ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tony Wyss-Coray - Brain scientist
At his lab at Stanford School of Medicine, Tony Wyss-Coray studies aging -- and potential cures for it.

Why you should listen

Professor of neurology at Stanford, Tony Wyss-Coray oversees an eponymous lab which studies immune and injury responses in aging and neurodegeneration.

Wyss-Coray initially studied at the Institute of Clinical Immunology at the University of Bern in Switzerland, but he now lives and works in California. At Stanford since 2002, he's also a health scientist at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System. Deeply interested in figuring out ways to combat diseases such as Alzheimer's, he serves on the scientific advisory board for the Alzheimer Research Consortium and on the international advisory board for Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine. In 2013, he was given a Transformative Research Award by the director of the National Institutes of Health.

More profile about the speaker
Tony Wyss-Coray | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobalLondon

Tony Wyss-Coray: How young blood might help reverse aging. Yes, really

托尼•魏斯-科瑞: 年轻的血液如何能逆转年龄?真的可以

Filmed:
1,692,397 views

托尼•魏斯-科瑞研究衰老对人类身体和大脑有怎样的影响。在这场令人大开眼界的演讲中,他展示了他的斯坦福实验室以及其他团队的最新研究成果,也许治疗某些衰老问题的灵药就在我们的身体里。
- Brain scientist
At his lab at Stanford School of Medicine, Tony Wyss-Coray studies aging -- and potential cures for it. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
This is a painting绘画 from the 16th century世纪
from Lucas卢卡斯 Cranach克拉纳赫 the Elder长老.
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这是一幅16世纪的画作,
作者是老卢卡斯•克拉纳赫,
00:18
It shows节目 the famous著名 Fountain喷泉 of Youth青年.
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描绘的是著名的青春之泉。
00:21
If you drink its water or you bathe洗澡 in it,
you will get health健康 and youth青年.
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如果你喝下泉水或者在里面洗澡,
你就会变得健康又年轻。
00:27
Every一切 culture文化, every一切 civilization文明
has dreamed梦见 of finding发现 eternal永恒 youth青年.
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每一种文化,每一个文明,
都梦想着找到永恒的青春。
00:34
There are people like Alexander亚历山大 the Great
or Ponce庞塞 De León, the explorer探险者,
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于是就有了这样的人,
比如亚历山大大帝和探险家庞塞•德莱昂,
00:38
who spent花费 much of their life
chasing the Fountain喷泉 of Youth青年.
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他们花费了一生中的许多时间
来寻找青春之泉,
00:42
They didn't find it.
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但是没有找到。
00:45
But what if there was something to it?
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可是,如果真的有呢?
如果真的有这种青春之泉呢?
00:48
What if there was something
to this Fountain喷泉 of Youth青年?
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00:51
I will share分享 an absolutely绝对 amazing惊人
development发展 in aging老化 research研究
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接下来我将与大家分享有关
衰老的研究领域的非凡进展,
我们现在对衰老的看法,
00:56
that could revolutionize革命化
the way we think about aging老化
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以及未来我们如何治疗与衰老有关的疾病,
都可能因此而出现革命性的变化。
01:00
and how we may可能 treat对待 age-related年龄相关
diseases疾病 in the future未来.
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01:04
It started开始 with experiments实验 that showed显示,
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首先,实验表明——
这些是大量近期的有关生长的研究——
01:06
in a recent最近 number
of studies学习 about growing生长,
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01:09
that animals动物 -- old mice老鼠 --
that share分享 a blood血液 supply供应 with young年轻 mice老鼠
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动物——老年老鼠——
与年轻老鼠的血液相通时,
会变得年轻。
01:16
can get rejuvenated焕发青春.
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01:18
This is similar类似 to what you might威力 see
in humans人类, in Siamese twins双胞胎,
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在人类身上,比如连体双胞胎中,
也可以看到相似的结果。
当然我知道听起来有点吓人,
01:22
and I know this sounds声音 a bit creepy爬行.
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01:25
But what Tom汤姆 Rando兰多, a stem-cell干细胞
researcher研究员, reported报道 in 2007,
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但是,干细胞研究者汤姆•兰道
在2007年发表的报告表明,
老鼠身上的陈年肌肉可以变得年轻,
01:31
was that old muscle肌肉 from a mouse老鼠
can be rejuvenated焕发青春
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只要将其置于年轻血液之中,
仅仅通过普通的血液循环即可实现。
01:34
if it's exposed裸露 to young年轻 blood血液
through通过 common共同 circulation循环.
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01:39
This was reproduced转载 by Amy艾米 Wagers赌注
at Harvard哈佛 a few少数 years年份 later后来,
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几年之后,哈佛大学的艾米•魏杰斯
成功重现了这一实验结果,
而其他人的实验表明,
01:44
and others其他 then showed显示 that similar类似
rejuvenating兴国 effects效果 could be observed观察到的
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在胰、肝和心脏
也可以观察到类似的年轻化效果。
01:49
in the pancreas胰腺, the liver and the heart.
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01:52
But what I'm most excited兴奋 about,
and several一些 other labs实验室 as well,
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但最让我,还有其它几个实验室
感到兴奋的地方在于,
这一效果甚至可能应用于大脑。
01:57
is that this may可能 even apply应用 to the brain.
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02:00
So, what we found发现 is that an old mouse老鼠
exposed裸露 to a young年轻 environment环境
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因此,我们发现,
将老年老鼠置于年轻环境之中,
这一模型被称为连体共生,
02:06
in this model模型 called parabiosis联体,
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它的大脑变得年轻了——
02:09
shows节目 a younger更年轻 brain --
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功能也变得更好。
02:10
and a brain that functions功能 better.
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02:13
And I repeat重复:
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我再重复一遍:
一只老年老鼠,
通过共通的血液循环得到年轻血液,
02:15
an old mouse老鼠 that gets得到 young年轻 blood血液
through通过 shared共享 circulation循环
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其大脑显得更加年轻,
功能也更年轻化。
02:21
looks容貌 younger更年轻 and functions功能
younger更年轻 in its brain.
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02:25
So when we get older旧的 --
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当我们逐渐变老时——
我们可以看看人类认知能力的
不同方面,
02:27
we can look at different不同 aspects方面
of human人的 cognition认识,
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从这张幻灯片上,
02:30
and you can see on this slide滑动 here,
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大家可以看到推理、语言能力等等。
02:32
we can look at reasoning推理,
verbal口头 ability能力 and so forth向前.
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02:35
And up to around age年龄 50 or 60,
these functions功能 are all intact完整,
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一直到大约50或60岁,
这些功能都没有受损,
我看了下坐在这里的年轻观众,
大家都没有问题。
02:41
and as I look at the young年轻 audience听众
here in the room房间, we're all still fine.
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(笑声)
02:45
(Laughter笑声)
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02:46
But it's scary害怕 to see
how all these curves曲线 go south.
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但是看到这些曲线
开始下降还是挺吓人的。
当我们变老时,
02:50
And as we get older旧的,
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02:52
diseases疾病 such这样 as Alzheimer's老年痴呆症
and others其他 may可能 develop发展.
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会开始出现像阿尔茨海默症(老年痴呆)
这样的疾病。
02:57
We know that with age年龄,
the connections连接 between之间 neurons神经元 --
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我们知道,随着年龄增加,
神经元之间的联系——
神经元之间进行对话的突触——
开始退化;
03:00
the way neurons神经元 talk to each other,
the synapses突触 -- they start开始 to deteriorate恶化;
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神经元开始衰亡,
大脑逐渐萎缩,
03:05
neurons神经元 die, the brain starts启动 to shrink收缩,
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人们也就越来越容易患上
这些神经退化疾病。
03:08
and there's an increased增加 susceptibility感受性
for these neurodegenerative神经退行性 diseases疾病.
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03:13
One big problem问题 we have -- to try
to understand理解 how this really works作品
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我们面临的一大问题是——
想要在分子和功能机制层面上
搞清楚这个过程是如何发生的——
03:18
at a very molecular分子, mechanistic机械 level水平 --
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但我们还无法研究
活体人类大脑活动的细节问题。
03:21
is that we can't study研究 the brains大脑
in detail详情, in living活的 people.
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03:26
We can do cognitive认知 tests测试,
we can do imaging成像 --
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我们可以进行认知测试,
可以做成像——
各种复杂测试。
03:29
all kinds of sophisticated复杂的 testing测试.
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但通常我们得等到人死亡之后,
03:31
But we usually平时 have to wait
until直到 the person dies
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才能看到大脑,才能了解因为年龄或疾病,
它到底发生了什么变化。
03:35
to get the brain and look at how it really
changed through通过 age年龄 or in a disease疾病.
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03:40
This is what neuropathologists神经病理学家
do, for example.
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这就是神经病理学家的工作。
03:44
So, how about we think of the brain
as being存在 part部分 of the larger organism生物.
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那么,我们不妨把大脑当做
有机体的一部分。
我们是否可能有更深入的了解,
03:50
Could we potentially可能 understand理解 more
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从分子层面了解,
大脑内部是怎样运转的,
03:52
about what happens发生 in the brain
at the molecular分子 level水平
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如果我们把大脑看作整个身体的一部分?
03:55
if we see the brain
as part部分 of the entire整个 body身体?
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03:59
So if the body身体 ages年龄 or gets得到 sick生病,
does that affect影响 the brain?
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那么如果身体变老或生病了,
会影响到大脑吗?
而且反过来:如果大脑变老了,
会影响到身体其它部分吗?
04:03
And vice versa反之亦然: as the brain gets得到 older旧的,
does that influence影响 the rest休息 of the body身体?
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04:09
And what connects所连接 all the different不同
tissues组织 in the body身体
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而将身体各个不同组织联系到一起的就是:
血液。
04:12
is blood血液.
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04:14
Blood血液 is the tissue组织 that not only carries携带
cells细胞 that transport运输 oxygen, for example,
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血液是一种组织,
它不只含有携带氧气的细胞,
比如说,红细胞,
04:20
the red blood血液 cells细胞,
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或对抗感染性疾病的细胞,
04:21
or fights打架 infectious传染病 diseases疾病,
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它还含有信使分子,
04:23
but it also carries携带 messenger信使 molecules分子,
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这些类激素的因子,
能够在细胞之间传递信息,
04:27
hormone-like激素样 factors因素
that transport运输 information信息
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还能在身体组织之间传递信息,
04:31
from one cell细胞 to another另一个,
from one tissue组织 to another另一个,
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其中也包括大脑。
04:36
including包含 the brain.
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那么如果我们看到了血液
因为疾病或年龄而发生了怎样的变化,
04:37
So if we look at how the blood血液
changes变化 in disease疾病 or age年龄,
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我们是否也可以以此来
获得大脑的信息呢?
04:42
can we learn学习 something about the brain?
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04:45
We know that as we get older旧的,
the blood血液 changes变化 as well,
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我们知道,随着我们逐渐变老,
血液也在同样变化,
所以这类激素因子
也随着变老而变化。
04:50
so these hormone-like激素样 factors因素
change更改 as we get older旧的.
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从总体上来说,这些因子,
04:53
And by and large,
factors因素 that we know are required需要
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我们已知是组织发育所需的,
维持其功能的因子——
04:57
for the development发展 of tissues组织,
for the maintenance保养 of tissues组织 --
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随着我们变老,它们开始变少,
05:01
they start开始 to decrease减少 as we get older旧的,
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而与修复、伤害和炎症有关的
那些因子——
05:04
while factors因素 involved参与 in repair修理,
in injury and in inflammation --
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它们随着身体的衰老却在增加。
05:08
they increase增加 as we get older旧的.
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所以存在着这种好坏因素不平衡的局面。
05:10
So there's this unbalance不平衡 of good
and bad factors因素, if you will.
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05:16
And to illustrate说明 what we can do
potentially可能 with that,
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关于针对这种情况我们能做些什么,
我想说一说我们所做的一个实验。
05:20
I want to talk you through通过
an experiment实验 that we did.
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我们有近300份健康人类的血液样本,
05:22
We had almost几乎 300 blood血液 samples样本
from healthy健康 human人的 beings众生
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年龄范围在20-89岁,
05:26
20 to 89 years年份 of age年龄,
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我们测量了超过100种的这些通信因子,
05:28
and we measured测量 over 100
of these communication通讯 factors因素,
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这些可以在组织间
传递信息的激素样蛋白质。
05:32
these hormone-like激素样 proteins蛋白质 that
transport运输 information信息 between之间 tissues组织.
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05:37
And what we noticed注意到 first
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我们首先注意到的是,
05:38
is that between之间 the youngest最年轻的
and the oldest最老的 group,
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将最年轻和最老的组相比,
这些因子中有大约一半存在显著变化。
05:41
about half the factors因素
changed significantly显著.
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所以,随着我们变老,
我们身体所处的环境也发生了极大的改变,
05:45
So our body身体 lives生活 in a very
different不同 environment环境 as we get older旧的,
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从这些因子的角度来说。
05:48
when it comes to these factors因素.
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使用统计和生物信息程序分析后,
05:50
And using运用 statistical统计
or bioinformatics生物信息学 programs程式,
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我们想找出对预测年龄
最有效的那些因子——
05:53
we could try to discover发现
those factors因素 that best最好 predict预测 age年龄 --
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05:58
in a way, back-calculate反算
the relative相对的 age年龄 of a person.
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想用这种方法来反推一个人的相对年龄。
06:02
And the way this looks容貌
is shown显示 in this graph图形.
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这张图中显示的就是这个方法。
06:05
So, on the one axis you see
the actual实际 age年龄 a person lived生活,
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可以看到一条轴表示的是一个人的年龄,
实际实龄,
06:11
the chronological实足 age年龄.
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也就是生活了多少年。
06:12
So, how many许多 years年份 they lived生活.
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然后我们选取了
给大家展示过的这些主要因子,
06:14
And then we take these top最佳 factors因素
that I showed显示 you,
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06:16
and we calculate计算 their relative相对的 age年龄,
their biological生物 age年龄.
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来计算他们的相对年龄,
生理年龄。
06:22
And what you see is that
there is a pretty漂亮 good correlation相关,
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大家可以看到,其中有明显的相关性,
所以我们可以相当准确地
预测一个人的相对年龄。
06:26
so we can pretty漂亮 well predict预测
the relative相对的 age年龄 of a person.
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但真正令人激动的是
这些规律之外的数据点,
06:29
But what's really exciting扣人心弦
are the outliers离群,
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它们在生命进程中是很常见的。
06:33
as they so often经常 are in life.
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06:35
You can see here, the person
I highlighted突出 with the green绿色 dot
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可以看这儿,我用绿点标出的这个人
大约70岁,
06:40
is about 70 years年份 of age年龄
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但看来他的生理年龄,
如果我们得到的结果非常可靠的话,
06:43
but seems似乎 to have a biological生物 age年龄,
if what we're doing here is really true真正,
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才45岁。
06:48
of only about 45.
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那么这个人真的是看起来
比实际年龄年轻不少吗?
06:50
So is this a person that actually其实
looks容貌 much younger更年轻 than their age年龄?
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06:54
But more importantly重要的: Is this a person
who is maybe at a reduced减少 risk风险
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但更为重要的问题是:
这个人出现与衰老相关的疾病的
风险是否会更低——
06:58
to develop发展 an age-related年龄相关 disease疾病
and will have a long life --
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他会活过100岁,甚至更长寿吗?
07:02
will live生活 to 100 or more?
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07:04
On the other hand, the person here,
highlighted突出 with the red dot,
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另一个例子,这个以红点标出的人,
还没到40岁,
但是生理年龄为65岁。
07:08
is not even 40,
but has a biological生物 age年龄 of 65.
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这个人出现与衰老相关的疾病的
风险是否会更高?
07:13
Is this a person at an increased增加 risk风险
of developing发展 an age-related年龄相关 disease疾病?
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所以我们在实验中努力地去
更充分地了解这些因子,
07:18
So in our lab实验室, we're trying
to understand理解 these factors因素 better,
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07:22
and many许多 other groups
are trying to understand理解,
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还有许多其它团队也在努力去了解,
哪些才是真正的衰老因子,
07:24
what are the true真正 aging老化 factors因素,
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我们是否可以从中发现某些信息,
从而有可能预测衰老相关的疾病?
07:26
and can we learn学习 something about them
to possibly或者 predict预测 age-related年龄相关 diseases疾病?
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07:32
So what I've shown显示 you so far
is simply只是 correlational相关性, right?
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所以到现在我所展示的这些
完全是相关联的,对吧?
有人就会说:
“这些因子的确会随年龄变化,”
07:36
You can just say,
"Well, these factors因素 change更改 with age年龄,"
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但你并不知道
它们是否会影响衰老过程。
07:40
but you don't really know
if they do something about aging老化.
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07:45
So what I'm going to show显示 you now
is very remarkable卓越
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那么,我即将展示的内容
会非常不同寻常,
它表明这些因子实际上
可以调节组织的年龄。
07:48
and it suggests提示 that these factors因素
can actually其实 modulate调制 the age年龄 of a tissue组织.
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07:53
And that's where we come back
to this model模型 called parabiosis联体.
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这就回到了这个模型,
它叫做连体共生。
我们已经实现了老鼠的连体共生,
07:57
So, parabiosis联体 is doneDONE in mice老鼠
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就是通过手术将两只老鼠
进行生理上的连通,
07:59
by surgically手术 connecting
the two mice老鼠 together一起,
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使它们的血液循环互通,
08:04
and that leads引线 then
to a shared共享 blood血液 system系统,
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这样我们就可以问,
“将老年大脑置于年轻血液之中,
08:07
where we can now ask,
"How does the old brain get influenced影响
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它会受到怎样的影响?”
08:11
by exposure曝光 to the young年轻 blood血液?"
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08:14
And for this purpose目的, we use young年轻 mice老鼠
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为了解答这个问题,
我们使用了相当于人类20岁的年轻老鼠,
08:16
that are an equivalency等价
of 20-year-old-岁 people,
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和大约相当于人类65岁的老年老鼠。
08:19
and old mice老鼠 that are roughly大致
65 years年份 old in human人的 years年份.
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08:24
What we found发现 is quite相当 remarkable卓越.
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我们的发现相当令人吃惊。
我们发现了更多的神经干细胞,
08:27
We find there are more neural神经 stem cells细胞
that make new neurons神经元
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在老年大脑中产生了新的神经元。
08:31
in these old brains大脑.
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08:33
There's an increased增加
activity活动 of the synapses突触,
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突触的活动也增加了,
08:35
the connections连接 between之间 neurons神经元.
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神经元通过突触相互联系。
也有了更多的基因表达,
08:38
There are more genes基因 expressed表达
that are known已知 to be involved参与
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我们知道它们与新记忆的形成有关。
08:41
in the formation编队 of new memories回忆.
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08:43
And there's less of this bad inflammation.
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严重炎症的问题也变少了。
08:47
But we observed观察到的 that there are no cells细胞
entering进入 the brains大脑 of these animals动物.
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但我们观察到并没有细胞
进入这些动物的大脑,
当我们将两只动物连在一起时,
08:53
So when we connect them,
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在这个模型中,
实际并没有细胞进入老年大脑。
08:55
there are actually其实 no cells细胞
going into the old brain, in this model模型.
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09:01
Instead代替, we've我们已经 reasoned理由, then,
that it must必须 be the soluble易溶 factors因素,
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于是,我们推论出,
一定是可溶的因子在作用,
所以我们只需采集血液中的可溶部分,
就是血浆,
09:05
so we could collect搜集 simply只是 the soluble易溶
fraction分数 of blood血液 which哪一个 is called plasma等离子体,
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将年轻或年老的血浆注射入这些小鼠,
09:09
and inject注入 either young年轻 plasma等离子体
or old plasma等离子体 into these mice老鼠,
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我们就可以重现这些年轻化效果,
09:13
and we could reproduce复制
these rejuvenating兴国 effects效果,
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而且我们现在还可以做的是,
09:16
but what we could also do now
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我们可以对小鼠进行记忆测试。
09:17
is we could do memory记忆 tests测试 with mice老鼠.
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小鼠变老时,和人类一样,
会出现记忆问题,
09:20
As mice老鼠 get older旧的, like us humans人类,
they have memory记忆 problems问题.
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09:24
It's just harder更难 to detect检测 them,
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只是很难检验出来,
不过我稍后会展示我们是怎么做的。
09:26
but I'll show显示 you in a minute分钟
how we do that.
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我们希望能够再前进一步,
09:28
But we wanted to take this
one step further进一步,
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希望成果能够实质上与人类联系起来,
希望离这一目标更近。
09:31
one step closer接近 to potentially可能
being存在 relevant相应 to humans人类.
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我现在展示的是一些未发表的研究,
09:35
What I'm showing展示 you now
are unpublished未公布 studies学习,
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其中我们使用了人类血浆,
年轻人的血浆,
09:38
where we used human人的 plasma等离子体,
young年轻 human人的 plasma等离子体,
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而对照组使用生理盐水,
09:43
and as a control控制, saline盐水,
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然后注射入老年老鼠体内,
09:45
and injected注射 it into old mice老鼠,
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我们能再次让这些老鼠变年轻吗?
09:47
and asked, can we again
rejuvenate复原 these old mice老鼠?
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我们能让它们变聪明吗?
09:52
Can we make them smarter聪明?
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09:54
And to do this, we used a test测试.
It's called a Barnes巴恩斯 maze迷宫.
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为了回答这些问题,
我们进行了巴恩斯迷宫测试。
这是一张大桌子,
上面有许多孔,
09:57
This is a big table
that has lots of holes in it,
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周围是指示标记,
10:00
and there are guide指南 marks分数 around it,
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有束强光照在桌上,
就像这个舞台一样。
10:04
and there's a bright light,
as on this stage阶段 here.
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老鼠讨厌强光,于是想办法逃走,
10:06
The mice老鼠 hate讨厌 this and they try to escape逃逸,
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然后找到这一个孔,
大家可以看到有个箭头指到这里,
10:09
and find the single hole that you see
pointed at with an arrow箭头,
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在后面连接有一根管道,
10:14
where a tube is mounted安装 underneath
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老鼠可以逃进这里,
它们喜欢呆在黑暗的洞里。
10:16
where they can escape逃逸
and feel comfortable自在 in a dark黑暗 hole.
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10:19
So we teach them, over several一些 days,
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于是我们花了几天时间训练它们,
来根据这片区域里的这些线索,
找到这个地方。
10:21
to find this space空间
on these cues线索 in the space空间,
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大家可以用这个对比人类的行为,
10:24
and you can compare比较 this for humans人类,
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就像你从购物中心出来,
想要在停车场里找到自己的车一样。
10:27
to finding发现 your car汽车 in a parking停車處 lot
after a busy day of shopping购物.
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(笑声)
10:31
(Laughter笑声)
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我们中有许多人
很可能在这方面都有些问题。
10:32
Many许多 of us have probably大概 had
some problems问题 with that.
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让我们来看一看这只老年老鼠。
10:36
So, let's look at an old mouse老鼠 here.
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10:38
This is an old mouse老鼠
that has memory记忆 problems问题,
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这只老年老鼠有记忆问题,
大家一会儿就能注意到。
10:41
as you'll你会 notice注意 in a moment时刻.
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10:43
It just looks容貌 into every一切 hole,
but it didn't form形成 this spacial空间 map地图
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它只是每个孔都看一看,
但无法形成空间地图,
否则它就会知道这个孔之前试过,
或前一天试过。
10:48
that would remind提醒 it where it was
in the previous以前 trial审讯 or the last day.
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10:53
In stark与之形成鲜明 contrast对比, this mouse老鼠 here
is a sibling兄弟 of the same相同 age年龄,
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形成鲜明对比的是这一只老鼠,
它和前一只是同一胎所生,
但是注射了年轻人类血浆,
10:59
but it was treated治疗 with young年轻
human人的 plasma等离子体 for three weeks,
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每三天进行少量注射,共三个星期。
11:04
with small injections注射 every一切 three days.
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11:07
And as you noticed注意到, it almost几乎
looks容貌 around, "Where am I?" --
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大家可以注意到,它几乎就是四处看看,
“我在哪儿呢?”——
然后直接就奔向那个孔,逃走了。
11:11
and then walks散步 straight直行
to that hole and escapes逃逸.
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所以,它能记住那个孔在哪里。
11:14
So, it could remember记得 where that hole was.
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11:18
So by all means手段, this old mouse老鼠
seems似乎 to be rejuvenated焕发青春 --
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所以可以肯定地说,
这只老年老鼠看来是变年轻了——
它的身体机能更像年轻老鼠。
11:22
it functions功能 more like a younger更年轻 mouse老鼠.
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而且还表明,
不仅是在年轻老鼠的血浆里,
11:24
And it also suggests提示
that there is something
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在年轻人类的血浆里,
11:27
not only in young年轻 mouse老鼠 plasma等离子体,
but in young年轻 human人的 plasma等离子体
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也有这种能够改善衰老的大脑功能的能力。
11:32
that has the capacity容量
to help this old brain.
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11:36
So to summarize总结,
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总结一下,
我们发现这只老年老鼠,
准确地说是它的大脑,是可以改变的。
11:38
we find the old mouse老鼠, and its brain
in particular特定, are malleable可锻铸.
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它并非一成不变,
我们真的可以改变它。
11:42
They're not set in stone;
we can actually其实 change更改 them.
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它可以变得年轻。
11:45
It can be rejuvenated焕发青春.
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11:47
Young年轻 blood血液 factors因素 can reverse相反 aging老化,
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年轻血液中的因子可以逆转年龄,
而我所没有展示的是——
11:50
and what I didn't show显示 you --
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在此模型中,
年轻老鼠实际上也是置于年老环境之中。
11:52
in this model模型, the young年轻 mouse老鼠 actually其实
suffers患有 from exposure曝光 to the old.
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所以就存在可以加速衰老的
老年血液因子,
11:57
So there are old-blood旧血 factors因素
that can accelerate加速 aging老化.
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12:01
And most importantly重要的,
humans人类 may可能 have similar类似 factors因素,
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而最重要的是,
人类可能有同样的因子,
因为我们可以采集年轻人的血液,
观察到类似的效应。
12:06
because we can take young年轻 human人的
blood血液 and have a similar类似 effect影响.
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12:10
Old human人的 blood血液, I didn't show显示 you,
does not have this effect影响;
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老年人的血液,我没有展示,
没有这种效应;
它无法让老鼠变得年轻。
12:14
it does not make the mice老鼠 younger更年轻.
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12:17
So, is this magic魔法 transferable转让 to humans人类?
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那么,这种神奇效果可以移植到人类身上吗?
我们在斯坦福进行了
一个小型的临床研究,
12:20
We're running赛跑 a small
clinical临床 study研究 at Stanford斯坦福,
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我们找到一些病症较轻的
阿尔茨海默症病人,
12:24
where we treat对待 Alzheimer's老年痴呆症 patients耐心
with mild温和 disease疾病
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为他们输入20岁年轻志愿者的血浆,
12:28
with a pint品脱 of plasma等离子体
from young年轻 volunteers志愿者, 20-year-olds- 年的孩子,
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每周一次,每次一品脱(473毫升),
连续四周,
12:34
and do this once一旦 a week for four weeks,
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然后我们观察他们的大脑成像。
12:37
and then we look
at their brains大脑 with imaging成像.
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12:41
We test测试 them cognitively认知,
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我们进行认知测试,
并向护理员了解他们的日常活动,
12:42
and we ask their caregivers护理人员
for daily日常 activities活动 of living活的.
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我们希望见到的是,
通过此项治疗能够出现
12:46
What we hope希望 is that there are
some signs迹象 of improvement起色
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某些改善的迹象。
12:50
from this treatment治疗.
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12:52
And if that's the case案件,
that could give us hope希望
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如果真的是这样的话,
我们就看到了希望,
我展示给大家的对老鼠进行的研究,
12:55
that what I showed显示 you works作品 in mice老鼠
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对人类也会有效果。
12:57
might威力 also work in humans人类.
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13:00
Now, I don't think we will live生活 forever永远.
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我不认为我们可以长生不老,
13:03
But maybe we discovered发现
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但也许我们发现了
青春之泉其实就在我们的身体里,
13:06
that the Fountain喷泉 of Youth青年
is actually其实 within us,
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只是干涸了而已。
13:09
and it has just dried out.
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13:11
And if we can turn it
back on a little bit,
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如果我们可以让它再涌出一点点,
也许我们就可以找到
能减缓这些(衰老)效应的因子,
13:14
maybe we can find the factors因素
that are mediating中介 these effects效果,
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我们就可以合成这些因子,
13:19
we can produce生产 these factors因素 synthetically合成地
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来治疗衰老疾病,
诸如阿尔茨海默症,
13:21
and we can treat对待 diseases疾病 of aging老化,
such这样 as Alzheimer's老年痴呆症 disease疾病
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或其它痴呆症。
13:25
or other dementias痴呆.
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13:27
Thank you very much.
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谢谢大家。
(掌声)
13:28
(Applause掌声)
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Translated by Tian Ye

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tony Wyss-Coray - Brain scientist
At his lab at Stanford School of Medicine, Tony Wyss-Coray studies aging -- and potential cures for it.

Why you should listen

Professor of neurology at Stanford, Tony Wyss-Coray oversees an eponymous lab which studies immune and injury responses in aging and neurodegeneration.

Wyss-Coray initially studied at the Institute of Clinical Immunology at the University of Bern in Switzerland, but he now lives and works in California. At Stanford since 2002, he's also a health scientist at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System. Deeply interested in figuring out ways to combat diseases such as Alzheimer's, he serves on the scientific advisory board for the Alzheimer Research Consortium and on the international advisory board for Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine. In 2013, he was given a Transformative Research Award by the director of the National Institutes of Health.

More profile about the speaker
Tony Wyss-Coray | Speaker | TED.com