TEDGlobal 2013
Molly Stevens: A new way to grow bone
茉莉史蒂芬: 培育骨骼的新方法
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要怎样才能大量再生骨骼呢？典型的骨骼重生——是从病人的臀部取出骨骼，然后移植到身上损坏的骨头处——这种方法有一定的局限性且术后的几年内都会产生剧烈的疼痛。在这个演讲里，茉莉•史蒂芬介绍了一种新的干细胞应用方法，能带动骨骼自身的能力去再生和制造大量的骨骼组织，并且大大减少疼痛。
Molly Stevens - Biomaterials researcher
Molly Stevens studies and creates new biomaterials that could be used to detect disease and repair bones and human tissue. Full bio
Molly Stevens studies and creates new biomaterials that could be used to detect disease and repair bones and human tissue. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
As humans, it's in our nature
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作为人类，我们本能地希望
00:14
to want to improve our health
and minimize our suffering.
and minimize our suffering.
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使自己更健康，少受痛楚。
00:17
Whatever life throws at us,
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无论我们在生活中遭遇到什么，
00:19
whether it's cancer, diabetes, heart disease,
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不管是癌症，糖尿病，心脏病，
00:21
or even broken bones, we want to try and get better.
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或是骨折，我们都想尽快康复。
00:24
Now I'm head of a biomaterials lab,
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我是一间生物材料实验室的负责人，
00:27
and I'm really fascinated by the way that humans
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而且我对历史上人类
00:30
have used materials in really creative ways
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别出心裁地将不同的材料
00:32
in the body over time.
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使用在人体上十分感兴趣。
00:35
Take, for example, this beautiful blue nacre shell.
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举个例子，这个漂亮的蓝色珍珠贝壳，
00:38
This was actually used by the Mayans
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它其实是被玛雅人
00:40
as an artificial tooth replacement.
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当作人造牙齿来使用的。
00:44
We're not quite sure why they did it.
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我们还不是很确定他们为什么要这么做。
00:45
It's hard. It's durable.
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这东西坚硬，耐用，
00:48
But it also had other very nice properties.
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但它也具备其他优秀的特征。
00:52
In fact, when they put it into the jawbone,
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实际上 ，当他们把它放进颚骨时，
00:54
it could integrate into the jaw,
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它可以和颚骨结合在一起。
00:57
and we know now with very sophisticated
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现在，在精密的成像技术的帮助下
00:59
imaging technologies
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我们明白了，
01:01
that part of that integration comes from the fact
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之所以能结合，部分原因是因为
01:03
that this material is designed
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这种材料的设计
01:05
in a very specific way, has a beautiful chemistry,
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有非常独特的地方，它有良好的化学性质，
01:08
has a beautiful architecture.
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和良好的构造。
01:10
And I think in many ways we can sort of think
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而且我觉得，在很多方面，
01:12
of the use of the blue nacre shell and the Mayans
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我们可以把蓝色珍珠贝壳和玛雅人这个例子，
01:15
as the first real application
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当作蓝牙技术的
01:16
of the bluetooth technology.
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首个真正应用。
01:19
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:20
But if we move on and think throughout history
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如果我们沿着时间的发展来思考整个历史进程中
01:25
how people have used different
materials in the body,
materials in the body,
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人类是如何在人体上运用不同材料的，
01:28
very often it's been physicians
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我们会发现，频频出现的
01:29
that have been quite creative.
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是那些极具创意的医生，
01:31
They've taken things off the shelf.
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他们都是就地取材。
01:33
One of my favorite examples
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我最喜欢的一个例子，
01:35
is that of Sir Harold Ridley,
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是关于哈罗德•里德利爵士的。
01:38
who was a famous ophthalmologist,
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他是一位著名的眼科医生，
01:40
or at least became a famous ophthalmologist.
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至少是成为了著名的眼科医生。
01:42
And during World War II, what he would see
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在二战期间，他注意到
01:44
would be pilots coming back from their missions,
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执行完任务回来的飞行员的眼睛里，
01:47
and he noticed that within their eyes
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执行完任务回来的飞行员的眼睛里，
01:49
they had shards of small bits of material
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有一些细小的碎片藏在里面，
01:52
lodged within the eye,
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有一些细小的碎片藏在里面，
01:53
but the very interesting thing about it
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但比较有趣的是，
01:55
was that material, actually, wasn't causing
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这些碎片材料
01:57
any inflammatory response.
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并没有引发任何炎症。
01:59
So he looked into this, and he figured out
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经过调查他发现，
02:02
that actually that material was little shards of plastic
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这是一些塑料碎片，
02:04
that were coming from the canopy of the Spitfires.
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是喷火式战斗机座舱罩的一部分。
02:07
And this led him to propose that material
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由此他提出把这种材料
02:10
as a new material for intraocular lenses.
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当作人工晶体的新材料。
02:12
It's called PMMA, and it's now used
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它叫做PMMA（聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯），
02:14
in millions of people every year
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如今它每年都造福数百万人民，
02:16
and helps in preventing cataracts.
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帮助预防白内障。
02:19
And that example, I think, is a really nice one,
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我觉得这是一个很好的例子，
02:21
because it helps remind us that in the early days,
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因为它提醒我们，
02:24
people often chose materials
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在过去人们之所以选择某种材料
02:26
because they were bioinert.
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是因为它是生物惰性材料，
02:28
Their very purpose was to
perform a mechanical function.
perform a mechanical function.
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他们只是想发挥它的机械性能。
02:31
You'd put them in the body
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你把它植入体内，
02:33
and you wouldn't get an adverse response.
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不会有不良反应。
02:35
And what I want to show you is that
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我要给你们看的是，
02:36
in regenerative medicine,
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在再生医学领域，
02:38
we've really shifted away from that idea
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我们的观念已经发生改变，
02:40
of taking a bioinert material.
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不再从生物惰性材料上取材，
02:41
We're actually actively looking for materials
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我们现在在积极寻找新的材料，
02:44
that will be bioactive, that will interact with the body,
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能和人体相互作用的生物活性材料，
02:47
and that furthermore we can put in the body,
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并且我们能将之植入体内，
02:49
they'll have their function,
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它们发挥作用之后，
02:51
and then they'll dissolve away over time.
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随着时间的推移它们会自动溶解。
02:55
If we look at this schematic,
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我们看下这个示意图，
02:57
this is showing you what we think of
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它给我们展示了
02:59
as the typical tissue-engineering approach.
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典型的组织工程学方法。
03:01
We have cells there, typically from the patient.
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我们从病人身上提取细胞，
03:04
We can put those onto a material,
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把它们放在某种材料上，
03:05
and we can make that material
very complex if we want to,
very complex if we want to,
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如果需要，我们还可以把材料弄得复杂一点，
03:08
and we can then grow that up in the lab
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然后我们就能在实验室里进行培养，
03:10
or we can put it straight back into the patient.
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或者就直接放回病人身体内。
03:13
And this is an approach that's
used all over the world,
used all over the world,
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这种方法在全世界普遍使用，
03:15
including in our lab.
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包括我们实验室。
03:19
But one of the things that's really important
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我们在想到干细胞的时候，
03:21
when we're thinking about stem cells
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有非常重要的一点，
03:23
is that obviously stem cells
can be many different things,
can be many different things,
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就是干细胞显然可以变成很多不同的东西，
03:26
and they want to be many different things,
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并且也希望它们能长成不同的东西，
03:28
and so we want to make sure that the environment
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所以我们要确保放干细胞的环境中
03:29
we put them into has enough information
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有足够多的信息，
03:32
so that they can become the right sort
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这样它们才能发育成我们想要的
03:34
of specialist tissue.
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那种特定的组织。
03:36
And if we think about the different types of tissues
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如果我们想想那些
03:40
that people are looking at regenerating
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在全世界不同的实验室里，
03:42
all over the world, in all the
different labs in the world,
different labs in the world,
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人们正试图再生的各种不同类型的组织，
03:44
there's pretty much every tissue you can think of.
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基本就包括了差不多你能想到的所有组织。
03:47
And actually, the structure of those tissues
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事实上，那些组织的结构
03:48
is quite different, and it's going to really depend
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都挺不同的，要怎样去再造组织，
03:51
on whether your patient has any underlying disease,
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绝大部分要取决于，
03:53
other conditions, in terms of how
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你的病人是否有一些潜在疾病，
03:56
you're going to regenerate your tissue,
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以及一些其他的条件。
03:58
and you're going to need to think about the materials
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你还需要非常认真地考虑
04:00
you're going to use really carefully,
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要使用什么材料，
04:02
their biochemistry, their mechanics,
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考虑它们的生化特征，它们的结构，
04:04
and many other properties as well.
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和其他的一些特性。
04:08
Our tissues all have very
different abilities to regenerate,
different abilities to regenerate,
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我们身体里的组织都具有非常不同的再生能力。
04:11
and here we see poor Prometheus,
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我们来看看可怜的普罗米修斯
（希腊神话中人名，为人类盗火种甘受罚），
（希腊神话中人名，为人类盗火种甘受罚），
04:13
who made a rather tricky career choice
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他做了一个比较苦逼的职业抉择，
04:16
and was punished by the Greek gods.
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然后就被希腊的神给惩罚了。
04:19
He was tied to a rock, and an eagle would come
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他被绑到一块石头上，然后每天都会有一只老鹰
04:21
every day to eat his liver.
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飞过来啄食他的肝。
04:23
But of course his liver would regenerate every day,
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当然，他的肝每天都会再生，
04:25
and so day after day he was punished
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所以他就这样日复一日，年复一年，
04:27
for eternity by the gods.
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永远不停地接受神的惩罚。
04:33
And liver will regenerate in this very nice way,
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肝会这样完美地再生，
04:37
but actually if we think of other tissues,
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但如果我们想一下别的组织，
04:39
like cartilage, for example,
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比如像软骨，
04:40
even the simplest nick and you're going to find it
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哪怕是最简单的小切口，
04:42
really difficult to regenerate your cartilage.
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软骨都很难再生出来。
04:45
So it's going to be very different from tissue to tissue.
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所以，再生能力是因组织而异的，
04:48
Now, bone is somewhere in between,
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骨头呢，介于两者之间。
04:51
and this is one of the tissues
that we work on a lot in our lab.
that we work on a lot in our lab.
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我们实验室在骨头上做了大量的工作。
04:54
And bone is actually quite good at repairing.
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骨头的修复能力其实相当不错，
04:56
It has to be. We've probably all had fractures
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它必须得是这样的。
04:58
at some point or other.
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我们可能都有过骨折的经历吧。
04:59
And one of the ways that you can think
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而要想修复骨折，
05:02
about repairing your fracture
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一个方法
05:03
is this procedure here, called
an iliac crest harvest.
an iliac crest harvest.
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就叫髂骨移植法。
05:06
And what the surgeon might do
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外科医生可能
05:08
is take some bone from your iliac crest,
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会从你的髂骨那取些骨头，
05:11
which is just here,
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就在这儿，
05:12
and then transplant that
somewhere else in the body.
somewhere else in the body.
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然后移植到身体的别的部位。
05:15
And it actually works really well,
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这个方法其实很有效，
05:16
because it's your own bone,
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因为它是你自己身上的骨头，
05:18
and it's well vascularized,
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而且有充分的血管浸润，
05:19
which means it's got a really good blood supply.
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也就是说供血良好。
05:22
But the problem is, there's
only so much you can take,
only so much you can take,
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但问题就是，你能用得就只有那么多，
05:24
and also when you do that operation,
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而且当你在进行这项手术时，
05:27
your patients might actually have significant pain
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你的病人可能会在缺位那里产生极大的疼痛，
05:30
in that defect site even two
years after the operation.
years after the operation.
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哪怕手术两年后还会感到疼痛。
05:33
So what we were thinking is,
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所以我们想的是，
05:35
there's a tremendous need
for bone repair, of course,
for bone repair, of course,
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骨头修复肯定有大量的需求，
05:38
but this iliac crest-type approach
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但这种髂骨方法
05:41
really has a lot of limitations to it,
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有太多的局限性，
05:43
and could we perhaps recreate
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那么我们是否能
05:45
the generation of bone within the body
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在体内重新制造出所需的骨头，
05:47
on demand and then be able to transplant it
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然后将之进行移植，
05:51
without these very, very painful aftereffects
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而又不像髂骨方法那样
05:56
that you would have with the iliac crest harvest?
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产生痛苦的后果？
05:59
And so this is what we did, and the way we did it
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我们是这样做的，
06:02
was by coming back to this typical tissue-engineering approach
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我们的方法就是回到组织工程学，
06:05
but actually thinking about it rather differently.
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但是要用不同的思维方式。
06:08
And we simplified it a lot,
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而且我们将之大大简化，
06:10
so we got rid of a lot of these steps.
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我们去掉了很多步骤，
06:12
We got rid of the need to
harvest cells from the patient,
harvest cells from the patient,
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我们减掉了从病人身上提取细胞这一步骤，
06:14
we got rid of the need to put
in really fancy chemistries,
in really fancy chemistries,
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我们减掉了使用华丽的化学反应的必要性，
06:17
and we got rid of the need
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我们还去掉了
06:19
to culture these scaffolds in the lab.
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在实验室里搭建这些支架的必要性。
06:21
And what we really focused on
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所以我们真正关注的
06:24
was our material system and making it quite simple,
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是我们的材料系统，并尽量简化，
06:27
but because we used it in a really clever way,
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但因为我们用了巧妙的方法，
06:30
we were able to generate enormous amounts of bone
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所以我们就能非常大量地生产骨骼。
06:32
using this approach.
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所以我们就能非常大量地生产骨骼。
06:34
So we were using the body
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所以我们是利用身体，
06:36
as really the catalyst to help us
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把它当作催化剂来使用，
06:38
to make lots of new bone.
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以此产生新骨骼。
06:40
And it's an approach that we call
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这就是我们所称的
06:42
the in vivo bioreactor, and we were able to make
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体内生物反应器，
06:45
enormous amounts of bone using this approach.
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我们可以用这种方法大量制造骨骼。
06:47
And I'll talk you through this.
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我详细跟你们讲下。
06:49
So what we do is,
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所以我们所做的就是，
06:51
in humans, we all have a layer of stem cells
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在体内我们的长骨外面，
06:53
on the outside of our long bones.
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都有一层干细胞，
06:55
That layer is called the periosteum.
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这一层叫做骨膜。
06:57
And that layer is actually normally
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这层骨膜通常来说
06:59
very, very tightly bound to the underlying bone,
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和在它下面的骨骼是紧密相连的，
07:02
and it's got stem cells in it.
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而且里面含有干细胞，
07:03
Those stem cells are really important
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这些干细胞在胚胎发育时期
07:05
in the embryo when it develops,
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有着非常重要的作用，
07:07
and they also sort of wake up if you have a fracture
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而且当你不慎骨折的时候，
07:09
to help you with repairing the bone.
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它们会被激活以修复骨骼。
07:12
So we take that periosteum layer
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所以我们要利用骨膜层，
07:14
and we developed a way to inject underneath it
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我们想办法在它下面注入一种液体，
07:17
a liquid that then, within 30 seconds,
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然后在30秒内
07:20
would turn into quite a rigid gel
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会变成一种硬胶。
07:21
and can actually lift the
periosteum away from the bone.
periosteum away from the bone.
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这样就将骨膜提起，与骨骼分离，
07:25
So it creates, in essence, an artificial cavity
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所以本质上它制造了一个人造空腔，
07:28
that is right next to both the bone
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就在骨骼
07:32
but also this really rich layer of stem cells.
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和干细胞层中间。
07:36
And we go in through a pinhole incision
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我们通过一个针孔切口进入，
07:37
so that no other cells from the body can get in,
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这样身上别的细胞就进不去，
07:40
and what happens is that that
artificial in vivo bioreactor cavity
artificial in vivo bioreactor cavity
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这个人造的体内生物反应腔
07:45
can then lead to the proliferation of these stem cells,
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能促进这些干细胞的增殖，
07:48
and they can form lots of new tissue,
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而它们就能形成许多新的组织。
07:50
and then over time, you can harvest that tissue
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过一段时间后，就可以收取这些组织，
07:52
and use it elsewhere in the body.
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并用到身上其他地方去。
07:55
This is a histology slide
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这张组织学切片显示了
07:57
of what we see when we do that,
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我们采用这种方法之后所看到的样子。
07:59
and essentially what we see
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我们主要看到的
08:02
is very large amounts of bone.
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是大量的骨骼，
08:03
So in this picture, you can see the middle of the leg,
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在这张图中，你们可以看到腿中间的部位，
08:06
so the bone marrow,
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也就是骨髓，
08:07
then you can see the original bone,
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1804
还可以看到原来的骨骼，
08:09
and you can see where that original bone finishes,
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以及原来的骨骼结束的位置，
08:12
and just to the left of that is the new bone
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在左边的就是新生的骨骼，
08:15
that's grown within that bioreactor cavity,
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就是在生物反应腔生长的，
08:17
and you can actually make it even larger.
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事实上你还可以让它生长得更大。
08:19
And that demarcation that you can see
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另外你们所看到的，
08:22
between the original bone and the new bone
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2351
在原骨骼和新骨骼之间的分界线，
08:24
acts as a very slight point of weakness,
204
492453
2013
算是比较薄弱的地方，
08:26
so actually now the surgeon can come along,
205
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2134
所以现在外科医生就可以来
08:28
can harvest away that new bone,
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2024
把新骨骼取走，
08:30
and the periosteum can grow back,
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2203
而骨膜能长回来，
08:32
so you're left with the leg
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所以你的腿
08:34
in the same sort of state
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也会恢复原貌，
08:36
as if you hadn't operated on it in the first place.
210
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2002
就像什么都没发生过一样。
08:38
So it's very, very low in terms of after-pain
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3849
所以相比髂骨移植法，
08:42
compared to an iliac crest harvest.
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这种方法大大减少了术后疼痛，
08:45
And you can grow different amounts of bone
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2104
而且你注入多少胶进去，
08:48
depending on how much gel you put in there,
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2019
就能生长出多少骨骼来，
08:50
so it really is an on demand sort of procedure.
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3202
所以这种方法算是一种按需供应的方法。
08:53
Now, at the time that we did this,
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当我们在做这个项目的时候，
08:55
this received a lot of attention in the press,
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3337
媒体给予我们很多的关注，
08:58
because it was a really nice way
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2431
因为这是一种十分理想的
09:01
of generating new bone,
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产生新骨骼的方法。
09:02
and we got many, many contacts
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530713
1995
也有很多很多不同的人和我们联系，
09:04
from different people that
were interested in using this.
were interested in using this.
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对使用这种方法十分感兴趣。
09:07
And I'm just going to tell you,
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我在这里跟你们说吧
09:09
sometimes those contacts are very strange,
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有时这些和我们联系的人很奇怪，
09:12
slightly unexpected,
224
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1860
有点出乎意料，
09:13
and the very most interesting,
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3062
最有趣的，
09:16
let me put it that way, contact that I had,
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我这么说吧，和我联系的人，
09:19
was actually from a team of American footballers
227
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3211
是一个来自美国的橄榄球队，
09:22
that all wanted to have double-thickness skulls
228
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3380
他们希望他们的脑袋里
09:25
made on their head.
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头盖骨能长到双倍的厚度。
09:30
And so you do get these kinds of contacts,
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所以是会有这样的人和你联系的。
09:32
and of course, being British
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2617
当然作为一个英国人，
09:35
and also growing up in France,
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1754
又自小在法国长大，
09:37
I tend to be very blunt,
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2142
我是比较坦率的，
09:39
and so I had to explain to them very nicely
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我不得不委婉地解释说，
09:41
that in their particular case,
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1475
像他们这种情况，
09:42
there probably wasn't that much in there
236
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2014
那里本身大概
09:44
to protect in the first place.
237
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也没多少可保护的。
09:47
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:49
(Applause)
239
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1253
（掌声）
09:50
So this was our approach,
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1855
所以这就是我们的方法。
09:52
and it was simple materials,
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1644
材料很简单，
09:54
but we thought about it carefully.
242
582233
1987
但我们是经过精心思考的。
09:56
And actually we know that those cells
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1620
而且我们也知道体内的这些细胞，
09:57
in the body, in the embryo, as they develop
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2138
在胚胎时期，当他们生长的时候，
09:59
can form a different kind of tissue, cartilage,
245
587978
3229
还能形成另一种不同的组织，就是软骨，
10:03
and so we developed a gel that was slightly different
246
591207
2555
所以我们又制造了一种性质和原先不大一样的胶体，
10:05
in nature and slightly different chemistry,
247
593762
2419
化学效应也稍有不同，
10:08
put it in there, and we were able to get
248
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2147
把它们注入，
10:10
100 percent cartilage instead.
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2178
我们就能得到百分之百的软骨。
10:12
And this approach works really well, I think,
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600506
2008
我觉得这个方法
10:14
for pre-planned procedures,
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2482
对于预先计划好的手术来说效果是很不错的，
10:16
but it's something you do have to pre-plan.
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2872
但你必须得预先计划好。
10:19
So for other kinds of operations,
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2268
所以对其他类型的手术来说，
10:22
there's definitely a need for other
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1697
采用支架方法
10:23
scaffold-based approaches.
255
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2503
是非常有必要的。
10:26
And when you think about designing
256
614336
2369
当你在思考
10:28
those other scaffolds, actually,
257
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1638
设计那些支架的时候，
10:30
you need a really multi-disciplinary team.
258
618343
1971
你需要一个多学科的团队。
10:32
And so our team has chemists,
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2065
所以我们的团队里有化学家，
10:34
it has cell biologists, surgeons, physicists even,
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3377
还有细胞生物学家，外科医生，甚至还有物理学家，
10:37
and those people all come together
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2030
这些人都走到了一起，
10:39
and we think really hard about
designing the materials.
designing the materials.
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2411
而且我们竭尽心思设计那些材料。
10:42
But we want to make them have enough information
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2966
我们希望它们能提供足够多的信息，
10:45
that we can get the cells to do what we want,
264
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2154
让我们能使细胞按我们的要求行动，
10:47
but not be so complex as to make it difficult
265
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2377
但又不能太复杂，
10:49
to get to clinic.
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1743
以免在临床上难以实践。
10:51
And so one of the things we think about a lot
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2751
所以我们经常思考的事项之一，
10:54
is really trying to understand
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1795
就是试图去明白
10:55
the structure of the tissues in the body.
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2377
人体内组织的结构。
10:58
And so if we think of bone,
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1660
当我们一想到骨骼时，
11:00
obviously my own favorite tissue,
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2624
显然这是我最喜欢的组织，
11:02
we zoom in, we can see,
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1557
我们把它放大，就能看到，
11:04
even if you don't know anything
about bone structure,
about bone structure,
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1882
就算你一点都不知道骨骼结构也能看到，
11:06
it's beautifully organized,
really beautifully organized.
really beautifully organized.
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2545
它结构很优美，真的很美，
11:08
We've lots of blood vessels in there.
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1887
那里还有很多血管。
11:10
And if we zoom in again, we see that the cells
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2339
我们再放大，就能看到
11:12
are actually surrounded by a 3D matrix
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2972
这些细胞被纳米级别的纤维
11:15
of nano-scale fibers, and they give a lot
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2171
像3D矩阵一样环绕着，
11:17
of information to the cells.
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2182
他们为细胞提供很多信息。
11:20
And if we zoom in again,
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1614
如果我们再放大，
11:21
actually in the case of bone, the matrix
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2201
对骨骼来说，
11:23
around the cells is beautifully organized
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2151
细胞周围的基质也形成纳米大小的优美结构。
11:26
at the nano scale, and it's a hybrid material
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2467
而且它还是一种杂合性的材料，
11:28
that's part organic, part inorganic.
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2584
就是部分有机，部分无机。
11:31
And that's led to a whole field, really,
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2072
这为我们开拓了一个新的领域，真的，
11:33
that has looked at developing materials
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2391
就是试图开发出
11:35
that have this hybrid kind of structure.
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2748
具有这种杂合性结构的材料。
11:38
And so I'm showing here just two examples
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3278
我在这里给大家看两个例子，
11:41
where we've made some materials
that have that sort of structure,
that have that sort of structure,
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3120
就是我们制造的有这种结构的物质，
11:44
and you can really tailor it.
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1438
而且是可以量身定做的。
11:46
You can see here a very squishy one
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2064
这边你可以看到软软的这一种，
11:48
and now a material that's also
this hybrid sort of material
this hybrid sort of material
292
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4099
而这边是一种杂合性材料做成的，
11:52
but actually has remarkable toughness,
293
700406
1947
它的坚韧性非常显著，
11:54
and it's no longer brittle.
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1460
而且它一点也不脆。
11:55
And an inorganic material
would normally be really brittle,
would normally be really brittle,
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2456
无机材料通常都比较脆，
11:58
and you wouldn't be able to have
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1440
你就没有办法
11:59
that sort of strength and toughness in it.
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2188
得到这种强度和韧性的。
12:01
One other thing I want to quickly mention is that
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2489
另外一个我想很快地提一下，
12:04
many of the scaffolds we make
are porous, and they have to be,
are porous, and they have to be,
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2715
就是我们做的很多支架都是多孔的，这是必须的，
12:07
because you want blood vessels to grow in there.
300
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2103
因为你得让血管在里面发育生长。
12:09
But the pores are actually oftentimes
301
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1877
但是这些孔很多时候
12:11
much bigger than the cells,
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1293
却比细胞要大得多，
12:12
and so even though it's 3D,
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1711
所以即使它是3D的，
12:14
the cell might see it more
as a slightly curved surface,
as a slightly curved surface,
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3355
对于细胞来说可能会是一个弯曲的表面，
12:17
and that's a little bit unnatural.
305
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1676
而这是有点违背自然规律的。
12:19
And so one of the things you can think about doing
306
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2248
所以我们能做的
12:21
is actually making scaffolds
with slightly different dimensions
with slightly different dimensions
307
729380
3148
就是做一些稍微不同维度的支架，
12:24
that might be able to surround your cells in 3D
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2793
这样就能3D地包围细胞，
12:27
and give them a little bit more information.
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735321
2569
让他们能拥有多一点信息。
12:29
And there's a lot of work going
on in both of these areas.
on in both of these areas.
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3567
在这两个领域里，都有很多工作在进行着。
12:33
Now finally, I just want to talk a little bit about
311
741471
3969
最后，我还想说说
12:37
applying this sort of thing to cardiovascular disease,
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2708
在心血管疾病方面运用这种技术。
12:40
because this is a really big clinical problem.
313
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3263
因为这是临床上一个比较大的问题。
12:43
And one of the things that we know is that,
314
751411
3585
而我们所知的一件事就是，
12:46
unfortunately, if you have a heart attack,
315
754996
2239
如果你不幸心脏病突发，
12:49
then that tissue can start to die,
316
757235
2902
那么那里的组织会开始死亡，
12:52
and your outcome may not be very good over time.
317
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3751
时间拖得越久，后果可能越严重。
12:55
And it would be really great, actually,
318
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1710
如果我们能够，
12:57
if we could stop that dead tissue
319
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1919
让死亡的组织不再继续死下去，
12:59
either from dying or help it to regenerate.
320
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3985
或使它再生，那将很了不起。
13:03
And there's lots and lots of stem
cell trials going on worldwide,
cell trials going on worldwide,
321
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3248
现在在全世界范围内有很多这样的干细胞实验，
13:06
and they use many different types of cells,
322
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2072
他们使用很多不同种类的细胞，
13:08
but one common theme that seems to be coming out
323
776822
2352
但似乎得到的都是同一个结果，
13:11
is that actually, very often, those cells will die
324
779174
2999
就是这些细胞，一旦你将之移植
13:14
once you've implanted them.
325
782173
1795
通常都会死掉。
13:15
And you can either put them into the heart
326
783968
1875
你可以把他们移植到心脏
13:17
or into the blood system,
327
785843
2020
或血液中，
13:19
but either way, we don't seem to be able
328
787863
2362
但不管哪一种方式，我们似乎都没法
13:22
to get quite the right number of cells
329
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1867
使足够数量的细胞
13:24
getting to the location we want them to
330
792092
2242
到我们想要的地方去，
13:26
and being able to deliver the sort of beautiful
331
794334
4494
然后进行细胞再生，
13:30
cell regeneration that we would like to have
332
798828
2740
那样我们才能
13:33
to get good clinical outcomes.
333
801568
3417
得到较好的临床效果。
13:36
And so some of the things that we're thinking of,
334
804985
1983
所以我们在思考的一些问题，
13:38
and many other people in the field are thinking of,
335
806968
3121
而且很多同行的人也在思考的一些问题，
13:42
are actually developing materials for that.
336
810089
3006
就是为此制造材料。
13:45
But there's a difference here.
337
813095
1619
但这里有不同之处，
13:46
We still need chemistry, we still need mechanics,
338
814714
2210
我们仍须化学和机械学，
13:48
we still need really interesting topography,
339
816924
2671
我们还需要有趣的拓扑学，
13:51
and we still need really interesting
ways to surround the cells.
ways to surround the cells.
340
819595
2648
我们也需要有新意的方式来环绕细胞。
13:54
But now, the cells also
341
822243
2511
但是这些细胞
13:56
would probably quite like a material
342
824754
2025
可能也很像
13:58
that's going to be able to be conductive,
343
826779
2018
一种具有传导性的材料，
14:00
because the cells themselves will respond very well
344
828797
4209
因为细胞自身会很好地反馈
14:05
and will actually conduct signals
between themselves.
between themselves.
345
833006
3479
而且在彼此之间传导信息。
14:08
You can see them now
346
836485
1516
你在这能看到
14:10
beating synchronously on these materials,
347
838001
2475
细胞在这些材料上同步地跳动着，
14:12
and that's a very, very exciting development
348
840476
2779
这是非常非常振奋人心的进展。
14:15
that's going on.
349
843255
2114
这是非常非常振奋人心的进展。
14:17
So just to wrap up, I'd like to actually say that
350
845369
4824
总结一下，我想说，
14:22
being able to work in this sort of field,
351
850193
2356
能够在这样的领域工作，
14:24
all of us that work in this field
352
852549
1654
对于我们所有在这个领域工作的人而言，
14:26
that's not only super-exciting science,
353
854203
2509
这不仅是超级让人兴奋的科学，
14:28
but also has the potential
354
856712
2046
它还有潜力
14:30
to impact on patients,
355
858758
1968
对病人产生影响，
14:32
however big or small they are,
356
860726
2430
不论这影响是大是小，
14:35
is really a great privilege.
357
863156
1553
对我们都是一种荣幸。
14:36
And so for that, I'd like to thank all of you as well.
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为此我也要对你们说声感谢。
14:39
Thank you.
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谢谢你们。
14:41
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Molly Stevens - Biomaterials researcherMolly Stevens studies and creates new biomaterials that could be used to detect disease and repair bones and human tissue.
Why you should listen
At Imperial College London, Molly Stevens heads a highly multidisciplinary research group that designs bioactive materials for regenerative medicine and biosensing. It's fundamental science with an eye to practical applications as healthcare products.
Among the products from her lab: an engineered bone, cardiac tissue suitable for use in transplants, and disease-sensing nanoparticle aggregates that change color in the presence of even tiny quantities of cancer-related enzymes, making early sensing possible. As Stevens told The Lancet: "It's right down at the nanoscience level. It's really exciting stuff, but it actually results in something very tangibly useful."
Molly Stevens | Speaker | TED.com