ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carin Bondar - Wild sex biologist
Carin Bondar is an expert on the sexual life of animals -- and loves to tell their wild sex stories.

Why you should listen

Group sex, prostitution, masturbation -— every sexy thing we humans do, says Carin Bondar, animals do too, and a whole lot more we, thank goodness, can't (see topic: chastity belts). Bondar, a biologist, hosts the truly astonishing Wild Sex video series on earthtouch.tv , where over two seasons she's been using science and uberwatchable storytelling to tell surprising tales of animal mating. As she says: "We hit topics hard, and not just for the quirk factor, but because there is a lot of cool science behind so many strange mating rituals."

For contrast, her first book, The Nature of Human Nature, examines the unique behaviors of the human species in the context of Darwin's Survival of the Fittest. Bondar is also the host and producer of SciAm Cinema, a monthly series of the best stories from the Scientific American blog network, and the co-host (with Phil Plait) of TwiST, a weekly series about science and tech on the Science Alert YouTube channel, as well as a TV host for Discovery International and National Geographic Wild.

More profile about the speaker
Carin Bondar | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2013

Carin Bondar: The birds and the bees are just the beginning

卡琳•鲍得: “鸟类和蜜蜂”只不过是个开始而已

Filmed:
2,572,088 views

你是不是觉得自己对性略知一二?再想想吧!在这个激动人心的演讲中,卡琳•鲍得向我们展示了动物性生活背后所揭示的神秘科学。(这个演讲包含了一些露骨的和带有侵略性的性内容)
- Wild sex biologist
Carin Bondar is an expert on the sexual life of animals -- and loves to tell their wild sex stories. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Anyone任何人 in the room房间 thought about sex性别 today今天?
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在座的各位今天有没有想到过性?
00:15
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
00:16
Yeah, you did.
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哈哈,的确如此
00:17
Thank you for putting your hand up over there.
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谢谢你们把手举起来
00:20
Well, I'm here to provide提供 you with
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在这里我为大家
00:21
some biological生物 validation验证
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不堪的白日梦
00:23
for your sordid污秽 daydreams白日梦.
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提供一些生物验证
00:25
I'm here to tell you a few少数 things
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我要告诉你们一些事
00:26
that you might威力 not have known已知 about wild野生 sex性别.
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你不知道的有关野生动物的性生活
00:29
Now, when humans人类 think about sex性别,
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当人类想到性的时候
00:31
male and female forms形式
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男人和女人的形式
00:33
are generally通常 what come to mind心神,
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这通常是他们首先想到的
00:35
but for many许多 millions百万 of years年份,
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但上百万年来
00:37
such这样 specific具体 categories类别 didn't even exist存在.
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这样细致的分类从没存在过
00:40
Sex性别 was a mere fusion聚变 of bodies身体
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性是多个生物体之间的
00:42
or a trickle of DNA脱氧核糖核酸
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一种身体结合
00:44
shared共享 between之间 two or more beings众生.
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或是DNA的产生
00:47
It wasn't until直到 about 500 million百万 years年份 ago
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直到5亿年后
00:49
that we start开始 to see structures结构 akin类似的 to a penis阴茎
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我们才开始研究阴茎的结构
00:52
or a thing that gives DNA脱氧核糖核酸 out,
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产生DNA的物质
00:55
and a vagina阴道, something that receives收到 it.
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阴道,以及
00:58
Now invariably不变地, you're probably大概 thinking思维 about
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毫无疑问,你们或许在想
01:00
what belongs属于 to our own拥有 species种类,
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什么是属于我们的物种
01:03
these very familiar structures结构,
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这种为人熟知的结构
01:05
but the diversity多样 that we see in sexual有性 structures结构
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但是在动物界
01:07
in the animal动物 kingdom王国 that has evolved进化
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性别结构的多样性已经进化到
01:09
in response响应 to the multitude of factors因素
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可以应对环境繁殖
01:12
surrounding周围 reproduction再生产
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所带来的多种因素
01:13
is pretty漂亮 mind-blowing令人兴奋.
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这的确令人振奋不已
01:16
Penile阴茎 diversity多样 is especially特别 profuse丰富的.
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阴茎的多样性随处可见
01:19
So this is a paper nautilus鹦鹉螺.
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这是船艄(一种软体动物)
01:21
It's a close relative相对的 of squid乌贼 and octopus章鱼,
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是鱿鱼和章鱼的近亲
01:24
and males男性 have a hectocotylushectocotylus.
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公船艄会有一个交接腕
01:27
Just what is a hectocotylushectocotylus?
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那什么是交接腕?
01:29
A detachable可拆开, swimming游泳的 penis阴茎.
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一种可拆分的、会游动的阴茎
01:33
It leaves树叶 the [body身体 of the male],
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它会离开公船艄的躯体
01:36
finds认定 the female through通过
pheromonal费洛蒙 cues线索 in the water,
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通过水中的信息素线索找到异性
01:39
attaches武官 itself本身 to her body身体
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把自己吸附在异性身上
01:41
and deposits存款 the sperm精子.
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储存精子
01:42
For many许多 decades几十年, biologists生物学家 actually其实 felt
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几十年来,生物学家一直认为
01:45
that the hectocotylushectocotylus was a
separate分离 organism生物 altogether.
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交接腕是一个完全分离的生物体
01:49
Now, the tapir is a mammal哺乳动物 from South America美国.
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貘是一种南美的哺乳动物
01:52
And the tapir has a prehensile抓握 penis阴茎.
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它有一个可以盘卷东西的阴茎
01:55
It actually其实 has a level水平 of dexterity灵巧 in its penis阴茎
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这个阴茎很灵活
01:58
much akin类似的 to what we have with our hands.
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非常类似于我们的手
02:01
And it uses使用 this dexterity灵巧
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它运用这种灵活性
02:02
to bypass旁路 the vagina阴道 altogether
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可以迂回阴道
02:04
and deposit存款 sperm精子 directly into the female's女性的 uterus子宫,
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直接把精子储存在异性的子宫里
02:08
not to mention提到 it's a pretty漂亮 good size尺寸.
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更别说这是一个非常大的阴茎
02:11
The biggest最大 penis阴茎 in the animal动物 kingdom王国,
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动物界最大的阴茎
02:13
however然而, is not that of the tapir.
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却不是貘的阴茎
02:15
The biggest最大 penis-to-body-size阴茎与机身尺寸 ratio
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动物界最悬殊的
02:17
in the animal动物 kingdom王国 actually其实 belongs属于
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阴茎身体比例
02:19
to the meager微薄 beach海滩 barnacle藤壶,
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是看上去可怜巴巴的海滩藤壶
02:21
and this video视频 is actually其实 showing展示 you
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这个视频向我们展示了
02:24
what the human人的 penis阴茎 would look like
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如果人类的阴茎也这么大的话
02:26
if it were the same相同 size尺寸 as that of a barnacle藤壶.
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会是什么样子
02:29
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:32
Mm-hm. (Laughter笑声)
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嗯嗯 (笑声)
02:34
So with all of this diversity多样 in structure结构体,
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鉴于结构的多样性
02:37
one might威力 think, then, that penises阴茎
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有人会想
02:39
are fitting配件 neatly整洁 into vaginas阴道 all over the place地点
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为了能够成功地繁衍后代
02:42
for the purposes目的 of successful成功 reproduction再生产.
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阴茎必须得很齐整地进入阴道
02:44
Simply只是 insert part部分 A into slot插槽 B,
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如果仅仅是把A插入B槽口
02:47
and we should all be good to go.
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那就好办多了
02:49
But of course课程, that doesn't exactly究竟 happen发生,
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当然,这不太可能会发生
02:51
and that's because we can't
just take form形成 into account帐户.
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因为我们不能仅仅只将形状大小考虑进去
02:54
We have to think about function功能 as well,
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还得考虑功能的问题
02:57
and when it comes to sex性别,
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当提及性的时候
02:58
function功能 relates涉及 to the contributions捐款 made制作
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功能与配子或精子和卵子做出的贡献
03:01
by the gametes配子, or the sperm精子 and the eggs.
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密不可分
03:04
And these contributions捐款 are far from equal等于.
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但他们所做的贡献并不是对等的
03:07
Eggs are very expensive昂贵 to make,
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卵子并不容易产生
03:09
so it makes品牌 sense for females女性 to be very choosy挑三拣四
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这使得雌性在和谁分享卵子的事上
03:12
about who she shares分享 them with.
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非常挑剔
03:15
Sperm精子, on the other hand, is abundant丰富 and cheap低廉,
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另一方面,精子很多,显得廉价
03:19
so it makes品牌 more sense for males男性
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这使得雄性
03:21
to have a more-sex-is-better更多的性别就是更好 strategy战略
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在考虑繁衍下一代时
03:23
when it comes to siring父系 members会员
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需要拿出
03:24
of future未来 generations.
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性越多越好的策略
03:26
So how do animals动物 cope应付
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那么动物是如何应对
03:28
with these very incongruent不一致
needs需求 between之间 the sexes两性?
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两性间这种不平衡的需求?
03:31
I mean, if a female doesn't choose选择 a particular特定 male,
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我的意思是,如果雌性不局限于某个特定的同伴
03:34
or if she has the ability能力 to store商店 sperm精子
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或是她有能力储存精子
03:36
and she simply只是 has enough足够,
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并且拥有的量已足
03:38
then it makes品牌 more sense for her to spend her time
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那么她会做些
03:40
doing other biologically生物 relevant相应 things:
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其它生物活动
03:43
avoiding避免 predators大鳄, taking服用 care关心 of offspring子孙,
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躲避捕食者,培育下一代
03:46
gathering搜集 and ingesting摄取 food餐饮.
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采集和消化食物
03:48
This is, of course课程, bad news新闻 for any male
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这对那些还没把精子储存到
03:50
who has yet然而 to make a deposit存款 in her sperm精子 bank银行,
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雌性身体的雄性来说确实不是什么好事
03:53
and this sets the scene现场 for
some pretty漂亮 drastic激烈 strategies策略
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为了能够成功授精
03:56
for successful成功 fertilization受精.
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雄性们不得不使出一些策略
03:59
This is bedbug臭虫 sex性别,
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这是臭虫在做爱
04:01
and it's aptly恰当地 termed被称为 traumatic创伤 insemination授精.
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这被恰如其分地称为创伤性授精
04:05
Males男性 have a spiked, barbed带刺 penis阴茎
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雄性有一个尖尖的类似倒钩的阴茎
04:08
that they literally按照字面 stab into the female,
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他们通常直接插入雌性身体中
04:11
and they don't stab it anywhere随地 near her vagina阴道.
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而且并不刺入阴茎附近
04:14
They stab it anywhere随地 in her body身体,
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雄性把阴茎很随意地刺入雌性身体
04:16
and the sperm精子 simply只是 migrates迁移
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因此精子只是通过
04:17
through通过 her hemolymph血淋巴 to her ovaries卵巢.
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她的血淋巴进入卵巢
04:21
If a female gets得到 too many许多 stab wounds伤口,
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如果雌性的刺伤很多
04:23
or if a stab wound伤口 happens发生 to become成为 infected感染,
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或是这些刺伤受到感染的话
04:25
she can actually其实 die from it.
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她可能会因此死去
04:28
Now if you've ever been out for a nice不错,
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如果你在湖边
04:29
peaceful平静的 walk步行 by the lake
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悠闲自乐地散步
04:31
and happened发生 to see some ducks鸭子 having sex性别,
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看到鸭子们做爱
04:34
you've undoubtedly无疑 been alarmed惊慌,
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你一定会感到很震惊
04:36
because it looks容貌 like gang结伙 rape强奸.
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因为这看起来像群奸
04:38
And quite相当 frankly坦率地说, that's exactly究竟 what it is.
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老实说,事实的确如此
04:41
A group of males男性 will grab a female,
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一大群雄性会抓住一个雌性
04:43
hold保持 her down,
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把她按下去
04:44
and ballistically弹道 ejaculate射出 their spiral-shaped螺旋形 penis阴茎
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然后不停地用自己螺旋状的阴茎
04:49
into her corkscrew-shaped开瓶器形 vagina阴道
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向雌性同一形状的阴道射入精子
04:52
over and over and over again.
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一遍又一遍
04:55
From flaccid松弛 to ejaculation射精 in less than a second第二.
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从一开始的疲软无力道后来的持续射精,这中间的过程不超过一秒
04:58
Now the female actually其实
gets得到 the last laugh, though虽然,
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但是雌性会赢得最后的胜利
05:01
because she can actually其实 manipulate操作 her posture姿势
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因为她可以转变自己的境况
05:03
so as to allow允许 the sperm精子 of certain某些 suitors求婚
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选择那些适宜的精子
05:07
better access访问 to her ovaries卵巢.
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进入自己的卵巢
05:10
Now, I like to share分享 stories故事
like this with my audiences观众
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现在我要和你们分享一些故事
05:12
because, yeah, we humans人类,
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因为,我们人类
05:13
we tend趋向 to think sex性别, sex性别 is fun开玩笑, sex性别 is good,
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总是认为性很好,性充满着乐趣
05:17
there's romance浪漫, and there's orgasm性高潮.
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充满着浪漫,充满着性高潮
05:19
But orgasm性高潮 didn't actually其实 evolve发展
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但直到6500万年后
05:20
until直到 about 65 million百万 years年份 ago
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性高潮才随着哺乳动物的出现
05:23
with the advent来临 of mammals哺乳动物.
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有所发展
05:24
But some animals动物 had it going
on quite相当 a bit before that.
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但是有些动物在此之前就有所变化
05:27
There are some more primitive原始 ways方法
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有一些颇为原始的
05:29
of pleasing愉快 one's那些 partner伙伴.
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取悦异性的方法
05:31
Earwig蜈蚣 males男性 have either
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雄性蠼螋的阴茎下部
05:33
really large penile阴茎 appendages附属物
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要么很大
05:35
or really small ones那些.
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要么很小
05:37
It's a very simple简单 genetically基因 inherited遗传 trait特征
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这是一种非常简单的基因遗传特性
05:39
and the males男性 are not otherwise除此以外 any different不同.
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其他方面,雄性没有任何差别
05:41
Those that have long penile阴茎 appendages附属物
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那些有着长长的阴茎下部的雄性
05:43
are not bigger or stronger
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看上去并不比其它的高大
05:45
or otherwise除此以外 any different不同 at all.
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或是有着其它的不同
05:47
So going back to our biological生物 minds头脑, then,
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根据生物理念
05:49
we might威力 think that females女性 should choose选择
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我们或许认为雌性应当选择
05:51
to have sex性别 with the guys that
have the shorter appendages附属物,
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和那些阴茎下部比较小的雄性做爱
05:54
because she can use her time for other things:
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这样她可以有更多的时间做其它事
05:57
avoiding避免 predators大鳄, taking服用 care关心 of young年轻,
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躲避捕食者,照顾下一代
05:58
finding发现 and ingesting摄取 food餐饮.
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收集和消化食物
06:00
But biologists生物学家 have repeatedly反复 observed观察到的
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但是生物学家多次注意到
06:03
that females女性 choose选择 to have sex性别
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雌性会选择
06:05
with the males男性 that have the long appendages附属物.
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和那些阴茎下部较长的雄性做爱
06:09
Why do they do this?
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她们为什么这么做呢?
06:11
Well, according根据 to the biological生物 literature文学,
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好吧,根据一些生物学方面的专著
06:14
"During copulation交配, the genitalia生殖器 of certain某些 males男性
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“在交配过程中
06:16
may可能 elicit引出 more favorable有利 female responses回复
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通过一些机械的或是刺激性的交互作用
06:19
through通过 superior优越 mechanical机械
or stimulatory刺激 interaction相互作用
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一些雄性的生殖器会运用雌性生殖系统
06:22
with the female reproductive生殖 tract管道."
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使她们产生更为愉悦的反应。”
06:26
Mm-hm.
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嗯嗯
06:28
These are Mexican墨西哥人 guppies孔雀鱼,
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这是墨西哥古比鱼
06:30
and what you see on their upper maxilla颚骨
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你们可以从它们的上颌骨
06:32
is an outgrowth生长 of epidermal表皮的 filaments花丝,
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看到一个表皮细丝的分支
06:35
and these filaments花丝 basically基本上 form形成
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这些细丝形成了
06:36
a fish mustache胡子, if you will.
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一个鱼须
06:39
Now males男性 have been observed观察到的 to prod
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我们已经注意到
06:41
the female's女性的 genital生殖器 opening开盘
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雄性会在交欢前
06:43
prior to copulating交配 with her,
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把阴茎刺入雌性的生殖口
06:45
and in what I have lovingly含情脉脉 termed被称为
the Magnum马格南, P.I. hypothesis假设,
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我喜欢把它命名为“夏威夷神探假设”
(《夏威夷神探》是美国的一部电视剧)
06:48
females女性 are overwhelmingly压倒性 more likely容易 to be found发现
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雌性会更喜欢和那些有鱼须的雄性
06:52
with males男性 that have these fish mustaches小胡子.
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蹲在一起
06:56
A little guppy孔雀鱼 pornA片 for you right there.
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这是一个古比鱼的性爱录像
07:00
So we've我们已经 seen看到 very different不同 strategies策略
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为了赢得一个异性伴侣
07:02
that males男性 are using运用 when it comes to
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雄性会使用
07:05
winning胜利 a female partner伙伴.
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多种策略
07:06
We've我们已经 seen看到 a coercion强迫 strategy战略 in which哪一个
sexual有性 structures结构 are used in a forceful有力 way
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我们知道有一种强制策略使得性以一种强迫的方式
07:11
to basically基本上 make a female have sex性别.
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与雌性发生关系
07:13
We've我们已经 also seen看到 a titillation搔痒 strategy战略
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还有一种取悦策略
07:15
where males男性 are actually其实
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雄性会
07:17
pleasing愉快 their female partners伙伴 into choosing选择 them
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通过讨好异性
07:19
as a sex性别 partner伙伴.
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来赢得她们的芳心
07:21
Now unfortunately不幸, in the animal动物 kingdom王国,
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不幸的是,在动物界
07:23
it's the coercion强迫 strategy战略 that we see
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强制策略
07:26
time and time again.
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最为常见
07:28
It's very common共同 in many许多 phyla门类,
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在各个物种中都可以看到
07:30
from invertebrates无脊椎动物 to avian禽流感 species种类,
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比如无脊椎动物、鸟类
07:32
mammals哺乳动物, and, of course课程, even in primates灵长类动物.
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哺乳动物,甚至在灵长类也很常见
07:35
Now interestingly有趣, there
are a few少数 mammalian哺乳动物 species种类
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有趣的是,在一些哺乳类物种中
07:39
in which哪一个 females女性 have evolved进化 specialized专门 genitalia生殖器
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雌性进化出一些特定的生殖器
07:42
that doesn't allow允许 for sexual有性 coercion强迫 to take place地点.
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使得性强迫无法发生
07:46
Female elephants大象 and female hyenas鬣狗
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母大象和母鬣狗
07:49
have a penile阴茎 clitoris阴蒂,
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有一个勃起的阴蒂
07:51
or an enlarged放大 clitoral阴蒂 tissue组织 that hangs挂起 externally外部,
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或是一个外挂的扩大的阴蒂组织
07:55
much like a penis阴茎,
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很像阴茎
07:57
and in fact事实 it's very difficult to sex性别 these animals动物
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其实很难仅仅从外在区分
07:59
by merely仅仅 looking at their external外部 morphology形态学.
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这些动物的性别
08:02
So before a male can insert
his penis阴茎 into a female's女性的 vagina阴道,
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因此一个雄性在把自己的阴茎插入雄性的卵巢前
08:06
she has to take this penile阴茎 clitoris阴蒂
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雌性会把自己勃起的阴蒂
08:08
and basically基本上 inside-out反了 it in her own拥有 body身体.
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伸出体外
08:11
I mean, imagine想像 putting a penis阴茎 into another另一个 penis阴茎.
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你可以想象,把一个阴茎放在另一个上面
08:14
It's simply只是 not going to happen发生
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这事不太可能发生
08:16
unless除非 the female is on board with the action行动.
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除非雌性同意
08:19
Now, even more interesting有趣 is the fact事实
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更为有趣的是
08:21
that elephant and hyena鬣狗 societies社会
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大象界和鬣狗界
08:23
are entirely完全 matriarchal母系:
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是一个母系社会
08:25
they're run by females女性, groups of females女性,
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它们有一群雌性带领着
08:28
sisters姐妹, aunts阿姨 and offspring子孙,
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姐妹,姑姑阿姨,以及她们的子孙
08:30
and when young年轻 males男性 attain达到 sexual有性 maturity到期,
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当年轻的雄性性发育成熟后
08:33
they're turfed草皮 out of the group.
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就会被驱逐出群体
08:35
In hyena鬣狗 societies社会, adult成人 males男性
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在鬣狗界
08:37
are actually其实 the lowest最低 on the social社会 scale规模.
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成年雄性的地位最低
08:40
They can take part部分 in a kill only after
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在猎杀中,他们总是排在最后
08:43
everybody每个人 else其他, including包含 the offspring子孙.
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甚至不如自己的后代
08:46
So it seems似乎 that when you take the penis阴茎 power功率
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由此可见,如果雄性
08:48
away from a male,
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没有了阴茎
08:50
you take away all the social社会 power功率 he has.
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他就什么社会能力都没了
08:54
So what are my take-home带回家
messages消息 from my talk today今天?
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那么今天我要告诉大家什么呢?
08:56
Well, sex性别 is just so much more
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性不只仅仅是
08:59
than insert part部分 A into slot插槽 B
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把A插入B槽口
09:02
and hope希望 that the offspring子孙 run around everywhere到处.
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然后子孙满堂
09:05
The sexual有性 strategies策略 and reproductive生殖 structures结构
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我们在动物界
09:07
that we see in the animal动物 kingdom王国 basically基本上
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看到的性策略和生殖结构
09:10
dictate听写 how males男性 and females女性
will react应对 to each other,
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告诉我们两性是如何相互作用的
09:14
which哪一个 then dictates使然 how populations人群 and societies社会
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也告诉我们人口和社会
09:17
form形成 and evolve发展.
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如何形成并演变的
09:19
So it may可能 not be surprising奇怪 to any of you
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所以动物,包括我们自己
09:21
that animals动物, including包含 ourselves我们自己,
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花费很多时间想着性的问题
09:23
spend a good amount of time thinking思维 about sex性别,
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一点不足为奇
09:27
but what might威力 surprise you is the extent程度 to which哪一个
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但让你们感到惊讶的是
09:30
so many许多 other aspects方面 of their lives生活 and our lives生活
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性会在多大程度上
09:34
are influenced影响 by it.
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影响我们以及它们生活的方方面面
09:36
So thank you, and happy快乐 daydreaming白日梦.
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谢谢你们。做个好梦!
09:38
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by 晨星 徐
Reviewed by Lee Li

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carin Bondar - Wild sex biologist
Carin Bondar is an expert on the sexual life of animals -- and loves to tell their wild sex stories.

Why you should listen

Group sex, prostitution, masturbation -— every sexy thing we humans do, says Carin Bondar, animals do too, and a whole lot more we, thank goodness, can't (see topic: chastity belts). Bondar, a biologist, hosts the truly astonishing Wild Sex video series on earthtouch.tv , where over two seasons she's been using science and uberwatchable storytelling to tell surprising tales of animal mating. As she says: "We hit topics hard, and not just for the quirk factor, but because there is a lot of cool science behind so many strange mating rituals."

For contrast, her first book, The Nature of Human Nature, examines the unique behaviors of the human species in the context of Darwin's Survival of the Fittest. Bondar is also the host and producer of SciAm Cinema, a monthly series of the best stories from the Scientific American blog network, and the co-host (with Phil Plait) of TwiST, a weekly series about science and tech on the Science Alert YouTube channel, as well as a TV host for Discovery International and National Geographic Wild.

More profile about the speaker
Carin Bondar | Speaker | TED.com