TEDWomen 2015
Marlene Zuk: What we learn from insects' sex lives
玛琳珠: 怪异的昆虫性行为给我们的启发
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玛琳珠是位目标坚定、乐此不疲的昆虫研究员。通过这个充满洞见、诙谐的讲座，她分享了昆虫生活中各种令人乍舌的生态 － 包括它们五花八门的交配方式。
Marlene Zuk - Evolutionary biologist
Marlene Zuk studies insect behavior -- and how humans use animal behavior to think about how we behave ourselves. Full bio
Marlene Zuk studies insect behavior -- and how humans use animal behavior to think about how we behave ourselves. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
So, people are more afraid of insects
than they are of dying.
than they are of dying.
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看来，人们害怕昆虫，
比害怕死亡还要厉害。
00:18
(Laughter)
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起码，根据《排行榜之书》
1973年的一项调查，
1973年的一项调查，
00:20
At least, according to a 1973
"Book of Lists" survey
"Book of Lists" survey
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当时仍无今天的各种
最佳、最劣、最滑稽等在线调查
最佳、最劣、最滑稽等在线调查
00:25
which preceded all those online best,
worst, funniest lists that you see today.
worst, funniest lists that you see today.
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只有高度和公众演讲。
00:32
Only heights and public speaking
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00:35
exceeded the six-legged
as sources of fear.
as sources of fear.
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比六只腿的东西更令人毛骨悚然。
00:39
And I suspect if you had put
spiders in there,
spiders in there,
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我颇信，
如果把蜘蛛也考虑在内的话，
如果把蜘蛛也考虑在内的话，
00:43
the combinations of insects and spiders
would have just topped the chart.
would have just topped the chart.
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蜘蛛兼昆虫一定越占恐惧榜首无疑。
不过，我倒不像他们。
00:48
Now, I am not one of those people.
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00:50
I really love insects.
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我喜欢昆虫。
00:53
I think they're interesting and beautiful,
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我觉得昆虫有趣、很美、
有时甚至很萌。
00:57
and sometimes even cute.
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00:58
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:00
And I'm not alone.
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不止我一个是这样的哦。
01:01
For centuries, some
of the greatest minds in science,
of the greatest minds in science,
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许多世纪以来，
科学界很多伟大的思想家，
科学界很多伟大的思想家，
01:05
from Charles Darwin to E.O. Wilson,
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从达尔文到威尔逊，
都从地球上最微小的心思得到启发。
01:08
have drawn inspiration from studying
some of the smallest minds on Earth.
some of the smallest minds on Earth.
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01:14
Well, why is that?
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是什么原因呢？
什么原因让我们
一而再地关注昆虫呢？
一而再地关注昆虫呢？
01:16
What is that keeps us
coming back to insects?
coming back to insects?
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01:20
Some of it, of course, is just the sheer
magnitude of almost everything about them.
magnitude of almost everything about them.
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有些原因来自昆虫的
几乎每一个方面的量度。
几乎每一个方面的量度。
01:24
They're more numerous
than any other kind of animal.
than any other kind of animal.
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这些量度比任何其他动物都大
我们甚至还不知道究竟有多少种昆虫，
01:27
We don't even know how many species
of insects there are,
of insects there are,
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因为一直都不断有新品种被发现。
01:30
because new ones
are being discovered all the time.
are being discovered all the time.
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01:33
There are at least a million,
maybe as many as 10 million.
maybe as many as 10 million.
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现知道有至少1百万，
也许有1千万之多。
也许有1千万之多。
01:37
This means that you could have
an insect-of-the-month calendar
an insect-of-the-month calendar
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就是说，你可以搞个
每月一种昆虫介绍的年历
每月一种昆虫介绍的年历
即使不重复介绍，
也可以够用80,000年。
也可以够用80,000年。
01:41
and not have to reuse a species
for over 80,000 years.
for over 80,000 years.
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01:45
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
熊猫小猫的，靠边站吧。
01:48
Take that, pandas and kittens!
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01:50
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:52
More seriously, insects are essential.
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更重要的是，昆虫不可缺。
我们很需要它们。
01:55
We need them.
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据估计，每3口食物中，
01:57
It's been estimated
that 1 out of every 3 bites of food
that 1 out of every 3 bites of food
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02:00
is made possible by a pollinator.
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有两口来自授粉昆虫的工作。
科学家们利用昆虫得出对
种种事物的根本性发现，
种种事物的根本性发现，
02:04
Scientist use insects to make fundamental
discoveries
discoveries
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02:08
about everything from the structure
of our nervous systems
of our nervous systems
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从神经系统到基因和
DNA是如何工作的等等。
DNA是如何工作的等等。
02:11
to how our genes and DNA work.
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02:14
But what I love most about insects
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我最喜欢昆虫的一面是它们使我们
02:16
is what they can tell us
about our own behavior.
about our own behavior.
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对自己的行为有了深刻的了解。
人们做的事，昆虫似乎都做。
02:19
Insects seem like they do
everything that people do.
everything that people do.
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02:22
They meet, they mate,
they fight, they break up.
they fight, they break up.
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它们相遇、交配、打斗、分离。
02:26
And they do so with what looks
like love or animosity.
like love or animosity.
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而它们做的方式也掺有
看来像是爱或恨的东西。
看来像是爱或恨的东西。
02:31
But what drives their behaviors is really
different than what drives our own,
different than what drives our own,
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但是，驱动它们的行径的和
驱动我们行径的是不同的东西。
驱动我们行径的是不同的东西。
02:36
and that difference
can be really illuminating.
can be really illuminating.
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这种不同能显耀出很多道理。
而最能说明这个问题的
恰恰是我们最感兴趣的 ---
恰恰是我们最感兴趣的 ---
02:40
There's nowhere where that's more true
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02:42
than when it comes to one
of our most consuming interests -- sex.
of our most consuming interests -- sex.
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性！
我将坚持这样一种令人意外的说法，
并且不是没有道理的：
并且不是没有道理的：
02:46
Now, I will maintain.
and I think I can defend,
and I think I can defend,
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02:48
what may seem like a surprising statement.
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我认为昆虫的性行为
比人类的性行为有意思多啦。
比人类的性行为有意思多啦。
02:52
I think sex in insects is more
interesting than sex in people.
interesting than sex in people.
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02:56
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
能看得见的五花八门的品种
就足以让我们质疑
就足以让我们质疑
02:58
And the wild variety that we see
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03:01
makes us challenge
some of our own assumptions
some of our own assumptions
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一向对何谓雌雄的想当然的想法了。
03:04
about what it means to be male and female.
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03:07
Of course, to start with,
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自然，首先地，很多昆虫
根本无需性行就能繁殖。
根本无需性行就能繁殖。
03:09
a lot of insects don't need
to have sex at all to reproduce.
to have sex at all to reproduce.
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雌蚜虫不用交配就能
复制很小很小的自己。
复制很小很小的自己。
03:12
Female aphids can make little, tiny clones
of themselves without ever mating.
of themselves without ever mating.
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处女诞儿，十足无疑地，
就在你家的玫瑰枝上。
就在你家的玫瑰枝上。
03:17
Virgin birth, right there.
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03:18
On your rose bushes.
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03:20
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
而那些有交配行为的呢，
03:23
When they do have sex,
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03:25
even their sperm is more
interesting than human sperm.
interesting than human sperm.
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它们的精子都比人的精子要多姿多彩。
03:28
There are some kinds of fruit flies
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有种果蝇，
其精子比雄虫自己的身体还要长。
其精子比雄虫自己的身体还要长。
03:30
whose sperm is longer
than the male's own body.
than the male's own body.
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03:34
And that's important because the males
use their sperm to compete.
use their sperm to compete.
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关键是因为雄虫要用其精子来竞技。
雄性昆虫自然有用武器来竞斗的，
03:38
Now, male insects do compete with weapons,
like the horns on these beetles.
like the horns on these beetles.
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例如这些甲壳虫用双角。
但是也有在交配之后
用其精子来竞斗的。
用其精子来竞斗的。
03:43
But they also compete
after mating with their sperm.
after mating with their sperm.
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蜻蜓和豆娘虫的阴茎
跟瑞士小刀一样，
跟瑞士小刀一样，
03:48
Dragonflies and damselflies have penises
that look kind of like Swiss Army knives
that look kind of like Swiss Army knives
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03:53
with all of the attachments pulled out.
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都带各色配件，能拔鞘而出。
03:55
(Laughter)
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03:57
They use these formidable devices
like scoops,
like scoops,
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它们用这些攻无不胜的
像勺子的器具
像勺子的器具
04:02
to remove the sperm from previous males
that the female has mated with.
that the female has mated with.
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能把雌虫之前与之交配的
雄虫的精子都刮掉。
雄虫的精子都刮掉。
04:06
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
那么，从这些我们能学到什么呢？
04:08
So, what can we learn from this?
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04:11
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:17
All right, it is not a lesson in the sense
of us imitating them
of us imitating them
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倒不是说这里有什么我们
应该模仿它们什么，
应该模仿它们什么，
或者它们给了个什么
榜样我们去跟，
榜样我们去跟，
04:22
or of them setting
an example for us to follow.
an example for us to follow.
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04:25
Which, given this,
is probably just as well.
is probably just as well.
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幸亏也不需要这样做。
04:29
And also, did I mention sexual cannibalism
is rampant among insects?
is rampant among insects?
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还有，刚才我提到过
昆虫当中非常流行性吞噬的吗？
昆虫当中非常流行性吞噬的吗？
所以，
我意思不是学具体什么行为。
我意思不是学具体什么行为。
04:32
So, no, that's not the point.
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我只想说，昆虫在性行为方面
04:35
But what I think insects do,
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04:36
is break a lot of the rules
that we humans have about the sex roles.
that we humans have about the sex roles.
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打破很多人们自以为是的
性别角色的常规。
性别角色的常规。
我们人仍持有想法，仍停留在
50年代的电视喜剧里看到的、
50年代的电视喜剧里看到的、
04:43
So, people have this idea that nature
dictates kind of a 1950s sitcom version
dictates kind of a 1950s sitcom version
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04:48
of what males and females are like.
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大自然决定男女人的行为之说。
04:50
So that males are always
supposed to be dominant and aggressive,
supposed to be dominant and aggressive,
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就是，男人永远是应该强势、
有竞争力的，
有竞争力的，
而女人永远是被动、内敛的。
04:54
and females are passive and coy.
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但事实并不是这样的。
04:55
But that's just not the case.
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04:58
So for example, take katydids,
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拿螽斯来说吧，
它们是蟋蟀和蚱蜢同类
它们是蟋蟀和蚱蜢同类
05:00
which are relatives of crickets
and grasshoppers.
and grasshoppers.
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05:03
The males are very picky
about who they mate with,
about who they mate with,
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其雄虫对交配对象非常挑剔，
原因是，交配时它们不单是移交精子
05:07
because they not only transfer
sperm during mating,
sperm during mating,
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它们还给雌虫一种叫聘礼的东西。
05:10
they also give the female
something called a nuptial gift.
something called a nuptial gift.
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05:14
You can see two katydids
mating in these photos.
mating in these photos.
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这图上看到的是两只螽斯在交配
05:18
In both panels,
the male's the one on the right,
the male's the one on the right,
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两图上的雄虫都是右边那只，
05:20
and that sword-like appendage
is the female's egg-laying organ.
is the female's egg-laying organ.
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而那剑状的附肢是雌虫的产卵器官。
白斑是精子，绿斑就是聘礼，
05:25
The white blob is the sperm,
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05:27
the green blob is the nuptial gift,
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05:31
and the male manufactures
this from his own body
this from his own body
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那聘礼是雄虫用自己的身体
做材料产出来的，
做材料产出来的，
成本非常昂贵。
05:34
and it's extremely costly to produce.
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其重量高达雄虫体重的三分一。
05:36
It can weigh up to a third
of his body mass.
of his body mass.
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05:39
I will now pause for a moment
and let you think about
and let you think about
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我且稍息，让在坐的想想：
05:42
what it would be like if human men,
every time they had sex,
every time they had sex,
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如果人类的男性每次性交之前
05:46
had to produce something
that weighed 50, 60, 70 pounds.
that weighed 50, 60, 70 pounds.
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都得先生产一块50、60、70磅
重的东西，会是什么情形？
重的东西，会是什么情形？
05:52
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:56
Okay, they would not be able
to do that very often.
to do that very often.
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肯定就是，
他们一定不能频繁性交。
他们一定不能频繁性交。
05:59
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
事实上，螽斯也不行。
06:01
And indeed, neither can the katydids.
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因此就意味着，
螽斯雄虫非常挑剔，
螽斯雄虫非常挑剔，
06:04
And so what that means
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06:06
is the katydid males are very choosy
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不会随便把聘礼
送给不经挑剔的雌虫。
送给不经挑剔的雌虫。
06:10
about who they offer
these nuptial gifts to.
these nuptial gifts to.
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这聘礼是非常营养丰富的，
06:13
Now, the gift is very nutritious,
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06:15
and the female eats it
during and after mating.
during and after mating.
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雌虫在交配当中和之后都会进食之。
06:17
So, the bigger it is,
the better off the male is,
the better off the male is,
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因此聘礼越大，雄虫越占便宜，
06:20
because that means more time for his sperm
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因为这意味着其精子有更多的时间
灌进雌虫体内，授精给她的卵子。
灌进雌虫体内，授精给她的卵子。
06:22
to drain into her body
and fertilize her eggs.
and fertilize her eggs.
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06:25
But it also means that the males
are very passive about mating,
are very passive about mating,
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然而，
这也等于说雄性在交配方面挺被动的。
这也等于说雄性在交配方面挺被动的。
06:29
whereas the females
are extremely aggressive and competitive,
are extremely aggressive and competitive,
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而雌性则极为先声夺人、
各不相让。
各不相让。
06:33
in an attempt to get as many of these
nutritious nuptial gifts as they can.
nutritious nuptial gifts as they can.
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一心就为搞到尽量多的
那些营养丰富的聘礼。
那些营养丰富的聘礼。
这情形和一贯的俗规有出入了。
06:37
So, it's not exactly
a stereotypical set of rules.
a stereotypical set of rules.
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一个更普遍的现象是，
06:42
Even more generally though,
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06:44
males are actually not all that important
in the lives of a lot of insects.
in the lives of a lot of insects.
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雄性在很多昆虫的生活并不是最重要的。
06:49
In the social insects --
the bees and wasps and ants --
the bees and wasps and ants --
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在社群类昆虫里---
蜜蜂、土蜂、蚂蚁等
蜜蜂、土蜂、蚂蚁等
06:54
the individuals that you see every day --
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你每天都能见到的那几种----
06:56
the ants going back and forth
to your sugar bowl,
to your sugar bowl,
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如在你的糖罐进进出出的蚂蚁，
花丛中飞来飞去的蜜蜂，
06:59
the honey bees that are flitting
from flower to flower --
from flower to flower --
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这些全都是雌性的。
07:02
all of those are always female.
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07:05
People have had a hard time getting
their head around that idea for millennia.
their head around that idea for millennia.
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一千多年来人们都无法
理解这种状况.
理解这种状况.
07:09
The ancient Greeks knew that there was
a class of bees, the drones,
a class of bees, the drones,
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古代希腊人知道蜜蜂里
有一纲类，雄峰，比工蜂要大。
有一纲类，雄峰，比工蜂要大。
07:15
that are larger than the workers,
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虽然希腊人看不惯雄峰的懒散，
07:17
although they disapproved
of the drones' laziness
of the drones' laziness
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07:19
because they could see that
the drones just hang around the hive
the drones just hang around the hive
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它们总是围着蜂窝转，
转到婚飞为止,
转到婚飞为止,
07:22
until the mating flight --
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07:24
they're the males.
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人家是雄峰嘛，
就在等婚飞，
就在等婚飞，
07:25
They hang around until the mating flight,
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从来不参与采集花蜜和花粉。
07:27
but they don't participate
in gathering nectar or pollen.
in gathering nectar or pollen.
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希腊人搞不清楚雄峰的性别，
07:30
The Greeks couldn't figure out
the drones' sex,
the drones' sex,
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部分原因是给一特点弄糊涂了：
07:32
and part of the confusion was that they
were aware of the stinging ability of bees
were aware of the stinging ability of bees
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就是，明知蜜蜂有螫针能力,
但又难以相信持有如此武器的
竟然会是雌性的动物。
竟然会是雌性的动物。
07:37
but they found it difficult to believe
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07:40
that any animals that bore such a weapon
could possibly be a female.
could possibly be a female.
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亚里士多德也掺合上了。
07:43
Aristotle tried to get involved as well.
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他猜测：“好吧，
如果带螫针的是雄的..."
如果带螫针的是雄的..."
07:46
He suggested, "OK, if the stinging
individuals are going to be the males ..."
individuals are going to be the males ..."
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说到这，他也糊涂了，
07:51
Then he got confused,
because that would have meant
because that would have meant
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因为照此论下去，那些在蜂群里
照顾幼蜂的也是雄的啦。
照顾幼蜂的也是雄的啦。
07:53
the males were also taking care
of the young in a colony,
of the young in a colony,
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这让他认为是完全不可能的事。
07:56
and he seemed to think
that would be completely impossible.
that would be completely impossible.
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然后他就下结论说
蜜蜂大概是一身两性的，
蜜蜂大概是一身两性的，
08:01
He then concluded that maybe
bees had the organs of both sexes
bees had the organs of both sexes
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08:04
in the same individual,
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虽然这说法不尽荒唐，
因为有些动物的确如此。
因为有些动物的确如此。
08:05
which is not that far-fetched,
some animals do that,
some animals do that,
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但也说明他最后还是没弄清楚。
08:07
but he never really
did get it figured out.
did get it figured out.
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08:10
And you know, even today,
my students, for instance,
my students, for instance,
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即便是现在，
我的学生也是每看到一动物，
包括昆虫，都谓之为雄的。
包括昆虫，都谓之为雄的。
08:14
call every animal they see,
including insects, a male.
including insects, a male.
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08:19
And when I tell them
that the ferocious army-ant soldiers
that the ferocious army-ant soldiers
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当我告诉他们说
那些凶神恶煞的军蚁，
那些凶神恶煞的军蚁，
头鳄硕大、捍卫蚁群的，
08:23
with their giant jaws,
used to defend the colony,
used to defend the colony,
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全是雌的，
08:26
are all always female,
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学生们都半信半疑。
08:29
they seem to not quite believe me.
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08:31
(Laughter)
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08:32
And certainly all of the movies --
Antz, Bee Movie --
Antz, Bee Movie --
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加上所有的电影，
蚂蚁电影、蜜蜂电影-----
蚂蚁电影、蜜蜂电影-----
里面的主角都给扮成是雄的。
08:37
portray the main character
in the social insects as being male.
in the social insects as being male.
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08:44
Well, what difference does this make?
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这又咋样啦？
能说明什么问题呀？
能说明什么问题呀？
08:46
These are movies. They're fiction.
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电影嘛，编的而已。
不就是会说人话的动物嘛。
不就是会说人话的动物嘛。
08:48
They have talking animals in them.
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就算只只都象 Jerry Seinfeld 地
能说会道，有问题吗？
能说会道，有问题吗？
08:50
What difference does it make
if they talk like Jerry Seinfeld?
if they talk like Jerry Seinfeld?
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08:53
I think it does matter,
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我认为有问题。
而且是个根源非常深的问题，
08:55
and it's a problem that actually
is part of a much deeper one
is part of a much deeper one
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08:58
that has implications
for medicine and health
for medicine and health
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是个能影响到我们的医疗、
卫生、生活多方面的问题。
卫生、生活多方面的问题。
09:02
and a lot of other aspects of our lives.
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09:05
You all know that scientists
use what we call model systems,
use what we call model systems,
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各位知道科学家都使用规摹系统，
09:09
which are creatures --
white rats or fruit flies --
white rats or fruit flies --
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里面的生物 -- 白鼠/果蝇等--是相当于
所有其他动物 (包括人) 的替身来的。
所有其他动物 (包括人) 的替身来的。
09:12
that are kind of stand-ins
for all other animals, including people.
for all other animals, including people.
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09:17
And the idea is
that what's true for a person
that what's true for a person
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基本的原理是，符合人的道理
也适用于白鼠身上。
也适用于白鼠身上。
09:20
will also be true for the white rat.
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而大多数时候，结果出来也符合事实。
09:22
And by and large,
that turns out to be the case.
that turns out to be the case.
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但也有把这个假设用过头了的时候。
09:25
But you can take the idea
of a model system too far.
of a model system too far.
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09:29
And what I think we've done,
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而我认为用过头了的一点是
09:32
is use males, in any species,
as though they are the model system.
as though they are the model system.
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我们把雄性，任何物种的雄性，
都当成是规摹系统，
都当成是规摹系统，
09:37
The norm.
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视雄性为常规，
视之为 "万事就该如此"。
视之为 "万事就该如此"。
09:38
The way things are supposed to be.
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09:41
And females as a kind of variant --
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而雌性呢，则被视为是变异的，特别的，
09:44
something special that you only study
after you get the basics down.
after you get the basics down.
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你得先把基本规律定了，
才以此研究雌性。
才以此研究雌性。
09:49
And so, back to the insects.
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回到昆虫这话题上。
我认为人们还没有搞清楚
眼前到底发生了什么事情。
眼前到底发生了什么事情。
09:52
I think what that means
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09:53
is that people just couldn't see
what was in front of them.
what was in front of them.
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09:56
Because they assumed that the world's
stage was largely occupied by male players
stage was largely occupied by male players
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人们假定了占据世界的
大致上全是雄性，
大致上全是雄性，
而雌性的角色只是次要的、
跑龙套的而已。
跑龙套的而已。
10:03
and females would only have
minor, walk-on roles.
minor, walk-on roles.
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沿用这种想法的话，
我们会遗漏很多自然界真貌。
我们会遗漏很多自然界真貌。
10:07
But when we do that, we really miss out
on a lot of what nature is like.
on a lot of what nature is like.
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也会遗漏对自然界、生物(包括人)的
如何各异的这方面的认识。
如何各异的这方面的认识。
10:13
And we can also miss out on the way
natural, living things, including people,
natural, living things, including people,
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10:20
can vary.
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正因如此，很多医疗研究
用的都是雄性规摹，
用的都是雄性规摹，
10:22
And I think that's why we've used males
as models in a lot of medical research,
as models in a lot of medical research,
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现在知道问题就来了，
10:27
something that we know now to be a problem
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10:29
if we want the results to apply
to both men and women.
to both men and women.
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研究结果没法同时
既适用于男性，又适用于女性。
既适用于男性，又适用于女性。
10:34
Well, the last thing
I really love about insects
I really love about insects
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我爱昆虫的最后一点是
很多人会为之惊恐丧胆的。
很多人会为之惊恐丧胆的。
10:37
is something that a lot of people
find unnerving about them.
find unnerving about them.
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10:40
They have little, tiny brains
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就是，它们脑袋很小，
被普遍觉得认知能力低。
被普遍觉得认知能力低。
10:42
with very little cognitive ability,
the way we normally think of it.
the way we normally think of it.
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它们行为复杂，
却不具备复杂的脑袋。
却不具备复杂的脑袋。
10:46
They have complicated behavior,
but they lack complicated brains.
but they lack complicated brains.
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因此我们无法当它们是小人，
10:51
And so, we can't just think of them
as though they're little people
as though they're little people
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10:57
because they don't do things
the way that we do.
the way that we do.
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它们做事方法并不像人一样的。
让我喜欢的一点是，
我们很难把昆虫拟人化，
我们很难把昆虫拟人化，
11:00
I really love that it's difficult
to anthropomorphize insects,
to anthropomorphize insects,
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11:04
to look at them and just think of them
like they're little people
like they're little people
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很难看着它们，然后把它们
当作是人的外骨骼，带六足。
当作是人的外骨骼，带六足。
11:08
in exoskeletons, with six legs.
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11:10
(Laughter)
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反而，你得以它们的本身
固有的面目来看待它们。
固有的面目来看待它们。
11:12
Instead, you really have to accept them
on their own terms,
on their own terms,
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11:15
because insects make us question
what's normal and what's natural.
what's normal and what's natural.
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昆虫让我们的质疑
什么是常规、什么是自然的。
什么是常规、什么是自然的。
11:21
Now, you know, people write fiction
and talk about parallel universes.
and talk about parallel universes.
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各位知道，人们喜欢
编写故事，谈论平行世界。
编写故事，谈论平行世界。
11:26
They speculate about the supernatural,
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人们揣测超自然的东西，
11:29
maybe the spirits of the departed
walking among us.
walking among us.
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逝者之灵在我们当中徜徉什么的。
11:34
The allure of another world
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异域世界的魅力源自
11:37
is something that people say is part of
why they want to dabble in the paranormal.
why they want to dabble in the paranormal.
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我们都想
试试超自然到底是咋回事。
试试超自然到底是咋回事。
11:44
But as far as I'm concerned,
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而我确认为，
完全毋需穿视死人的能力，
11:46
who needs to be able to see dead people,
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11:48
when you can see live insects?
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能目睹活生生的昆虫就够了。
11:51
Thank you.
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谢谢。
11:52
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Marlene Zuk - Evolutionary biologistMarlene Zuk studies insect behavior -- and how humans use animal behavior to think about how we behave ourselves.
Why you should listen
Marlene Zuk is a biologist and writer who researches animal behavior and evolution, mostly using insects as subjects. Zuk is interested in the ways that people use animal behavior to think about human behavior, and vice versa, as well as in the public's understanding of evolution. She teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior at the University of Minnesota -- including a seminar called “What’s the Alternative to Alternative Medicine?”
In addition to publishing numerous scientific articles, Zuk has published four books for a general audience: Sexual Selections: What We Can and Can’t Learn About Sex from Animals; Riddled with Life: Friendly Worms, Ladybug Sex, and the Parasites That Make Us Who We Are; Sex on Six Legs: Lessons on Life, Love and Language from the Insect World; and most recently, Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us About Sex, Diet and the Way We Live.
Marlene Zuk | Speaker | TED.com