ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Diana Reiss - Cognitive psychologist
Diana Reiss studies animal cognition, and has found that bottlenose dolphins (and Asian elephants) can recognize themselves in the mirror.

Why you should listen

Diana Reiss’s research focuses on the cognition and communication of marine animals, with an emphasis on comparative animal cognition. Essentially, she studies the evolution of intelligence. Reiss pioneered the use of underwater keyboards with dolphins to investigate their communicative abilities and provide them with more degrees of choice and control. Reiss and her colleagues demonstrated that bottlenose dolphins and an Asian elephants possess the rare ability for mirror self-recognition previously thought to be restricted to humans and great apes. She wrote about this work in her recent book, The Dolphin in the Mirror.

Reiss' efforts also involve the rescue and rehabilitation of stranded marine mammals, including the successful rescue of Humphrey, the humpback whale, from San Francisco Bay waters. Her advocacy work in conservation and animal welfare includes the protection of dolphins in the tuna-fishing industry and efforts to bring an end to the killing of dolphins in the drive hunts in Japan. 

Reiss is a cognitive psychologist and professor in the Department of Psychology at Hunter College and the Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience subprogram at the Graduate Center, CUNY. She directs a dolphin cognitive research program at the National Aquarium in Baltimore and is a research associate at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo in DC, where she investigates elephant cognition.

More profile about the speaker
Diana Reiss | Speaker | TED.com
Peter Gabriel - Musician, activist
Peter Gabriel writes incredible songs but, as the co-founder of WITNESS and TheElders.org, is also a powerful human rights advocate.

Why you should listen

Peter Gabriel was a founding member of the extraordinarily successful progressive rock band Genesis. He left the band in 1975 to go solo and, in 1980, set up the international arts festival WOMAD (which stands for World of Music, Arts and Dance) and the record label Real World, both to champion music and artistic innovation from all over the world. Gabriel's stop motion video for "Sledgehammer" has been named the most-played music video in the history of MTV.  

Gabriel is also very interested in human rights. In 1992, he co-founded WITNESS.org, an organization that helps human rights activists and citizen witnesses worldwide make change happen through the use of video. The organization not only distributes digital cameras to empower people to document human-rights abuses, but provides a platform for the spread of video that reveals what is really going on in places all over the globe.

In 2007, Gabriel also co-founded theElders.org with Richard Branson and Nelson Mandela, an independent group of global leaders working together for peace and human rights.

More profile about the speaker
Peter Gabriel | Speaker | TED.com
Neil Gershenfeld - Physicist, personal fab pioneer
As Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, Neil Gershenfeld explores the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds.

Why you should listen

MIT's Neil Gershenfeld is redefining the boundaries between the digital and analog worlds. The digital revolution is over, Gershenfeld says. We won. What comes next? His Center for Bits and Atoms has developed quite a few answers, including Internet 0, a tiny web server that fits into lightbulbs and doorknobs, networking the physical world in previously unimaginable ways.

But Gershenfeld is best known as a pioneer in personal fabrication -- small-scale manufacturing enabled by digital technologies, which gives people the tools to build literally anything they can imagine. His famous Fab Lab is immensely popular among students at MIT, who crowd Gershenfeld's classes. But the concept is potentially life-altering in the developing world, where a Fab Lab with just $20,000 worth of laser cutters, milling machines and soldering irons can transform a community, helping people harness their creativity to build tools, replacement parts and essential products unavailable in the local market. Read more in Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop.

More profile about the speaker
Neil Gershenfeld | Speaker | TED.com
Vint Cerf - Computer scientist
Vint Cerf, now the chief Internet evangelist at Google, helped lay the foundations for the internet as we know it more than 30 years ago.

Why you should listen

TCP/IP. You may not know what it stands for, but you probably use it every day -- it's the set of communications protocols that allows data to flow from computer to computer across the internet. More than 30 years ago, while working at DARPA, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed TCP/IP, and in so doing, they gave rise to the modern Internet. In 2004, Cerf was the recipient of the ACM Alan M. Turing award (sometimes called the “Nobel Prize of Computer Science”), and in 2005 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Cerf is a vice president and chief Internet evangelist at Google, and chairman of the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), an organization he helped form; he was also recently elected president of the ACM Council. He served as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995. He's an advocate for a truly free internet, speaking out in the face of increasing government demands to limit free speech and connection.

More profile about the speaker
Vint Cerf | Speaker | TED.com
TED2013

Diana Reiss, Peter Gabriel, Neil Gershenfeld and Vint Cerf: The interspecies internet? An idea in progress

成长中的跨物种网络

Filmed:
760,277 views

猿类、海豚和大象都是善于沟通的动物。网络是否能进一步纳入这些具有高感官能力的物种呢?:海豚研究员黛安娜-瑞丝 (Diana Reiss)、音乐家彼得-格布瑞尔 (Peter Gabriel)、物联网构想者尼尔-格申菲尔德 (Neil Gershenfeld),以及网络鼻祖之一的文特-瑟夫 (Vint Cerf) ,这別出心裁的四人小组提出了这个正在成长中的构想。
- Cognitive psychologist
Diana Reiss studies animal cognition, and has found that bottlenose dolphins (and Asian elephants) can recognize themselves in the mirror. Full bio - Musician, activist
Peter Gabriel writes incredible songs but, as the co-founder of WITNESS and TheElders.org, is also a powerful human rights advocate. Full bio - Physicist, personal fab pioneer
As Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, Neil Gershenfeld explores the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds. Full bio - Computer scientist
Vint Cerf, now the chief Internet evangelist at Google, helped lay the foundations for the internet as we know it more than 30 years ago. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Diana戴安娜 Reiss赖斯: You may可能 think you're looking
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Diana Reiss: 从窗户这看过去
00:14
through通过 a window窗口 at a dolphin海豚 spinning纺织 playfully开玩笑,
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你可能以为是一只海豚为了找乐子,旋身打转
00:18
but what you're actually其实 looking through通过
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但其实你正透过一面双面镜
00:21
is a two-way双向 mirror镜子 at a dolphin海豚
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看到一只海豚
00:23
looking at itself本身 spinning纺织 playfully开玩笑.
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对着镜子转着玩
00:26
This is a dolphin海豚 that is self-aware自我意识.
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这只海豚意识到自己
00:28
This dolphin海豚 has self-awareness自我意识.
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是有自我意识的
00:30
It's a young年轻 dolphin海豚 named命名 Bayley贝利.
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这只小海豚名叫贝利 (Bayley)
00:32
I've been very interested有兴趣 in understanding理解 the nature性质
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过去 30 年来,我对海豚的智能特质
00:35
of the intelligence情报 of dolphins海豚 for the past过去 30 years年份.
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一直很有兴趣
00:39
How do we explore探索 intelligence情报 in this animal动物
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我们要如何探讨这种与我们
00:42
that's so different不同 from us?
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截然不同的生物所拥有的智力?
00:43
And what I've used is a very simple简单 research研究 tool工具,
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我用过的研究工具非常简单
00:46
a mirror镜子, and we've我们已经 gained获得 great information信息,
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光是一面镜子,便透漏出许多
00:49
reflections思考 of these animal动物 minds头脑.
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反映动物思维的讯息
00:52
Dolphins海豚 aren't the only animals动物, the only non-human非人类的 animals动物,
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人类以外,海豚并不是唯一
00:56
to show显示 mirror镜子 self-recognition自我认知.
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能认得镜中自己的动物
00:58
We used to think this was a uniquely独特地 human人的 ability能力,
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我们曾经认为这是人类独有的能力,
01:01
but we learned学到了 that the great apes类人猿, our closest最近的 relatives亲戚们,
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但人类近亲猩猩
01:04
also show显示 this ability能力.
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也表现出了这种能力
01:06
Then we showed显示 it in dolphins海豚,
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海豚和大象
01:08
and then later后来 in elephants大象.
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都展现了这种能力
01:10
We did this work in my lab实验室 with the dolphins海豚 and elephants大象,
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我们在实验室以大象和海豚进行研究
01:12
and it's been recently最近 shown显示 in the magpie.
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最近发现喜鹊也具备这样的能力
01:15
Now, it's interesting有趣, because we've我们已经 embraced拥抱
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有趣的是,我们向来拥护
01:18
this Darwinian达尔文 view视图 of a continuity连续性 in physical物理 evolution演化,
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达尔文认为形体进化有延续性的观点
01:22
this physical物理 continuity连续性.
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相对于这种形体延续性
01:23
But we've我们已经 been much more reticent沉默的, much slower比较慢
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我们比较有所保留的是
01:27
at recognizing认识 this continuity连续性 in cognition认识,
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其他动物在认知、情感
01:30
in emotion情感, in consciousness意识 in other animals动物.
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其他动物在认知、情感
01:33
Other animals动物 are conscious意识.
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和知觉也有演化延续性
01:36
They're emotional情绪化. They're aware知道的.
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牠们有感情,有意识
01:39
There have been multitudes众人 of studies学习 with many许多 species种类
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多年来,已有许多物种研究
01:42
over the years年份 that have given特定 us exquisite精美 evidence证据
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提供精确的证据
01:46
for thinking思维 and consciousness意识 in other animals动物,
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证明其他外型与我们非常不同的动物
01:49
other animals动物 that are quite相当 different不同 than we are in form形成.
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也有意识,还能思考
01:52
We are not alone单独.
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这方面
01:55
We are not alone单独 in these abilities能力.
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我们并非得天独厚
01:59
And I hope希望, and one of my biggest最大 dreams,
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我最大的梦想
02:02
is that, with our growing生长 awareness意识
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就是随着我们对其他动物意识
02:05
about the consciousness意识 of others其他
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的了解加深
02:07
and our relationship关系 with the rest休息 of the animal动物 world世界,
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加上我们与其他物种关系更加密切
02:09
that we'll give them the respect尊重 and protection保护
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我们会给牠们
02:12
that they deserve值得.
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应有的尊重和保护
02:13
So that's a wish希望 I'm throwing投掷 out here for everybody每个人,
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这就是我要和大家分享的愿望
02:15
and I hope希望 I can really engage从事 you in this idea理念.
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希望藉此获得各位认同
02:19
Now, I want to return返回 to dolphins海豚,
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回到海豚的主题
02:21
because these are the animals动物 that I feel like
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我和这些动物
02:23
I've been working加工 up closely密切 and personal个人 with
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已经密切合作了
02:26
for over 30 years年份.
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大概30 多年
02:27
And these are real真实 personalities个性.
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牠们的确通人性
02:29
They are not persons, but they're personalities个性
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虽不是人类,但从任何角度来看
02:32
in every一切 sense of the word.
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牠们都很有个性
02:34
And you can't get more alien外侨 than the dolphin海豚.
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没有比海豚更独特的生物了
02:37
They are very different不同 from us in body身体 form形成.
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就形体来说,跟人类就很不一样
02:39
They're radically根本 different不同. They come from a radically根本 different不同 environment环境.
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截然不同的牠们,来自一个很特殊的环境
02:42
In fact事实, we're separated分离 by 95 million百万 years年份
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事实上, 9500 万年前我们就在演化上
02:47
of divergent发散 evolution演化.
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分道扬镳
02:49
Look at this body身体.
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看看这副形体
02:51
And in every一切 sense of making制造 a pun双关语 here,
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有句各方面都很贴切的双关语
02:54
these are true真正 non-terrestrials非terrestrials.
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海豚真的不是陆(地球)上的生物
02:59
I wondered想知道 how we might威力 interface接口 with these animals动物.
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我曾思索人类和牠们沟通的可能方式
03:02
In the 1980s, I developed发达 an underwater水下 keyboard键盘.
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在八十年代,我研发出水底键盘
03:05
This was a custom-made定制 touch-screen触摸屏 keyboard键盘.
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是特制的触控键盘
03:08
What I wanted to do was give the dolphins海豚 choice选择 and control控制.
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我要的就是让海豚选择和控制
03:11
These are big brains大脑, highly高度 social社会 animals动物,
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海豚是有高智能的群居动物
03:13
and I thought, well, if we give them choice选择 and control控制,
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所以我想,如果让他们选择和控制
03:16
if they can hit击中 a symbol符号 on this keyboard键盘 --
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如果他们能敲击键盘上的符号
03:18
and by the way, it was interfaced接口 by fiber纤维 optic视神经 cables电缆
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补充说明一下,键盘是以HP的光纤电缆
03:21
from Hewlett-Packard惠普 with an Apple苹果 IIII computer电脑.
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连接Apple II 计算机
03:24
This seems似乎 prehistoric史前 now,
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现在看来很落伍
03:26
but this was where we were with technology技术.
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卻是當時我們可用的科技
03:28
So the dolphins海豚 could hit击中 a key, a symbol符号,
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海豚可敲的每个按键都代表一个符号
03:31
they heard听说 a computer-generated计算机生成的 whistle,
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然后听到计算机产生的某种哨音
03:33
and they got an object目的 or activity活动.
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接着得到物件或活动
03:35
Now here's这里的 a little video视频.
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请看这段短片
03:36
This is Delphi德尔福 and Pan, and you're going to see Delphi德尔福
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Delphi 和Pan,我们要观察的是Delphi
03:39
hitting a key, he hears就听 a computer-generated计算机生成的 whistle -- (Whistle) --
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碰按键,听到计算机哨音……拿到球
03:43
and gets得到 a ball, so they can actually其实 ask for things they want.
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所以他们真的可要求想要的东西
03:47
What was remarkable卓越 is, they explored探讨 this keyboard键盘
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值得注意的是,他们会自己摸索尝试
03:51
on their own拥有. There was no intervention介入 on our part部分.
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我们并未加以干涉
03:54
They explored探讨 the keyboard键盘. They played发挥 around with it.
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牠们摸索玩弄键盘
03:56
They figured想通 out how it worked工作.
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找出运作机制
03:58
And they started开始 to quickly很快 imitate模拟 the sounds声音
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随即便能模仿计算机哨音
04:00
they were hearing听力 on the keyboard键盘.
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牠们聆听键盘对应的哨音
04:03
They imitated模仿 on their own拥有.
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然后模仿
04:05
Beyond that, though虽然, they started开始 learning学习
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不只如此,他们还悟出
04:07
associations协会 between之间 the symbols符号, the sounds声音
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符号、声音
04:10
and the objects对象.
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和物件间的关系
04:13
What we saw was self-organized自组织 learning学习,
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牠们所展现的是自主学习
04:16
and now I'm imagining想象, what can we do
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所以我开始假想
04:19
with new technologies技术?
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我们是否可用新科技作些应用?
04:21
How can we create创建 interfaces接口, new windows视窗 into
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我们要怎样利用现代科技
04:24
the minds头脑 of animals动物, with the technologies技术 that exist存在 today今天?
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建立窥探动物思绪的介面
04:29
So I was thinking思维 about this, and then, one day,
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在构思过程中的某一天
04:32
I got a call from Peter彼得.
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我接到Peter的电话
04:38
Peter彼得 Gabriel加布里埃尔: I make noises噪音 for a living活的.
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Peter Gabriel:我的职业是制造噪音
04:40
On a good day, it's music音乐,
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运气好的时候就会产生音乐
04:42
and I want to talk a little bit about
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我想谈谈
04:44
the most amazing惊人 music-making音乐制作 experience经验 I ever had.
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我最棒的音乐制作经验
04:48
I'm a farm农场 boy男孩. I grew成长 up surrounded包围 by animals动物,
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在农场长大的我,自小便与动物为伍
04:51
and I would look in these eyes眼睛 and wonder奇迹
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我会注视牠们的眼睛并好奇
04:53
what was going on there?
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他们在想甚么?
04:55
So as an adult成人, when I started开始 to read about
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长大后,当我读到一些重大发现
04:57
the amazing惊人 breakthroughs突破 with Penny一分钱 Patterson帕特森 and Koko科科,
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像Penny Patterson和Koko(金刚猩猩)
05:00
with Sue起诉 Savage-Rumbaugh野人鲁博 and Kanzi坎兹, PanbanishaPanbanisha,
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Sue Savage-Rumbaugh 及黑猩猩Kanzi和Panbanisha
05:04
Irene艾琳 Pepperberg佩珀堡特, Alex亚历克斯 the parrot鹦鹉,
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Irene Pepperberg及Alex(鹦鹉)
05:06
I got all excited兴奋.
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这些研究让我备觉兴奋
05:09
What was amazing惊人 to me also
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也很令人惊奇的是
05:10
was they seemed似乎 a lot more adept拿手
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相较于我们对动物语言的认识
05:14
at getting得到 a handle处理 on our language语言
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牠们对人类使用的语言
05:17
than we were on getting得到 a handle处理 on theirs他们的.
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似乎更能进入状况
05:21
I work with a lot of musicians音乐家 from around the world世界,
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我和世界各地的音乐家合作时
05:25
and often经常 we don't have any common共同 language语言 at all,
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往往语言不通
05:28
but we sit down behind背后 our instruments仪器,
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但当我们演奏时
05:32
and suddenly突然 there's a way for us to connect and emote作表情.
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彼此间忽然就能沟通抒情
05:35
So I started开始 cold-calling上门推销, and eventually终于 got through通过
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之后我到处拜访致电
05:38
to Sue起诉 Savage-Rumbaugh野人鲁博,
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最后终于联络上Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
05:40
and she invited邀请 me down.
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她便邀我过去
05:42
I went down, and the bonobos倭黑猩猩
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我去拜访时
05:46
had had access访问 to percussion打击乐器 instruments仪器,
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那些黑猩猩已学会打击乐玩具
05:49
musical音乐 toys玩具, but never before to a keyboard键盘.
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但尚未接触过键盘
05:52
At first they did what infants婴儿 do,
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起初黑猩猩就像婴儿般
05:54
just bashed撞坏 it with their fists拳头,
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用拳头猛敲键盘
05:56
and then I asked, through通过 Sue起诉,
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然后我请Sue
05:59
if PanbanishaPanbanisha could try with one finger手指 only.
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要求Panbanisha用一根手指弹
06:03
Sue起诉 Savage-Rumbaugh野人鲁博: Can you play a grooming梳洗 song歌曲?
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Sue:弹一首抚慰心灵的歌好吗?
06:08
I want to hear a grooming梳洗 song歌曲.
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我想听轻柔的歌曲
06:10
Play a real真实 quiet安静 grooming梳洗 song歌曲.
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弹一首宁静抚慰的歌给我听
06:16
PGPG: So groom马夫 was the subject学科 of the piece.
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Peter:抚慰是这音乐的主题
06:20
(Music音乐)
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(弹奏音乐)
06:37
So I'm just behind背后, jamming拥塞,
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当时我在后面忙
06:41
yeah, this is what we started开始 with.
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这是我们当时播放的音乐
06:46
Sue's苏的 encouraging鼓舞人心的 her to continue继续 a little more.
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Sue 鼓励她多弹一会
06:49
(Music音乐)
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(Panbanisha弹琴)
07:38
She discovers发现的 a note注意 she likes喜欢,
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牠发现了喜欢的音
07:43
finds认定 the octave八度.
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还找到八度音
07:47
She'd never satSAT at a keyboard键盘 before.
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牠从未弹过琴
07:58
Nice尼斯 triplets三胞胎.
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三连音弹得不错
08:12
SSRSSR: You did good. That was very good.
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Sue: 很棒!弹得真好!
08:16
PGPG: She hit击中 good.
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牠弹得很棒!
08:17
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
08:22
So that night, we began开始 to dream梦想,
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當晚我们就因此想像
08:27
and we thought, perhaps也许 the most amazing惊人 tool工具
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也许人類創造的工具中
08:29
that man's男人的 created创建 is the Internet互联网,
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最令人驚奇的就是是互联网
08:32
and what would happen发生 if we could somehow不知何故
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如果我们能发现某种
08:35
find new interfaces接口,
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新视听界面
08:37
visual-audio视音频 interfaces接口 that would allow允许
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好让这些
08:41
these remarkable卓越 sentient有情 beings众生
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与我们共享地球
08:43
that we share分享 the planet行星 with access访问?
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有非凡感官特质的生物使用
08:46
And Sue起诉 Savage-Rumbaugh野人鲁博 got excited兴奋 about that,
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Sue 对此构想觉得很兴奋
08:50
called her friend朋友 Steve史蒂夫 Woodruff伍德拉夫,
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就打电话给她的朋友Steve Woodruff
08:52
and we began开始 hustling忙乱 all sorts排序 of people
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于是我们热切寻找
08:55
whose谁的 work related有关 or was inspiring鼓舞人心,
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在相关领域或工作引人入胜的人
08:58
which哪一个 led us to Diana戴安娜,
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而Diana和Neil
09:00
and led us to Neil尼尔.
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正是我们要找的人
09:03
Neil尼尔 Gershenfeld格申费尔德: Thanks谢谢, Peter彼得.
PGPG: Thank you.
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Neil Gershenfeld: 谢啦! Peter
Peter: 谢谢!
09:05
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
09:09
NGNG: So Peter彼得 approached接近 me.
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Neil: Peter找我的时候
09:11
I lost丢失 it when I saw that clip.
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那段视频简直匪夷所思
09:13
He approached接近 me with a vision视力 of doing these things
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他来找我谈这些事的愿景
09:17
not for people, for animals动物.
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不是为了人类,而是动物
09:18
And then I was struck来袭 in the history历史 of the Internet互联网.
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不过互联网的历史让我灵机一动
09:21
This is what the Internet互联网 looked看着 like when it was born天生
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这是互联网剛問世的样子
09:25
and you can call that the Internet互联网
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或可称为中年白人的互联网
09:27
of middle-aged中年 white白色 men男人,
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或许这样比较好记
09:29
mostly大多 middle-aged中年 white白色 men男人.
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像照片中多是中年白种男性
09:30
Vint酿酒 Cerf瑟夫: (Laughs)
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Vint Cerf: (笑)
09:32
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑聲持續)
09:35
NGNG: Speaking请讲 as one.
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Neil: 我就是其中一个
09:37
Then, when I first came来了 to TEDTED,
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那时我首次出席TED
09:40
which哪一个 was where I met会见 Peter彼得, I showed显示 this.
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遇到Peter并给他看这个
09:42
This is a $1 web卷筒纸 server服务器,
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我手中拿的是1 元的 网络 服务器
09:44
and at the time that was radical激进.
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当时这算很先进了!
09:47
And the possibility可能性 of making制造 a web卷筒纸 server服务器 for a dollar美元
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用一元美金制造服务器的可能性
09:51
grew成长 into what became成为 known已知 as the Internet互联网 of Things,
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最后演变成所谓的网络
09:54
which哪一个 is literally按照字面 an industry行业 now with tremendous巨大 implications启示
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现在这产业的实质影响深远
09:57
for health健康 care关心, energy能源 efficiency效率.
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所及包含卫生保健、能源效率
10:00
And we were happy快乐 with ourselves我们自己.
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我们也乐在其中
10:01
And then when Peter彼得 showed显示 me that,
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所以当Peter给我看他的构想时
10:03
I realized实现 we had missed错过 something,
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我知道我们遗漏了一些东西
10:04
which哪一个 is the rest休息 of the planet行星.
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就是地球上的其他生物
10:07
So we started开始 up this interspecies异种 Internet互联网 project项目.
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于是我们着手跨物种的互联网计划
10:09
Now we started开始 talking with TEDTED
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于是我们跟TED谈论
10:11
about how you bring带来 dolphins海豚 and great apes类人猿 and elephants大象
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如何把海豚、大猩猩和大象带来现场
10:13
to TEDTED, and we realized实现 that wouldn't不会 work.
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不过我们后来觉得行不通
10:16
So we're going to bring带来 you to them.
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所以我们要把你们带到牠们面前
10:18
So if we could switch开关 to the audio音频 from this computer电脑,
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若我们将这计算机切换到音效模式
10:21
we've我们已经 been video视频 conferencing会议 with cognitive认知 animals动物,
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事实上我们和有认知能力的动物视讯过
10:24
and we're going to have each of them
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我们会和提过的每一种动物接触
10:25
just briefly简要地 introduce介绍 them.
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简短介绍一下牠们
10:27
And so if we could also have this up, great.
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接着…还有画面,太好了!
10:29
So the first site现场 we're going to meet遇到
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我们首先要联机的地点是
10:31
is Cameron卡梅伦 Park公园 Zoo动物园 in Waco韦科, with orangutans猩猩.
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威科市(Waco)喀麦隆保护区动物园(Cameron Park Zoo)的红毛猩猩
10:34
In the daytime白天 they live生活 outside. It's nighttime夜间 there now.
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牠们白天在户外,不过当地现在是晚上
10:37
So can you please go ahead?
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妳先说
10:40
Terri特丽 Cox考克斯: Hi你好, I'm Terri特丽 Cox考克斯
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Terri Cox:嗨,我是威科市喀麦隆保护区动物园的
10:43
with the Cameron卡梅伦 Park公园 Zoo动物园 in Waco韦科, Texas德州,
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泰瑞‧寇克斯
10:45
and with me I have KeraJaanKeraJaan and Mei,
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在我身边的是凯拉乔(KeraJaan)和梅(Mei)
10:49
two of our Bornean婆罗洲 orangutans猩猩.
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牠们是婆罗洲猩猩(Bornean orangutans)
10:51
During the day, they have a beautiful美丽, large outdoor户外 habitat栖息地,
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白天他们有个优美的 大型户外栖息地
10:56
and at night, they come into this habitat栖息地,
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晚上则回到这里
10:59
into their night quarters住处,
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的夜间休息处
11:00
where they can have a climate-controlled气候控制
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这里气候适宜
11:02
and secure安全 environment环境 to sleep睡觉 in.
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环境安全,可以睡覺
11:04
We participate参加 in the Apps应用 for Apes类人猿 program程序
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我们加入Orangutan Outreach(红毛猩猩推广组织)的
11:09
Orangutan猩猩 Outreach外展, and we use iPads解锁iPhone和iPad
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猿类应用程序计划,通过iPad帮助
11:12
to help stimulate刺激 and enrich丰富 the animals动物,
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激发并丰富动物的生活
11:14
and also help raise提高 awareness意识
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同时唤醒社会对
11:16
for these critically危重 endangered濒危 animals动物.
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濒危动物的认知
11:18
And they share分享 97 percent百分 of our DNA脱氧核糖核酸
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牠们的DNA 和我们有 97%相同
11:23
and are incredibly令人难以置信 intelligent智能,
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而且很聪明
11:24
so it's so exciting扣人心弦 to think of all the opportunities机会
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所以,想到可借机通过网络和科技手段
11:28
that we have via通过 technology技术 and the Internet互联网
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让他们生活更丰富,视野更开阔
11:31
to really enrich丰富 their lives生活 and open打开 up their world世界.
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我就觉得很兴奋
11:35
We're really excited兴奋 about the possibility可能性
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我们对跨物种网络的潜力
11:37
of an interspecies异种 Internet互联网,
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非常期待
11:39
and K.J. has been enjoying享受 the conference会议 very much.
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凯拉乔(K.J.)对视讯始终非常投入
11:43
NGNG: That's great. When we were rehearsing排练 last night,
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Neil:这是好事!我们昨晚彩排时
11:45
he had fun开玩笑 watching观看 the elephants大象.
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他兴趣盎然地看着大象
11:47
Next下一个 user用户 group are the dolphins海豚 at the National国民 Aquarium水族馆.
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下一组用户是国家水族馆的海豚
11:51
Please go ahead.
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请说吧
11:53
Allison佳佳 Ginsburg金斯伯格: Good evening晚间.
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Allison Ginsburg: 晚上好。
11:54
Well, my name名称 is Allison佳佳 Ginsburg金斯伯格,
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我是艾利森-金斯伯格(Allison Ginsburg)
11:55
and we're live生活 in Baltimore巴尔的摩 at the National国民 Aquarium水族馆.
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我们在巴尔的摩的国家水族馆
11:58
Joining加盟 me are three of our eight Atlantic大西洋 bottlenose宽吻海豚 dolphins海豚:
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我身后是我们八只大西洋宽吻海豚中的三只
12:02
20-year-old-岁 Chesapeake切萨皮克, who was our first dolphin海豚 born天生 here,
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彻萨皮克(Chesapeake)20 岁,是这里出生的第一只海豚
12:05
her four-year-old四十岁 daughter女儿 Bayley贝利,
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她4岁的女儿贝利(Chesapeake)
12:08
and her half sister妹妹, 11-year-old-岁 Maya玛雅.
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还有她同母异父的姐姐,11 岁的玛雅(Maya)
12:12
Now, here at the National国民 Aquarium水族馆
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这里是国家水族馆
12:13
we are committed提交 to excellence卓越 in animal动物 care关心,
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我们竭力提升
12:16
to research研究, and to conservation保护.
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动物照看、研究和保护
12:19
The dolphins海豚 are pretty漂亮 intrigued好奇 as to what's going on here tonight今晚.
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海豚对今晚的事很好奇
12:22
They're not really used to having cameras相机 here
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他们不太习惯
12:24
at 8 o'clock at night.
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晚间八点上镜头
12:26
In addition加成, we are very committed提交 to doing
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此外,我们还致力于
12:28
different不同 types类型 of research研究.
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不同类型的研究
12:30
As Diana戴安娜 mentioned提到, our animals动物 are involved参与
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如Diana所说,我们的动物都参与了
12:33
in many许多 different不同 research研究 studies学习.
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许多不同的研究
12:46
NGNG: Those are for you.
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Neil:就这些
12:50
Okay, that's great, thank you.
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好的,不错!谢谢!
12:52
And the third第三 user用户 group, in Thailand泰国,
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下面是来自泰国的第三组用户
12:55
is Think Elephants大象. Go ahead, Josh玩笑.
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国际关怀大象组织的Josh,换你了!
12:59
Josh玩笑 PlotnikPlotnik: Hi你好, my name名称 is Josh玩笑 PlotnikPlotnik,
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Josh Plotnik: 嗨,我的名字是Josh Plotnik
13:01
and I'm with Think Elephants大象 International国际,
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我在国际关怀大象组织(TEI)工作
13:04
and we're here in the Golden金色 Triangle三角形 of Thailand泰国
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我们目前在泰国金三角的
13:06
with the Golden金色 Triangle三角形 Asian亚洲 Elephant Foundation基础 elephants大象.
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金三角亚洲象基金会
13:09
And we have 26 elephants大象 here,
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这里有 26 头大象
13:12
and our research研究 is focused重点 on the evolution演化 of intelligence情报 with elephants大象,
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我们的研究重点是大象智力的演进
13:16
but our foundation基础 Think Elephants大象 is focused重点
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不过国际关怀大象组织认更注重
13:18
on bringing使 elephants大象 into classrooms教室 around the world世界
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让大象融入全球各地的教学现场
13:21
virtually实质上 like this and showing展示 people
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就像现场这样展示
13:23
how incredible难以置信 these animals动物 are.
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这些动物有多不可思议
13:25
So we're able能够 to bring带来 the camera相机 right up to the elephant,
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我们可以近距离拍摄大象
13:28
put food餐饮 into the elephant's大象 mouth,
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喂他食物
13:30
show显示 people what's going on inside their mouths嘴巴,
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让人了解大象咀嚼的过程
13:32
and show显示 everyone大家 around the world世界
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让全球的人知道
13:34
how incredible难以置信 these animals动物 really are.
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大象有多棒
13:37
NGNG: Okay, that's great. Thanks谢谢 Josh玩笑.
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Neil: 这真的很不错!谢谢Josh
13:40
And once一旦 again, we've我们已经 been building建造 great relationships关系
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同样,从彩排开始我们就在建立
13:42
among其中 them just since以来 we've我们已经 been rehearsing排练.
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他们之间的密切关系
13:44
So at that point, if we can go back to the other computer电脑,
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假设那时我们可看到其他计算机
13:47
we were starting开始 to think about how you integrate整合
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当时我们就想,要如何
13:49
the rest休息 of the biomass生物质 of the planet行星 into the Internet互联网,
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以网络整合地球上的其他生物
13:52
and we went to the best最好 possible可能 person
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于是我们找了我能想到的最佳人选
13:55
I can think of, which哪一个 is Vint酿酒 Cerf瑟夫,
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文特-瑟夫(Vint Cerf)
13:58
who is one of the founders创始人 who gave us the Internet互联网. Vint酿酒?
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网络的创始者之一。文特?
14:01
VC虚电路: Thank you, Neil尼尔.
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VC: 谢谢你,Neil
14:03
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
14:07
A long time ago in a galaxy星系oops哎呀, wrong错误 script脚本.
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久远前的星系…… 哎呀,拿错稿子了!
14:12
Forty四十 years年份 ago, Bob短发 Kahn卡恩 and I
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40年前,我和鲍勃-卡恩(Bob Kahn)
14:14
did the design设计 of the Internet互联网.
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共同设计网络
14:16
Thirty三十 years年份 ago, we turned转身 it on.
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10年后,我们使之开启
14:18
Just last year, we turned转身 on the production生产 Internet互联网.
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就在去年,我们启动了正式版网络
14:22
You've been using运用 the experimental试验 version
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过去的30年来
14:24
for the last 30 years年份.
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大众使用的其实是试验版
14:25
The production生产 version, it uses使用 IPIP version 6.
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正式版用的是因特网通讯协议第6版(IPv6)
14:28
It has 3.4 times 10 to the 38th possible可能 terminations终端.
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支持约3.4 ×10^38个可能的地址
14:33
That's a number only that Congress国会 can appreciate欣赏.
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这种数字只有美国国会喜欢
14:37
But it leads引线 to what is coming未来 next下一个.
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但攸关未来发展
14:41
When Bob短发 and I did this design设计,
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鲍勃和我当初的设计
14:43
we thought we were building建造 a system系统 to connect computers电脑 together一起.
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是要建立连接计算机的系统
14:47
What we very quickly很快 discovered发现
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但我们随即发现
14:49
is that this was a system系统 for connecting people together一起.
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事实上这是一个连接人群的系统
14:52
And what you've seen看到 tonight今晚
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而各位今晚所见
14:54
tells告诉 you that we should not restrict限制 this network网络
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告诉大家我们不应将网络
14:58
to one species种类,
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局限于单一物种
15:01
that these other intelligent智能, sentient有情 species种类
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其他有感官智能的物种
15:04
should be part部分 of the system系统 too.
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也应涵盖在内
15:07
This is the system系统 as it looks容貌 today今天, by the way.
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目前的网络系统就是这样子的,还有
15:09
This is what the Internet互联网 looks容貌 like to a computer电脑
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这也是计算机演绎出的互联网架构
15:12
that's trying to figure数字 out where the traffic交通
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这架构试图找出
15:15
is supposed应该 to go.
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网络连结的方式
15:16
This is generated产生 by a program程序
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这图是由一个
15:19
that's looking at the connectivity连接 of the Internet互联网,
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观察网络连接的程序算出
15:22
and how all the various各个 networks网络 are connected连接的 together一起.
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这程序也观察不同网络间的连接方式
15:25
There are about 400,000 networks网络, interconnected互联,
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大约有40万,分别由40万不同机构独立运作
15:28
run independently独立地 by 400,000 different不同 operating操作 agencies机构,
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的网络互相连结
15:33
and the only reason原因 this works作品
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这模式能运作的唯一解释
15:34
is that they all use the same相同 standard标准 TCPTCP/IPIP protocols协议.
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就是他们使用相同标准的TCP/IP 通讯协议
15:38
Well, you know where this is headed当家.
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各位知道这发展的趋势
15:41
The Internet互联网 of Things tell us
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物联网(The Internet of Things)的启示就是
15:43
that a lot of computer-enabled计算机启用 appliances家电 and devices设备
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很多计算机兼容的装置设备
15:47
are going to become成为 part部分 of this system系统 too:
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将成为此系统的一部分
15:50
appliances家电 that you use around the house,
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像家电
15:52
that you use in your office办公室,
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办公设备
15:54
that you carry携带 around with yourself你自己 or in the car汽车.
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随身电器或汽车装置
15:57
That's the Internet互联网 of Things that's coming未来.
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这就是即将来临的物联网
15:59
Now, what's important重要 about what these people are doing
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而这些人目前所做的事之所以重要
16:02
is that they're beginning开始 to learn学习
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是因为他们正学着
16:04
how to communicate通信 with species种类
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如何与
16:07
that are not us
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人类以外、与我们共享
16:09
but share分享 a common共同 sensory感觉的 environment环境.
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感官环境的物种沟通
16:12
We're beginning开始 to explore探索 what it means手段
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我们开始探讨
16:14
to communicate通信 with something
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与其他物种沟通
16:16
that isn't just another另一个 person.
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的意义
16:18
Well, you can see what's coming未来 next下一个.
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各位可以预料事情的发展
16:21
All kinds of possible可能 sentient有情 beings众生
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所有感官物种
16:24
may可能 be interconnected互联 through通过 this system系统,
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皆可通过此系统相互连接
16:25
and I can't wait to see these experiments实验 unfold展开.
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我恨不得立刻看到这些实验开始进行
16:29
What happens发生 after that?
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那么结果如何呢?
16:31
Well, let's see.
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我们拭目以待
16:33
There are machines that need to talk to machines
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机器间需要传输沟通
16:37
and that we need to talk to, and so as time goes on,
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我们也需要和机器沟通,因此
16:40
we're going to have to learn学习
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我们需要与时俱进
16:42
how to communicate通信 with computers电脑
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学习如何与计算机沟通
16:43
and how to get computers电脑 to communicate通信 with us
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学习如何让计算机以我们习惯的方式
16:46
in the way that we're accustomed惯常的 to,
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与我们对话
16:48
not with keyboards键盘, not with mice老鼠,
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不是靠键盘或鼠标
16:51
but with speech言语 and gestures手势
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而是通过说话和手势
16:53
and all the natural自然 human人的 language语言 that we're accustomed惯常的 to.
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以及所有人类惯用的沟通方式
16:56
So we'll need something like C3POPO
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因此我们需要 C3PO(星际大战中的金色机器人)这类的
16:58
to become成为 a translator翻译者 between之间 ourselves我们自己
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帮我们与日常所用的
17:01
and some of the other machines we live生活 with.
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其他机器沟通
17:03
Now, there is a project项目 that's underway进行
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目前有个进行中的计划
17:06
called the interplanetary星际 Internet互联网.
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叫作星际互联网
17:08
It's in operation手术 between之间 Earth地球 and Mars火星.
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它在地球和火星间运作
17:10
It's operating操作 on the International国际 Space空间 Station.
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在国际太空站进行
17:13
It's part部分 of the spacecraft宇宙飞船 that's in orbit轨道 around the Sun太阳
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是一艘宇宙飞船的组件
17:17
that's rendezvoused约会 with two planets行星.
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飞船绕行太阳轨道时曾与两行星会合
17:19
So the interplanetary星际 system系统 is on its way,
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星际互联网尚在发展中
17:21
but there's a last project项目,
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不过有个最近完成的计划
17:23
which哪一个 the Defense防御 Advanced高级 Research研究 Projects项目 Agency机构,
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是国防高等研究计划署(DARPA)
17:26
which哪一个 funded资助 the original原版的 ARPANETARPANET,
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也就是资助过初版阿帕网(APPANET)的单位
17:28
funded资助 the Internet互联网, funded资助 the interplanetary星际 architecture建筑,
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他们也资助互联网、 星际演绎程序
17:31
is now funding资金 a project项目 to design设计 a spacecraft宇宙飞船
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不过目前投资的是一艘航天器的设计
17:34
to get to the nearest最近的 star in 100 years'年份' time.
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以达成100 年内抵达最近恒星的目标
17:39
What that means手段 is that what we're learning学习
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其意义就是我们目前研究的范围
17:41
with these interactions互动 with other species种类
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也就是跨物种沟通
17:43
will teach us, ultimately最终,
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最终会使我们明白
17:45
how we might威力 interact相互作用 with an alien外侨 from another另一个 world世界.
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我们与外星人的可能互动方式
17:49
I can hardly几乎不 wait.
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我已经迫不急待了!
17:52
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
17:59
June六月 Cohen科恩: So first of all, thank you,
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June Cohen: 首先,谢谢你们
18:00
and I would like to acknowledge确认 that four people
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我得承认你们四人
18:03
who could talk to us for full充分 four days
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本来可以谈上整整四天的
18:05
actually其实 managed管理 to stay to four minutes分钟 each,
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但你们充分运用每人分配到的四分钟
18:07
and we thank you for that.
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我们对此心怀感激
18:08
I have so many许多 questions问题,
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我有很多问题想问
18:10
but maybe a few少数 practical实际的 things that the audience听众 might威力 want to know.
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但观众也许想知道几个实际的问题
18:12
You're launching发射 this idea理念 here at TEDTED
PGPG: Today今天.
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你们在此发表这个构想
Peter: 今天第一次
18:16
JCJC: Today今天. This is the first time you're talking about it.
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June:所以,今天是你们首次发表
18:17
Tell me a little bit about where you're going to take the idea理念.
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2080
能否透漏这构想的未来发展?
18:19
What's next下一个?
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1977
下一步呢?
18:21
PGPG: I think we want to engage从事 as many许多 people
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3288
Peter:我们希望尽可能有更多人加入
18:24
here as possible可能 in helping帮助 us
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2060
并协助我们
18:26
think of smart聪明 interfaces接口 that will make all this possible可能.
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设计智能界面来实现这一切
18:30
NGNG: And just mechanically机械,
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Neil:在制度方面
18:32
there's a 501(c)(3) and web卷筒纸 infrastructure基础设施
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目前已有一非营利组织和 网络基础建设
18:34
and all of that, but it's not quite相当 ready准备 to turn on,
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2023
尽管如此,一切尚未就绪
18:36
so we'll roll that out, and contact联系 us
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2032
但我们会完成,如需相关信息
18:38
if you want the information信息 on it.
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请和我们联系
18:40
The idea理念 is this will be -- much like the Internet互联网 functions功能
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这构想会很像互联网的功能
18:43
as a network网络 of networks网络,
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1005
变成网络的网络
18:44
which哪一个 is Vint'sVint的的 core核心 contribution贡献,
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这正是文特投入最多的地方
18:46
this will be a wrapper包装纸 around all of these initiatives倡议,
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将会是一个集大成的综合计划
18:48
that are wonderful精彩 individually个别地, to link链接 them globally全球.
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连结全球杰出的个别计划
18:51
JCJC: Right, and do you have a web卷筒纸 address地址
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1564
June:好的,你有网址吗?
18:52
that we might威力 look for yet然而?
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说不定我们可以去浏览
18:53
NGNG: Shortly不久.
JCJC: Shortly不久. We will come back to you on that.
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Neil:等会儿就给妳
JC::那待会再找你们
18:56
And very quickly很快, just to clarify澄清.
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可否请你们再简单说明一下
19:00
Some people might威力 have looked看着 at the video视频 that you showed显示
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2207
有些人可能已看过现场播过的视频
19:02
and thought, well, that's just a webcam摄像头.
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而且认为这不过就是网络视频
19:03
What's special特别 about it?
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到底哪里特别呢?
19:04
If you could talk for just a moment时刻
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可否请你们再说明一下
19:06
about how you want to go past过去 that?
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要如何更上一层楼?
19:08
NGNG: So this is scalable可扩展性 video视频 infrastructure基础设施,
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Neil: 这套公共视讯系统是可扩展的
19:11
not for a few少数 to a few少数 but many许多 to many许多,
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2413
能提供多对多的服务,而非只是几个对几个而已
19:14
so that it scales to symmetrical对称 video视频 sharing分享
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所以可经由全球据点扩充
19:17
and content内容 sharing分享 across横过 these sites网站 around the planet行星.
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来进行对等视频或内容共享
19:20
So there's a lot of back-end后端 signal信号 processing处理,
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2688
因此有许多的后端信号处理
19:23
not for one to many许多, but for many许多 to many许多.
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不是一对多而已,而是多对多
19:25
JCJC: Right, and then on a practical实际的 level水平,
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1552
June:好的,再从实际来看
19:27
which哪一个 technologies技术 are you looking at first?
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什么是你们最想开发的技术?
19:28
I know you mentioned提到 that a keyboard键盘 is a really key part部分 of this.
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我知道你们提过键盘是很重要的部分
19:32
DRDR: We're trying to develop发展 an interactive互动 touch触摸 screen屏幕 for dolphins海豚.
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Diana:我们正尝试着研发海豚用的触控屏幕
19:35
This is sort分类 of a continuation延续 of some of the earlier work,
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2614
其中有一些可以说是早期研究的延续
19:37
and we just got our first seed种子 money today今天 towards that,
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我们今天刚得到第一笔创投资金
19:41
so it's our first project项目.
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这是我们的第一个计划
19:42
JCJC: Before the talk, even.
DRDR: Yeah.
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June:早在今天到现场之前就有了?
Diana:没错?
19:44
JCJC: Wow. Well doneDONE.
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June:哇哦,做得不错呢!
19:45
All right, well thank you all so much for joining加盟 us.
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非常感谢你们今年来到现场
19:47
It's such这样 a delight to have you on the stage阶段.
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听你们在台上分享,真是太棒了!
19:50
DRDR: Thank you.
VC虚电路: Thank you.
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Diana: 谢谢你!
Vint: 谢谢!
19:51
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Samson Zhong
Reviewed by Tingting Zhao

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Diana Reiss - Cognitive psychologist
Diana Reiss studies animal cognition, and has found that bottlenose dolphins (and Asian elephants) can recognize themselves in the mirror.

Why you should listen

Diana Reiss’s research focuses on the cognition and communication of marine animals, with an emphasis on comparative animal cognition. Essentially, she studies the evolution of intelligence. Reiss pioneered the use of underwater keyboards with dolphins to investigate their communicative abilities and provide them with more degrees of choice and control. Reiss and her colleagues demonstrated that bottlenose dolphins and an Asian elephants possess the rare ability for mirror self-recognition previously thought to be restricted to humans and great apes. She wrote about this work in her recent book, The Dolphin in the Mirror.

Reiss' efforts also involve the rescue and rehabilitation of stranded marine mammals, including the successful rescue of Humphrey, the humpback whale, from San Francisco Bay waters. Her advocacy work in conservation and animal welfare includes the protection of dolphins in the tuna-fishing industry and efforts to bring an end to the killing of dolphins in the drive hunts in Japan. 

Reiss is a cognitive psychologist and professor in the Department of Psychology at Hunter College and the Biopsychology and Behavioral Neuroscience subprogram at the Graduate Center, CUNY. She directs a dolphin cognitive research program at the National Aquarium in Baltimore and is a research associate at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo in DC, where she investigates elephant cognition.

More profile about the speaker
Diana Reiss | Speaker | TED.com
Peter Gabriel - Musician, activist
Peter Gabriel writes incredible songs but, as the co-founder of WITNESS and TheElders.org, is also a powerful human rights advocate.

Why you should listen

Peter Gabriel was a founding member of the extraordinarily successful progressive rock band Genesis. He left the band in 1975 to go solo and, in 1980, set up the international arts festival WOMAD (which stands for World of Music, Arts and Dance) and the record label Real World, both to champion music and artistic innovation from all over the world. Gabriel's stop motion video for "Sledgehammer" has been named the most-played music video in the history of MTV.  

Gabriel is also very interested in human rights. In 1992, he co-founded WITNESS.org, an organization that helps human rights activists and citizen witnesses worldwide make change happen through the use of video. The organization not only distributes digital cameras to empower people to document human-rights abuses, but provides a platform for the spread of video that reveals what is really going on in places all over the globe.

In 2007, Gabriel also co-founded theElders.org with Richard Branson and Nelson Mandela, an independent group of global leaders working together for peace and human rights.

More profile about the speaker
Peter Gabriel | Speaker | TED.com
Neil Gershenfeld - Physicist, personal fab pioneer
As Director of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, Neil Gershenfeld explores the boundaries between the digital and physical worlds.

Why you should listen

MIT's Neil Gershenfeld is redefining the boundaries between the digital and analog worlds. The digital revolution is over, Gershenfeld says. We won. What comes next? His Center for Bits and Atoms has developed quite a few answers, including Internet 0, a tiny web server that fits into lightbulbs and doorknobs, networking the physical world in previously unimaginable ways.

But Gershenfeld is best known as a pioneer in personal fabrication -- small-scale manufacturing enabled by digital technologies, which gives people the tools to build literally anything they can imagine. His famous Fab Lab is immensely popular among students at MIT, who crowd Gershenfeld's classes. But the concept is potentially life-altering in the developing world, where a Fab Lab with just $20,000 worth of laser cutters, milling machines and soldering irons can transform a community, helping people harness their creativity to build tools, replacement parts and essential products unavailable in the local market. Read more in Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop.

More profile about the speaker
Neil Gershenfeld | Speaker | TED.com
Vint Cerf - Computer scientist
Vint Cerf, now the chief Internet evangelist at Google, helped lay the foundations for the internet as we know it more than 30 years ago.

Why you should listen

TCP/IP. You may not know what it stands for, but you probably use it every day -- it's the set of communications protocols that allows data to flow from computer to computer across the internet. More than 30 years ago, while working at DARPA, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed TCP/IP, and in so doing, they gave rise to the modern Internet. In 2004, Cerf was the recipient of the ACM Alan M. Turing award (sometimes called the “Nobel Prize of Computer Science”), and in 2005 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Cerf is a vice president and chief Internet evangelist at Google, and chairman of the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), an organization he helped form; he was also recently elected president of the ACM Council. He served as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995. He's an advocate for a truly free internet, speaking out in the face of increasing government demands to limit free speech and connection.

More profile about the speaker
Vint Cerf | Speaker | TED.com