ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jon Mooallem - Writer
Jon Mooallem is the author of "Wild Ones: A Sometimes Dismaying, Weirdly Reassuring Story About Looking at People Looking at Animals in America."

Why you should listen

What do we see when we look at wild animals -- do we respond to human-like traits, or thrill to the idea of their utter unfamiliarity? Jon Mooallem's book, Wild Ones , examines our relationship with wild animals both familiar and feral, telling stories of the North American environmental movement from its unlikely birth, and following three species who've come to symbolize our complicated relationship with whatever "nature" even means anymore.

Mooallem has written about everything from the murder of Hawaiian monk seals, to Idahoan utopians, to the world’s most famous ventriloquist, to the sad, secret history of the invention of the high five. A recent piece, "American Hippopotamus," was an Atavist story on, really, a plan in 1910 to jumpstart the hippopotamus ranching industry in America.

More profile about the speaker
Jon Mooallem | Speaker | TED.com
TED2014

Jon Mooallem: How the teddy bear taught us compassion

乔恩 莫阿拉姆: 关于泰迪熊的奇怪故事,以及它所揭示的我们与动物之间的关系

Filmed:
1,148,716 views

1902年,总统西奥多·罗斯福传奇性地给了一只黑熊一条生路 - 这促使了人们对一个叫做”泰迪熊“玩具的狂热。作家乔恩·莫阿拉姆深入讲述了这个故事,并让我们思考我们如何讲述关于野外动物的故事对一个种类的生存机会,以及整个自然世界会有怎样真正的影响。
- Writer
Jon Mooallem is the author of "Wild Ones: A Sometimes Dismaying, Weirdly Reassuring Story About Looking at People Looking at Animals in America." Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
So it was the fall秋季 of 1902,
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1902年的秋天
00:15
and President主席 Theodore西奥多 Roosevelt罗斯福
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西奥多·罗斯福总统
00:17
needed需要 a little break打破 from the White白色 House,
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需要一个暂别白宫的小假期
00:19
so he took a train培养 to Mississippi密西西比州
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于是他坐火车去了密西西比
00:21
to do a little black黑色 bear hunting狩猎 outside of a town
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在一个镇外狩猎黑熊
00:23
called SmedesSmedes.
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这个镇叫斯密德思
00:25
The first day of the hunt打猎,
they didn't see a single bear,
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在打猎的第一天他们没有看到熊
00:27
so it was a big bummer长号 for everyone大家,
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大家都觉得很无奈
00:29
but the second第二 day, the dogs小狗 cornered走投无路 one
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然而第二天 猎犬在很长的追逐后把一只熊逼进角落
00:32
after a really long chase, but by that point,
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但在那个时候
00:34
the president主席 had given特定 up
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总统已经放弃了追逐
00:36
and gone走了 back to camp for lunch午餐,
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并回到营帐吃午餐
00:37
so his hunting狩猎 guide指南 cracked破解 the animal动物
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于是他的狩猎指导敲昏了动物
00:40
on the top最佳 of the head with the butt屁股 of his rifle步枪,
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用他步枪的尾部去敲击熊头顶
00:43
and then tied it up to a tree
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然后把它绑在一棵树上
00:44
and started开始 tootingtooting away on his bugle号角
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随后吹着号角
嘟嘟地走了
00:47
to call Roosevelt罗斯福 back so he could have the honor荣誉
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他想让罗斯福回来时
00:49
of shooting射击 it.
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享受射击的乐趣
00:51
The bear was a female.
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这是一只母熊
00:53
It was dazed迷茫, injured受伤,
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它有些迷糊 也受了伤
00:56
severely严重 underweight体重过轻, a little mangy-looking癞皮狗前瞻性,
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体重严重不足 看起来脏脏的
00:59
and when Roosevelt罗斯福 saw this animal动物
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当罗斯福看到这个动物
01:01
tied up to the tree,
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被绑在树上时
01:03
he just couldn't不能 bring带来 himself他自己 to fire at it.
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他实在不忍心朝它开枪
01:05
He felt like that would go against反对 his code
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他觉得这样做会违反他的行为准则
01:07
as a sportsman运动员.
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和运动员精神
01:09
A few少数 days later后来, the scene现场 was memorialized纪念
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几天后 这个情景被记录了下来
01:11
in a political政治 cartoon动画片 back in Washington华盛顿.
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出现在华盛顿的一个政治卡通中
01:14
It was called "Drawing画画 a Line线 in Mississippi密西西比州,"
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它叫做《在密西西比划清底线》
01:17
and it showed显示 Roosevelt罗斯福 with
his gun down and his arm out,
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画面展现了罗斯福放下了他的枪
同时伸出他的手臂
01:19
sparing保守的 the bear's熊的 life,
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给熊留了一条生路
01:21
and the bear was sitting坐在 on its hind legs
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这只熊坐在它的后腿上
01:22
with these two big, frightened受惊, wide eyes眼睛
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两只大眼睛 睁得圆圆的 充满了恐惧
01:24
and little ears耳朵 pricked一竖 up at the top最佳 of its head.
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它的耳朵竖在头顶上
01:26
It looked看着 really helpless无助, like you just wanted to
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它看起来很无助 你恨不得
01:28
sweep it up into your arms武器
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想把它拥入怀中
01:30
and reassure再保证 it.
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让它不要担心
01:31
It wouldn't不会 have looked看着 familiar at the time,
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在那时它看起来不太眼熟
01:32
but if you go looking for the cartoon动画片 now,
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但如果你现在看这个卡通
01:34
you recognize认识 the animal动物 right away:
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你能马上认出这个动物:
01:37
It's a teddy泰迪熊 bear.
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它就是泰迪熊
01:39
And this is how the teddy泰迪熊 bear was born天生.
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这就是泰迪熊诞生的故事
01:41
Essentially实质上, toymakers玩具生产商 took
the bear from the cartoon动画片,
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简单说 玩具制造商将这个卡通中的熊
01:43
turned转身 it into a plush长毛绒 toy玩具, and then named命名 it
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做成了毛绒玩具 并用罗斯福总统的名字
01:45
after President主席 Roosevelt罗斯福 -- Teddy's泰迪 bear.
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给它命了名:泰迪熊
01:48
And I do feel a little ridiculous荒谬
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我觉得自己有点傻
01:50
that I'm up here on this stage阶段
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我站在这个舞台上
01:53
and I'm choosing选择 to use my time
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并决定用我的时间
01:54
to tell you about a 100-year-old-岁 story故事
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来告诉你们一个一百年前的故事
01:57
about the invention发明 of a squishy糊状的 kid's孩子的 toy玩具,
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关于一个软绵绵的儿童玩具的发明
02:00
but I'd argue争论 that the invention发明 of the teddy泰迪熊 bear,
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但我想说在泰迪熊的发明的故事里
02:04
inside that story故事 is a more important重要 story故事,
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有个更重要的故事
02:07
a story故事 about how dramatically显着 our ideas思路
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这个故事关系到我们对自然的想法
02:09
about nature性质 can change更改,
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可以如此戏剧化的变化
02:11
and also about how, on the planet行星 right now,
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这也关系到此时在这个星球上
02:14
the stories故事 that we tell
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我们所讲述的故事
02:16
are dramatically显着 changing改变 nature性质.
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正戏剧化地改变自然
02:18
Because think about the teddy泰迪熊 bear.
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您想想泰迪熊
02:20
For us, in retrospect回想起来, it feels感觉 like an obvious明显 fit适合,
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对于我们来说它像一个自然的产物
02:22
because bears are so cute可爱 and cuddly可爱,
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因为熊那么可爱 让人忍不住想抱
02:24
and who wouldn't不会 want to give
one to their kids孩子 to play with,
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谁不想自己的孩子跟其玩耍呢?
02:26
but the truth真相 is that in 1902,
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而在1902年
02:29
bears weren't cute可爱 and cuddly可爱.
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熊并不那么可爱 也不让人想拥抱
02:30
I mean, they looked看着 the same相同,
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我是说他们看起来一样
02:32
but no one thought of them that way.
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可是当时没人这么看待他们
02:33
In 1902, bears were monsters怪物.
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在1902年熊是野兽
02:36
Bears were something that frickin'frickin' terrified kids孩子.
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熊当时是让孩子们异常害怕的动物
02:39
For generations at that point,
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对几代人来说
02:41
the bear had been a shorthand速记 for all the danger危险
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熊一直象征着所有
02:44
that people were encountering遇到 on the frontier边境,
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人们在前线遇到的危险
02:46
and the federal联邦 government政府 was actually其实
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联邦政府其实曾经
02:47
systematically系统 exterminating消灭 bears
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系统性地灭绝狗熊
02:49
and lots of other predators大鳄 too,
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以及其它捕食动物
02:51
like coyotes小狼 and wolves.
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比如说小狼和野狼
02:52
These animals动物, they were being存在 demonized妖魔化.
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这些动物当时被妖魔化
02:54
They were called murderers杀人犯
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它们被称为杀人犯
02:56
because they killed杀害 people's人们 livestock家畜.
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因为它们杀害人们的家禽
02:58
One government政府 biologist生物学家, he explained解释 this
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一个政府生物学家解释说
03:00
war战争 on animals动物 like the bear by saying
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针对动物的战争 比如说熊
03:02
that they no longer had a place地点
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是因为在我们日益发展的文明中
03:05
in our advancing前进 civilization文明,
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它们不再有一席之地
03:07
and so we were just clearing空地 them out of the way.
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所以我们将它们清除掉
03:11
In one 10-year-年 period, close to half a million百万 wolves
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在十年之间 将近50万只狼被屠杀
03:15
had been slaughtered屠宰.
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在95%的原本属于灰熊的领地上
03:16
The grizzly灰熊 would soon不久 be wiped out
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03:18
from 95 percent百分 of its original原版的 territory领土,
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灰熊也濒临绝境
03:21
and whereas once一旦 there had been 30 million百万 bison野牛
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在那些曾经一时有3千万野牛穿越的平原上
03:24
moving移动 across横过 the plains平原, and you would have
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你会听说这样的事儿:
03:26
these stories故事 of trains火车 having to stop
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一些火车必须停靠四到五个小时
03:28
for four or five hours小时 so that these thick,
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才能让这群黑压压、
03:30
living活的 rivers河流 of the animals动物 could pour over the tracks轨道,
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活生生的动物如潮水一般穿过轨道
03:33
now, by 1902, there were maybe
less than 100 left in the wild野生.
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到1902年 这里只剩下不到100只野牛存活于野外
03:38
And so what I'm saying is, the teddy泰迪熊 bear was born天生
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所以我想说的是 泰迪熊诞生于
03:41
into the middle中间 of this great spasm痉挛 of extermination灭绝,
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一个异常严峻的灭绝时代
03:45
and you can see it as a sign标志 that
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你可以把它看成一个征兆
03:46
maybe some people deep down
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也许有些人从心底
03:48
were starting开始 to feel conflicted冲突 about all that killing谋杀.
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开始对这些屠杀感到矛盾
03:52
America美国 still hated the bear and feared害怕 it,
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美国始终痛恨熊 也害怕它
03:55
but all of a sudden突然, America美国 also wanted
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但突然间 美国也想要
03:57
to give the bear a great big hug拥抱.
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给熊一个大拥抱
04:00
So this is something that I've been really
curious好奇 about in the last few少数 years年份.
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这是我在过去几年来很好奇的事
04:02
How do we imagine想像 animals动物,
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我们如何想像动物
04:03
how do we think and feel about them,
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我们如何思考和感受它们
04:05
and how do their reputations名誉 get written书面
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它们的名声如何形成
04:08
and then rewritten改写 in our minds头脑?
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又是如何在我们的头脑里被改写
04:10
We're here living活的 in the eye of a great storm风暴
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我们生活在一个灭绝风暴迫在眉睫的时代
04:13
of extinction灭绝 where half the species种类 on the planet行星
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这个星球上一半的生物种类
04:16
could be gone走了 by the end结束 of the century世纪,
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都可能在这个世纪末消失
04:18
and so why is it that we come to care关心 about
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那么为什么我们会关心
04:19
some of those species种类 and not others其他?
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其中一部分种类 而不是其它的呢
04:22
Well, there's a new field领域, a relatively相对 new field领域
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社会科学有一个新的领域
04:24
of social社会 science科学 that started开始 looking at
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一个相对新的领域 研究这些问题
04:26
these questions问题 and trying to unpack解压 the powerful强大
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同时尝试解析人类与动物之间
04:28
and sometimes有时 pretty漂亮 schizophrenic精神分裂症 relationships关系
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具有神奇力量 却也令人费解的
04:30
that we have to animals动物,
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这种关系
04:32
and I spent花费 a lot of time looking through通过
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我花了很多时间来阅读
04:33
their academic学术的 journals期刊,
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他们的学术期刊
04:35
and all I can really say is that their findings发现
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我能说的是他们的发现
04:37
are astonishingly令人惊讶 wide-ranging广泛.
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广泛得让人吃惊
04:39
So some of my favorites最爱 include包括 that
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我最喜欢的一些发现包括
04:41
the more television电视 a person
watches手表 in Upstate北部 New York纽约,
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一个人在纽约北部看越多的电视
04:43
the more he or she is afraid害怕
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他或她就越害怕
04:45
of being存在 attacked袭击 by a black黑色 bear.
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受到黑熊的攻击
04:47
If you show显示 a tiger to an American美国,
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如果你给一个美国人看一只老虎
04:50
they're much more likely容易 to assume承担 that it's female
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他们更可能假设它是母的
04:52
and not male.
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而不是公的
04:53
In a study研究 where a fake snake
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在一个研究中 一条假的蛇
04:55
and a fake turtle were put on the side of the road,
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和一只假的乌龟被放在路边
04:57
drivers司机 hit击中 the snake much
more often经常 than the turtle,
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驾驶者撞击蛇的比例远大于乌龟
04:59
and about three percent百分 of
drivers司机 who hit击中 the fake animals动物
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而在撞击假动物的驾驶者中有3%
05:01
seemed似乎 to do it on purpose目的.
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是故意这么做的
05:03
Women妇女 are more likely容易 than men男人 to get a
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相对于男人 女人更有可能
05:06
"magical神奇 feeling感觉" when they see dolphins海豚 in the surf冲浪.
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在冲浪时看到海豚而有"美妙的感觉"
05:09
Sixty-eight六十八个 percent百分 of mothers母亲 with
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68%具有"强烈的权利和自尊感"的母亲们
05:11
"high feelings情怀 of entitlement权利 and self-esteem自尊"
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05:14
identified确定 with the dancing跳舞 cats
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在观看Purina广告时 [猫粮品牌]
05:16
in a commercial广告 for Purina普瑞纳. (Laughter笑声)
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能和跳舞的猫能产生同鸣(笑声)
05:18
Americans美国人 consider考虑 lobsters龙虾
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美国人觉得龙虾
05:20
more important重要 than pigeons鸽子
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比鸽子更重要
05:21
but also much, much stupider愚蠢.
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但也更加愚蠢
05:23
Wild野生 turkeys火鸡 are seen看到 as only slightly
more dangerous危险 than sea otters水獭,
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野生火鸡被认为比海獭更危险一点点
05:26
and pandas大熊猫 are twice两次 as lovable可爱 as ladybugs瓢虫.
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熊猫比瓢虫可爱两倍
05:32
So some of this is physical物理, right?
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这其中有些是因为外表的关系对吗?
05:33
We tend趋向 to sympathize同情 more
with animals动物 that look like us,
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我们更同情看起来像我们的动物
05:36
and especially特别 that resemble类似 human人的 babies婴儿,
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尤其是那些像人类婴儿的
05:37
so with big, forward-facing面向前 eyes眼睛
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大而朝前的眼睛
05:39
and circular faces面孔,
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圆形脸
05:40
kind of a roly-poly不倒翁 posture姿势.
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类似不倒翁的姿势
05:42
This is why, if you get a Christmas圣诞 card from, like,
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这就是为什么如果你收到
05:44
your great aunt姑妈 in Minnesota明尼苏达,
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你在明尼苏达州的姑姑寄来的圣诞卡
05:45
there's usually平时 a fuzzy模糊 penguin企鹅 chick小鸡 on it,
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上面更可能有一只带绒毛的小企鹅
05:46
and not something like a Glacier冰川 Bay wolf spider蜘蛛.
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而不是冰川湾狼蜘蛛 [笑声]
05:49
But it's not all physical物理, right?
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但这也不完全是因为外表 对吧?
05:52
There's a cultural文化 dimension尺寸 to
how we think about animals动物,
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我们对动物的想法有文化的一面
05:55
and we're telling告诉 stories故事 about these animals动物,
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我们讲述关于这些动物的故事
05:57
and like all stories故事,
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这些故事像所有故事一样
05:58
they are shaped成形 by the times and the places地方
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当我们讲故事的时候
06:00
in which哪一个 we're telling告诉 them.
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用时间和地点给故事塑形
06:01
So think about that moment时刻
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所以请想想那个时刻
06:03
back in 1902 again where a ferocious凶猛 bear
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回到1902年 一只凶猛的熊
06:06
became成为 a teddy泰迪熊 bear.
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成为一只泰迪熊
06:07
What was the context上下文?
Well, America美国 was urbanizing城市化.
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当时是什么环境?美国正经历城市化
06:10
For the first time, nearly几乎 a
majority多数 of people lived生活 in cities城市,
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历史上第一次 大部分人住到了城市
06:13
so there was a growing生长 distance距离
between之间 us and nature性质.
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我们与自然的距离日益剧增
06:15
There was a safe安全 space空间 where we could
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我们有了一个安全的空间
06:17
reconsider重新考虑 the bear and romanticize浪漫 it.
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可以重新想象熊 并将其浪漫化
06:20
Nature性质 could only start开始 to
seem似乎 this pure and adorable可爱的
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于是自然开始显得这么纯粹和可爱
06:22
because we didn't have to be afraid害怕 of it anymore.
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因为我们不再害怕
06:25
And you can see that cycle周期 playing播放 out
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你可以看到这个循环不断上演
06:27
again and again with all kinds of animals动物.
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一遍又一遍出现在所有动物身上
06:29
It seems似乎 like we're always stuck卡住 between之间
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我们似乎总是这样
06:31
demonizing妖魔化 a species种类 and wanting希望 to wipe擦拭 it out,
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妖魔化然后灭绝一个物种
06:33
and then when we get very close to doing that,
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而当我们快要成功时
06:35
empathizing移情 with it as an underdog弱旅
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又开始怜惜弱者
06:37
and wanting希望 to show显示 it compassion同情.
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展现出无限的同情心
06:40
So we exert发挥 our power功率,
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我们人类乐于运用自己的力量
06:42
but then we're unsettled
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却又为这能量之大
06:43
by how powerful强大 we are.
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而惶惶不安起来
06:46
So for example, this is one of
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举个例子 这是
06:48
probably大概 thousands数千 of letters and drawings图纸
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几千封信件和图画之一
这是孩子们寄给布什政府
06:51
that kids孩子 sent发送 to the Bush衬套 administration行政,
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请求政府遵循《濒危动物保护法案》
06:52
begging乞讨 it to protect保护 the polar极性 bear
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06:54
under the Endangered濒危 Species种类 Act法案,
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保护北极熊
06:55
and these were sent发送 back in the mid-中-2000s,
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这些信是在2000至2010年寄出的
06:58
when awareness意识 of climate气候
change更改 was suddenly突然 surging滔滔.
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当时我们对气候变化的关注剧增
07:00
We kept不停 seeing眼看 that image图片 of a polar极性 bear
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我们一直看到这样一个画面
07:01
stranded搁浅 on a little ice floe浮冰
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一只北极熊被困在一小块冰上
07:02
looking really morose忧郁.
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看起来非常惆怅
07:04
I spent花费 days looking through通过 these files.
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我花了很多天看这些文件
07:06
I really love them. This one's那些 my favorite喜爱.
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我非常喜欢它们 这张是我的最爱
07:08
If you can see, it's a polar极性 bear that's drowning溺死
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您可以看到这是只被淹没的北极熊
07:10
and then it's also being存在 eaten吃过 simultaneously同时
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与此同时它正被
07:12
by a lobster龙虾 and a shark鲨鱼.
192
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一只龙虾和鲨鱼吃掉
07:15
This one came来了 from a kid孩子 named命名 Fritz弗里茨,
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这个来自于叫一个叫弗利兹的孩子
07:17
and he's actually其实 got a solution to climate气候 change更改.
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他实际上已经找到对付气候变化方法
07:18
He's got it all worked工作 out to an ethanol-based乙醇为主 solution.
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在乙醇的基础上他研究出了方案
07:20
He says, "I feel bad about the polar极性 bears.
196
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他说 "我为北极熊感到难过
07:23
I like polar极性 bears.
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我喜欢北极熊
07:25
Everyone大家 can use corn玉米 juice果汁 for cars汽车. From Fritz弗里茨."
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大家可以用玉米汁来开车 -弗利兹"
07:31
So 200 years年份 ago, you would have Arctic北极 explorers探险
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200年前 极地探险家
07:34
writing写作 about polar极性 bears leaping跳跃 into their boats
200
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会记载说北极熊跳到他们的船上
07:36
and trying to devour吞食 them,
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尝试活吞他们
07:37
even if they lit发光的 the bear on fire,
202
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即使他们在熊身上点火
07:39
but these kids孩子 don't see the polar极性 bear that way,
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然而这些孩子们不这么看北极熊
07:41
and actually其实 they don't even see the polar极性 bear
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实际上他们看待北极熊的角度
07:43
the way that I did back in the '80s.
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也不同于我在80年代的看法
07:45
I mean, we thought of these animals动物
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我们认为这些动物
07:46
as mysterious神秘 and terrifying可怕的 lords领主 of the Arctic北极.
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是北极神秘而恐怖的主人
07:49
But look now how quickly很快 that climate气候 change更改
208
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然而你看现在气候快速地变化
07:51
has flipped翻转 the image图片 of the animal动物 in our minds头脑.
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这已经颠倒了我们对动物的看法
07:54
It's gone走了 from that bloodthirsty嗜血 man-killer男人杀手
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它们从嗜血的杀人犯
07:56
to this delicate精巧, drowning溺死 victim受害者,
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变成了纤弱垂死的受害者
07:59
and when you think about it, that's kind of
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如果你仔细想想
08:01
the conclusion结论 to the story故事
213
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1981
这也算泰迪熊的故事的
08:03
that the teddy泰迪熊 bear started开始 telling告诉 back in 1902,
214
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一个结论
08:06
because back then, America美国 had more or less
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2890
因为在那时 美国或多或少
08:09
conquered征服 its share分享 of the continent大陆.
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征服了属于它的领地
08:10
We were just getting得到 around to
217
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1303
我们当时正接近
08:12
polishing抛光 off these last wild野生 predators大鳄.
218
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2018
消灭这些最后的野外捕食者
08:14
Now, society's社会 reach达到 has expanded扩大
219
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2554
现在 社会的影响已经扩大
08:16
all the way to the top最佳 of the world世界,
220
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一路通往世界的最顶端
08:18
and it's made制作 even these, the most remote远程,
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2294
这使那些甚至最遥远
08:21
the most powerful强大 bears on the planet行星,
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世界上最凶猛的熊
08:23
seem似乎 like adorable可爱的 and blameless无可指责 victims受害者.
223
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看起来也像可爱的和无辜的受害者
08:26
But you know, there's also a
postscript后记 to the teddy泰迪熊 bear story故事
224
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其实 泰迪熊故事还有一个
08:29
that not a lot of people talk about.
225
497581
1637
不为人知的后记
08:31
We're going to talk about it,
226
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1783
我想讲给大家听
08:33
because even though虽然 it didn't really take long
227
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2173
因为即使没有过多久
08:35
after Roosevelt's罗斯福 hunt打猎 in 1902
228
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1800
在1902年罗斯福打猎之后
08:36
for the toy玩具 to become成为 a full-blown全面爆发 craze狂热,
229
504974
1977
这个玩具成为完全的热潮
08:38
most people figured想通 it was a fad时尚,
230
506951
2501
大多数人认为它只是一时流行
08:41
it was a sort分类 of silly愚蠢 political政治 novelty新奇 item项目
231
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2232
它只是一种无聊的政治新奇物品
08:43
and it would go away once一旦 the president主席 left office办公室,
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在总统退职后就会消失
08:45
and so by 1909, when Roosevelt's罗斯福 successor接班人,
233
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所以在1909年 当罗斯福的后任
08:49
William威廉 Howard霍华德 Taft塔夫脱,
234
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1425
威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱
08:51
was getting得到 ready准备 to be inaugurated揭牌,
235
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1408
准备任职
08:52
the toy玩具 industry行业 was on the hunt打猎
236
520556
1932
玩具界开始寻找
08:54
for the next下一个 big thing.
237
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2827
下一个流行产品
08:57
They didn't do too well.
238
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2257
他们没有成功
08:59
That January一月, Taft塔夫脱 was the guest客人 of honor荣誉
239
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在那年一月份 塔夫脱作为嘉宾
09:02
at a banquet宴会 in Atlanta亚特兰大,
240
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1439
参加在亚特兰大的一个舞会
09:03
and for days in advance提前,
241
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1869
在这之前的几天来
09:05
the big news新闻 was the menu菜单.
242
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1445
最大的新闻就是菜单
09:06
They were going to be serving服务 him
243
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1086
他们打算为他准备
09:08
a Southern南部的 specialty专业, a delicacy美味, really,
244
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一道特别而美味的南方菜肴
09:10
called possum负鼠 and taterstaters.
245
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2906
叫做红薯烤负鼠
09:12
So you would have a whole整个 opossum负鼠
246
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2602
一整只负鼠
09:15
roasted on a bed of sweet potatoes土豆,
247
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1365
放在一堆红薯上烤
09:16
and then sometimes有时 they'd他们会 leave离开
248
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1447
有时候他们会把大尾巴留在上面
09:18
the big tail尾巴 on it like a big, meaty肉香 noodle面条.
249
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就好像一根宽面条
09:21
The one brought to Taft's塔夫脱 table
250
549878
1679
放在塔夫特桌上的那只
09:23
weighed称重 18 pounds英镑.
251
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重达18磅
09:26
So after dinner晚餐, the orchestra乐队 started开始 to play,
252
554742
2704
在晚宴结束后 乐团开始演奏
09:29
and the guests宾客 burst爆裂 into song歌曲,
253
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1840
客人们开始唱歌
09:31
and all of a sudden突然, Taft塔夫脱 was surprised诧异
254
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1624
突然间塔夫特惊讶地
09:32
with the presentation介绍 of a gift礼品
255
560910
1722
收到一份礼物
09:34
from a group of local本地 supporters支持者,
256
562632
1892
来自于一群当地的支持者
09:36
and this was a stuffed填充的 opossum负鼠 toy玩具,
257
564524
2436
那是一个填充的负鼠玩具
09:38
all beady-eyed明眸眼 and bald-eared秃耳,
258
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2210
珠状眼睛和光秃秃的耳朵
09:41
and it was a new product产品 they were putting forward前锋
259
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2700
这是他们推荐的新产品
09:43
to be the William威廉 Taft塔夫脱 presidency's总统的 answer回答
260
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2722
作为威廉·塔夫特担任总统的答案
09:46
to Teddy泰迪熊 Roosevelt's罗斯福 teddy泰迪熊 bear.
261
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3548
呼应泰迪·罗斯福的泰迪熊
09:50
They were calling调用 it the "billy比利 possum负鼠."
262
578140
4446
他们称它为"比利负鼠"
09:54
Within 24 hours小时, the Georgia格鲁吉亚 Billy比利 Possum负鼠 Company公司
263
582586
3850
24小时之内 乔治比利负鼠公司
09:58
was up and running赛跑, brokering经纪 deals交易
264
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1550
成立并开始运营
09:59
for these things nationwide全国,
265
587986
1600
在全国进行中介交易
10:01
and the Los洛杉矶 Angeles洛杉矶 Times announced公布,
266
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1598
当时洛杉矶时报
10:03
very confidently信心十足地, "The teddy泰迪熊 bear
267
591184
1952
非常自信地宣称 "泰迪熊
10:05
has been relegated降级 to a seat座位 in the rear,
268
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2526
已经退到后幕
10:07
and for four years年份, possibly或者 eight,
269
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2598
在将来的四年 甚至八年
10:10
the children孩子 of the United联合的 States状态
270
598260
1954
美国的儿童
10:12
will play with billy比利 possum负鼠."
271
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3232
将和比利负鼠一起玩耍”
10:15
So from that point, there was a fit适合 of opossum负鼠 fever发热.
272
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2124
从那时起 负鼠的流行具备了条件
10:17
There were billy比利 possum负鼠 postcards明信片, billy比利 possum负鼠 pins,
273
605570
2468
有比利负鼠名信片、比利负鼠顶针、
10:20
billy比利 possum负鼠 pitchers投手 for your cream奶油 at coffee咖啡 time.
274
608038
2162
比利负鼠奶油罐 喝咖啡的时候用
10:22
There were smaller billy比利 possums负鼠 on a stick
275
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1730
还有更小的比利负鼠 攀在一根棍子上
10:23
that kids孩子 could wave around like flags.
276
611930
2942
小孩子们可以把它当旗子一样挥动
10:26
But even with all this marketing营销,
277
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1918
即使借助这些市场营销手段
10:28
the life of the billy比利 possum负鼠
278
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2030
比利负鼠的生命
10:30
turned转身 out to be just pathetically悲哀地 brief简要.
279
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3184
结果还是短暂得可怜
10:34
The toy玩具 was an absolute绝对 flop拍击声,
280
622004
2043
这个玩具彻底地失败了
10:36
and it was almost几乎 completely全然 forgotten忘记了
281
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1579
到那年的年底
10:37
by the end结束 of the year,
282
625626
1368
它几乎完全地被遗忘了
10:38
and what that means手段 is that the billy比利 possum负鼠
283
626994
2092
这意味着比利负鼠
10:41
didn't even make it to Christmastime圣诞节的时候,
284
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1500
甚至没有持久到圣诞节
10:42
which哪一个 when you think about it is
285
630586
1040
你可以想像
10:43
a special特别 sort分类 of tragedy悲剧 for a toy玩具.
286
631626
3849
这对一个玩具来说是个悲催的灾难
10:47
So we can explain说明 that failure失败 two ways方法.
287
635475
1923
对于这个失败 我们有两种解释
10:49
The first, well, it's pretty漂亮 obvious明显.
288
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2190
第一 很明显
10:51
I'm going to go ahead and say it out loud anyway无论如何:
289
639588
1888
我就明说吧:
10:53
Opossums负鼠 are hideous可怕. (Laughter笑声)
290
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2861
负鼠太狰狞了
10:56
But maybe more importantly重要的 is that
291
644337
2663
但也许更重要的是
10:59
the story故事 of the billy比利 possum负鼠 was all wrong错误,
292
647000
2690
比利负鼠的故事完全错了
11:01
especially特别 compared相比
293
649690
1531
尤其是比起
11:03
to the backstory背景故事 of the teddy泰迪熊 bear.
294
651221
2081
泰迪熊的背景故事
11:05
Think about it: for most of
human's人类 evolutionary发展的 history历史,
295
653302
2242
大多数人类进化历史
11:07
what's made制作 bears impressive有声有色 to us
296
655544
2325
让我们觉得熊很厉害的是
11:09
has been their complete完成 independence独立 from us.
297
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2172
他们完全独立于我们
11:12
It's that they live生活 these parallel平行 lives生活
298
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2585
他们过着与我们平行的生活
11:14
as menaces恫吓 and competitors竞争对手.
299
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2505
如同威胁和竞争者
11:17
By the time Roosevelt罗斯福 went hunting狩猎 in Mississippi密西西比州,
300
665131
2355
当罗斯福在密西西比打猎时
11:19
that stature身材 was being存在 crushed,
301
667486
1978
这个印象完全被破灭了
11:21
and the animal动物 that he had roped拉拢 to a tree
302
669464
2238
那个被他绑在树上的动物
11:23
really was a symbol符号 for all bears.
303
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成为了所有熊的象征
11:26
Whether是否 those animals动物 lived生活 or died死亡 now
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这些动物现在是死是活
11:28
was entirely完全 up to the compassion同情
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完全取决于人们是给予同情心
11:31
or the indifference漠不关心 of people.
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还是漠然无视
11:33
That said something really ominous不祥的
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这预示了一种不详的
11:35
about the future未来 of bears,
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熊的未来
11:38
but it also said something very
unsettling惴惴 about who we'd星期三 become成为,
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它也预示了发展中的人类
心中的不安
11:41
if the survival生存 of even an animal动物 like that
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如果一个像熊那样的动物的生存
11:43
was up to us now.
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现在完全取决于我们
11:46
So now, a century世纪 later后来, if you're at all
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那现在 一个世纪以后
11:48
paying付款 attention注意 to what's
happening事件 in the environment环境,
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如果你还关注环境的发展
11:50
you feel that discomfort不舒服 so much more intensely激烈.
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你会感觉到更强烈的不适
11:54
We're living活的 now in an age年龄 of what scientists科学家们
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我们住在一个这样的时代
11:57
have started开始 to call "conservation保护 reliance依赖,"
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科学家称之为“保护依赖”
11:59
and what that term术语 means手段 is that we've我们已经 disrupted破坏
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这意味着我们已经过度的破坏了自然
12:01
so much that nature性质 can't possibly或者
stand on its own拥有 anymore,
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它不能再单纯依靠自我修复了
12:04
and most endangered濒危 species种类
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大多数濒临灭绝的种类
12:06
are only going to survive生存
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唯一能生存的条件是
12:08
if we stay out there in the landscape景观
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人类必须置身野外
12:10
rigggingriggging the world世界 around them in their favor偏爱.
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监控着环境 并把环境改造得利于动物的生存
12:12
So we've我们已经 gone走了 hands-on动手
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我们必须亲自参与
12:14
and we can't ever take our hands off,
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我们永远不能放手不管
12:16
and that's a hell地狱 of a lot of work.
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这个工作量太大了
12:18
Right now, we're training训练 condors秃鹰
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现在我们正在训练秃鹰
12:21
not to perch栖息 on power功率 lines线.
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不在电线上歇脚
12:23
We teach whooping百日咳 cranes起重机
to migrate迁移 south for the winter冬季
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我们开着小型的超光波飞机
12:26
behind背后 little ultra-light超轻 airplanes飞机.
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领着鹤在冬季移居南方
12:28
We're out there feeding馈送 plague鼠疫 vaccine疫苗 to ferrets雪貂.
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我们给鼬注射瘟疫疫苗
12:32
We monitor监控 pygmy侏儒 rabbits with drones无人驾驶飞机.
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我们用无人机器监视侏儒兔
12:36
So we've我们已经 gone走了 from annihilating歼敌 species种类
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我们从试图灭绝一些物种
12:39
to micromanaging微观管理 the survival生存 of a lot of species种类
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到无限期地 微观地管理许多种类的生存
12:43
indefinitely无限期, and which哪一个 ones那些?
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那么有哪些物种呢?
12:45
Well, the ones那些 that we've我们已经 told
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那些我们已经说过的
12:46
compelling引人注目 stories故事 about,
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在精彩的故事里出现的
12:48
the ones那些 we've我们已经 decided决定 ought应该 to stick around.
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那些我们决定应该继续存活的
12:51
The line线 between之间 conservation保护 and domestication驯化
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保护和驯化之间的界限
12:54
is blurred模糊.
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变得模糊
12:56
So what I've been saying is that the stories故事
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所以我一直在讲的是 这些故事
12:58
that we tell about wild野生 animals动物 are so subjective主观
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这些关于野外动物的故事是很主观的
13:01
they can be irrational不合理的
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它们可能是非理性的、
13:02
or romanticized浪漫 or sensationalized耸人听闻.
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浪漫化的、或情绪化的
13:04
Sometimes有时 they just have
nothing to do with the facts事实.
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有时它们跟事实毫无相关
13:07
But in a world世界 of conservation保护 reliance依赖,
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在一个“保护依赖”的世界
13:10
those stories故事 have very real真实 consequences后果,
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这些故事会有很真实的后果
13:12
because now, how we feel about an animal动物
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因为现在 我们对一种动物的看法
13:15
affects影响 its survival生存
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对它生存的影响
13:17
more than anything that you read about
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大于你在生态课本中
13:19
in ecology生态 textbooks教科书.
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读到的任何信息
13:21
Storytelling评书 matters事项 now.
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如今讲故事很关键
13:23
Emotion情感 matters事项.
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情绪很重要
13:25
Our imagination想像力 has become成为 an ecological生态 force.
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我们的想象已经成为一股生态力量
13:31
And so maybe the teddy泰迪熊 bear worked工作 in part部分
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1937
也许泰迪熊营销的成功
13:32
because the legend传说 of Roosevelt罗斯福
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一部分归功于 这个罗斯福的传说
13:35
and that bear in Mississippi密西西比州
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和那只密西西比的熊
13:37
was kind of like an allegory寓言
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就好像一个寓言
13:39
of this great responsibility责任 that society社会
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讲述了人类意识到
13:41
was just beginning开始 to face面对 up to back then.
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自己对于社会的巨大责任的过程
13:43
It would be another另一个 71 years年份
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那时还要71年
13:46
before the Endangered濒危 Species种类 Act法案 was passed通过,
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《濒危动物保护法案通过》才会通过
13:48
but really, here's这里的 its whole整个 ethos社会思潮
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但事实上 这是整个社会思潮
13:50
boiled煮沸 down into something like a scene现场
363
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1954
浓缩成的一个景象
13:52
you'd see in a stained染色 glass玻璃 window窗口.
364
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就像一副琉璃画
13:54
The bear is a helpless无助 victim受害者 tied to a tree,
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熊是个被绑在树上的无辜的受害者
13:57
and the president主席 of the United联合的 States状态
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而美国总统
14:00
decided决定 to show显示 it some mercy怜悯.
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决定怜惜它
14:02
Thank you.
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谢谢
14:05
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
14:07
[Illustrations插图 by Wendy温迪 MacNaughton麦乐端]
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[插画:温迪 马克诺顿]
Translated by Keke Gu
Reviewed by Chloe Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jon Mooallem - Writer
Jon Mooallem is the author of "Wild Ones: A Sometimes Dismaying, Weirdly Reassuring Story About Looking at People Looking at Animals in America."

Why you should listen

What do we see when we look at wild animals -- do we respond to human-like traits, or thrill to the idea of their utter unfamiliarity? Jon Mooallem's book, Wild Ones , examines our relationship with wild animals both familiar and feral, telling stories of the North American environmental movement from its unlikely birth, and following three species who've come to symbolize our complicated relationship with whatever "nature" even means anymore.

Mooallem has written about everything from the murder of Hawaiian monk seals, to Idahoan utopians, to the world’s most famous ventriloquist, to the sad, secret history of the invention of the high five. A recent piece, "American Hippopotamus," was an Atavist story on, really, a plan in 1910 to jumpstart the hippopotamus ranching industry in America.

More profile about the speaker
Jon Mooallem | Speaker | TED.com