TEDMED 2014
Marc Abrahams: A science award that makes you laugh, then think
马克 亚伯拉罕: 笑并思考-搞笑诺贝尔奖
Filmed:
Readability: 3.5
1,534,520 views
作为搞笑诺贝尔奖的创始人，马克 亚伯拉罕探寻着世界最不可思议的研究。在这个发人深省，也让人捧腹大笑的演讲里，他分享了一些与众不同，却又真真切切的科学故事 。-- 他同时强调了，有意思的研究，对于提高大众的科学兴趣，所扮演的重要角色。
Marc Abrahams - Science humorist
Marc Abrahams writes about research that makes people laugh, and then think. Full bio
Marc Abrahams writes about research that makes people laugh, and then think. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
[马克 · 阿伯罕斯]
00:16
George and Charlotte Blonsky, who were
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乔治和夏洛特 · 布朗斯基
00:20
a married couple living in
the Bronx in New York City,
the Bronx in New York City,
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是住在纽约布朗克斯的一对夫妻
00:23
invented something.
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他们有一项发明
00:24
They got a patent in
1965 for what they call,
1965 for what they call,
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他们在1965年获得了一项专利
他们称之为“帮助妇女分娩的装置”
00:28
"a device to assist women in giving birth."
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00:34
This device consists of a large, round table
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这个装置是由一个大圆桌
00:38
and some machinery.
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和一些机械组成
00:40
When the woman is ready to deliver her child,
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当妇女准备生孩子时
00:43
she lies on her back,
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她仰卧着
00:44
she is strapped down to the table,
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被绑在圆桌上
00:47
and the table is rotated at high speed.
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然后圆桌高速旋转
00:50
The child comes flying out
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小孩通过离心力飞出来
00:53
through centrifugal force.
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（笑声）
01:01
If you look at their patent carefully,
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如果你仔细看看他们的专利
特别是如果你有任何工程背景或天分
01:06
especially if you have any
engineering background or talent,
engineering background or talent,
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01:10
you may decide that you see
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你可能会看到这个设计有一两点
不完美的地方
不完美的地方
01:11
one or two points where the design is
not perfectly adequate. (Laughter)
not perfectly adequate. (Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:18
Doctor Ivan Schwab in California
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加州的艾凡 · 施瓦布医生
他是帮忙找出这个问题的答案的
主要人之一
主要人之一
01:21
is one of the people,
one of the main people,
one of the main people,
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01:22
who helped answer the question,
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01:24
"Why don't woodpeckers get headaches?"
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“为什么啄木鸟不会头疼？”
01:30
And it turns out the answer to that
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结果答案是：
01:31
is because their brains
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因为他们头盖骨包裹大脑的方式
01:33
are packaged inside their skulls
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01:35
in a way different from the way
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和我们人类的方式不同
01:37
our brains, we being human beings,
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01:40
true, have our brains packaged.
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当然，人类的大脑也被包裹在头盖骨里面
01:44
They, the woodpeckers, typically
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啄木鸟，特别典型的
01:46
will peck, they will bang their head
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会啄木，把头撞向树
01:49
on a piece of wood thousands
of times every day. Every day!
of times every day. Every day!
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每天都要上千回
每天啊
每天啊
01:54
And as far as anyone knows,
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据我们所知
这一点都不影响他们
这一点都不影响他们
01:56
that doesn't bother them in the slightest.
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01:57
How does this happen?
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为什么会这样呢？
01:59
Their brain does not slosh around like ours does.
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他们的大脑不会像人类的那样摇晃
02:02
Their brain is packed in very tightly,
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他们的大脑非常紧密地压缩在一起
至少可应付从前方的撞击
02:05
at least for blows coming
right from the front.
right from the front.
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02:08
Not too many people paid attention
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很少人关注这个研究
直到最近几年
直到最近几年
02:10
to this research until
the last few years
the last few years
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02:13
when, in this country especially,
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特别是这个国家，人们开始好奇
02:15
people are becoming curious about
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对于频繁用头顶球的足球运动员
02:17
what happens to the brains
of football players
of football players
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02:19
who bang their heads repeatedly.
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他们的大脑会怎样呢
02:22
And the woodpecker maybe relates to that.
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啄木鸟的研究可能与此相关
几年前，在英国《柳叶刀》医学杂志上
02:27
There was a paper published
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02:29
in the medical journal The Lancet
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02:31
in England a few years ago called
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有一篇《一个五年来自己刺伤手指并闻其腐臭味的男人》的文章
02:32
" A man who pricked his finger
and smelled putrid for 5 years."
and smelled putrid for 5 years."
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卡洛琳 · 米尔斯医生和她的团队
02:39
Dr. Caroline Mills and her team
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02:41
received this patient and didn't
really know what to do about it.
really know what to do about it.
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接受了这位病人
却不知如何处理
却不知如何处理
02:45
The man had cut his finger,
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这位男士割伤了他的手指
02:47
he worked processing chickens,
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他的工作是处理鸡肉
后来他就变得非常难闻
以至于他在房间里时
以至于他在房间里时
02:51
and then he started to
smell really, really bad.
smell really, really bad.
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02:53
So bad that when
he got in a room
he got in a room
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02:54
with the doctors and the nurses,
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医生和护士都无法忍受呆在同一个房间
02:56
they couldn't stand being
in the room with him.
in the room with him.
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02:58
It was intolerable.
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非常难以忍受
03:00
They tried every drug,
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他们尝试了所能想到的每一种药物
和每一种治疗方法
和每一种治疗方法
03:02
every other treatment
they could think of.
they could think of.
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03:03
After a year, he still
smelled putrid.
smelled putrid.
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一年后
他依旧散发腐烂的气味
他依旧散发腐烂的气味
03:06
After two years, still smelled putrid.
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两年后
还是腐烂的气味
还是腐烂的气味
03:08
Three years, four years,
still smelled putrid.
still smelled putrid.
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三年，四年
还是腐烂的气味
还是腐烂的气味
03:11
After five years, it went away on its own.
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五年后
腐烂气味自动消失了！
腐烂气味自动消失了！
这至今是个谜
03:14
It's a mystery.
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在新西兰
莉安 · 帕金博士和她的团队
莉安 · 帕金博士和她的团队
03:17
In New Zealand, Dr. Lianne Parkin
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03:20
and her team tested an old
tradition in her city.
tradition in her city.
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在她的城市
试验了一个古老的传说
试验了一个古老的传说
他们住在一个满是大山丘的城市
03:25
They live in a city that has huge hills,
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03:28
San Francisco-grade hills.
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像旧金山那样的山丘
03:30
And in the winter there,
it gets very cold
it gets very cold
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在冬季那里变得非常冷
冷到结冰
冷到结冰
03:32
and very icy.
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常常发生事故
03:33
There are lots of injuries.
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03:35
The tradition that they tested,
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他们试验的传统就是
03:37
they tested by asking people
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他们请早上去上班的人们
03:39
who were on their way to
work in the morning,
work in the morning,
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停下来做两者之一的试验
03:41
to stop and try something out.
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03:43
Try one of two conditions.
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03:45
The tradition is that in the winter,
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这个传统是
在冬天 那个城市
03:48
in that city, you wear your socks
on the outside of your boots.
on the outside of your boots.
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他们将袜子穿在靴子的外面
03:52
And what they discovered by experiment,
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從他们的试验，他们看到很生动的
画面里，他们发现
画面里，他们发现
03:56
and it was quite graphic when they saw it,
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03:58
was that it's true.
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是真的 如果你将袜子穿在靴子子外面
而不是里面
而不是里面
03:59
That if you wear your socks on the
outside rather than the inside,
outside rather than the inside,
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04:03
you're much more likely
to survive and not slip and fall.
to survive and not slip and fall.
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你比较不容易滑倒
04:08
Now, I hope you will agree
with me that these things
with me that these things
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我希望你们也同意
我刚刚描述的这些
04:13
I've just described to you,
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每一项都应该拿到某种奖品
04:16
each of them, deserves some kind of prize.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:22
And that's what they got,
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他们确实有得到 刚介绍的每一项
确实都拿到 搞笑 诺贝尔奖
确实都拿到 搞笑 诺贝尔奖
04:23
each of them got an Ig Nobel prize.
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04:27
In 1991, I, together with bunch of other people,
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在1991年我和其他一些人
创立了 搞笑诺贝尔奖
创立了 搞笑诺贝尔奖
04:31
started the Ig Nobel prize ceremony.
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每一年我们颁发十个搞笑诺贝尔奖
04:34
Every year we give out 10 prizes.
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04:37
The prizes are based on just
one criteria. It's very simple.
one criteria. It's very simple.
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这个奖只有一个得奖标准，
这个标准很简单
04:44
It's that you've done something that
makes people laugh and then think.
makes people laugh and then think.
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就是你做的能让人笑 然后思考
04:49
What you've done makes
people laugh and then think.
people laugh and then think.
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只要你做的能让人笑 然后思考
04:53
Whatever it is, there's something about it
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不管是什么
04:55
that when people encounter it at first,
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当人第一次碰到它时
他们唯一的反应是笑
他们唯一的反应是笑
04:58
their only possible reaction is to laugh.
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05:01
And then a week later,
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然后 一星期后
那件事仍盘踞在他们的脑中
那件事仍盘踞在他们的脑中
05:03
it's still rattling around in their heads
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05:05
and all they want to do
is tell their friends about it.
is tell their friends about it.
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他们唯一想做的就是要告诉他们的朋友
05:08
That's the quality we look for.
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那就是我们要找的。
05:10
Every year, we get in the neighborhood
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每一年我们收到大约九千个
05:13
of 9,000 new nominations
for the Ig Nobel prize.
for the Ig Nobel prize.
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新的搞笑诺贝尔奖项提名
05:17
Of those, consistently between 10 percent
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其中 一直都有百分之十到二十是
05:20
and 20 percent of those nominations
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自己提名自己的
05:23
are people who nominate themselves.
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（笑声）
05:26
Those self-nominees almost never win.
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这些自我提名的几乎从来没得奖过
05:30
It's very difficult, numerically,
to win a prize if you want to.
to win a prize if you want to.
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从数据上说，，得奖的机会微乎其微
不管你是想赢或不想赢都很难。
05:35
Even if you don't want to,
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05:37
it's very difficult numerically.
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你知道吗
05:39
You should know that when
we choose somebody
we choose somebody
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当我们选中一个搞笑诺贝尔奖的得主
05:43
to win an Ig Nobel prize,
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我们会先和私下他联络
05:44
We get in touch with that person, very quietly.
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05:48
We offer them the chance to decline
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我们给他们一个拒绝领这个
很荣耀的奖项的机会
很荣耀的奖项的机会
05:50
this great honor if they want to.
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我们很高兴 几乎每位被选中的得主
都决定接受这个奖
都决定接受这个奖
05:54
Happily for us, almost everyone
who's offered a prize
who's offered a prize
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05:57
decides to accept.
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06:01
What do you get if you
win an Ig Nobel prize?
win an Ig Nobel prize?
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若你是搞笑诺贝尔奖的得主
你会得到什么呢？
你会得到什么呢？
06:03
Well, you get several things.
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你会得到几个东西
06:05
You get an Ig Nobel prize.
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你会得到一个搞笑诺贝尔奖
每一年的奖的设计都不一样
06:09
The design is different every year.
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这些都是用非常便宜的材料以手工制作的
06:11
These are always handmade
from extremely cheap materials.
from extremely cheap materials.
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06:16
You're looking at a picture
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你现在看到的是我们去年颁发的
2013年的
2013年的
06:17
of the prize we gave last year, 2013.
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06:21
Most prizes in the world also give
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大部分的奖都会给得奖者一些奖金
06:23
their winners some cash, some money.
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我们没有钱，所以我们无法给他们奖金
06:28
We don't have any money,
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06:29
so we can't give them.
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06:31
In fact, the winners have to
pay their own way
pay their own way
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事实上，我们的得主要自己付旅费来参加
搞笑诺贝尔奖的颁奖仪式
搞笑诺贝尔奖的颁奖仪式
06:34
to come to the Ig Nobel ceremony,
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06:36
which most of them do.
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大部分的人会来
06:38
Last year, though, we did manage
to scrape up some money.
to scrape up some money.
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去年，我们凑了一点钱
06:41
Last year, each of the 10
Ig Nobel prize winners
Ig Nobel prize winners
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十位搞笑诺贝尔奖的得主
每一位都得到十兆元的奖金
06:46
received from us 10 trillion dollars.
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一张十兆元的辛巴威纸钞
06:52
A $10 trillion bill from Zimbabwe. (Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:57
You may remember that
Zimbabwe had a little adventure
Zimbabwe had a little adventure
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你可能记得辛巴威在过去几年
发生一点事
发生一点事
07:00
for a few years there of inflation.
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就是通货膨胀
07:02
They ended up printing bills
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他们最后印的纸钞是以十兆为单位
07:04
that were in denominations as
large as 100 trillion dollars.
large as 100 trillion dollars.
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07:08
The man responsible, who runs
the national bank there, by the way,
the national bank there, by the way,
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顺便提一下，负责此事的国家银行首长
赢得了搞笑诺贝尔奖的数学奖
赢得了搞笑诺贝尔奖的数学奖
07:11
won an Ig Nobel prize in mathematics.
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07:13
The other thing you win is an invitation
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另外，你会得到一张搞笑诺贝尔奖
颁奖仪式的邀请函
颁奖仪式的邀请函
07:15
to come to the ceremony,
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07:17
which happens at Harvard University.
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仪式是在哈佛大学举行的
07:18
And when you get there,
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当你去的时候，你会来到哈佛
最大的会场兼教室
最大的会场兼教室
07:20
you come to Harvard's biggest
meeting place and classroom.
meeting place and classroom.
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07:22
It fits 1,100 people,
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在那里一万一千人挤得水泄不通
07:24
it's jammed to the gills,
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07:25
and up on the stage,
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在讲台上，等着和你握手和
颁发奖给你的是
颁发奖给你的是
07:26
waiting to shake your hand,
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07:27
waiting to hand you your Ig Nobel prize,
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07:30
are a bunch of Nobel prize winners.
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一群诺贝尔奖得主
07:32
That's the heart of the ceremony.
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那是整个颁奖仪式的最高点
直到那一刻 所有得主都被蒙在鼓里
直到那一刻 所有得主都被蒙在鼓里
07:34
The winners are kept secret until that moment,
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07:36
even the Nobel laureates
who will shake their hand
who will shake their hand
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即使在这些诺贝尔得主会握他们的手时
他们仍不知道这些人是谁
他们仍不知道这些人是谁
07:38
don't know who they are
until they're announced.
until they're announced.
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一直到他们的名字被宣布出来。
07:41
I am going to tell you
about just a very few
about just a very few
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我现在要和你们分享我们颁奖过的
07:44
of the other medical-related prizes we've given.
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几个其他和医疗有关的奖项
我们已颁过230个奖
许多得主可能在你们之中
许多得主可能在你们之中
07:48
Keep in mind, we've given 230 prizes.
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07:50
There are lots of these people
who walk among you.
who walk among you.
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或者你自己就是其中一位
07:52
Maybe you have one.
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07:54
A paper was published about 30 years ago
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30多年前 有一篇发表的论文
题目是“坠落的椰子导致的伤害”
题目是“坠落的椰子导致的伤害”
07:56
called "Injuries due to Falling Coconuts."
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07:59
It was written by Dr. Peter Barss,
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这是加拿大的比得 · 巴尔斯医生所写的
08:01
who is Canadian.
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08:03
Dr. Barss came to the ceremony
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巴尔斯医生在颁奖仪式中解释
08:05
and explained that as a young doctor,
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当他是位年轻的医生时 他要看看世界
08:07
he wanted to see the world.
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08:09
So he went to Papua New Guinea.
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所以他去了巴布亚纽几内亚
08:11
When he got there, he went to work
in a hospital, and he was curious
in a hospital, and he was curious
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当他到那里时 他去那里的医院工作
他很好奇 那里的人因那些问题会来医院
08:13
what kinds of things happen to people
that bring them to the hospital.
that bring them to the hospital.
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08:19
He looked through the
records, and he discovered
records, and he discovered
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他翻阅了医疗记录后发现
08:20
that a surprisingly large number of people
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来那个医院资料的原因中
相当多是因为坠落的椰子所造成的伤害
相当多是因为坠落的椰子所造成的伤害
08:23
in that hospital were there
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08:24
because of injuries due to falling coconuts.
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08:27
One typical thing that happens is
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一个典型的事件经过是：
08:29
people will come from the highlands,
where there are not many coconut trees,
where there are not many coconut trees,
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一些来自没有许多椰子树的高地的人
08:33
down to visit their relatives on the coast,
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去到有许多椰子树的海边拜访亲戚
08:35
where there are lots.
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08:37
And they'll think that a coconut tree
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他们想椰子树下似乎是
很适合站立或躺下的地方
很适合站立或躺下的地方
08:38
is a fine place to stand and maybe lie down.
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08:41
A coconut tree that is 90 feet tall,
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椰子树有90英尺高
每个椰子约二磅重
每个椰子约二磅重
08:43
and has coconuts that weigh two pounds
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08:46
that can drop off at any time.
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随时可能掉下來
08:50
A team of doctors in Europe
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有一组在欧洲的医生发表
一系列有关结肠镜检查的论文
一系列有关结肠镜检查的论文
08:52
published a series of papers
about colonoscopies.
about colonoscopies.
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08:55
You're all familiar with colonoscopies,
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各位应该对结肠镜检查
应该多少知道一些
应该多少知道一些
08:57
one way or another.
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08:58
Or in some cases,
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有些是知道不止一些
09:00
one way and another.
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（笑声）
09:03
They, in these papers,
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在这些论文里 他们解释给他们的同事
09:07
explained to their fellow doctors
who perform colonoscopies,
who perform colonoscopies,
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在他们做结肠镜检查时
如何降低他们的病人在检查时
爆炸的几率
爆炸的几率
09:11
how to minimize the chance
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09:13
that when you perform a colonoscopy,
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09:15
your patient will explode. (Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:19
Dr. Emmanuel Ben-Soussan
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曼纽 . 边生医生见到其中一位作者
从巴黎飞来参加颁奖仪式
从巴黎飞来参加颁奖仪式
09:21
one of the authors,
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09:22
flew in from Paris to the ceremony,
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在仪式里 他解释在1950年代
有关这方面的历史
有关这方面的历史
09:25
where he explained the history of this,
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09:27
that in the 1950s,
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那时 结肠镜检查才开始成为
一个普遍的技术
一个普遍的技术
09:28
when colonoscopies were becoming
a common technique for the first time,
a common technique for the first time,
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09:34
people were figuring out how to do it well.
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大家都在摸索如何做才是最好
09:36
And there were some difficulties at first.
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开始时有些困难
你们对基本的问题可能有些熟悉
你们对基本的问题可能有些熟悉
09:39
The basic problem, I'm sure you're familiar with,
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你要看一个很长 很窄且很黑的地方
09:43
that you're looking inside a
long, narrow, dark place.
long, narrow, dark place.
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09:48
And so, you want to have a larger space.
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你希望可以比较宽大的空间
所以你加入一些气体来膨胀它
所以你加入一些气体来膨胀它
09:52
You add some gas to inflate it
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让你有空间可以看清楚
09:54
so you have room to look around.
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那是加在已经在里面的甲烷气之上
09:56
Now, that's added to the
gas, the methane gas,
gas, the methane gas,
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09:59
that's already inside.
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起初他们大多数用的气体是氧气
10:00
The gas that they used at first,
in many cases, was oxygen.
in many cases, was oxygen.
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10:03
So they added oxygen to methane gas.
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他们将氧气加在已有的甲烷气内
10:06
And then they wanted to be able to see,
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然后为了他们能够看清楚
他们需要亮光 所以他们就加上光源
他们需要亮光 所以他们就加上光源
10:07
they needed light,
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10:09
so they'd put in a light source,
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10:10
which in the 1950s was very hot.
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在1950年代 那时的光源很热
10:12
So you had methane gas, which is flammable,
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总之 那时你有易燃的甲烷，氧气，和热
10:15
oxygen and heat.
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10:18
They stopped using oxygen pretty quickly.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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但他们很快就停用氧气了（笑声）
10:23
Now it's rare that patients will explode,
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现在 很少有病人会爆炸
但是仍然时有发生
但是仍然时有发生
10:25
but it does still happen.
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10:31
The final thing that I want
to tell you about is a prize
to tell you about is a prize
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最后 我要告诉你们的是我们颁发给
伊莲娜 . 巴特那医生的奖项
伊莲娜 . 巴特那医生的奖项
10:35
we gave to Dr. Elena Bodnar.
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伊莲娜 . 巴特那医生发明了一个
在紧急时
在紧急时
10:37
Dr. Elena Bodnar invented a brassiere
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10:41
that in an emergency
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可以很快分开成两个口罩的胸罩
10:43
can be quickly separated
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10:44
into a pair of protective face masks.
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10:48
One to save your life,
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一个可以救你自己的命
另外一个可以救一个很幸运的旁观者
另外一个可以救一个很幸运的旁观者
10:49
one to save the life of some
lucky bystander. (Laughter)
lucky bystander. (Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:55
Why would someone do this, you might wonder.
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你可能会想 为什么会有人要做这个？
10:58
Dr. Bodnar came to the ceremony
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巴特那医生来到颁奖仪式 她解释说：
11:00
and she explained that
she grew up in Ukraine.
she grew up in Ukraine.
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她是在乌克兰长大的
她是最早治疗切尔诺贝利核能厂
核灾的受害者的医生中的一名医生
核灾的受害者的医生中的一名医生
11:03
She was one of the doctors who treated victims
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11:05
of the Chernobyl power plant meltdown.
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11:07
And they later discovered that
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他们后来发现许多最严重的医疗问题
主要是因为他们吸入的物体
主要是因为他们吸入的物体
11:09
a lot of the worst medical problems
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11:11
came from the particles people breathed in.
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11:13
So she was always thinking after that
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之后她就经常在想 若是意外突然发生
11:15
about could there be some simple mask
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11:17
that was available everywhere
when the unexpected happens.
when the unexpected happens.
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有什么简单又随手可得的口罩
11:21
Years later, she moved to America.
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多年后 她搬到美国 生了一个小孩
11:23
She had a baby,
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11:24
One day she looked, and on the floor,
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有一天 她看着她的小孩在地上
拣起她的胸罩
拣起她的胸罩
11:26
her infant son had picked up her bra,
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将她的胸罩放在脸上当口罩
那是她的灵感来源
那是她的灵感来源
11:29
and had her bra on his face.
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11:31
And that's where the idea came from.
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11:32
She came to the Ig Nobel ceremony
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当她来到颁奖仪式的时候
她带了第一个原型样本来示范
她带了第一个原型样本来示范
11:34
with the first prototype of the bra
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11:37
and she demonstrated:
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（笑声）
11:41
(Laughter) (Applause)
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（笑声和掌声）
（笑声）
（笑声）
{掌声）
12:10
["Paul Krugman, Nobel laureate
(2008) in economics"]
(2008) in economics"]
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[保罗 库格曼 2008年诺贝尔经济奖得主]
（笑声）
（笑声）
（掌声）
[沃尔夫冈 克特勒 2001年
诺贝尔物理得主]
诺贝尔物理得主]
12:40
["Wolfgang Ketterle, Nobel
laureate (2001) in physics"]
laureate (2001) in physics"]
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（掌声）
我自己也拥有一个紧急用胸罩
12:55
I myself own an emergency bra. (Laughter)
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（笑声）
12:59
It's my favorite bra,
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这是我最喜欢的胸罩
13:01
but I would be happy to
share it with any of you,
share it with any of you,
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但有需要时 我会很乐意和
你们任何一个人分享
你们任何一个人分享
13:04
should the need arise.
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谢谢
13:06
Thank you.
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（鼓掌）
13:07
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marc Abrahams - Science humoristMarc Abrahams writes about research that makes people laugh, and then think.
Why you should listen
Author and newspaper columnist Marc Abrahams is the editor of the science humor magazine Annals of Improbable Research. In this hilarious talk, he shares thought-provoking stories behind some of the winners of the Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony.
More profile about the speakerMarc Abrahams | Speaker | TED.com