TEDGlobal 2014
Ilona Szabó de Carvalho: 4 lessons I learned from taking a stand against drugs and gun violence
伊洛娜·绍博·德卡瓦略: 抵制毒品和枪支暴力中学到的四门课
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在银行工作的职业道路上，伊洛娜·绍博·德卡瓦略从未想到过自己有一天会发起一项社会运动。但生活在巴西本土，这个”引领“全球凶杀暴力的国家，她开始意识到不能再袖手旁观、眼看着毒品和枪支让自己的国家四分五裂。伊洛娜·绍博·德卡瓦略将揭示她在离开自己的闲适工作、勇敢改变现状的过程中学到的四门重要课程。
Ilona Szabó de Carvalho - Policy reformer
Ilona Szabó de Carvalho leads the Igarapé Institute in Rio de Janeiro, which focuses on security and development policy. Full bio
Ilona Szabó de Carvalho leads the Igarapé Institute in Rio de Janeiro, which focuses on security and development policy. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
About 12 years ago,
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大约是在12年前
00:14
I gave up my career in banking
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我放弃了在银行的职业，
00:17
to try to make the world a safer place.
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致力于世界安全事业。
00:20
This involved a journey into
national and global advocacy
national and global advocacy
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于是我踏上了万国游踪，
全球倡议的征程，
全球倡议的征程，
00:24
and meeting some of the most
extraordinary people in the world.
extraordinary people in the world.
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与一些世界顶尖人物会面。
00:29
In the process, I became
a civil society diplomat.
a civil society diplomat.
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这个过程中，
我成为了一名公民社会的外交官。
我成为了一名公民社会的外交官。
00:34
Civil society diplomats do three things:
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公民社会外交官有三个职能：
00:38
They voice the concerns of the people,
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发出民众的声音，
00:40
are not pinned down by national interests,
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不被国家利益牵制，
00:43
and influence change
through citizen networks,
through citizen networks,
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通过民众网络引导变革，
00:46
not only state ones.
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而不局限于国家网络。
00:49
And if you want to change the world,
we need more of them.
we need more of them.
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如果你想要改变世界，
那么需要做的（工作）就更多。
那么需要做的（工作）就更多。
00:53
But many people still ask,
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也许很多人还会问：
00:56
"Can civil society really
make a big difference?
make a big difference?
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“公民社会真的可以起这么大的作用？
01:00
Can citizens influence and shape
national and global policy?"
national and global policy?"
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公民真的可以影响并改变
国家和全球政策吗？”
国家和全球政策吗？”
我曾经以为我从不会自问这些个问题，
01:06
I never thought I would ask
myself these questions,
myself these questions,
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01:08
but here I am to share some lessons
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而现在我想与你们分享几点经验，
01:12
about two powerful civil society
movements that I've been involved in.
movements that I've been involved in.
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是我在参与两起有力的
公民社会运动中学到的。
公民社会运动中学到的。
01:17
They are in issues
that I'm passionate about:
that I'm passionate about:
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他们分别是让我激情满怀的
01:21
gun control and drug policy.
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枪支管控以及毒品政策。
01:25
And these are issues that matter here.
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这些正是这里存在的重大问题。
01:28
Latin America is ground zero
for both of them.
for both of them.
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拉丁美洲是这两个问题的着地点。
01:34
For example, Brazil --
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比如，巴西——
01:36
this beautiful country hosting TEDGlobal
has the world's ugliest record.
has the world's ugliest record.
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这个主持”TED全球“的美丽国家
却是世界上最劣迹斑斑的地方。
却是世界上最劣迹斑斑的地方。
01:42
We are the number one champion
in homicidal violence.
in homicidal violence.
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凶杀案数目位居榜首。
01:48
One in every 10 people killed
around the world is a Brazilian.
around the world is a Brazilian.
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全世界每十个被害者中
就有一个是巴西人。
就有一个是巴西人。
也就是说：每年有超过56000人
01:54
This translates into over 56,000 people
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01:59
dying violently each year.
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死于暴力事件。
02:03
Most of them are young, black boys
dying by guns.
dying by guns.
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其中绝大多数是被枪杀的
年轻黑人男孩。
年轻黑人男孩。
02:09
Brazil is also one of the world's
largest consumers of drugs,
largest consumers of drugs,
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巴西也是世界上最大的毒品消费国，
02:14
and the War on Drugs
has been especially painful here.
has been especially painful here.
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毒品战争在这里尤为惨痛。
02:19
Around 50 percent of the homicides
in the streets in Brazil
in the streets in Brazil
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巴西街头大约50%的杀人事件
02:22
are related to the War on Drugs.
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都与毒品战争相关。
02:25
The same is true for about
25 percent of people in jail.
25 percent of people in jail.
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25%的在押犯人也与此有关。
02:31
And it's not just Brazil that is affected
by the twin problems of guns and drugs.
by the twin problems of guns and drugs.
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其实并非只有巴西
受枪支与毒品这对孪生问题的影响。
受枪支与毒品这对孪生问题的影响。
02:36
Virtually every country and city across
Central and South America is in trouble.
Central and South America is in trouble.
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事实上中美、南美的
每个国家和城市都在遭受这种困扰。
每个国家和城市都在遭受这种困扰。
02:43
Latin America has nine percent
of the world's population,
of the world's population,
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拉丁美洲拥有世界9%的人口，
02:47
but 25 percent
of its global violent deaths.
of its global violent deaths.
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而暴力死亡比例却高达全球的25%。
这些问题是我们无法逃避的，
02:52
These are not problems
we can run away from.
we can run away from.
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02:55
I certainly could not.
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我当然也不能。
02:58
So the first campaign I got involved with
started here in 2003
started here in 2003
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我参加的第一次运动是在这儿发起的，
那是2003年，
那是2003年，
03:03
to change Brazil's gun law
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为了改变巴西的枪支管理法律，
以及发起一个回购枪支的运动。
03:05
and to create a program
to buy back weapons.
to buy back weapons.
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03:08
In just a few years,
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短短几年，
我们不仅改变了国家的法律，
03:09
we not only changed national legislation
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03:12
that made it much more difficult
for civilians to buy a gun,
for civilians to buy a gun,
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大大提高了民众购买枪支的难度，
03:16
but we collected and destroyed
almost half a million weapons.
almost half a million weapons.
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而且还收集并销毁了近50万的枪支。
03:21
This was one of the biggest
buyback programs in history --
buyback programs in history --
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这是历史上最大规模的
回购枪支运动——
回购枪支运动——
03:26
(Applause) --
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(掌声)
03:28
but we also suffered some setbacks.
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但后来我们也经历了一些阻碍——
03:32
We lost a referendum to ban
gun sales to civilians in 2005.
gun sales to civilians in 2005.
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2005年，我们丧失了向民众
禁售枪支的投票权。
禁售枪支的投票权。
03:38
The second initiative was also home-grown,
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第二次倡议也是在国内，
03:41
but is today a global movement to reform
the international drug control regime.
the international drug control regime.
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但今天，对国际毒品管控体制的改革
已经成为一项全球运动。
已经成为一项全球运动。
我本人是
03:47
I am the executive coordinator
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全球毒品政策委员会的行政协理。
03:48
of something called
the Global Commission on Drug Policy.
the Global Commission on Drug Policy.
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这个委员会是一个高级别工作组，
03:53
The commission is a high-level group
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03:55
of global leaders brought together
to identify more humane
to identify more humane
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这里聚集了全球领导者，共同制定
03:59
and effective approaches
to the issue of drugs.
to the issue of drugs.
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更人道、更有效的毒品问题解决方案。
04:03
Since we started in 2008,
the taboo on drugs is broken.
the taboo on drugs is broken.
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从2008年开始到现在，
毒品禁忌已经打破。
毒品禁忌已经打破。
04:08
Across the Americas, from the US
and Mexico to Colombia and Uruguay,
and Mexico to Colombia and Uruguay,
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整个美洲，从美国到
墨西哥、古巴、乌拉圭，
墨西哥、古巴、乌拉圭，
变革随处可见。
04:13
change is in the air.
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04:15
But rather than tell you the whole story
about these two movements,
about these two movements,
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但在这里我不讲有关
这两次运动的整个故事，
这两次运动的整个故事，
我只想与你们分享四个关键的见解。
04:19
I just want to share with you
four key insights.
four key insights.
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04:23
I call them lessons to change the world.
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我称它们是“改变世界的必修课”。
04:26
There are certainly many more,
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当然还有其它别的，
04:29
but these are the ones
that stand out to me.
that stand out to me.
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但这几个是让我最为印象深刻的。
04:32
So the first lesson is:
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第一课是：
04:34
Change and control the narrative.
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改变和控制话语权。
04:37
It may seem obvious,
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这也许是显而易见的，
04:39
but a key ingredient
to civil society diplomacy
to civil society diplomacy
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但公民社会外交的要素
04:42
is first changing and then
controlling the narrative.
controlling the narrative.
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就是首先改变，并随后控制话语权。
04:46
This is something that veteran
politicians understand,
politicians understand,
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政坛老手对之有着深刻的理解，
04:49
but that civil society groups
generally do not do very well.
generally do not do very well.
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而公民社会团体通常
在这方面做的并不好。
在这方面做的并不好。
04:54
In the case of drug policy,
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在毒品政策的运动中，
04:57
our biggest success has been
to change the discussion
to change the discussion
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我们最大的成功在于引导讨论，
05:00
away from prosecuting a War on Drugs
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从进行毒品战争到
05:03
to putting people's health
and safety first.
and safety first.
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首先强调公民的健康和安全。
05:07
In a cutting-edge report
we just launched in New York,
we just launched in New York,
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刚刚在纽约发行的一份前沿报告中，
05:10
we also showed that the groups benefiting
most from this $320 billion market
most from this $320 billion market
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我们也指出：在这个3200亿的市场中，
05:18
are criminal gangs and cartels.
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受益最多的群体是犯罪团伙与黑帮。
05:21
So in order to undermine
the power and profit of these groups,
the power and profit of these groups,
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所以说，为了逐渐削弱
这些群体的势力和利益，
这些群体的势力和利益，
05:25
we need to change the conversation.
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我们需要改变对话方式，
05:28
We need to make illegal drugs legal.
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需要改变毒品的非法性，使其合法化。
05:34
But before I get you too excited,
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不过，大家别激动，
05:37
I don't mean drugs
should be a free-for-all.
should be a free-for-all.
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我并不是说应该让毒品市场自由化，
05:40
What I'm talking about, and what
the Global Commission advocates for
the Global Commission advocates for
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而是说，就像
全球毒品政策委员会倡导的那样：
全球毒品政策委员会倡导的那样：
05:44
is creating a highly regulated market,
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创建一个高度管制的毒品市场，
05:49
where different drugs would have
different degrees of regulation.
different degrees of regulation.
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不同毒品在这里受到不同程度的管制。
05:54
As for gun control,
we were successful in changing,
we were successful in changing,
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就像枪支管制中那样，
我们实现了一些改变，
我们实现了一些改变，
05:58
but not so much
in controlling, the narrative.
in controlling, the narrative.
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但并没有成功控制话语权。
06:01
And this brings me to my next lesson:
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这就给了我接下来的一课：
06:04
Never underestimate your opponents.
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永远不要低估对手。
06:08
If you want to succeed
in changing the world,
in changing the world,
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如果你想要成功改变世界，
06:10
you need to know who you're up against.
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你需要知道你的对手是谁,
06:12
You need to learn their motivations
and points of view.
and points of view.
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了解他们的动机和观点。
06:16
In the case of gun control,
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在枪支管制的案例中，
06:18
we really underestimated our opponents.
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我们的确是低估了对手。
06:22
After a very successful
gun-collection program,
gun-collection program,
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成功回购枪支的运动之后，
我们兴高采烈。
06:25
we were elated.
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06:26
We had support from
80 percent of Brazilians,
80 percent of Brazilians,
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我们拥有80%的巴西人民支持，
06:29
and thought that this could help us
win the referendum
win the referendum
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以为这个就可以使得我们
06:32
to ban gun sales to civilians.
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在向公民禁售枪支的
投票中稳操胜券。
投票中稳操胜券。
06:34
But we were dead wrong.
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但我们大错特错了。
06:37
During a televised 20-day public debate,
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在为期20天的媒体公开辩论中，
06:41
our opponent used
our own arguments against us.
our own arguments against us.
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对手用我们的观点反驳我们，
06:45
We ended up losing the popular vote.
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使我们以输掉公众投票而告终。
06:47
It was really terrible.
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这真的是极其惨重的失败。
06:49
The National Rifle Association --
yes, the American NRA --
yes, the American NRA --
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全国步枪协会——
是的，就是美国的NRA，
是的，就是美国的NRA，
06:55
came to Brazil.
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来到巴西。
06:57
They inundated our campaign
with their propaganda,
with their propaganda,
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他们的宣传几乎覆灭了我们的运动，
07:00
that as you know,
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你知道，
07:02
links the right to own guns
to ideas of freedom and democracy.
to ideas of freedom and democracy.
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他们让持枪权与
自由和民主搭上了关系。
自由和民主搭上了关系。
07:06
They simply threw everything at us.
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他们轻而易举地把所有问题砸向我们。
07:10
They used our national flag,
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他们使用我们的国旗，
07:12
our independence anthem.
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我们的独立之歌。
07:14
They invoked women's rights
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他们借助女权，
07:15
and misused images of Mandela,
Tiananmen Square, and even Hitler.
Tiananmen Square, and even Hitler.
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滥用曼德拉，天安门广场，
甚至希特勒的图片。
甚至希特勒的图片。
07:21
They won by playing with people's fears.
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他们借助操弄人们的
恐惧取得了胜利。
恐惧取得了胜利。
07:25
In fact, guns were almost completely
ignored in their campaign.
ignored in their campaign.
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事实上，在他们的运动中
几乎完全绕开枪支，
几乎完全绕开枪支，
07:29
Their focus was on individual rights.
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而是把火力集中在个人权利上。
07:33
But I ask you,
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可是，我想问大家：
07:34
which right is more important,
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那种权力更重要呢？
07:37
the right to life
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是生命的权力？
07:38
or the right to have a gun
that takes life away?
that takes life away?
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还是夺取生命的持枪权？
07:41
(Applause)
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（掌声）
07:46
We thought people would vote
in defense of life,
in defense of life,
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我以为人们会为保护生命而投票，
07:49
but in a country with a recent past
of military dictatorship,
of military dictatorship,
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但在一个不久前还受到
军事独裁统治的国家，
军事独裁统治的国家，
07:54
the anti-government message
of our opponents resonated,
of our opponents resonated,
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对手反政府的言辞得到了共鸣，
07:59
and we were not prepared to respond.
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而我们完全没有准备好回应。
08:02
Lesson learned.
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我们收获了教训。
08:04
We've been more successful
in the case of drug policy.
in the case of drug policy.
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我们在毒品政策的运动中
更成功一些。
更成功一些。
08:08
If you asked most people 10 years ago if
an end to the War on Drugs was possible,
an end to the War on Drugs was possible,
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如果你要问十年前的人们，
要结束毒品战争是否有可能，
要结束毒品战争是否有可能，
08:12
they would have laughed.
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大多数人都会大笑的。
08:14
After all, there are huge
military police prisons
military police prisons
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毕竟，那个时候有
大量的军队、警察、监狱，
大量的军队、警察、监狱，
08:18
and financial establishments
benefiting from this war.
benefiting from this war.
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以及金融机构，在这场战争中获利。
08:22
But today, the international drug
control regime is starting to crumble.
control regime is starting to crumble.
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而今天，全球毒品的管理体制正在崩溃，
08:28
Governments and civil societies
are experimenting with new approaches.
are experimenting with new approaches.
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政府与公民社会团体正在试验新的策略。
08:32
The Global Commission on Drug Policy
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全球毒品政策委员会
对对手再清楚不过了，
08:35
really knew its opposition,
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08:37
and rather than fighting them,
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与其直接对抗，不如——
08:39
our chair -- former Brazilian President
Fernando Henrique Cardoso --
Fernando Henrique Cardoso --
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像我们的前巴西总统
费尔南多·恩里克·卡多佐，
费尔南多·恩里克·卡多佐，
08:43
reached out to leaders
from across the political spectrum,
from across the political spectrum,
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找到政界领袖们，
08:48
from liberals to conservatives.
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不论是自由派还是保守党。
08:50
This high level group
agreed to honestly discuss
agreed to honestly discuss
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这个高层团体同意真诚探讨
08:55
the merits and flaws of drug policies.
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毒品政策的优点和弊端。
08:57
It was this reasoned, informed
and strategic discussion
and strategic discussion
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正是这次严谨、据实、
具有战略性的讨论，
具有战略性的讨论，
09:02
that revealed the sad truth
about the War on Drugs.
about the War on Drugs.
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揭露了毒品战争的悲哀现实。
09:06
The War on Drugs has simply failed
across every metric.
across every metric.
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毒品战争的确在方方面面都失败了，
09:12
Drugs are cheaper
and more available than ever,
and more available than ever,
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毒品比从前更廉价、更易获取，
09:15
and consumption has risen globally.
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消费量也在全球性的增长。
09:18
But even worse,
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还有更糟糕的，
09:20
it also generated massive
negative unintended consequences.
negative unintended consequences.
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它还带来了一系列预料之外的巨大恶果。
09:26
It is true that some people
have made these arguments before,
have made these arguments before,
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之前的确有人提过这些论点，
09:30
but we've made a difference
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但我们不一样：
09:32
by anticipating the arguments
of our opponents
of our opponents
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我们通过对对手论点的预测、
09:35
and by leveraging powerful voices
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通过放大有力的声音，
09:37
that a few years ago
would probably have resisted change.
would probably have resisted change.
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来自那些数年前也许还在拒绝改变的人。
09:42
Third lesson: Use data
to drive your argument.
to drive your argument.
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我们学到的第三课是：让数据驱动你的论点。
09:46
Guns and drugs are emotive issues,
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枪支和毒品是会激发情绪的，
09:49
and as we've painfully learned
in the gun referendum campaign in Brazil,
in the gun referendum campaign in Brazil,
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我们在巴西针对枪支的公民投票运动中
就得到过惨重的教训。
就得到过惨重的教训。
有的时候，想要破开情绪切入真相，
09:53
sometimes it's impossible
to cut through the emotions
to cut through the emotions
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09:56
and get to the facts.
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真的不可能。
09:58
But this doesn't mean
that we shouldn't try.
that we shouldn't try.
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但这并不意味着我们就应该无所作为。
10:01
Until quite recently,
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直到不久前，
10:03
we simply didn't know
how many Brazilians were killed by guns.
how many Brazilians were killed by guns.
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我们才知道有多少巴西人死在枪口上。
10:07
Amazingly, it was a local soap opera
called "Mulheres Apaixonadas" --
called "Mulheres Apaixonadas" --
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让人震惊的是，有一个当地的肥皂剧
叫做“Mulheres Apaixonadas”——
叫做“Mulheres Apaixonadas”——
10:12
or "Women in Love" --
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或者是“恋爱中的女人”——
10:14
that kicked off Brazil's
national gun control campaign.
national gun control campaign.
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它拉开了巴西国内枪支管制运动的序幕。
10:18
In one highly viewed episode,
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在收视率很高的一集中，
10:20
a soap opera lead actress
was killed by a stray bullet.
was killed by a stray bullet.
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这个肥皂剧的女主角被一颗子弹误杀，
10:25
Brazilian grannies
and housewives were outraged,
and housewives were outraged,
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巴西奶奶们和家庭主妇们都被激怒了。
10:29
and in a case of art imitating life,
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作为艺术刻画真实生活的例子，
10:32
this episode also included footage
of a real gun control march
of a real gun control march
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这一集也有一些真实
枪支管制游行的镜头，
枪支管制游行的镜头，
10:37
that we had organized right here,
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正是我们在这儿组织的那次，
10:40
outside in Copacabana Beach.
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在外面的科帕卡瓦納海滩。
10:43
The televised death and march
had a huge impact on public opinion.
had a huge impact on public opinion.
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影视中的死亡和游行
对公众看法产生了巨大影响。
对公众看法产生了巨大影响。
10:48
Within weeks, our national congress
approved the disarmament bill
approved the disarmament bill
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几周内，国家议会通过了
那个折腾了好多年的缴械法案。
10:53
that had been languishing for years.
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3088
10:56
We were then able to mobilize data
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之后我们也能利用数据，
证实这项法令的修改和枪支回购运动
10:59
to show the successful outcomes
of the change in the law
of the change in the law
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11:02
and gun collection program.
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所带来的成功效果。
11:05
Here is what I mean:
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我想说的是——
11:06
We could prove that in just one year,
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我们能够用事实证明在短短一年内，
11:10
we saved more than 5,000 lives.
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我们就挽救了超过5000的生命。
11:15
(Applause)
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（掌声）
11:18
And in the case of drugs,
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在毒品案例中，
11:21
in order to undermine this fear
and prejudice that surrounds the issue,
and prejudice that surrounds the issue,
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5294
为了打破围绕这一问题的
一切恐惧和偏见，
一切恐惧和偏见，
11:26
we managed to gather and present data
that shows that today's drug policies
that shows that today's drug policies
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我们通过收集并呈现数据，
11:31
cause much more harm than drug use per se,
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展现毒品政策如何造成
比毒品本身更严重的伤害，
比毒品本身更严重的伤害，
11:35
and people are starting to get it.
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而人们也已经开始慢慢理解。
我学到的第四课是：
11:39
My fourth insight is:
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11:41
Don't be afraid to bring
together odd bedfellows.
together odd bedfellows.
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不要害怕聚集意见不同的伙伴。
11:46
What we've learned in Brazil --
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1974
我们在巴西学到的——
这个不只适用于我们的国家：
11:48
and this doesn't only
apply to my country --
apply to my country --
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11:50
is the importance of bringing diverse
and eclectic folks together.
and eclectic folks together.
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就是不拘一格聚集
各界民众的重要性。
各界民众的重要性。
11:54
If you want to change the world,
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如果你想要改变世界，
11:57
it helps to have a good cross-section
of society on your side.
of society on your side.
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拥有一个围绕你的跨领域团体，
会很有帮助。
会很有帮助。
12:01
In both the case of guns and drugs,
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在枪支和毒品的案例中，
12:04
we brought together
a wonderful mix of people.
a wonderful mix of people.
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我们有非常棒的人才聚集。
12:07
We mobilized the elite
and got huge support from the media.
and got huge support from the media.
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我们动员社会精英，
争取到了媒体的有力支持。
争取到了媒体的有力支持。
12:11
We gathered the victims,
human rights champions, cultural icons.
human rights champions, cultural icons.
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我们聚集受害者、人权决胜者
以及文化偶像。
以及文化偶像。
12:16
We also assembled
the professional classes --
the professional classes --
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我们还召集了各种职业群体——
12:18
doctors, lawyers, academia and more.
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医生、律师、学者等等。
12:21
What I've learned over the last years
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那些年我学到的就是：
你需要那些意见相左的人们组成联盟，
从而实现改变。
从而实现改变。
12:24
is that you need coalitions of the willing
and of the unwilling to make change.
and of the unwilling to make change.
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5900
12:30
In the case of drugs,
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在毒品案例中，
12:32
we needed libertarians,
anti-prohibitionists, legalizers,
anti-prohibitionists, legalizers,
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我们需要自由主义者、
反禁者、立法人员
反禁者、立法人员
12:35
and liberal politicians.
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2345
以及开明的政治家。
12:38
They may not agree on everything;
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他们也许不会在每件事情上达成一致，
12:40
in fact, they disagree
on almost everything.
on almost everything.
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事实上，他们在几乎
所有事情上都有分歧。
所有事情上都有分歧。
但这项运动的合理性正是基于
他们多样化的观点。
他们多样化的观点。
12:44
But the legitimacy of the campaign
is based on their diverse points of view.
is based on their diverse points of view.
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12:51
Over a decade ago,
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十多年之前，
12:53
I had a comfortable future
working for an investment bank.
working for an investment bank.
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我为投资银行工作、
拥有一个舒适的未来。
拥有一个舒适的未来。
12:58
I was as far removed from the world
of civil society diplomacy
of civil society diplomacy
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我距离公民社会外交官是如此之远，
13:02
as you can imagine.
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你们可以想象。
13:04
But I took a chance.
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但是，我把握了一个机会，
13:06
I changed course,
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1997
改变了行进方向，
13:08
and on the way, I helped
to create social movements
to create social movements
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并且这一路上，
我为发起社会运动做贡献，
我为发起社会运动做贡献，
13:12
that I believe have made
some parts of the world safer.
some parts of the world safer.
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而我相信一些地方已经
变得更为安全了。
变得更为安全了。
13:17
Each and every one of us
has the power to change the world.
has the power to change the world.
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我们每个人都拥有改变世界的力量。
13:22
No matter what the issue,
and no matter how hard the fight,
and no matter how hard the fight,
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无论目标是什么，
无论这场奋斗如何艰难，
无论这场奋斗如何艰难，
13:26
civil society is central
to the blueprint for change.
to the blueprint for change.
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公民社会是变革蓝图的重心。
13:31
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
(掌声)
13:33
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ilona Szabó de Carvalho - Policy reformerIlona Szabó de Carvalho leads the Igarapé Institute in Rio de Janeiro, which focuses on security and development policy.
Why you should listen
Ilona Szabó de Carvalho is a drug policy and public security specialist with experience from Brazil and around the world. A founder of the Igarapé Institute, a think-and-do tank, she also coordinates the international Global Commission on Drug Policy.
Over the past decade, Ilona has played a central role in triggering debate on progressive approaches to preventing violence, advocating gun control and police reform, and dealing with drugs, pushing for a radical re-examination of key policies. In particular, recognizing that drug prohibition has done little to slake demand for drugs or to reduce profit margins for the cartels (and the armed violence to which they are inexorably linked), de Carvalho believes we should shift the control of drugs from organized crime to governments -- and view abuse as a health problem, not as a criminal offense.
More profile about the speakerOver the past decade, Ilona has played a central role in triggering debate on progressive approaches to preventing violence, advocating gun control and police reform, and dealing with drugs, pushing for a radical re-examination of key policies. In particular, recognizing that drug prohibition has done little to slake demand for drugs or to reduce profit margins for the cartels (and the armed violence to which they are inexorably linked), de Carvalho believes we should shift the control of drugs from organized crime to governments -- and view abuse as a health problem, not as a criminal offense.
Ilona Szabó de Carvalho | Speaker | TED.com