ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Piff - Social psychologist
Paul Piff studies how social hierarchy, inequality and emotion shape relations between individuals and groups.

Why you should listen

Paul Piff is an Assistant Professor of Psychology and Social Behavior at the University of California, Irvine.​ In particular, he studies how wealth (having it or not having it) can affect interpersonal relationships.

His surprising studies include running rigged games of Monopoly, tracking how those who drive expensive cars behave versus those driving less expensive vehicles and even determining that rich people are literally more likely to take candy from children than the less well-off. The results often don't paint a pretty picture about the motivating forces of wealth. He writes, "specifically, I have been finding that increased wealth and status in society lead to increased self-focus and, in turn, decreased compassion, altruism, and ethical behavior."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Piff | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxMarin

Paul Piff: Does money make you mean?

保罗·皮夫: 越有钱越无情?

Filmed:
3,568,059 views

一个被操纵的大富翁游戏能告诉我们的东西竟然有那么多!在这个有趣且发人深省的演讲中,社会心理学家保罗-皮夫分享了他对于“人感到富有时如何表现”的研究结果(暗示:很坏)。在面对异常复杂、异常严峻的不平等问题的同时,我们也听到了好的消息。(摄于TEDx加州马林县)
- Social psychologist
Paul Piff studies how social hierarchy, inequality and emotion shape relations between individuals and groups. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I want you to, for a moment时刻,
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我想让大家花一点时间
00:14
think about playing播放 a game游戏 of Monopoly垄断,
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想象一下自己正在玩大富翁游戏
00:18
except in this game游戏, that combination组合
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只不过在这个游戏里面
00:21
of skill技能, talent天赋 and luck运气
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那些帮助你赢得游戏的因素,比如技巧,才能和运气
00:24
that help earn you success成功 in games游戏, as in life,
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在此无关紧要
00:26
has been rendered呈现 irrelevant不相干,
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就像对于人生一样
00:28
because this game's游戏 been rigged非法操纵的,
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因为这个游戏被操纵了
00:30
and you've got the upper hand.
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而你已经占了上风
00:32
You've got more money,
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你有更多的钱
00:34
more opportunities机会 to move移动 around the board,
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有更多在棋盘上移动的机会
00:36
and more access访问 to resources资源.
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以及更多获得资源的机会
00:39
And as you think about that experience经验,
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在你想象这个经历的时候
00:40
I want you to ask yourself你自己,
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我想让大家问一下自己
00:43
how might威力 that experience经验 of being存在
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一个被操纵的游戏里面
00:44
a privileged特权 player播放机 in a rigged非法操纵的 game游戏
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作为优势玩家的经历
00:48
change更改 the way that you think about yourself你自己
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会如何改变你思考自己和
00:50
and regard看待 that other player播放机?
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对待对手的方式?
00:54
So we ran a study研究 on the U.C. Berkeley伯克利 campus校园
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在加州大学伯克利分校,我们做了一个试验
00:57
to look at exactly究竟 that question.
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来研究这个问题
01:00
We brought in more than 100 pairs
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我们招募了100多对
01:01
of strangers陌生人 into the lab实验室,
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陌生人到实验室
01:04
and with the flip翻动 of a coin硬币
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通过投掷硬币的方式
01:06
randomly随机 assigned分配 one of the two
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随机选定一对中的一个
01:08
to be a rich丰富 player播放机 in a rigged非法操纵的 game游戏.
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作为这个游戏中占上风的玩家
01:10
They got two times as much money.
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他们拿到了两倍的钱
01:13
When they passed通过 Go,
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当他们途径起点的时候
01:14
they collected twice两次 the salary薪水,
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他们拿到两倍的工资
01:17
and they got to roll both dice骰子 instead代替 of one,
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而且他们可以同时掷两个骰子而不是一个
01:19
so they got to move移动 around the board a lot more.
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所以他们可以在棋盘上移动更多
01:20
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
01:23
And over the course课程 of 15 minutes分钟,
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在接下来的15分钟内
01:25
we watched看着 through通过 hidden
cameras相机 what happened发生.
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我们通过隐藏的摄像头观察了现场情况
01:29
And what I want to do today今天, for the first time,
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今天是第一次
01:30
is show显示 you a little bit of what we saw.
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我想和大家分享一下我们观察到的
01:33
You're going to have to pardon赦免 the sound声音 quality质量,
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有的时候音质可能不太好,还请大家原谅
01:34
in some cases, because again,
these were hidden cameras相机.
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因为毕竟是用隐藏的摄像头
01:37
So we've我们已经 provided提供 subtitles字幕.
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所以我们加上了字幕
01:39
Rich丰富 Player播放机: How many许多 500s did you have?
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富玩家:你有多少张500块?
01:41
Poor较差的 Player播放机: Just one.
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穷玩家:就一张。
01:42
Rich丰富 Player播放机: Are you serious严重.
Poor较差的 Player播放机: Yeah.
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富玩家:真的吗?!
穷玩家:是啊。
01:43
Rich丰富 Player播放机: I have three. (Laughs)
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富玩家:我有三张。(笑声)
01:45
I don't know why they gave me so much.
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不知道为什么他们给了我那么多。
01:47
Paul保罗 Piff釜山国际电影节: Okay, so it was quickly很快 apparent明显的 to players玩家
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保罗-皮夫:所以,玩家们很快就意识到
01:49
that something was up.
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这个游戏明显有点奇怪
01:50
One person clearly明确地 has a lot more money
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一个玩家比另一个玩家
01:52
than the other person, and yet然而,
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明显有更多的钱
01:54
as the game游戏 unfolded展开,
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随着游戏慢慢展开
01:56
we saw very notable显着 differences分歧
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我们观察到两个玩家
01:58
and dramatic戏剧性 differences分歧 begin开始 to emerge出现
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开始有一些
02:01
between之间 the two players玩家.
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明显不同的表现
02:03
The rich丰富 player播放机
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富的玩家
02:05
started开始 to move移动 around the board louder,
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在棋盘上移动的声音更大
02:07
literally按照字面 smacking打孩子 the board with their piece
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移动的时候
02:09
as he went around.
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几乎是在狠狠砸棋盘
02:12
We were more likely容易 to see signs迹象 of dominance霸主地位
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我们看到了富玩家们更多的
02:15
and nonverbal非语言 signs迹象,
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”霸主”信号、肢体动作
02:16
displays显示器 of power功率
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权力的显露
02:19
and celebration庆典 among其中 the rich丰富 players玩家.
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以及互相庆祝
02:23
We had a bowl of pretzels椒盐脆饼
positioned定位的 off to the side.
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我们在旁边放了一碗椒盐卷饼
02:25
It's on the bottom底部 right corner there.
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就在右下角
02:27
That allowed允许 us to watch
participants'参与者 consummatory圆满 behavior行为.
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这使得我们可以观察玩家吃椒盐卷饼的行为
02:31
So we're just tracking追踪 how
many许多 pretzels椒盐脆饼 participants参与者 eat.
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我们就是看看玩家吃了多少椒盐卷饼
02:35
Rich丰富 Player播放机: Are those pretzels椒盐脆饼 a trick?
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富玩家:这些椒盐卷饼有什么猫腻么?
02:37
Poor较差的 Player播放机: I don't know.
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穷玩家:不知道啊。
02:39
PPPP: Okay, so no surprises惊喜, people are onto us.
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保罗·皮夫:好吧,不出所料,大家觉得有问题。
02:42
They wonder奇迹 what that bowl of pretzels椒盐脆饼
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起先他们好奇那一碗椒盐卷饼
02:44
is doing there in the first place地点.
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为什么会在那里
02:45
One even asks, like you just saw,
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就像你刚才看到的,其中一个甚至问:
02:47
is that bowl of pretzels椒盐脆饼 there as a trick?
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这碗椒盐卷饼有什么猫腻么?
02:50
And yet然而, despite尽管 that, the power功率 of the situation情况
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但尽管如此
02:53
seems似乎 to inevitably必将 dominate支配,
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整个现场的主导形势还是不可避免
02:56
and those rich丰富 players玩家 start开始 to eat more pretzels椒盐脆饼.
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那些富的玩家开始吃更多的椒盐卷饼
03:03
Rich丰富 Player播放机: I love pretzels椒盐脆饼.
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富玩家:我爱椒盐卷饼。
03:06
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
03:09
PPPP: And as the game游戏 went on,
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保罗·皮夫:游戏继续进行,
03:12
one of the really interesting有趣 and dramatic戏剧性 patterns模式
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我们发现了一个很明显的
03:14
that we observed观察到的 begin开始 to emerge出现
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有趣现象
03:17
was that the rich丰富 players玩家 actually其实
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就是富玩家
03:19
started开始 to become成为 ruder罗德 toward the other person,
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开始对另一个玩家表现得不友好
03:22
less and less sensitive敏感 to the plight困境
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对那些可怜玩家的贫穷困境
03:24
of those poor较差的, poor较差的 players玩家,
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越来越不敏感
03:26
and more and more demonstrative示范
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开始越来越频繁的炫富
03:28
of their material材料 success成功,
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开始越来越频繁的炫富
03:30
more likely容易 to showcase橱窗 how well they're doing.
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更喜欢展示他们正在做的一切
03:35
Rich丰富 Player播放机: I have money for everything.
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富玩家:我什么都买得起
03:39
Poor较差的 Player播放机: How much is that?
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穷玩家:你有多少钱?
03:41
Rich丰富 Player播放机: You owe me 24 dollars美元.
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富玩家:你还欠我24块
03:45
You're going to lose失去 all your money soon不久.
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你很快就要输光了
03:48
I'll buy购买 it. I have so much money.
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我要买它,我太多钱了
03:50
I have so much money, it takes me forever永远.
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那么多花都花不完的钱
03:52
Rich丰富 Player播放机 2: I'm going to buy购买 out this whole整个 board.
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富玩家2:我要把整个棋盘都买下来
03:54
Rich丰富 Player播放机 3: You're going
to run out of money soon不久.
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富玩家3:你很快就要没钱了
03:55
I'm pretty漂亮 much untouchable碰不得 at this point.
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我已经差不多不可战胜了
03:58
PPPP: Okay, and here's这里的 what I think
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保罗-皮夫:下面是我觉得
04:01
was really, really interesting有趣,
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一个非常非常有意思的现象
04:02
is that at the end结束 of the 15 minutes分钟,
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在15分钟要结束的时候
04:06
we asked the players玩家 to talk about
their experience经验 during the game游戏.
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我们请玩家谈论他们在游戏中的经历
04:10
And when the rich丰富 players玩家 talked about
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当富玩家谈论
04:12
why they had inevitably必将 won韩元
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他们在这个被操纵的游戏里面
04:14
in this rigged非法操纵的 game游戏 of Monopoly垄断 --
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为什么必胜的时候
04:16
(Laughter笑声) —
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(笑声)
04:21
they talked about what they'd他们会 doneDONE
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他们提到了自己
04:24
to buy购买 those different不同 properties性能
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为了买到不同地产
04:27
and earn their success成功 in the game游戏,
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和赢得游戏所做的努力
04:30
and they became成为 far less attuned合拍
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而他们忽略了
04:32
to all those different不同 features特征 of the situation情况,
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这个游戏一开始的不同形势
04:35
including包含 that flip翻动 of a coin硬币
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也就是投掷硬币
04:38
that had randomly随机 gotten得到 them into
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随机决定了他们
04:40
that privileged特权 position位置 in the first place地点.
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哪一个获得优势
04:43
And that's a really, really incredible难以置信 insight眼光
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而这对我们理解大脑如何看待优势
04:46
into how the mind心神 makes品牌 sense of advantage优点.
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提供了非常好的启发
04:51
Now this game游戏 of Monopoly垄断 can be used
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我们可以用这个大富翁的游戏作比喻
04:54
as a metaphor隐喻 for understanding理解 society社会
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来理解我们的社会以及社会分层
04:56
and its hierarchical分级 structure结构体, wherein其中, some people
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也就是有的人
05:00
have a lot of wealth财富 and a lot of status状态,
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有大量的财富和地位
05:02
and a lot of people don't.
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而很多人没有
05:04
They have a lot less wealth财富 and a lot less status状态
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他们仅有很少的财富和地位
05:07
and a lot less access访问 to valued价值 resources资源.
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以及很少获得宝贵资源的机会
05:10
And what my colleagues同事 and I for
the last seven years年份 have been doing
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我和我的同事在过去的7年里一直在做的
05:13
is studying研究 the effects效果 of these kinds of hierarchies等级.
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就是研究这些不同层次的影响
05:17
What we've我们已经 been finding发现 across横过 dozens许多 of studies学习
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全国范围内的
05:20
and thousands数千 of participants参与者 across横过 this country国家
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大量研究都表明
05:24
is that as a person's人的 levels水平 of wealth财富 increase增加,
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当一个人的财富增加时
05:28
their feelings情怀 of compassion同情 and empathy同情 go down,
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他们的同情心和同理心下降
05:34
and their feelings情怀 of entitlement权利, of deservingnessdeservingness,
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而他们的优越感增加
05:38
and their ideology思想 of self-interest自我利益 increases增加.
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也更注重个人利益
05:43
In surveys调查, we found发现 that it's actually其实
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在调查中,我们发现
05:45
wealthier富裕 individuals个人 who are more likely容易
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富有的人更可能
05:47
to moralize说教 greed贪心 being存在 good,
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把贪婪定义为好的
05:50
and that the pursuit追求 of self-interest自我利益
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把对个人利益的追求
05:52
is favorable有利 and moral道德.
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定义为有利的,道德的
05:54
Now what I want to do today今天 is talk about
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今天我想谈的就是
05:56
some of the implications启示
of this ideology思想 self-interest自我利益,
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这种个人利益思维的影响
06:01
talk about why we should
care关心 about those implications启示,
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谈谈为什么我们应该关注这些影响
06:03
and end结束 with what might威力 be doneDONE.
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以及我们能做些什么
06:07
Some of the first studies学习 that we ran in this area
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我们在这一领域最初做的一些研究
06:09
looked看着 at helping帮助 behavior行为,
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观察了助人行为
06:10
something social社会 psychologists心理学家 call
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社会心理学家称之为
06:13
pro-social亲社会 behavior行为.
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亲社会行为
06:15
And we were really interested有兴趣 in who's谁是 more likely容易
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我们很想知道什么人更倾向于
06:17
to offer提供 help to another另一个 person,
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给其他人提供帮助
06:20
someone有人 who's谁是 rich丰富 or someone有人 who's谁是 poor较差的.
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富人还是穷人
06:23
In one of the studies学习, we bring带来 in rich丰富 and poor较差的
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其中一个研究,我们把一个社区的富人和穷人
06:27
members会员 of the community社区 into the lab实验室
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都带到了实验室
06:30
and give each of them the equivalent当量 of 10 dollars美元.
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给了每个人10美元
06:33
We told the participants参与者
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我们告诉他们
06:35
that they could keep these 10 dollars美元 for themselves他们自己,
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他们可以把这10块钱给自己用
06:37
or they could share分享 a portion一部分 of it,
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也可以把其中一部分拿出来分享
06:39
if they wanted to, with a stranger陌生人
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如果他们愿意的话
06:41
who is totally完全 anonymous匿名.
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跟一个陌生人分享
06:43
They'll他们会 never meet遇到 that stranger陌生人 and
the stranger陌生人 will never meet遇到 them.
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一个永远不会再相遇的陌生人
06:46
And we just monitor监控 how much people give.
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我们观察人们给了多少
06:49
Individuals个人 who made制作 25,000 sometimes有时
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那些年收入为25000
06:51
under 15,000 dollars美元 a year,
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甚至低于15000美元的人
06:54
gave 44 percent百分 more of their money
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和那些年收入为15万
06:56
to the stranger陌生人
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甚至20万的人比起来
06:57
than did individuals个人 making制造 150,000
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多给了44%
06:59
or 200,000 dollars美元 a year.
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多给了44%
07:02
We've我们已经 had people play games游戏
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我们还让人们玩游戏
07:05
to see who's谁是 more or less likely容易 to cheat作弊
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看看什么人更可能
07:08
to increase增加 their chances机会 of winning胜利 a prize.
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为了赢得一个奖品而作弊
07:10
In one of the games游戏, we actually其实 rigged非法操纵的 a computer电脑
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其中一个游戏,我们其实操纵了电脑
07:13
so that die rolls劳斯莱斯 over a certain某些 score得分了
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使得某些数字
07:16
were impossible不可能.
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不可能出现
07:17
You couldn't不能 get above以上 12 in this game游戏,
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这个游戏里面,你不可能超过12
07:20
and yet然而, the richer更丰富 you were,
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然而,越富有的人
07:23
the more likely容易 you were to cheat作弊 in this game游戏
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越有可能在这个游戏中作弊
07:25
to earn credits学分 toward a $50 cash现金 prize,
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去争取那个最终能够赢取50美元现金的分数
07:29
sometimes有时 by three to four times as much.
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可能性甚至高达3到4倍
07:32
We ran another另一个 study研究 where we looked看着 at whether是否
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我们还做了另一个实验
07:35
people would be inclined to take candy糖果
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观察人们是否会
07:38
from a jar of candy糖果 that we explicitly明确地 identified确定
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从糖罐里面拿糖
07:40
as being存在 reserved保留的 for children孩子 --
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糖罐上清楚地写着:给小朋友预留……
07:43
(Laughter笑声) —
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(笑声)
07:46
participating参与 -- I'm not kidding开玩笑.
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我是认真的
07:48
I know it sounds声音 like I'm making制造 a joke玩笑.
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我知道这听上去像我在讲笑话
07:51
We explicitly明确地 told participants参与者
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我们明确地告诉了参与者
07:53
this jar of candy's糖果的 for children孩子 participating参与
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这一罐糖是给隔壁发展中心的
07:55
in a developmental发展的 lab实验室 nearby附近.
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小朋友准备的
07:57
They're in studies学习. This is for them.
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他们在实验中,这是给他们的
07:59
And we just monitored监控 how
much candy糖果 participants参与者 took.
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然后我们观察这些参与者拿了多少糖果
08:03
Participants参与者 who felt rich丰富
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那些感觉富有的参与者
08:04
took two times as much candy糖果
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比那些感觉贫穷的参与者
08:06
as participants参与者 who felt poor较差的.
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多拿了两倍的糖果
08:09
We've我们已经 even studied研究 cars汽车,
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我们还研究了汽车
08:12
not just any cars汽车,
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不只是汽车
08:13
but whether是否 drivers司机 of different不同 kinds of cars汽车
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而是不同类型汽车的司机
08:16
are more or less inclined to break打破 the law.
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谁更倾向于做一些违法的事情
08:20
In one of these studies学习, we looked看着 at
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其中一个实验,我们观察了
08:22
whether是否 drivers司机 would stop for a pedestrian行人
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司机在碰到行人(我们安排的)过马路时的
08:27
that we had posed构成 waiting等候 to cross交叉 at a crosswalk人行横道.
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停车行为
08:29
Now in California加州, as you all know,
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在加州,大家都知道
08:31
because I'm sure we all do this,
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因为我相信我们都有这样做
08:34
it's the law to stop for a pedestrian行人
who's谁是 waiting等候 to cross交叉.
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法律规定碰到行人要过马路,我们必须停车
08:38
So here's这里的 an example of how we did it.
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下面我告诉大家我们是怎样做的
08:40
That's our confederate帮凶 off to the left
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左侧是我们的研究人员
08:42
posing冒充 as a pedestrian行人.
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装作一个行人
08:43
He approaches方法 as the red truck卡车 successfully顺利 stops停止.
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他正要过马路,这时候红色的卡车停了下来
08:48
In typical典型 California加州 fashion时尚, it's overtaken超越
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当然这是在加州
08:50
by the bus总线 who almost几乎 runs运行 our pedestrian行人 over.
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很快一辆巴士呼啸而过,差点要撞倒我们的行人
08:52
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
08:54
Now here's这里的 an example of a more expensive昂贵 car汽车,
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这是一辆比较贵的车
08:56
a Prius普锐斯, driving主动 through通过,
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一辆普锐斯开过来
08:57
and a BMW宝马 doing the same相同.
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一辆宝马车也一样
09:03
So we did this for hundreds数以百计 of vehicles汽车
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几天内
09:05
on several一些 days,
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我们测试了几百辆车
09:08
just tracking追踪 who stops停止 and who doesn't.
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记录谁停了谁没有停
09:12
What we found发现 was that as the expensiveness价格昂贵
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我们发现
09:14
of a car汽车 increased增加,
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随着车价的增加
09:18
the driver's司机 tendencies倾向 to break打破 the law
209
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司机违法的倾向
09:20
increased增加 as well.
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也增加了
09:22
None没有 of the cars汽车, none没有 of the cars汽车
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而在我们的廉价车系里
09:24
in our least最小 expensive昂贵 car汽车 category类别
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没有一辆车
09:28
broke打破 the law.
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做出违法行为
09:29
Close to 50 percent百分 of the cars汽车
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而在我们的昂贵车系里
09:32
in our most expensive昂贵 vehicle车辆 category类别
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有接近50%的车
09:34
broke打破 the law.
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都违法了
09:37
We've我们已经 run other studies学习 finding发现 that
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我们还做了其它研究并发现
09:39
wealthier富裕 individuals个人 are more
likely容易 to lie谎言 in negotiations谈判,
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越有钱的人越有可能在谈判中说谎
09:42
to endorse拥护 unethical不道德的 behavior行为 at work
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赞同工作中的不道德行为
09:44
like stealing偷窃行为 cash现金 from the cash现金 register寄存器,
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比如从收银台偷现金
09:47
taking服用 bribes行贿, lying说谎 to customers顾客.
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受贿,忽悠顾客等
09:52
Now I don't mean to suggest建议
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我并不是说
09:54
that it's only wealthy富裕 people
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只是有钱人
09:55
who show显示 these patterns模式 of behavior行为.
224
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会表现出类似的行为
09:57
Not at all. In fact事实, I think that we all,
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完全不是。事实上,我觉得我们每个人
10:00
in our day-to-day日复一日, minute-by-minute分钟按一分钟 lives生活,
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在我们日常的分分秒秒中
10:03
struggle斗争 with these competing竞争 motivations动机
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都要跟这些动机作斗争
10:06
of when, or if, to put our own拥有 interests利益
228
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什么时候以及是否把我们的利益置于
10:09
above以上 the interests利益 of other people.
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他人的利益之上
10:12
And that's understandable可理解 because
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这很容易理解
10:14
the American美国 dream梦想 is an idea理念
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因为美国梦告诉我们
10:16
in which哪一个 we all have an equal等于 opportunity机会
232
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每个人都有同等的机会
10:20
to succeed成功 and prosper繁荣,
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可以成功、发达
10:22
as long as we apply应用 ourselves我们自己 and work hard,
234
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只要我们足够努力
10:24
and a piece of that means手段 that sometimes有时,
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2704
而这也意味着有的时候
10:27
you need to put your own拥有 interests利益
236
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3099
你需要把自己的利益
10:30
above以上 the interests利益 and well-being福利
of other people around you.
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置于你周边人的利益和幸福之上
10:33
But what we're finding发现 is that,
238
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2169
但是我们的发现是
10:36
the wealthier富裕 you are, the more likely容易 you are
239
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你越有钱,则越有可能
10:38
to pursue追求 a vision视力 of personal个人 success成功,
240
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去追求一种个人的成功
10:41
of achievement成就 and accomplishment成就,
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2235
个人的成果和成就
10:43
to the detriment损害 of others其他 around you.
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这可能是建立在对旁人的损害之上
10:46
Here I've plotted绘制 for you the mean household家庭 income收入
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这里我为大家画出了
10:49
received收到 by each fifth第五 and top最佳
five percent百分 of the population人口
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在过去20年里
10:53
over the last 20 years年份.
245
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2170
每个1/5和最高5%人口的平均家庭收入
10:55
In 1993, the differences分歧 between之间 the different不同
246
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2542
1993年
10:57
quintiles昆泰 of the population人口, in terms条款 of income收入,
247
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每个1/5之间的收入差异
11:00
are fairly相当 egregious过分的.
248
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还是相当大的
11:03
It's not difficult to discern辨别 that there are differences分歧.
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我们不难看出其中的差别
11:06
But over the last 20 years年份, that significant重大 difference区别
250
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2884
但是在过去的20年里面
11:09
has become成为 a grand盛大 canyon峡谷 of sorts排序
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这种巨大差异最终成为了
11:11
between之间 those at the top最佳 and everyone大家 else其他.
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顶层人群与其他所有人之间的鸿沟
11:14
In fact事实, the top最佳 20 percent百分 of our population人口
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3692
事实是,顶层20%的人口
11:18
own拥有 close to 90 percent百分 of the
total wealth财富 in this country国家.
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拥有整个国家接近90%的财富
11:21
We're at unprecedented史无前例 levels水平
255
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2259
我们正在经历史无前例的
11:23
of economic经济 inequality不等式.
256
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2488
经济上的不平等
11:27
What that means手段 is that wealth财富 is not only becoming变得
257
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2336
而这不仅意味着财富
11:29
increasingly日益 concentrated集中 in the hands
of a select选择 group of individuals个人,
258
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4480
更多地聚集在为数很少的一群人手里
11:34
but the American美国 dream梦想 is becoming变得
259
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2384
还意味着美国梦
11:36
increasingly日益 unattainable高不可攀
260
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对越来越多的人来说
11:38
for an increasing增加 majority多数 of us.
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3193
都变得越来越遥远
11:41
And if it's the case案件, as we've我们已经 been finding发现,
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2267
如果事实果真如我们发现的那样
11:44
that the wealthier富裕 you are,
263
692242
1995
你越有钱
11:46
the more entitled标题 you feel to that wealth财富,
264
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2542
就越发觉得这些财富是你应得的
11:48
and the more likely容易 you are
to prioritize优先 your own拥有 interests利益
265
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2993
越会把自己的利益
11:51
above以上 the interests利益 of other people,
266
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1967
置于他人的利益之上
11:53
and be willing愿意 to do things to serve服务 that self-interest自我利益,
267
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3390
越会做那些利己的事情
11:57
well then there's no reason原因 to think
268
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1734
那么没有理由可以相信
11:58
that those patterns模式 will change更改.
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2098
这个现状会有所改变
12:00
In fact事实, there's every一切 reason原因 to think
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事实上,我们有更多的理由认为
12:02
that they'll他们会 only get worse更差,
271
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1983
情况会变得更糟糕
12:04
and that's what it would look like
if things just stayed the same相同,
272
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2847
这是在接下来的20年内
12:07
at the same相同 linear线性 rate, over the next下一个 20 years年份.
273
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保持和原来一样、相同线性速率的情况
12:11
Now, inequality不等式, economic经济 inequality不等式,
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2721
不平等,经济上的不平等
12:14
is something we should all be concerned关心 about,
275
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1924
是我们每个人都要关心的问题
12:16
and not just because of those at the bottom底部
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不仅是因为社会底层的人
12:19
of the social社会 hierarchy等级制度,
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不仅是因为社会底层的人
12:20
but because individuals个人 and groups
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2240
而是因为经济不平等
12:22
with lots of economic经济 inequality不等式 do worse更差,
279
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5200
会让个人和集体都变得糟糕
12:28
not just the people at the bottom底部, everyone大家.
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2839
不仅仅是底层的人,是每一个人
12:30
There's a lot of really compelling引人注目 research研究
281
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有很多来自世界各地顶级实验室的
12:33
coming未来 out from top最佳 labs实验室 all over the world世界
282
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非常有说服力的研究
12:35
showcasing陈列宣传 the range范围 of things
283
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2888
展示了日益增加的经济不平等
12:38
that are undermined破坏
284
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造成的影响范围
12:40
as economic经济 inequality不等式 gets得到 worse更差.
285
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2640
造成的影响范围
12:43
Social社会 mobility流动性, things we really care关心 about,
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社会流动性,那些我们非常关心的东西
12:45
physical物理 health健康, social社会 trust相信,
287
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如身体健康、社会信任
12:48
all go down as inequality不等式 goes up.
288
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3045
都会随着不平等的增加而削弱
12:51
Similarly同样, negative things
289
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2015
同样的,社会中消极的东西
12:53
in social社会 collectives集体 and societies社会,
290
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同样的,社会中消极的东西
12:55
things like obesity肥胖, and violence暴力,
291
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2094
比如肥胖、暴力
12:57
imprisonment徒刑, and punishment惩罚,
292
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1621
徒刑和惩罚
12:59
are exacerbated加剧 as economic经济 inequality不等式 increases增加.
293
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都会随着经济不平等的增加而加剧
13:03
Again, these are outcomes结果 not just experienced有经验的
294
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2410
而这些后果
13:06
by a few少数, but that resound回响
295
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2061
不是少数人所经历的
13:08
across横过 all strata地层 of society社会.
296
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2601
而是会影响社会的各个阶层
13:10
Even people at the top最佳 experience经验 these outcomes结果.
297
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3116
即使是在顶层的人也要遭受这些后果
13:13
So what do we do?
298
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3243
那我们该怎么办呢?
13:17
This cascade级联 of self-perpetuating自我延续,
299
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3471
这些带有延续性的
13:20
pernicious有害, negative effects效果
300
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2508
有害的消极影响
13:23
could seem似乎 like something that's spun out of control控制,
301
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3409
看上去像是什么东西失控了
13:26
and there's nothing we can do about it,
302
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1918
而我们无能为力
13:28
certainly当然 nothing we as individuals个人 could do.
303
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2796
特别是作为个人更是无能为力
13:31
But in fact事实, we've我们已经 been finding发现
304
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3833
但是事实上,我们发现
13:35
in our own拥有 laboratory实验室 research研究
305
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3188
在我们自己的实验室研究中
13:38
that small psychological心理 interventions干预措施,
306
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5090
小小的心理干预
13:43
small changes变化 to people's人们 values,
307
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3309
价值观的小小改变
13:46
small nudges轻推 in certain某些 directions方向,
308
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3223
某些特定的微小暗示
13:49
can restore恢复 levels水平 of egalitarianism平均主义 and empathy同情.
309
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3565
就可以将平等和同理心恢复
13:53
For instance, reminding提醒 people
310
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2052
比如,提醒人们
13:55
of the benefits好处 of cooperation合作,
311
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2256
合作的好处
13:57
or the advantages优点 of community社区,
312
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2904
或者社区的优点
14:00
cause原因 wealthier富裕 individuals个人 to be just as egalitarian平均主义
313
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3935
就能够让富人和穷人一样关注平等
14:04
as poor较差的 people.
314
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2535
就能够让富人和穷人一样关注平等
14:07
In one study研究, we had people watch a brief简要 video视频,
315
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3377
其中一个实验中,我们让参与者看一短片
14:10
just 46 seconds long, about childhood童年 poverty贫穷
316
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4361
46秒,关于儿童贫困
14:14
that served提供服务 as a reminder提醒 of the needs需求 of others其他
317
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3050
以此提醒大家周围人的需要
14:17
in the world世界 around them,
318
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2026
以此提醒大家周围人的需要
14:19
and after watching观看 that,
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看过这个视频后
14:21
we looked看着 at how willing愿意 people were
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我们观察了他们
14:23
to offer提供 up their own拥有 time to a stranger陌生人
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为实验中一个压抑的陌生人
14:27
presented呈现 to them in the lab实验室 who was in distress苦难.
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提供帮助的积极性
14:30
After watching观看 this video视频, an hour小时 later后来,
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看完这个视频一个小时后
14:34
rich丰富 people became成为 just as generous慷慨
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2370
富人变得和穷人一样大方
14:36
of their own拥有 time to help out this other person,
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他们愿意花时间帮助别人
14:38
a stranger陌生人, as someone有人 who's谁是 poor较差的,
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帮助那些陌生人
14:41
suggesting提示 that these differences分歧 are not
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这意味着这些差别不是
14:43
innate先天 or categorical明确的,
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1883
与生俱来或一成不变的
14:45
but are so malleable可锻铸
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它们很容易改变
14:47
to slight轻微 changes变化 in people's人们 values,
330
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1926
只需要价值观的微小变化
14:49
and little nudges轻推 of compassion同情
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同情心的一点点推动
14:51
and bumps颠簸 of empathy同情.
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和同理心的轻微触碰
14:53
And beyond the walls墙壁 of our lab实验室,
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在实验室之外
14:54
we're even beginning开始 to see
signs迹象 of change更改 in society社会.
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我们也开始看到社会上的改变
14:58
Bill法案 Gates盖茨, one of our nation's国家 wealthiest富有 individuals个人,
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比尔-盖茨,我们国家的富豪之一
15:02
in his Harvard哈佛 commencement开始 speech言语,
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在哈佛的开学典礼演讲中
15:03
talked about the problem问题 facing面对 society社会
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说到这个社会所面临的问题
15:05
of inequality不等式 as being存在 the most daunting艰巨 challenge挑战,
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他说不平等是我们目前面临的最严峻挑战
15:09
and talked about what must必须 be doneDONE to combat战斗 it,
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他谈论了我们应该如何战胜它
15:11
saying, "Humanity's人类的 greatest最大 advances进步
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他说:“人类最伟大的进步”
15:15
are not in its discoveries发现,
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1951
“不在于它的各种发现”
15:17
but in how those discoveries发现 are applied应用的
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“而在于如何将这些发现”
15:20
to reduce减少 inequity不公平."
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用于削弱不平等”
15:23
And there's the Giving给予 Pledge保证,
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2003
还有捐赠承诺
15:25
in which哪一个 more than 100 of our nation's国家
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我们国家100多个
15:27
wealthiest富有 individuals个人
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最富有的人
15:29
are pledging认捐 half of their fortunes命运 to charity慈善机构.
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正在承诺将他们一半的财产捐赠给慈善事业
15:33
And there's the emergence紧急情况
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还有很多草根运动的出现
15:35
of dozens许多 of grassroots基层 movements运动,
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还有很多草根运动的出现
15:39
like We are the One Percent百分,
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比如“我们是那百分之一”
15:41
the Resource资源 Generation,
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“资源一代”
15:43
or Wealth财富 for Common共同 Good,
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2121
“共同的财富”等
15:45
in which哪一个 the most privileged特权
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在这些组织中
15:47
members会员 of the population人口,
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那些最有优势的成员
15:49
members会员 of the one percent百分 and elsewhere别处,
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那些1%的人
15:52
people who are wealthy富裕,
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和其他有钱的人
15:54
are using运用 their own拥有 economic经济 resources资源,
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其中有成人有青少年,这是最让我震惊的
15:57
adults成年人 and youth青年 alike一样, that's
what's most striking引人注目 to me,
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他们正在利用自己的优势
16:01
leveraging借力 their own拥有 privilege特权,
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他们正在利用自己的优势
16:03
their own拥有 economic经济 resources资源,
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利用自己的经济资源
16:05
to combat战斗 inequality不等式
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与不平等抗争
16:08
by advocating主张 for social社会 policies政策,
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通过倡导社会政策
16:11
changes变化 in social社会 values,
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社会价值的改变
16:13
and changes变化 in people's人们 behavior行为,
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人类行为的改变
16:15
that work against反对 their own拥有 economic经济 interests利益
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这有悖于他们自身的经济利益
16:18
but that may可能 ultimately最终 restore恢复 the American美国 dream梦想.
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但却会最终重建美国梦!
16:23
Thank you.
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谢谢!
16:25
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Peipei Xiang
Reviewed by Tingting Zhao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Piff - Social psychologist
Paul Piff studies how social hierarchy, inequality and emotion shape relations between individuals and groups.

Why you should listen

Paul Piff is an Assistant Professor of Psychology and Social Behavior at the University of California, Irvine.​ In particular, he studies how wealth (having it or not having it) can affect interpersonal relationships.

His surprising studies include running rigged games of Monopoly, tracking how those who drive expensive cars behave versus those driving less expensive vehicles and even determining that rich people are literally more likely to take candy from children than the less well-off. The results often don't paint a pretty picture about the motivating forces of wealth. He writes, "specifically, I have been finding that increased wealth and status in society lead to increased self-focus and, in turn, decreased compassion, altruism, and ethical behavior."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Piff | Speaker | TED.com