginning开始
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现在正开始实行
13:10
of a truly worldwide全世界 transparency透明度 standard标准
272
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一个真正的全球的透明标准,
13:13
that could tackle滑车 some of these problems问题.
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它可以解决这些问题。
13:16
In 1999, when Global全球 Witness见证 called
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2422
在1999 年,当“全球见证”致电石油公司让他们
13:19
for oil companies公司 to make payments支付 on deals交易 transparent透明,
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在交易付款实行透明化时,
13:22
well, some people laughed笑了 at the extreme极端 naivetnaiveté
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好吧,有些人嘲笑我们
13:26
of that small idea理念.
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认为这是个极其天真的小点子。
13:28
But literally按照字面 hundreds数以百计 of civil国内 society社会 groups
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但是,来自世界各地的
13:31
from around the world世界 came来了 together一起
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数以百计的公民社团集合起来
13:33
to fight斗争 for transparency透明度,
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争取交易透明化,
13:35
and now it's fast快速 becoming变得 the norm规范 and the law.
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现在它已经变成规范和法律了。
13:39
Two thirds三分之二 of the value
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1972
全球的石油和矿业公司的
13:41
of the world's世界 oil and mining矿业 companies公司
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三分之二的交易
13:43
are now covered覆盖 by transparency透明度 laws法律. Two thirds三分之二.
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现在都在接受交易透明化法规的规范。三分之二啊。
13:47
So this is change更改 happening事件.
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所以,改变正在发生。
13:48
This is progress进展.
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这就是进步。
13:50
But we're not there yet然而, by far.
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但我们还远远没有达到目标。
13:53
Because it really isn't about corruption腐败
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因为它贪腐不是
13:56
somewhere某处 over there, is it?
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只在那儿的某个地方发生,不是吗?
13:58
In a globalized全球化 world世界, corruption腐败
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在全球化的世界中,
14:00
is a truly globalized全球化 business商业,
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贪腐是一个真正的全球化的生意,
14:02
and one that needs需求 global全球 solutions解决方案,
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它需要全球性的解决方案,
14:04
supported支持的 and pushed by us all, as global全球 citizens公民,
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需要作为全球公民的我们,我们所有人
14:08
right here.
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去支持和推动,就在这里。
14:10
Thank you.
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谢谢。
14:11
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Ning Zhang
Reviewed by Binglei Shea

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charmian Gooch - Anti-corruption activist
Charmian Gooch is the 2014 TED Prize winner. At Global Witness, she exposes how a global architecture of corruption is woven into the extraction and exploitation of natural resources.

Why you should listen

Charmian Gooch co-founded the watchdog NGO Global Witness with colleagues Simon Taylor and Patrick Alley, in response to growing concerns over covert warfare funded by illicit trade in 1993. Since then, Global Witness has captured headlines for their exposé of "blood diamonds" in Uganda, of mineral exploitation in the Congo, of illegal timber trade between Cambodia and Thailand, and more. With unique expertise on the shadowy threads connecting corrupt businesses and governments, Global Witness continues its quest to uncover and root out the sources of exploitation.

In 2014, Gooch and Global Witness were awarded the $1 million TED Prize, along with the Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship, for their campaign to end anonymous companies. Gooch's TED Prize wish: for us to know who ultimately owns and controls companies and launch a new era of openness in business. Global Witness highlighted the importance of this issue in an investigation, aired on 60 Minutes, where they sent an undercover investigator into 13 New York law firms. The investigator posed as an adviser to a government minister in Africa and asked for thoughts on how to move money into the United States for a plane, a yacht and a brownstone. All but one firm offered advice. 

The Panama Papers, released in April of 2016, further demonstrate the need for transparency. The papers paint a picture of how the rich and powerful around the world use offshore accounts and anonymous companies to move money. "This secretive world is being opened up to global public scrutiny," said Gooch, on the day the papers were released.

 

More profile about the speaker
Charmian Gooch | Speaker | TED.com