ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.

Why you should listen

In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)  

Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy." 

He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSalon NY2014

Paul Bloom: Can prejudice ever be a good thing?

保罗‧布鲁姆: 偏见可能是件好事?

Filmed:
1,233,148 views

我们时常将偏见和偏好视为无知的产物。但是,心理学家保罗‧布鲁姆试图告诉大家,偏见时常是天生的、理性的......甚至是有道德的。布鲁姆认为,最重要的是去理解我们的偏见是如何运作的——这样我们就能在它出错时,提出更好的应对方式。
- Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
When we think about prejudice偏见 and bias偏压,
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当我们想到偏见和偏爱,
00:15
we tend趋向 to think about stupid and evil邪恶 people
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我们总会联想到愚蠢又邪恶的人
00:17
doing stupid and evil邪恶 things.
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做着愚蠢且邪恶的事。
00:19
And this idea理念 is nicely很好 summarized总结
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英国评论家威廉‧哈兹里特
00:21
by the British英国的 critic评论家 William威廉 Hazlitt黑兹利特,
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非常好地总结了这个想法,
00:24
who wrote, "Prejudice偏见 is the child儿童 of ignorance无知."
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他写道,“偏见是无知的幼子”
00:27
I want to try to convince说服 you here
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我想要试图游说你
00:29
that this is mistaken错误.
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这是错误的。
00:31
I want to try to convince说服 you
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我想要向你证明
00:32
that prejudice偏见 and bias偏压
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偏见和偏爱
00:34
are natural自然, they're often经常 rational合理的,
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是自然而然的,
它们时常是理性的,
00:37
and they're often经常 even moral道德,
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时常甚至是道德的,
00:39
and I think that once一旦 we understand理解 this,
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我想当我们理解这,
00:41
we're in a better position位置 to make sense of them
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当它出现问题的时候
00:44
when they go wrong错误,
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当它可能造成严重后果的时候,
00:45
when they have horrible可怕 consequences后果,
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我们会有更好的应对方式,
00:47
and we're in a better position位置 to know what to do
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当这一切发生的时候,
00:49
when this happens发生.
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我们会知道要如何处理。
00:51
So, start开始 with stereotypes定型. You look at me,
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好,让我们从“成见”开始聊起。
你看着我,
00:54
you know my name名称, you
know certain某些 facts事实 about me,
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你知道我的名字,
以及一些关于我的事情,
00:56
and you could make certain某些 judgments判断.
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你可以做出一定的判断。
00:58
You could make guesses猜测 about my ethnicity种族,
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你可以猜测我的种族,
01:01
my political政治 affiliation联系, my religious宗教 beliefs信仰.
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我的政治倾向,我的宗教信仰
01:04
And the thing is, these
judgments判断 tend趋向 to be accurate准确.
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这些判断似乎可以是准确的。
01:06
We're very good at this sort分类 of thing.
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我们对这些事非常擅长。
01:08
And we're very good at this sort分类 of thing
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我们非常善于这些事的原因是
01:10
because our ability能力 to stereotype铅板 people
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我们“定义”他人的能力
01:12
is not some sort分类 of arbitrary随意 quirk俏皮话 of the mind心神,
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不是非常武断的意识行为,
01:16
but rather it's a specific具体 instance
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而是一个综合过程
01:18
of a more general一般 process处理,
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的特定反应,
01:20
which哪一个 is that we have experience经验
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这意谓着,当我们对所经历过的
01:21
with things and people in the world世界
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世界上发生的人与事
01:23
that fall秋季 into categories类别,
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做出分类,
01:24
and we can use our experience经验
to make generalizations概括
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我们可以用经验来
01:27
about novel小说 instances实例 of these categories类别.
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做出反应,
01:29
So everybody每个人 here has a lot of experience经验
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这里的每个人都有很多经验
01:31
with chairs椅子 and apples苹果 and dogs小狗,
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椅子,苹果,狗
01:34
and based基于 on this, you could see
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根据这些物件,你可以看到
01:35
unfamiliar陌生 examples例子 and you could guess猜测,
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不熟悉的例子,并且你可以猜测,
01:37
you could sit on the chair椅子,
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你可以坐在这张椅子上,
01:39
you could eat the apple苹果, the dog will bark.
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你可以吃这个苹果,
狗会对着你叫。
01:41
Now we might威力 be wrong错误.
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我们可能是错的。
01:43
The chair椅子 could collapse坍方 if you sit on it,
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当你坐在椅子上的时候,
椅子可能会塌,
01:45
the apple苹果 might威力 be poison, the dog might威力 not bark,
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苹果可能是有毒的,
狗未必会叫,
01:47
and in fact事实, this is my dog Tessie泰西, who doesn't bark.
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事实上,这是我的狗泰西,
它不叫。
01:50
But for the most part部分, we're good at this.
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但在大多数情况下,
我们对此很擅长。
01:53
For the most part部分, we make good guesses猜测
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在大多数情况下,
我们的猜测是合理的
01:55
both in the social社会 domain and the non-social非社会 domain,
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在社会领域或其他领域,
01:57
and if we weren't able能够 to do so,
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如果我们不具有这样的能力,
01:58
if we weren't able能够 to make guesses猜测 about
new instances实例 that we encounter遭遇,
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如果我们没有办法对出现的新鲜事物
做出正确的猜测,
02:02
we wouldn't不会 survive生存.
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我们将无法生存。
02:03
And in fact事实, Hazlitt黑兹利特 later后来 on in his wonderful精彩 essay文章
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事实上,哈兹里特后来
在他的佳作中
02:06
concedes承认 this.
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对此评论做出了让步。
02:07
He writes, "Without没有 the aid援助 of prejudice偏见 and custom习惯,
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他写道,“如果没有偏见和风俗习惯的帮助,
02:10
I should not be able能够 to find
my way my across横过 the room房间;
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我将无法找到穿越房间的路;
02:12
nor也不 know how to conduct进行
myself in any circumstances情况,
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也无法知晓自己在不同条件下
要做出怎样的行为反应,
02:15
nor也不 what to feel in any relation关系 of life."
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也无法体会人生关系中的任何感觉。”
02:19
Or take bias偏压.
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现在来讨论偏爱。
02:21
Now sometimes有时, we break打破 the world世界 up into
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有时候,我们将世界划分为
02:22
us versus them, into in-group在组 versus out-group外群体,
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我们对抗他们,
内群体对抗外群体,
02:25
and sometimes有时 when we do this,
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有时当我们这么做的时候,
02:26
we know we're doing something wrong错误,
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我们知道我们正在犯错误,
02:28
and we're kind of ashamed羞愧 of it.
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我们甚至会有些惭愧。
02:30
But other times we're proud骄傲 of it.
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但其他时间,我们对此很自豪。
02:31
We openly公然 acknowledge确认 it.
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我们公开承认。
02:33
And my favorite喜爱 example of this
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我最喜欢的例子
02:34
is a question that came来了 from the audience听众
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是一个来自观众的问题
02:37
in a Republican共和党人 debate辩论 prior to the last election选举.
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在一个选前的共和党辩论。
02:39
(Video视频) Anderson安德森 Cooper库珀: Gets获取 to your question,
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(视频)安德森·库柏:问答时间,
02:42
the question in the hall大厅, on foreign国外 aid援助? Yes, ma'am夫人.
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观众提问,有关对外援助?
有请这位女士。
02:46
Woman女人: The American美国 people are suffering痛苦
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女士:在美国国内,有很多
02:48
in our country国家 right now.
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美国人民正在经受苦难。
02:51
Why do we continue继续 to send发送 foreign国外 aid援助
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为什么我们要持续为其他国家
02:54
to other countries国家
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提供援助呢?
02:55
when we need all the help we can get for ourselves我们自己?
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此时我们需要这些援助
使用在本国人身上。
02:59
ACAC: Governor州长 Perry佩里, what about that?
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安德森·库柏:
州长佩里,请您解答?
03:01
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
03:03
Rick干草堆 Perry佩里: Absolutely绝对, I think it's—
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里克·佩里:绝对的,我认为--
03:05
Paul保罗 Bloom盛开: Each of the people onstage在舞台上
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保罗·布鲁姆:这个台上的每个人
03:07
agreed同意 with the premise前提 of her question,
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同意她问题的前提,
03:08
which哪一个 is as Americans美国人, we should care关心 more
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这个前提就是作为美国人,
我们应该将
03:11
about Americans美国人 than about other people.
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更多的关注给予本国人民
而不是其他人民。
03:13
And in fact事实, in general一般, people are often经常 swayed动摇
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事实上,总的来说,
人们时常容易受到影响
03:16
by feelings情怀 of solidarity团结, loyalty忠诚, pride自豪, patriotism爱国主义,
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对他们国家以及种族
诸如团结,忠诚,
03:19
towards their country国家 or towards their ethnic民族 group.
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自豪以及爱国主义。
03:22
Regardless而不管 of your politics政治, many许多
people feel proud骄傲 to be American美国,
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不谈政治倾向,很多人对他们
美国人的身份感到自豪,
03:25
and they favor偏爱 Americans美国人 over other countries国家.
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他们偏爱美国多于其他国家。
03:27
Residents居民 of other countries国家
feel the same相同 about their nation国家,
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其他国家的人们
也持有这样的态度,
03:30
and we feel the same相同 about our ethnicities种族.
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人们对自己的种族
也是如此。
03:32
Now some of you may可能 reject拒绝 this.
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一些人会反对这种说法。
03:34
Some of you may可能 be so cosmopolitan大都会
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你们中的某些人可能
是世界主义者,
03:36
that you think that ethnicity种族 and nationality国籍
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会认为种族和国籍
03:38
should hold保持 no moral道德 sway摇摆.
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不该影响到人们。
03:40
But even you sophisticates风雅 accept接受
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但是,即便如此,
03:43
that there should be some pull
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你仍然会接受
03:45
towards the in-group在组 in the
domain of friends朋友 and family家庭,
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群体可以以朋友和家人来做划分,
03:47
of people you're close to,
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那些与你更亲近的人们
03:49
and so even you make a distinction分别
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甚至你也会做一个划分
03:50
between之间 us versus them.
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区别我们和他们,
03:52
Now, this distinction分别 is natural自然 enough足够
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这些区别是自然而然的
03:55
and often经常 moral道德 enough足够, but it can go awry,
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时常也是道德的,
但有时也会出错,
03:58
and this was part部分 of the research研究
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这是伟大的社会心理学家
04:00
of the great social社会 psychologist心理学家 Henri亨利 TajfelTajfel.
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亨利·泰吉弗尔研究的一个部分。
04:02
TajfelTajfel was born天生 in Poland波兰 in 1919.
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泰吉弗尔生于1919年的波兰。
04:05
He left to go to university大学 in France法国,
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他离开家乡去法国上大学,
04:07
because as a Jew, he couldn't不能
go to university大学 in Poland波兰,
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因为他是犹太人,
无法在波兰接受大学教育,
04:10
and then he enlisted入伍 in the French法国 military军事
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随后在第二次世界大战
04:12
in World世界 War战争 IIII.
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他应募入伍加入法军。
04:14
He was captured捕获 and ended结束 up
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他被捕了随后被送到
04:15
in a prisoner囚犯 of war战争 camp,
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战俘营,
04:17
and it was a terrifying可怕的 time for him,
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对他来说这是非常恐怖的经历,
04:19
because if it was discovered发现 that he was a Jew,
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因为如果一旦发现他是犹太人,
04:21
he could have been moved移动 to a concentration浓度 camp,
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他便会被移送到集中营,
04:23
where he most likely容易 would not have survived幸存.
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很难活下来。
04:25
And in fact事实, when the war战争
ended结束 and he was released发布,
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事实上,当战争结束的时候,
他被释放了,
04:27
most of his friends朋友 and family家庭 were dead.
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绝大多数他的亲友都死亡了。
04:30
He got involved参与 in different不同 pursuits追求.
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他参与不同的活动。
04:32
He helped帮助 out the war战争 orphans孤儿.
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他帮助战争孤儿。
04:33
But he had a long-lasting持久的 interest利益
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但他对偏见科学
04:35
in the science科学 of prejudice偏见,
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有着极高的兴趣
04:37
and so when a prestigious声望很高的 British英国的 scholarship奖学金
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因此当一个极有声望的,
有关“刻板印象成见”
04:39
on stereotypes定型 opened打开 up, he applied应用的 for it,
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的英国奖学金机会释出的时候,
他递交了申请,
04:41
and he won韩元 it,
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并拿到了奖学金,
04:42
and then he began开始 this amazing惊人 career事业.
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这使他开启了精彩的职业生涯。
04:45
And what started开始 his career事业 is an insight眼光
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他的职业开始于发觉
04:47
that the way most people were thinking思维
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当绝大多数人思考大屠杀是错误的
04:49
about the Holocaust大屠杀 was wrong错误.
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采取了怎样的方法。
04:51
Many许多 people, most people at the time,
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很多人,那时候的绝大多数人,
04:54
viewed观看 the Holocaust大屠杀 as sort分类 of representing代表
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将大屠杀视为
04:56
some tragic悲惨 flaw缺陷 on the part部分 of the Germans德国,
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代表某种德国人的悲剧错误,
04:59
some genetic遗传 taint污点, some authoritarian独裁的 personality个性.
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像是基因污点,威权性格。
05:03
And TajfelTajfel rejected拒绝 this.
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泰吉弗尔拒绝这样的解释。
05:05
TajfelTajfel said what we see in the Holocaust大屠杀
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他说道,大屠杀
05:07
is just an exaggeration夸张
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只是夸大了
05:09
of normal正常 psychological心理 processes流程
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正常的心理状态
05:11
that exist存在 in every一切 one of us.
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这样的心理状态存在于
我们中的每一个人。
05:13
And to explore探索 this, he did a series系列 of classic经典 studies学习
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为了继续研究,
他做了一系列的经典研究
05:16
with British英国的 adolescents青少年.
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有关英国青少年。
05:17
And in one of his studies学习, what he did was he asked
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在他的其中一项研究中,
他去询问
05:19
the British英国的 adolescents青少年 all sorts排序 of questions问题,
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英国青少年各种不同的问题,
05:22
and then based基于 on their answers答案, he said,
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基于他们的回答,他说,
05:23
"I've looked看着 at your answers答案,
and based基于 on the answers答案,
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“我看过你的答案,
基于你的回答,
05:26
I have determined决心 that you are either" —
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我决定你是”--
05:28
he told half of them —
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他告诉青少年中一半的人--
05:29
"a Kandinsky康定斯基 lover情人, you love the work of Kandinsky康定斯基,
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“康定斯基迷,
你喜爱康定斯基的作品,
05:32
or a Klee克利 lover情人, you love the work of Klee克利."
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你是克利迷,
你喜爱克利的画作。”
05:35
It was entirely完全 bogus虚假.
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这完全是胡编的。
05:37
Their answers答案 had nothing
to do with Kandinsky康定斯基 or Klee克利.
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这些青少年的答案和康定斯基
或者克利一点关系也没有。
05:39
They probably大概 hadn't有没有 heard听说 of the artists艺术家.
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他们甚至还未听说过
这两位艺术家的大名。
05:42
He just arbitrarily任意 divided分为 them up.
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泰吉弗尔只是武断地
把青少年们划分开来。
05:44
But what he found发现 was, these categories类别 mattered要紧,
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但他发现,这样的类别划分
是有作用的,
05:48
so when he later后来 gave the subjects主题 money,
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随后,他让这些青少年分配钱,
05:50
they would prefer比较喜欢 to give the money
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他们更愿意将金钱给予
05:52
to members会员 of their own拥有 group
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他们本组的其他人
05:54
than members会员 of the other group.
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而不是另一个组别的人。
05:55
Worse更差, they were actually其实 most interested有兴趣
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更糟的是,他们真的很乐于
05:58
in establishing建立 a difference区别
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建立一个不同来将
06:00
between之间 their group and other groups,
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自己的组和他组区分开来,
06:02
so they would give up money for their own拥有 group
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为了令别组少拿到些钱
06:04
if by doing so they could give
the other group even less.
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他们甚至愿意放弃自己的钱。
06:10
This bias偏压 seems似乎 to show显示 up very early.
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偏爱很快就展现出来。
06:12
So my colleague同事 and wife妻子, Karen卡伦 Wynn永利, at Yale耶鲁
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我的妻子也是我的同事,凯伦·维恩,
在耶鲁大学
06:14
has doneDONE a series系列 of studies学习 with babies婴儿
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做了一系列有关婴儿的研究
06:16
where she exposes自曝 babies婴儿 to puppets木偶,
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她将幼儿放在玩偶旁边,
06:18
and the puppets木偶 have certain某些 food餐饮 preferences优先.
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玩偶有它们各自喜爱的食物。
06:21
So one of the puppets木偶 might威力 like green绿色 beans.
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某个玩偶可能喜爱青豆。
06:23
The other puppet木偶 might威力 like graham格雷厄姆 crackers饼干.
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另个玩偶更爱全麦饼干。
06:26
They test测试 the babies婴儿 own拥有 food餐饮 preferences优先,
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研究人员测试了
幼儿们自身的食物偏好
06:28
and babies婴儿 typically一般 prefer比较喜欢 the graham格雷厄姆 crackers饼干.
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幼儿们代表性地更爱全麦饼干。
06:31
But the question is, does this matter to babies婴儿
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问题是,这样的喜好差别
06:33
in how they treat对待 the puppets木偶? And it matters事项 a lot.
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会影响到幼儿们对待玩偶的态度吗?
确实有很大影响。
06:36
They tend趋向 to prefer比较喜欢 the puppet木偶
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幼儿们更喜欢
06:38
who has the same相同 food餐饮 tastes口味 that they have,
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和他们有相同口味偏好的玩具,
06:41
and worse更差, they actually其实 prefer比较喜欢 puppets木偶
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更糟的是,幼儿们喜欢那些惩罚
06:44
who punish惩治 the puppet木偶 with the different不同 food餐饮 taste味道.
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拥有不同口味同伴的玩偶。
06:47
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
06:49
We see this sort分类 of in-group在组,
out-group外群体 psychology心理学 all the time.
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这样群体内外分别
非常常见。
06:53
We see it in political政治 clashes冲突
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政治冲突中也会展现
06:54
within groups with different不同 ideologies意识形态.
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在持有不同意识形态的群体。
06:57
We see it in its extreme极端 in cases of war战争,
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极端的例子通过战争展现,
07:00
where the out-group外群体 isn't merely仅仅 given特定 less,
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外群体不是被轻视
07:04
but dehumanized非人性化,
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而是被不当作人类对待,
07:05
as in the Nazi纳粹 perspective透视 of Jews犹太人
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如同纳粹视犹太人为
07:07
as vermin害虫 or lice虱子,
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害虫或是虱子,
07:10
or the American美国 perspective透视 of Japanese日本 as rats大鼠.
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美国人视日本人为老鼠。
07:14
Stereotypes定型 can also go awry.
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刻板印象是会歪曲现实的。
07:16
So often经常 they're rational合理的 and useful有用,
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因此时常他们是理性的,有帮助的,
07:18
but sometimes有时 they're irrational不合理的,
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但时常也会是非理性的,
07:20
they give the wrong错误 answers答案,
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会给出错误的答案,
07:21
and other times
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有时
07:22
they lead to plainly明白地 immoral不道德 consequences后果.
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会导致不道德的后果。
07:24
And the case案件 that's been most studied研究
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最常被研究的案例
07:27
is the case案件 of race种族.
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是种族。
07:29
There was a fascinating迷人 study研究
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在 2008 年美国大选前
07:30
prior to the 2008 election选举
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有个极好的研究,
07:32
where social社会 psychologists心理学家 looked看着 at the extent程度
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社会心理学家研究
07:35
to which哪一个 the candidates候选人 were
associated相关 with America美国,
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被测者们是如何通过
对美国国旗不知不觉的联系
07:39
as in an unconscious无意识 association协会
with the American美国 flag.
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和美国联系在一起的。
07:43
And in one of their studies学习 they compared相比
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在其中一个研究中,
他们比较了
07:44
Obama奥巴马 and McCain麦凯恩, and they found发现 McCain麦凯恩
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奥巴马和麦凯恩,
他们发现麦凯恩
07:46
is thought of as more American美国 than Obama奥巴马,
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比奥巴马更加“美国”,
07:49
and to some extent程度, people aren't
that surprised诧异 by hearing听力 that.
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某种程度上,
人们甚至并未表示惊讶。
07:52
McCain麦凯恩 is a celebrated著名 war战争 hero英雄,
202
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麦凯恩是一个著名的
战争英雄,
07:54
and many许多 people would explicitly明确地 say
203
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很多人明确地说道
07:55
he has more of an American美国 story故事 than Obama奥巴马.
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比起奥巴马,
麦凯恩有更多的美国故事。
07:58
But they also compared相比 Obama奥巴马
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研究人员也比对了
08:00
to British英国的 Prime主要 Minister部长 Tony托尼 Blair布莱尔,
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奥巴马和英国首相布莱尔,
08:03
and they found发现 that Blair布莱尔 was also thought of
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他们发现比起奥巴马
08:05
as more American美国 than Obama奥巴马,
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人们认为
布莱尔更加“美国”,
08:07
even though虽然 subjects主题 explicitly明确地 understood了解
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即使他们完全知晓
08:09
that he's not American美国 at all.
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布莱尔根本不是美国人。
08:12
But they were responding响应, of course课程,
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但人们回应,当然,
08:14
to the color颜色 of his skin皮肤.
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因为肤色的原因。
08:17
These stereotypes定型 and biases偏见
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这样的成见和偏好
08:19
have real-world真实世界 consequences后果,
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有着现世的影响,
08:20
both subtle微妙 and very important重要.
215
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这有些微妙,也非常重要。
08:23
In one recent最近 study研究, researchers研究人员
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在最近的一个研究中,
研究人员
08:26
put ads广告 on eBay易趣 for the sale拍卖 of baseball棒球 cards.
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在易趣(eBay)网站上投放广告
销售篮球卡。
08:29
Some of them were held保持 by white白色 hands,
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2734
有些卖家是白人,
08:32
others其他 by black黑色 hands.
219
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1218
另一些则是黑人。
08:33
They were the same相同 baseball棒球 cards.
220
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同样的实验也包括销售棒球卡。
08:35
The ones那些 held保持 by black黑色 hands
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黑人卖家
08:36
got substantially基本上 smaller bids投标
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得到的来自买家的出价
价位略小于
08:38
than the ones那些 held保持 by white白色 hands.
223
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白人卖家。
08:41
In research研究 doneDONE at Stanford斯坦福,
224
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在斯坦福的一个研究项目也表明,
08:43
psychologists心理学家 explored探讨 the case案件 of people
225
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心理学家研究了
08:47
sentenced判刑 for the murder谋杀 of a white白色 person.
226
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因谋杀白人而被判刑的罪犯。
08:51
It turns out, holding保持 everything else其他 constant不变,
227
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2804
结果表明,除去其他因素,
08:53
you are considerably相当 more likely容易 to be executed执行
228
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2370
比起图片左边的人(白人)
08:56
if you look like the man on the right
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1777
图片右边的人(黑人)
08:58
than the man on the left,
230
526117
1973
更可能被判死刑,
09:00
and this is in large part部分 because
231
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2029
这很大程度归结于
09:02
the man on the right looks容貌 more prototypicallyprototypically black黑色,
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图片右边的人是黑人,
09:04
more prototypicallyprototypically African-American非裔美国人,
233
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美国黑人,
09:07
and this apparently显然地 influences影响 people's人们 decisions决定
234
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很明显这影响到了人们
09:09
over what to do about him.
235
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1771
对他所做出的决定。
09:11
So now that we know about this,
236
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1547
现在我们知道了
成见和偏爱的存在,
09:12
how do we combat战斗 it?
237
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我们要怎样对抗这样的想法呢?
09:14
And there are different不同 avenues渠道.
238
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1622
有很多不同的方法。
09:15
One avenue大街 is to appeal上诉
239
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一个方法是去感化
09:17
to people's人们 emotional情绪化 responses回复,
240
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人们的情感,
09:19
to appeal上诉 to people's人们 empathy同情,
241
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去令人们感同身受,
09:21
and we often经常 do that through通过 stories故事.
242
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1873
通常我们会用故事
来达到这样的效果。
09:23
So if you are a liberal自由主义的 parent
243
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2565
如果你是自由的父母
09:25
and you want to encourage鼓励 your children孩子
244
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1872
你想要鼓励你的孩子
09:27
to believe in the merits优点 of nontraditional非传统 families家庭,
245
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来相信非传统家庭的价值优点,
09:30
you might威力 give them a book like this.
["Heather石南属 Has Two Mommies妈妈们"]
246
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你会给他们看这样的书。
[海瑟有两个妈妈]
09:32
If you are conservative保守 and have a different不同 attitude态度,
247
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如果你比较传统
对此持有不同的态度,
09:34
you might威力 give them a book like this.
248
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你会给他们看这本书
09:36
(Laughter笑声)
["Help! Mom妈妈! There Are Liberals自由主义者 under My Bed!"]
249
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1749
(笑声)
[“救命呀!妈妈!自由党人藏在我的床下!”]
09:37
But in general一般, stories故事 can turn
250
565905
3336
总的来说,故事能够
09:41
anonymous匿名 strangers陌生人 into people who matter,
251
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2232
让路人从陌生到关注,
09:43
and the idea理念 that we care关心 about people
252
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我们在乎人们
09:46
when we focus焦点 on them as individuals个人
253
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1702
当我们将他们是做个体
09:47
is an idea理念 which哪一个 has shown显示 up across横过 history历史.
254
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2279
这样的思想贯穿人类历史。
09:50
So Stalin斯大林 apocryphallyapocryphally said,
255
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2583
因此,斯大林虚情假意地说,
09:52
"A single death死亡 is a tragedy悲剧,
256
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1617
“一个人死亡是悲剧,
09:54
a million百万 deaths死亡 is a statistic统计,"
257
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2040
一百万人的死亡则是统计数据,”
09:56
and Mother母亲 Teresa邓丽君 said,
258
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1451
特蕾莎修女说道,
09:57
"If I look at the mass, I will never act法案.
259
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1541
"假如我看到一群人,
我不会有所行动。
09:59
If I look at the one, I will."
260
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2325
假如我看到一个人,我会。"
10:01
Psychologists心理学家 have explored探讨 this.
261
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2070
心理学家对此作出研究。
10:03
For instance, in one study研究,
262
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1301
比方说,在一个研究中,
10:05
people were given特定 a list名单 of facts事实 about a crisis危机,
263
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2783
研究人员交给人们一张清单,
上面列举了一些危急的例子,
10:07
and it was seen看到 how much they would donate
264
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看人们愿意为了化解危机
10:12
to solve解决 this crisis危机,
265
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捐赠多少,
10:13
and another另一个 group was given特定 no facts事实 at all
266
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1837
另一个组则未被告知这些事情
10:15
but they were told of an individual个人
267
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2098
但研究人员告诉他们
10:17
and given特定 a name名称 and given特定 a face面对,
268
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2440
个体故事,包括名字,相片,
10:20
and it turns out that they gave far more.
269
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3219
结果是,他们比上一组捐赠更多善款。
10:23
None没有 of this I think is a secret秘密
270
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1861
上述故事对于从事
10:25
to the people who are engaged订婚 in charity慈善机构 work.
271
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慈善工作的人来说都不是秘密。
10:27
People don't tend趋向 to deluge洪水 people
272
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2648
慈善工作者不会向人们
10:29
with facts事实 and statistics统计.
273
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1323
展示大量的事实和数据。
10:31
Rather, you show显示 them faces面孔,
274
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1022
而是,给人们看相片,
10:32
you show显示 them people.
275
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1736
展示灾民的样子。
10:33
It's possible可能 that by extending扩展 our sympathies同情
276
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3227
很有可能的是,通过展现我们
10:37
to an individual个人, they can spread传播
277
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1971
对于个体的同情,
10:39
to the group that the individual个人 belongs属于 to.
278
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2878
他们可以进而展示个体从属的群体。
10:42
This is Harriet哈里特 Beecher比彻 Stowe斯托.
279
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2466
这是哈里耶持·比彻·斯托。
10:44
The story故事, perhaps也许 apocryphal杜撰,
280
632527
2443
故事,可能是假的,
10:46
is that President主席 Lincoln林肯 invited邀请 her
281
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2074
林肯总统邀请她
10:49
to the White白色 House in the middle中间 of the Civil国内 War战争
282
637044
1998
在美国内战期间到白宫
10:51
and said to her,
283
639042
1584
对她说,
10:52
"So you're the little lady淑女 who started开始 this great war战争."
284
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2664
“你是开始这场战争的女子。”
10:55
And he was talking about "Uncle叔叔 Tom's汤姆 Cabin."
285
643290
1885
他谈到“汤姆叔叔的小屋。”
10:57
"Uncle叔叔 Tom's汤姆 Cabin" is not
a great book of philosophy哲学
286
645175
2531
“汤姆叔叔的小屋”不是
伟大的哲学或宗教故事
10:59
or of theology神学 or perhaps也许 not even literature文学,
287
647706
3144
甚至可能都不是文学,
11:02
but it does a great job工作
288
650850
2515
但它起了很大的作用
11:05
of getting得到 people to put themselves他们自己 in the shoes
289
653365
2498
在人们能够将自己置身于某个故事
11:07
of people they wouldn't不会 otherwise除此以外 be in the shoes of,
290
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2333
那些本不可能属于他们的故事中,
11:10
put themselves他们自己 in the shoes of slaves奴隶.
291
658196
2402
以奴隶的角度来看世界。
11:12
And that could well have been a catalyst催化剂
292
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1781
这些是催化剂,
11:14
for great social社会 change更改.
293
662379
1604
催生巨大的社会变革。
11:15
More recently最近, looking at America美国
294
663983
2362
近年来,看看美国
11:18
in the last several一些 decades几十年,
295
666345
3069
在过去几十年的表现,
11:21
there's some reason原因 to believe
that shows节目 like "The Cosby科斯比 Show显示"
296
669414
3149
太多的原因让我们相信
像是“考斯比一家”
11:24
radically根本 changed American美国 attitudes态度
towards African-Americans非洲裔美国人,
297
672563
2688
从更本上改变了美国人
对美国黑人的看法,
11:27
while shows节目 like "Will and Grace恩典" and "Modern现代 Family家庭"
298
675251
2983
“威尔与格蕾丝”,“摩登家庭”
11:30
changed American美国 attitudes态度
299
678234
1363
改变了很多美国人
11:31
towards gay同性恋者 men男人 and women妇女.
300
679597
1300
对同性恋男女的态度。
11:32
I don't think it's an exaggeration夸张 to say
301
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2455
不夸张地说,
11:35
that the major重大的 catalyst催化剂 in America美国 for moral道德 change更改
302
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2661
对美国道德价值改变
做出最大贡献的
11:38
has been a situation情况 comedy喜剧.
303
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2893
是情景喜剧。
11:40
But it's not all emotions情绪,
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1416
但这并不全是情感上的,
11:42
and I want to end结束 by appealing吸引人的
305
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1276
最后我想要谈到
11:43
to the power功率 of reason原因.
306
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2235
理性的力量。
11:45
At some point in his wonderful精彩 book
307
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在他佳作的某些部分
11:47
"The Better Angels天使 of Our Nature性质,"
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1223
“唤醒人性中的天使”
11:49
Steven史蒂芬 Pinker平克 says,
309
697212
2016
史蒂文·平克说道,
11:51
the Old Testament遗嘱 says love thy你的 neighbor邻居,
310
699228
2582
旧约说到要爱我们的邻居,
11:53
and the New Testament遗嘱 says love thy你的 enemy敌人,
311
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2722
新约说到要爱我们的敌人,
11:56
but I don't love either one of them, not really,
312
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2686
但我不爱他们中的任何一个,不尽然,
11:59
but I don't want to kill them.
313
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1667
但我不想杀了他们。
12:00
I know I have obligations义务 to them,
314
708885
1866
我知道我有义务对他们,
12:02
but my moral道德 feelings情怀 to them, my moral道德 beliefs信仰
315
710751
3470
但我对他们的道德感受,
12:06
about how I should behave表现 towards them,
316
714221
1713
我要如何对待他们的道德信念,
12:07
aren't grounded接地 in love.
317
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2047
不会是基于爱。
12:09
What they're grounded接地 in is the
understanding理解 of human人的 rights权利,
318
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1939
是基于对人权的理解,
12:11
a belief信仰 that their life is as valuable有价值 to them
319
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2223
他们的生命对他们的价值
12:14
as my life is to me,
320
722143
2356
正如我的生命对我的价值,
12:16
and to support支持 this, he tells告诉 a story故事
321
724499
1932
为了支持这个观点,
他讲了一个故事,
12:18
by the great philosopher哲学家 Adam亚当 Smith工匠,
322
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1848
关于伟大的哲人亚当·斯密,
12:20
and I want to tell this story故事 too,
323
728279
1686
我现在讲这个故事,
12:21
though虽然 I'm going to modify修改 it a little bit
324
729965
1296
我为了使其适应现代
12:23
for modern现代 times.
325
731261
1678
略微做了改动。
12:24
So Adam亚当 Smith工匠 starts启动 by asking you to imagine想像
326
732939
1901
亚当斯密让你来想象
12:26
the death死亡 of thousands数千 of people,
327
734840
1901
数千人死亡的场景,
12:28
and imagine想像 that the thousands数千 of people
328
736741
2040
想象这数千人
12:30
are in a country国家 you are not familiar with.
329
738781
2239
是在你不熟悉的国家。
12:33
It could be China中国 or India印度 or a country国家 in Africa非洲.
330
741020
3554
可能是中国,或者是印度,
或者是某个非洲国家。
12:36
And Smith工匠 says, how would you respond响应?
331
744574
2484
斯密说到,你会怎样回应?
12:39
And you would say, well that's too bad,
332
747058
2307
你可能会说,这太糟了,
12:41
and you'd go on to the rest休息 of your life.
333
749365
1876
然后继续你的生活。
12:43
If you were to open打开 up The New
York纽约 Times online线上 or something,
334
751241
2219
如果你打开纽约时报的网站或什么,
12:45
and discover发现 this, and in fact事实
this happens发生 to us all the time,
335
753460
2960
看到这些消息,事实上
这常发生,
12:48
we go about our lives生活.
336
756420
1521
我们继续我们的生活。
12:49
But imagine想像 instead代替, Smith工匠 says,
337
757941
2194
斯密说,想象另一个画面:
12:52
you were to learn学习 that tomorrow明天
338
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1254
你发现明天
12:53
you were to have your little finger手指 chopped切碎的 off.
339
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2539
你的小手指会被砍掉。
12:55
Smith工匠 says, that would matter a lot.
340
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2169
斯密说,这太重要了。
12:58
You would not sleep睡觉 that night
341
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1411
你整晚会睡不着觉
12:59
wondering想知道 about that.
342
767508
1353
辗转反侧。
13:00
So this raises加薪 the question:
343
768861
2019
这就提出了问题:
13:02
Would you sacrifice牺牲 thousands数千 of lives生活
344
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2466
你会牺牲数千人的生命
13:05
to save保存 your little finger手指?
345
773346
1969
以求得保全自己小手指吗?
13:07
Now answer回答 this in the privacy隐私 of your own拥有 head,
346
775315
2318
现在在自己的脑袋里
回答这个问题,
13:09
but Smith工匠 says, absolutely绝对 not,
347
777633
2919
但是斯密说,绝对不,
13:12
what a horrid可怕的 thought.
348
780552
1692
这是多么邪恶的想法。
13:14
And so this raises加薪 the question,
349
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2031
这就提出了问题,
13:16
and so, as Smith工匠 puts看跌期权 it,
350
784275
1374
随后,斯密提出这样的疑问,
13:17
"When our passive被动 feelings情怀 are almost几乎 always
351
785649
2218
“我们的消极情绪总是
13:19
so sordid污秽 and so selfish自私,
352
787867
1448
如此利欲熏心,自私卑鄙,
13:21
how comes it that our active活性 principles原则
353
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1465
我们的行为又怎么可能
13:22
should often经常 be so generous慷慨 and so noble高贵?"
354
790780
2533
时常很无私和高尚呢?”
13:25
And Smith's史密斯 answer回答 is, "It is reason原因,
355
793313
2050
斯密回答道,“因为理性,
13:27
principle原理, conscience良心.
356
795363
1775
道德,良知。”
13:29
[This] calls电话 to us,
357
797138
1541
[这] 告诉我们
13:30
with a voice语音 capable of astonishing惊人
the most presumptuous放肆 of our passions激情,
358
798679
3425
能够惊人地绝大部分
爆发我们的激情,
13:34
that we are but one of the multitude,
359
802104
1677
但众多思考中,
13:35
in no respect尊重 better than any other in it."
360
803781
2441
没有比尊重更重要。“
13:38
And this last part部分 is what is often经常 described描述
361
806222
2125
最后的这个部分是有关
13:40
as the principle原理 of impartiality公正性.
362
808347
3208
公正的原则。
13:43
And this principle原理 of impartiality公正性 manifests舱单 itself本身
363
811555
2629
这样公正的原则
13:46
in all of the world's世界 religions宗教,
364
814184
1747
在全世界宗教中都有所证明,
13:47
in all of the different不同 versions版本 of the golden金色 rule规则,
365
815951
2258
在各种不同版本的黄金法则,
13:50
and in all of the world's世界 moral道德 philosophies哲学,
366
818209
2454
世界上所有的道德哲学,
13:52
which哪一个 differ不同 in many许多 ways方法
367
820663
1307
即使有所不同
13:53
but share分享 the presupposition前提
that we should judge法官 morality道德
368
821970
2994
但共有的假设是
我们应该从
13:56
from sort分类 of an impartial公正 point of view视图.
369
824964
2985
公正的角度来评判道德。
13:59
The best最好 articulation关节 of this view视图
370
827949
1822
这观点最重要的是
14:01
is actually其实, for me, it's not from
a theologian神学家 or from a philosopher哲学家,
371
829771
3085
事实上,对我来说,
这不是从宗教学家或哲学家听来,
14:04
but from Humphrey汉弗莱 Bogart博加特
372
832856
1357
而是从亨弗莱·鲍嘉
14:06
at the end结束 of "Casablanca卡萨布兰卡."
373
834213
1547
在电影“卡萨布兰卡”片尾的表现。
14:07
So, spoiler扰流板 alert警报, he's telling告诉 his lover情人
374
835760
3776
警告有剧透,他告诉他的爱人
14:11
that they have to separate分离
375
839536
1140
为了更伟大的善,
14:12
for the more general一般 good,
376
840676
1593
他们必须要分开,
14:14
and he says to her, and I won't惯于 do the accent口音,
377
842269
1864
他对她说,我不会模仿这口音,
14:16
but he says to her, "It doesn't take much to see
378
844133
1782
他对她说“不用多久就可以看到
14:17
that the problems问题 of three little people
379
845915
1359
这三个小人的问题
14:19
don't amount to a hill爬坡道 of beans in this crazy world世界."
380
847274
3111
不会使世界瘋狂。”
14:22
Our reason原因 could cause原因 us to override覆盖 our passions激情.
381
850385
3280
我们的理性可以驾驭我们的热情。
14:25
Our reason原因 could motivate刺激 us
382
853665
1716
我们的理性可以激励我们
14:27
to extend延伸 our empathy同情,
383
855381
1221
扩展我们的同理心,
14:28
could motivate刺激 us to write a
book like "Uncle叔叔 Tom's汤姆 Cabin,"
384
856602
2327
可以激励我们写
“汤姆叔叔的小屋”这样的书
14:30
or read a book like "Uncle叔叔 Tom's汤姆 Cabin,"
385
858929
1723
或者看“汤姆叔叔的小屋”,
14:32
and our reason原因 can motivate刺激 us to create创建
386
860652
2694
我们的理性可以促使我们
14:35
customs海关 and taboos禁忌 and laws法律
387
863346
1962
创造海关,烟草和法律
14:37
that will constrain压抑 us
388
865308
1810
这会限制我们
14:39
from acting演戏 upon our impulses冲动
389
867118
1676
冲动的行为,
14:40
when, as rational合理的 beings众生, we feel
390
868794
1589
当理性存在,我们感到
14:42
we should be constrained受限.
391
870383
1395
我们要被限制。
14:43
This is what a constitution宪法 is.
392
871778
2013
这是宪法。
14:45
A constitution宪法 is something
which哪一个 was set up in the past过去
393
873791
2921
宪法是过去撰写的
14:48
that applies适用 now in the present当下,
394
876712
1307
适用于现在以及未来,
14:50
and what it says is,
395
878019
985
宪法提到的,
14:51
no matter how much we might威力 to reelect改选
396
879004
2227
无论我们多想
14:53
a popular流行 president主席 for a third第三 term术语,
397
881231
2603
选举受欢迎的总统
开始第三任期,
14:55
no matter how much white白色 Americans美国人 might威力 choose选择
398
883834
2095
无论美国白人多么想
14:57
to feel that they want to reinstate恢复
the institution机构 of slavery奴隶制度, we can't.
399
885929
4068
重新回到奴隶制度,我们不能。
15:01
We have bound ourselves我们自己.
400
889997
1676
我们限制自己。
15:03
And we bind捆绑 ourselves我们自己 in other ways方法 as well.
401
891673
2417
我们也从别的方式约束自己。
15:06
We know that when it comes to choosing选择 somebody
402
894090
2758
当我们想要选择某人
15:08
for a job工作, for an award,
403
896848
2951
来从事一项工作,获得一个奖项,
15:11
we are strongly非常 biased by their race种族,
404
899799
2958
我们很容易受到种族因素的影响,
15:14
we are biased by their gender性别,
405
902757
2296
我们会因他们的性别产生偏见,
15:17
we are biased by how attractive有吸引力 they are,
406
905053
2215
我们会因为他们的样貌产生偏爱,
15:19
and sometimes有时 we might威力 say,
"Well fine, that's the way it should be."
407
907268
2651
有时我们会说,
“是的,就是这样。”
15:21
But other times we say, "This is wrong错误."
408
909919
2307
有时我们会说,“这是错的。”
15:24
And so to combat战斗 this,
409
912226
1889
为了对抗这些,
15:26
we don't just try harder更难,
410
914115
2251
我们不仅更加努力,
15:28
but rather what we do is we set up situations情况
411
916366
3001
我们建立机构
15:31
where these other sources来源
of information信息 can't bias偏压 us,
412
919367
3039
这些信息资源不会有成见,
15:34
which哪一个 is why many许多 orchestras乐团
413
922406
1315
这就是为什么很多交响乐团
15:35
audition面试 musicians音乐家 behind背后 screens屏幕,
414
923721
2645
面试音乐家时,
让他们站在幕后,
15:38
so the only information信息 they have
415
926366
1244
这样评委唯一的信息来源
15:39
is the information信息 they believe should matter.
416
927610
2693
就是他们认为最重要的。
15:42
I think prejudice偏见 and bias偏压
417
930303
2323
我认为偏见和偏爱
15:44
illustrate说明 a fundamental基本的 duality二元性 of human人的 nature性质.
418
932626
3094
展示了人性最基础的二元性。
15:47
We have gut肠道 feelings情怀, instincts本能, emotions情绪,
419
935720
3776
我们有胆识,本能,情感,
15:51
and they affect影响 our judgments判断 and our actions行动
420
939496
2161
这会影响我们
对于好与坏的判断和行为,
15:53
for good and for evil邪恶,
421
941657
2331
15:55
but we are also capable of rational合理的 deliberation审议
422
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3622
但我们同样有能力做出理性思考
和智能规划,
15:59
and intelligent智能 planning规划,
423
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1435
16:01
and we can use these to, in some cases,
424
949045
2817
我们可以运用这些,在某些情况下,
16:03
accelerate加速 and nourish滋养 our emotions情绪,
425
951862
1943
加速和丰富我们的情绪,
16:05
and in other cases staunch坚定 them.
426
953805
2768
某些情况下止住它们。
16:08
And it's in this way
427
956573
1234
这样成见和偏爱
16:09
that reason原因 helps帮助 us create创建 a better world世界.
428
957807
2767
就能帮助我们创建更美好的世界。
16:12
Thank you.
429
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2344
谢谢。
16:14
(Applause掌声)
430
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3705
(鼓掌)
Translated by Zhiting Chen
Reviewed by Geoff Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.

Why you should listen

In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)  

Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy." 

He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com