ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carl Safina - Ecologist, writer
Carl Safina's writing explores the scientific, moral and social dimensions of our relationship with nature.

Why you should listen

Carl Safina explores how the ocean is changing and what those changes mean for wildlife and for people.

Safina is author of seven books, including Song for the Blue Ocean, which was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year, Eye of the Albatross, Voyage of the Turtle and The View From Lazy Point. Safina is founding president of The Safina Center at Stony Brook University, where he also co-chairs the University's Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science. A winner of the 2012 Orion Award and a MacArthur Prize, among others, his work has been featured in outlets such as The New York Times, National Geographic, CNN.com and The Huffington Post, and he hosts “Saving the Ocean” on PBS.

 

His latest book, Beyond Words: What Animals Think And Feel, explores the inner lives of animals.

More profile about the speaker
Carl Safina | Speaker | TED.com
Mission Blue II

Carl Safina: What are animals thinking and feeling?

卡尔·萨芬纳: 动物有怎样的思想和感知?

Filmed:
2,341,963 views

动物的大脑中都在想些什么?我们能知道它们是否在思考和感觉,或是它们在思考和感觉着什么吗?卡尔·萨芬纳认为我们可以。通过关于生态学、生物学和行为科学的探索和奇闻轶事,他给我们讲了一些鲸鱼、狼、大象和信天翁的故事,论证了在这个地球上和我们为伴的其他生物,其实和我们一样思考、感知、使用工具和表达情绪。
- Ecologist, writer
Carl Safina's writing explores the scientific, moral and social dimensions of our relationship with nature. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Have you ever wondered想知道
what animals动物 think and feel?
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你是否疑惑过,
动物们在想些什么,它们能感觉到什么?
00:17
Let's start开始 with a question:
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从这个问题开始吧:
00:19
Does my dog really love me,
or does she just want a treat对待?
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我的狗是真的爱我呢,
还是只是想要些吃的?
00:24
Well, it's easy简单 to see
that our dog really loves us,
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其实很容易看出来,
我们的狗是真的爱我们的,
00:29
easy简单 to see, right,
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确实能很容易看出来
00:32
what's going on in that fuzzy模糊 little head.
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它的小脑袋里在想什么。
00:36
What is going on?
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那它到底在想什么呢?
00:39
Something's出了点 going on.
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想些它在想的东西啊。
00:41
But why is the question always
do they love us?
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可是为什么我们只关注它们是否爱我们?
为什么重心总是围绕我们?
00:46
Why is it always about us?
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00:48
Why are we such这样 narcissists自恋者?
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我们为什么如此自恋?
00:52
I found发现 a different不同 question
to ask animals动物.
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我觉得可以问动物另一个问题:
00:57
Who are you?
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你是谁?
人脑具有一些特殊能力,
01:01
There are capacities能力 of the human人的 mind心神
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01:04
that we tend趋向 to think are capacities能力
only of the human人的 mind心神.
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我们认为这些能力
是人脑独有的。
01:10
But is that true真正?
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但真是这样吗?
01:12
What are other beings众生
doing with those brains大脑?
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其他动物都用脑子做些什么呢?
01:16
What are they thinking思维 and feeling感觉?
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它们有怎样的思想和感觉呢?
01:19
Is there a way to know?
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人类有没有方法去了解它们?
01:21
I think there is a way in.
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我觉得是可以做到的。
01:22
I think there are several一些 ways方法 in.
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而且有不只一种方法。
01:24
We can look at evolution演化,
we can look at their brains大脑
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我们可以通过观察动物进化的历程,
观察它们的大脑结构,
01:29
and we can watch what they do.
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以及它们的行为特点。
01:33
The first thing to remember记得 is:
our brain is inherited遗传.
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我们要记住的第一件事是:
人类的大脑是继承来的。
01:38
The first neurons神经元 came来了 from jellyfish海蜇.
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水母最先进化出神经元。
01:42
Jellyfish海蜇 gave rise上升
to the first chordates脊索动物.
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从水母演化出了第一个脊索动物。
01:45
The first chordates脊索动物 gave rise上升
to the first vertebrates脊椎动物.
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第一个脊索动物演化出了第一个脊椎动物。
01:49
The vertebrates脊椎动物 came来了 out of the sea,
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脊椎动物从海里出来,
01:51
and here we are.
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就有了现在的我们。
01:54
But it's still true真正 that a neuron神经元,
a nerve神经 cell细胞, looks容貌 the same相同
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可是不管是鸟类,小龙虾, 还是你,
02:00
in a crayfish小龙虾, a bird or you.
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你们都有着一样的神经元和神经细胞。
02:04
What does that say
about the minds头脑 of crayfish小龙虾?
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而这些能不能告诉我们
小龙虾脑子里在想什么?
02:08
Can we tell anything about that?
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我们能知道吗?
02:10
Well, it turns out that
if you give a crayfish小龙虾
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事实证明,如果一只小龙虾
02:14
a lot of little tiny electric电动 shocks震荡
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每当它想从地洞里爬出来的时候
02:17
every一切 time it tries尝试
to come out of its burrow地洞,
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你就给它一个小的电击,
02:19
it will develop发展 anxiety焦虑.
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可以导致它产生焦虑症。
02:23
If you give the crayfish小龙虾 the same相同 drug药物
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而如果你给这只小龙虾吃药,
02:26
used to treat对待 anxiety焦虑 disorder紊乱 in humans人类,
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吃给人类焦虑症患者一样的药,
02:29
it relaxes放松 and comes out and explores探讨.
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小龙虾也会放松起来, 然后继续出地洞探索。
02:34
How do we show显示 how much
we care关心 about crayfish小龙虾 anxiety焦虑?
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而我们是怎么判断的
小龙虾是否焦虑呢?
02:37
Mostly大多, we boil them.
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大多数情况下, 我们把它们煮了吃。
02:39
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:42
Octopuses章鱼 use tools工具,
as well as do most apes类人猿
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章鱼会使用工具,
大多数猿类也是如此,
02:47
and they recognize认识 human人的 faces面孔.
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它们还能分辨人脸。
02:50
How do we celebrate庆祝 the ape-like类人猿
intelligence情报 of this invertebrate无脊椎动物?
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我们对这些聪明的章鱼做了什么?
02:55
Mostly大多 boiled煮沸.
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直接下锅。
02:58
If a grouper石斑鱼 chases追逐 a fish
into a crevice裂缝 in the coral珊瑚,
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如果一只石斑鱼在追赶小鱼的时候
小鱼躲进了珊瑚的裂缝,
03:02
it will sometimes有时 go to where it knows知道
a moray海鳗 eel鳗鱼 is sleeping睡眠
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他就会去到海鳝睡觉的地方,
03:07
and it will signal信号
to the moray海鳗, "Follow跟随 me,"
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对后它会发出信号
给海鳝说:“跟我来。”
03:11
and the moray海鳗 will understand理解 that signal信号.
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海鳝能够理解那个信号。
03:14
The moray海鳗 may可能 go into the crevice裂缝
and get the fish,
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并跟着进入那个裂缝里
一起去捉小鱼,
03:17
but the fish may可能 bolt螺栓
and the grouper石斑鱼 may可能 get it.
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小鱼要是再跑出来出来,
外面石斑鱼就抓住它了。
03:20
This is an ancient partnership合伙 that we
have just recently最近 found发现 out about.
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这是一个我们最近才发现的
古老的合作关系。
而我们是怎么对待这份古老友谊的?
03:26
How do we celebrate庆祝
that ancient partnership合伙?
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我们炸了它们。
03:30
Mostly大多 fried油炸.
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03:32
A pattern模式 is emerging新兴 and it says
a lot more about us
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当我们了解的越多,
发现的多是关于我们的规律
03:36
than it does about them.
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而不是关于它们的规律。
03:39
Sea otters水獭 use tools工具
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海獭会使用工具,
它们花时间给宝宝展示
它们正在做什么
03:42
and they take time away
from what they're doing
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03:45
to show显示 their babies婴儿 what to do,
which哪一个 is called teaching教学.
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好让宝宝也可以跟着它们做,
这就是教学。
03:49
Chimpanzees黑猩猩 don't teach.
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黑猩猩没有教学行为。
03:52
Killer凶手 whales鲸鱼 teach
and killer凶手 whales鲸鱼 share分享 food餐饮.
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虎鲸会教学,还会分享食物。
03:58
When evolution演化 makes品牌 something new,
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当进化创造出新生物时,
04:00
it uses使用 the parts部分 it has
in stock股票, off the shelf,
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总是在现有的基础上
04:05
before it fabricates编造 a new twist.
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创造出新的转变。
04:07
And our brain has come to us
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我们的大脑
是经过很长的时间
演化而来的。
04:10
through通过 the enormity艰巨
of the deep sweep of time.
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04:14
If you look at the human人的 brain
compared相比 to a chimpanzee黑猩猩 brain,
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如果把人脑和黑猩猩的大脑
做一个对比,
你会发现人脑其实就是
一个放大的猩猩脑而已。
04:18
what you see is we have basically基本上
a very big chimpanzee黑猩猩 brain.
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04:21
It's a good thing ours我们的 is bigger,
because we're also really insecure不安全.
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我们有个大一些的大脑其实挺好的,
因为毕竟我们太缺乏安全感了。
04:25
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
这是个海豚的大脑,
04:27
But, uh oh, there's a dolphin海豚,
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更大,而且其中的沟回更多。
04:30
a bigger brain with more convolutions卷积.
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04:34
OK, maybe you're saying,
all right, well, we see brains大脑,
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也许你会问了,
我们看到了这些大脑,
04:37
but what does that
have to say about minds头脑?
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但是这些和心智有什么关系呢?
04:40
Well, we can see the working加工 of the mind心神
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正是行为的逻辑
04:44
in the logic逻辑 of behaviors行为.
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体现出心智。
04:46
So these elephants大象, you can see,
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你们看这些大象,
04:50
obviously明显, they are resting休息.
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很显然,它们是在休息。
04:53
They have found发现 a patch补丁 of shade阴凉处
under the palm棕榈 trees树木
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它们在棕榈树下找到了一块阴凉地,
它们让小象尽情休息,
04:57
under which哪一个 to let their babies婴儿 sleep睡觉,
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05:00
while they doze瞌睡 but remain vigilant警惕.
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成年大象打着小盹但依然保持着警惕。
05:03
We make perfect完善 sense of that image图片
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我们能很好地理解眼前的场景,
05:06
just as they make perfect完善 sense
of what they're doing
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就像动物们能很好地理解
它们在做什么一样。
05:10
because under the arc of the same相同 sun太阳
on the same相同 plains平原,
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因为在同一个太阳下,
在同一片平原上的嚎叫声,
05:13
listening to the howls呼啸而过
of the same相同 dangers危险,
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代表着它们世世代代经历的危险,
它们变成了它们的样子,
我们变成了我们的样子。
05:17
they became成为 who they are
and we became成为 who we are.
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05:22
We've我们已经 been neighbors邻居 for a very long time.
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长时间以来,我们都是好邻居。
05:24
No one would mistake错误
these elephants大象 as being存在 relaxed轻松.
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没人会误认为这些大象现在是放松的。
05:28
They're obviously明显 very
concerned关心 about something.
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很明显它们仍然保持着警觉。
05:31
What are they concerned关心 about?
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那么它们警惕的是什么呢?
05:33
It turns out that if you record记录
the voices声音 of tourists游客
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实际上如果你将游客的声音录下来
然后把音箱放在草丛里播放录音,
05:37
and you play that recording记录
from a speaker扬声器 hidden in bushes灌木丛,
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05:42
elephants大象 will ignore忽视 it,
because tourists游客 never bother elephants大象.
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大象是不会理你的,
因为游客是不会打扰它们的。
05:46
But if you record记录 the voices声音 of herders牧民
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但如果你录的是拿着长矛的
05:50
who carry携带 spears布兰妮 and often经常 hurt伤害 elephants大象
in confrontations对抗 at water holes,
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经常在水坑里伤害大象的牧人的声音,
05:55
the elephants大象 will bunch up
and run away from the hidden speaker扬声器.
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大象就会聚在一起逃离
藏着音箱的那个地方。
06:00
Not only do elephants大象 know
that there are humans人类,
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大象不仅仅知道那有人,
它们更知道存在着不同的人,
06:04
they know that there are
different不同 kinds of humans人类,
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有些人是无害的,
而有些人是危险的。
06:06
and that some are OK
and some are dangerous危险.
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它们观察我们的时间比
我们观察它们的时间还要多。
06:10
They have been watching观看 us for much longer
than we have been watching观看 them.
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06:15
They know us better than we know them.
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它们了解我们的程度也远超于
我们了解它们的程度。
06:18
We have the same相同 imperatives当务之急:
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我们跟它们都有同样的需求:
06:21
take care关心 of our babies婴儿,
find food餐饮, try to stay alive.
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照顾孩子,寻找食物,
尽力活下去。
06:26
Whether是否 we're outfitted装备 for hiking徒步旅行
in the hills丘陵 of Africa非洲
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不管我们是在非洲的
山峦里徒步旅行,
06:30
or outfitted装备 for diving潜水 under the sea,
we are basically基本上 the same相同.
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还是在深海中潜水,
我们本质上是一样的。
06:34
We are kin亲属 under the skin皮肤.
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皮囊之下我们都是相同的。
06:36
The elephant has the same相同 skeleton骨架,
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不同的大象有同样的骨架,
06:39
the killer凶手 whale has the same相同 skeleton骨架,
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不同的虎鲸也有同样的骨架,
就像我们一样。
06:41
as do we.
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06:45
We see helping帮助 where help is needed需要.
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我们可以在需要帮助的地方找到帮助。
06:48
We see curiosity好奇心 in the young年轻.
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我们可以在年轻人中看到好奇心。
06:52
We see the bonds债券 of family家庭 connections连接.
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我们可以看到家庭血缘的联系。
06:57
We recognize认识 affection感情.
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我们可以认知爱情。
07:00
Courtship求爱 is courtship求爱.
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求爱就是求爱。
07:03
And then we ask, "Are they conscious意识?"
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然后我们还会问:“它们有意识吗?”
07:07
When you get general一般 anesthesia麻醉,
it makes品牌 you unconscious无意识,
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如果你被全身麻醉了,
你就是无意识的,
07:10
which哪一个 means手段 you have
no sensation感觉 of anything.
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也就是说你对一切事物
都没有感觉了。
意识这个东西,简单地说,
其实就是我们对事物的觉察。
07:13
Consciousness意识 is simply只是
the thing that feels感觉 like something.
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07:17
If you see, if you hear, if you feel,
if you're aware知道的 of anything,
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如果你看到了,听到了,感受到了,
或者注意到了一些东西,
07:21
you are conscious意识, and they are conscious意识.
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你就是有意识的,动物们也是一样。
07:27
Some people say
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有些人说,
07:28
well, there are certain某些 things
that make humans人类 humans人类,
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人之所以为人是因为
人们有一些特别的东西,
其中一样就是同感。
07:30
and one of those things is empathy同情.
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07:32
Empathy同情 is the mind's心灵的 ability能力
to match比赛 moods情绪 with your companions同伴.
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同感是一种让你可以
感受同伴感情的心智能力。
07:39
It's a very useful有用 thing.
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这是个很有用的能力。
07:41
If your companions同伴 start开始 to move移动 quickly很快,
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如果你的同伴们开始快速跑动,
07:43
you have to feel like
you need to hurry匆忙 up.
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你就会觉得:
“我也得快点跟上了。”
07:45
We're all in a hurry匆忙 now.
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那么大家就一起跑了起来。
07:47
The oldest最老的 form形成 of empathy同情
is contagious传染性的 fear恐惧.
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同感最古老的形式
是可传染的恐惧。
07:50
If your companions同伴 suddenly突然
startle惊吓 and fly away,
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如果你的同伴们受到惊吓
全都飞走了,
07:53
it does not work very well for you to say,
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然后你说出下面这句话
估计就不太妙了,
“天啊!为什么它们都飞走了?!”
07:55
"Jeez哎呀, I wonder奇迹 why everybody每个人 just left."
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(笑声)
07:58
(Laughter笑声)
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08:03
Empathy同情 is old, but empathy同情,
like everything else其他 in life,
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同感自古就有,但就像
生活中的其他事情一样,
08:06
comes on a sliding滑动 scale规模
and has its elaboration阐述.
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时时刻刻都存在着,
而且有它的微妙之处。
08:10
So there's basic基本 empathy同情:
you feel sad伤心, it makes品牌 me sad伤心.
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有一种最基本的同感:那就是
如果你觉得不开心,我也会觉得不开心。
08:14
I see you happy快乐, it makes品牌 me happy快乐.
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我看见你很高兴,我也会觉得很开心。
08:17
Then there's something
that I call sympathy同情,
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有一种同感叫做同情心,
和同感有些区别,比如:
08:19
a little more removed去除:
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08:22
"I'm sorry to hear that your grandmother祖母
has just passed通过 away.
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“听说你的祖母刚刚去世了,我感到很难过。
08:25
I don't feel that same相同 grief哀思,
but I get it; I know what you feel
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虽然我不是像你一样的悲伤,
但是我懂你,我知道你的感觉,
08:29
and it concerns关注 me."
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我很关心你。”
08:30
And then if we're motivated动机
to act法案 on sympathy同情,
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如果我们因为有同情心
而产生了相同的举动,
那么这就是怜悯了。
08:33
I call that compassion同情.
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08:36
Far from being存在 the thing
that makes品牌 us human人的,
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跟那些塑造了人类的其它感情相比,
08:39
human人的 empathy同情 is far from perfect完善.
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人类的同感离完美也还差的远。
08:42
We round回合 up empathic感情移入的 creatures生物,
we kill them and we eat them.
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我们围捕着拥有同感的动物们,
杀掉它们,吃掉它们。
08:48
Now, maybe you say OK,
well, those are different不同 species种类.
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你可能会说,
嗨,毕竟我们是不同的物种嘛。
08:50
That's just predation捕食,
and humans人类 are predators大鳄.
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这就是捕食啊,
人类就是捕食者啊。
08:54
But we don't treat对待 our own拥有 kind
too well either.
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但我们对于同类也不是很好。
09:01
People who seem似乎 to know
only one thing about animal动物 behavior行为
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人们似乎只了解关于
动物行为的一点,
09:04
know that you must必须 never attribute属性
human人的 thoughts思念 and emotions情绪
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就是永远也不能
把人类的想法和情感
09:08
to other species种类.
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套在其他物种身上。
09:10
Well, I think that's silly愚蠢,
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其实,我觉得这真的挺愚蠢的,
09:12
because attributing归因 human人的 thoughts思念
and emotions情绪 to other species种类
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因为把人类的想法和情感
套用在其他物种身上
09:16
is the best最好 first guess猜测 about what
they're doing and how they're feeling感觉,
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是了解那些物种的行为
与感觉最好的猜测方式了,
09:20
because their brains大脑
are basically基本上 the same相同 as ours我们的.
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因为它们的大脑和我们的
基本上是相同的。
09:24
They have the same相同 structures结构.
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它们和我们有着同样的结构。
09:26
The same相同 hormones激素 that create创建
mood心情 and motivation动机 in us
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创造出情感
和动机的荷尔蒙
同样也存在于它们的大脑中。
09:31
are in those brains大脑 as well.
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09:35
It is not scientific科学 to say that they
are hungry饥饿 when they're hunting狩猎
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即使它们捕猎是因为饿了,
它们的舌头伸出来是因为累了,
09:40
and they're tired when
their tongues舌头 are hanging out,
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09:43
and then say when they're playing播放
with their children孩子
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但不能就此推断出
当它们和幼崽们玩耍时
09:45
and acting演戏 joyful快乐 and happy快乐,
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它们表现出的是高兴。
我们无法了解它们真实的感受。
09:47
we have no idea理念 if they can possibly或者
be experiencing经历 anything.
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这真的不科学。
09:52
That is not scientific科学.
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09:55
So OK, so a reporter记者 said to me,
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有个记者跟我说,
09:58
"Maybe, but how do you really know
that other animals动物 can think and feel?"
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“也许你是对的,但你怎么能真正知道
其他动物的思想和感受呢?”
我就开始到处搜寻数以百计的科学文献
10:02
And I started开始 to rifle步枪
through通过 all the hundreds数以百计
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10:05
of scientific科学 references引用
that I put in my book
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并在书中引用了它们,
10:08
and I realized实现 that the answer回答
was right in the room房间 with me.
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之后我才发现其实答案就在
我所处的那间屋子里。
当我的狗离开毛毯朝我走来的时候——
10:11
When my dog gets得到 off the rug地毯
and comes over to me --
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不是朝沙发走来,是朝我——
10:15
not to the couch长椅, to me --
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10:17
and she rolls劳斯莱斯 over on her back
and exposes自曝 her belly肚皮,
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她翻身躺下了,
露出了她的肚子,
10:21
she has had the thought,
"I would like my belly肚皮 rubbed.
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她肯定有这样的想法,
“我想让人给我挠挠肚子。
10:26
I know that I can go over to Carl卡尔,
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我知道走到卡尔那去肯定管用,
他会懂我的想法的。
10:29
he will understand理解 what I'm asking.
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10:32
I know I can trust相信 him
because we're family家庭.
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我可以相信他,
因为我们是一家人。
10:35
He'll地狱 get the job工作 doneDONE,
and it will feel good."
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他肯定会给我挠的,
而且那感觉肯定很爽。”
(笑声)
10:38
(Laughter笑声)
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10:40
She has thought and she has felt,
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她有思想,也有情感,
10:43
and it's really not
more complicated复杂 than that.
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这真的没有多复杂。
10:46
But we see other animals动物
and we say, "Oh look, killer凶手 whales鲸鱼,
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但是我们看到其他的动物,
我们说道:“看!虎鲸、
狼、大象!”
10:50
wolves, elephants大象:
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不过它们自己可不是这么互相看的。
10:53
that's not how they see it."
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10:55
That tall-finned高大的鳍 male is L41.
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这头高鳍的公鲸叫L41。
11:00
He's 38 years年份 old.
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他38岁。
11:02
The female right on his left side is L22.
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他左侧的这头母鲸叫L22。
11:05
She's 44.
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她44岁。
11:07
They've他们已经 known已知 each other for decades几十年.
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它们相识几十年了。
11:10
They know exactly究竟 who they are.
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它们很清楚自己是谁。
11:12
They know who their friends朋友 are.
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谁是他们的朋友。
11:14
They know who their rivals对手 are.
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谁是他们的敌人。
11:15
Their life follows如下 the arc of a career事业.
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它们遵循着自己的生活轨迹。
11:18
They know where they are all the time.
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它们时时刻刻都清楚自己在哪。
11:22
This is an elephant named命名 Philo菲洛.
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这是一头叫Philo的大象。
11:25
He was a young年轻 male.
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他是头年轻的公象。
11:27
This is him four days later后来.
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这是四天后的他。
11:30
Humans人类 not only can feel grief哀思,
we create创建 an awful可怕 lot of it.
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人类不仅能感到悲痛,
我们还常常制造很多的痛苦。
11:38
We want to carve雕刻 their teeth.
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我们总想拔掉它们的牙。
11:42
Why can't we wait for them to die?
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难道我们就真的等不到它们死去后再说吗?
11:47
Elephants大象 once一旦 ranged不等 from the shores海岸
of the Mediterranean地中海 Sea
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大象的生活区域曾经遍布地中海的沿岸
11:51
all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope希望.
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一路向南直到非洲的好望角。
11:53
In 1980, there were vast广大
strongholds据点 of elephant range范围
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到了1980年,大象的生存区
仍然分布在
11:56
in Central中央 and Eastern Africa非洲.
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中非和东非的广袤地区。
11:59
And now their range范围 is shattered破灭
into little shards碎片.
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而现在它们的生存空间仅仅只有
一些零零散散的小地方了。
12:03
This is the geography地理 of an animal动物
that we are driving主动 to extinction灭绝,
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这就是被我们灭绝
动物的栖息地变化,
12:08
a fellow同伴 being存在, the most
magnificent华丽的 creature生物 on land土地.
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它们是我们的同胞,
这个星球上最神奇的生物。
12:13
Of course课程, we take much better care关心
of our wildlife野生动物 in the United联合的 States状态.
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当然了,我们对美国的
野生动物稍微好一点。
12:17
In Yellowstone黄石 National国民 Park公园,
we killed杀害 every一切 single wolf.
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在黄石国家公园,
我们把狼全杀了。
12:21
We killed杀害 every一切 single wolf
south of the Canadian加拿大 border边境, actually其实.
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实际上,我们把加拿大
南部边境的狼也全杀了。
12:25
But in the park公园, park公园 rangers护林员
did that in the 1920s,
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20世纪90年代,
公园管理员们把狼杀光了,
12:29
and then 60 years年份 later后来
they had to bring带来 them back,
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60年后,他们又得送些狼进公园里,
12:32
because the elk麋鹿 numbers数字
had gotten得到 out of control控制.
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因为没有了狼,公园里的麋鹿
数量疯长不可控了。
12:36
And then people came来了.
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而且后来游客们来了,
12:37
People came来了 by the thousands数千
to see the wolves,
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数以千计的人们都想看看狼,
12:41
the most accessibly通俗易懂
visible可见 wolves in the world世界.
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3495
全球只有那里能够轻易看到狼群了。
12:45
And I went there and I watched看着
this incredible难以置信 family家庭 of wolves.
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我也到那去看了
难以置信的狼族。
12:48
A pack is a family家庭.
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这是一个狼的家族。
12:50
It has some breeding配种 adults成年人
and the young年轻 of several一些 generations.
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这个家族有一些成年狼
和几代年轻的狼。
12:55
And I watched看着 the most famous著名, most stable稳定
pack in Yellowstone黄石 National国民 Park公园.
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我去看的是黄石国家公园中
最著名的,也是最稳定的一个狼族。
13:00
And then, when they wandered逛到
just outside the border边境,
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当它们就在边境线以外一点徘徊时,
13:03
two of their adults成年人 were killed杀害,
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两只成年狼就被猎杀了,
13:06
including包含 the mother母亲,
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有一只母狼,
13:08
which哪一个 we sometimes有时 call the alphaα female.
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也就是我们通常叫的母头狼。
13:11
The rest休息 of the family家庭 immediately立即
descended下降 into sibling兄弟 rivalry对抗.
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之后,狼族中剩下的成员
马上就开始了手足相残。
13:16
Sisters姐妹 kicked out other sisters姐妹.
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狼姐妹之间相互驱离。
13:19
That one on the left tried试着 for days
to rejoin归队 her family家庭.
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在左边的那一只为重新融入
自己的家族而努力了好几天。
13:23
They wouldn't不会 let her
because they were jealous of her.
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然而其他狼不准,
她受到嫉妒。
13:25
She was getting得到 too much attention注意
from two new males男性,
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2813
有两头公狼简直对她垂涎欲滴。
13:28
and she was the precocious早熟 one.
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2018
她很早熟。
13:30
That was too much for them.
233
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这是它们完全忍不了的。
13:32
She wound伤口 up wandering飘零
outside the park公园 and getting得到 shot射击.
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她到了公园外面徘徊,然后被猎杀了。
13:36
The alphaα male wound伤口 up
being存在 ejected喷出 from his own拥有 family家庭.
235
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3409
一只公头狼也被赶出了那个家族。
13:40
As winter冬季 was coming未来 in,
236
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2003
当冬天逐渐来临,
13:42
he lost丢失 his territory领土,
his hunting狩猎 support支持,
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3750
他失去了他的领地,
失去了他的捕食帮手,
13:46
the members会员 of his family家庭 and his mate伴侣.
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失去了他的家庭成员和妻子。
13:50
We cause原因 so much pain疼痛 to them.
239
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3624
我们对它们造成太多的伤害了。
13:55
The mystery神秘 is, why don't
they hurt伤害 us more than they do?
240
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4960
可问题是,为什么它们不会那样伤害我们呢?
14:01
This whale had just finished eating
part部分 of a grey灰色 whale
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3198
这头鲸鱼刚刚吃了一只灰色鲸鱼的残尸,
14:05
with his companions同伴
who had killed杀害 that whale.
242
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那灰色的鲸鱼是它和它的同伴们一起猎杀的。
14:07
Those people in the boat
had nothing at all to fear恐惧.
243
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3084
而那些船里的人们根本无所畏惧。
14:11
This whale is T20.
244
839999
1989
这只鲸鱼叫T20。
14:14
He had just finished tearing撕裂 a seal密封
into three pieces with two companions同伴.
245
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它刚和它的两个同伴刚刚
把一只海豹撕成了三段。
14:19
The seal密封 weighed称重 about as much
as the people in the boat.
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那只海豹和那些船里的人们差不多重。
14:21
They had nothing to fear恐惧.
247
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他们还是什么都不怕。
14:24
They eat seals密封件.
248
852189
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它们吃海豹。
14:26
Why don't they eat us?
249
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可为什么它们不吃我们呢?
14:30
Why can we trust相信 them around our toddlers幼儿?
250
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为什么当它们靠近我们的孩子时
我们仍然信任它们?
14:36
Why is it that killer凶手 whales鲸鱼 have returned
to researchers研究人员 lost丢失 in thick fog多雾路段
251
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为什么虎鲸在大雾天会到海上研究员那里
14:42
and led them miles英里 until直到 the fog多雾路段 parted分手
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指引他们一直到数英里以外浓雾散去
14:45
and the researchers'研究人员 home
was right there on the shoreline海岸线?
253
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3165
到达那些研究员的家所在的海岸边?
14:48
And that's happened发生 more than one time.
254
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2016
而且这种情况还不止一次发生。
14:53
In the Bahamas巴哈马, there's a woman女人
named命名 Denise丹尼斯 HerzingHerzing,
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在巴哈马群岛,
有个叫Denise Herzing的女人,
14:55
and she studies学习 spotted dolphins海豚
and they know her.
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3324
她研究斑海豚,那些斑海豚也认识她。
14:59
She knows知道 them very well.
She knows知道 who they all are.
257
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她非常了解它们。
她能认出来它们每一只都是谁。
15:01
They know her.
They recognize认识 the research研究 boat.
258
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2262
它们也了解她。
它们能认出来那艘调查船。
15:04
When she shows节目 up,
it's a big happy快乐 reunion团圆.
259
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她每次出现的时候,
简直就是一次欢庆的重逢。
15:06
Except, one time showed显示 up and they
didn't want to come near the boat,
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3315
只有一次,她出现的时候,
它们并不想靠近那艘船,
15:09
and that was really strange奇怪.
261
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2074
那次确实是挺奇怪的。
15:11
And they couldn't不能 figure数字 out
what was going on
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2164
人们都弄不清楚是怎么回事,
15:13
until直到 somebody came来了 out on deck甲板
263
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1500
直到有人来到了甲板上
15:15
and announced公布 that one
of the people onboard在船上 had died死亡
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告诉了人们他们船上的一个人
在床上打盹的时候
15:18
during a nap小憩 in his bunk假寐.
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去世了。
15:20
How could dolphins海豚 know
that one of the human人的 hearts心中
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3926
海豚是怎么知道
那其中的一个人
15:24
had just stopped停止?
267
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心脏停止了跳动呢?
15:26
Why would they care关心?
268
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为什么它们会关心这个呢?
15:29
And why would it spook间谍 them?
269
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为什么这把它们吓住了呢?
15:33
These mysterious神秘 things just hint暗示 at
all of the things that are going on
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这些奇妙的事情就是在这个地球上
和我们一起生存的生物的大脑中
15:38
in the minds头脑 that are with us on Earth地球
271
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时时刻刻在发生着的,
15:41
that we almost几乎 never think about at all.
272
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而我们对这些却根本毫不关心。
15:46
At an aquarium水族馆 in South Africa非洲
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在南非的一个水族馆里,
15:48
was a little baby宝宝 bottle-nosed瓶鼻
dolphin海豚 named命名 Dolly玩具娃娃.
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有一只叫Dolly的小宽吻海豚。
15:52
She was nursing看护, and one day
a keeper管理人 took a cigarette香烟 break打破
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它还在哺乳期,有一天,
一个饲养员在抽烟休息,
他一边抽着烟,一边透过玻璃
看着那些水里的海豚。
15:58
and he was looking into the window窗口
into their pool, smoking抽烟.
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Dolly过去看了一下他,
16:02
Dolly玩具娃娃 came来了 over and looked看着 at him,
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然后回到它妈妈身边,
大概吃了一两分钟的奶,
16:04
went back to her mother母亲,
nursed调养 for a minute分钟 or two,
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16:08
came来了 back to the window窗口
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之后又回到了玻璃边,
16:10
and released发布 a cloud of milk牛奶
that enveloped笼罩 her head like smoke抽烟.
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吐出了一口奶,那些“奶烟”
笼罩在它的头上,就像人们抽烟一样。
16:16
Somehow不知何故, this baby宝宝 bottle-nosed瓶鼻 dolphin海豚
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不知怎么的,这只小宽吻海豚
16:19
got the idea理念 of using运用 milk牛奶
to represent代表 smoke抽烟.
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竟然想到了用吐奶来代表抽烟。
16:24
When human人的 beings众生 use one thing
to represent代表 another另一个,
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当人类用一个事物去代表另一样事物,
16:27
we call that art艺术.
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我们便称之为艺术。
(笑声)
16:29
(Laughter笑声)
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16:31
The things that make us human人的
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真正使我们成为人类的东西
16:33
are not the things
that we think make us human人的.
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其实并不是那些我们认为的
使我们成为人类的东西。
16:36
What makes品牌 us human人的 is that,
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真正让我们成为人类的东西其实是
16:39
of all these things that our minds头脑
and their minds头脑 have,
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那些我们和动物们
都有的心智活动,
但我们却是最极端的。
16:42
we are the most extreme极端.
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16:46
We are the most compassionate富于同情心的,
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在这个星球上
16:48
most violent暴力, most creative创作的
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我们是最有同情心
也最暴力
16:51
and most destructive有害 animal动物
that has ever been on this planet行星,
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最有创造力
也最具破坏性的动物,
我们是所有这些特征的结合体。
16:56
and we are all of those things
all jumbled错杂 up together一起.
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17:01
But love is not the thing
that makes品牌 us human人的.
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并不是爱让人得以为人。
17:06
It's not special特别 to us.
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爱不是我们特有的。
17:09
We are not the only ones那些
who care关心 about our mates队友.
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我们并不是唯一会关心同伴的生物。
17:13
We are not the only ones那些
who care关心 about our children孩子.
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我们并不是唯一会照顾孩子的生物。
17:18
Albatrosses信天翁 frequently经常 fly six,
sometimes有时 ten thousand miles英里
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信天翁经常飞到六千多英里,
有时甚至是一万多英里外,
17:23
over several一些 weeks to deliver交付
one meal膳食, one big meal膳食,
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飞好几个星期去找寻
一份食物,一份大餐,
17:28
to their chick小鸡 who is waiting等候 for them.
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1976
回去喂食给等待它们的幼鸟。
17:30
They nest on the most remote远程 islands岛屿
in the oceans海洋 of the world世界,
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它们在大海里最偏远的岛屿上筑巢,
17:35
and this is what it looks容貌 like.
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这就是那些巢穴的样子。
17:39
Passing通过 life from one generation
to the next下一个 is the chain of being存在.
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生命一代一代向下相传,
铸成了生命的联结。
17:43
If that stops停止, it all goes away.
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如果这停止了,一切就消失了。
17:46
If anything is sacred神圣, that is,
and into that sacred神圣 relationship关系
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如果有东西是神圣的,那么信天翁就是,
在它们这种神圣的关系中
17:51
comes our plastic塑料 trash垃圾.
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出现了我们的塑料垃圾。
17:54
All of these birds鸟类
have plastic塑料 in them now.
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现在所有这些鸟的身体里都有塑料。
17:57
This is an albatross信天翁 six months个月 old,
ready准备 to fledge长羽毛 --
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这是一只六个月大的信天翁,
刚要长羽毛——
18:02
died死亡, packed打包 with red cigarette香烟 lighters打火机.
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却死于肚子里塞满的红色打火机。
18:06
This is not the relationship关系
we are supposed应该 to have
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3285
这不是我们和这个世界其他生物之间
18:09
with the rest休息 of the world世界.
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应有的关系。
我们常常以我们优秀的大脑自居,
18:11
But we, who have named命名
ourselves我们自己 after our brains大脑,
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3324
18:16
never think about the consequences后果.
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却根本从来都没考虑过后果。
18:21
When we welcome欢迎 new
human人的 life into the world世界,
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当我们欢迎来到这个世界上的新生命时,
18:24
we welcome欢迎 our babies婴儿
into the company公司 of other creatures生物.
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我们常常让我们的宝宝
与其他的生物作伴。
18:28
We paint涂料 animals动物 on the walls墙壁.
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我们把动物的图案涂绘在墙上。
我们不会画手机。
18:30
We don't paint涂料 cell细胞 phones手机.
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18:32
We don't paint涂料 work cubicles隔间.
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我们不会画工作间。
18:34
We paint涂料 animals动物 to show显示 them
that we are not alone单独.
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我们画动物给宝宝们看,
让他们知道我们并不孤单。
18:39
We have company公司.
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1743
我们还有它们陪伴。
18:42
And every一切 one of those animals动物
in every一切 painting绘画 of Noah's诺亚 ark方舟,
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在每一幅诺亚方舟画上的每一种动物,
18:47
deemed认为 worthy值得 of salvation救恩
is in mortal凡人 danger危险 now,
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那些应该被拯救的动物
现在都处于灭绝的危险中。
18:51
and their flood洪水 is us.
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而我们就是他们的灭顶之灾。
18:55
So we started开始 with a question:
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所以我们是从这个问题开始的:
18:58
Do they love us?
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1864
它们爱我们吗?
19:01
We're going to ask another另一个 question.
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而现在我们要问另外一个问题。
19:04
Are we capable of using运用 what we have
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我们有没有竭尽所能地
19:09
to care关心 enough足够 to simply只是
let them continue继续?
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去在乎他们的未来?
19:16
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢。
19:18
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Huazhe Xie
Reviewed by 张 伟

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carl Safina - Ecologist, writer
Carl Safina's writing explores the scientific, moral and social dimensions of our relationship with nature.

Why you should listen

Carl Safina explores how the ocean is changing and what those changes mean for wildlife and for people.

Safina is author of seven books, including Song for the Blue Ocean, which was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year, Eye of the Albatross, Voyage of the Turtle and The View From Lazy Point. Safina is founding president of The Safina Center at Stony Brook University, where he also co-chairs the University's Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science. A winner of the 2012 Orion Award and a MacArthur Prize, among others, his work has been featured in outlets such as The New York Times, National Geographic, CNN.com and The Huffington Post, and he hosts “Saving the Ocean” on PBS.

 

His latest book, Beyond Words: What Animals Think And Feel, explores the inner lives of animals.

More profile about the speaker
Carl Safina | Speaker | TED.com