TEDYouth 2015
Jill Heinerth: The mysterious world of underwater caves
吉尔.韩纳斯: 神秘的水下洞穴世界
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洞穴潜水员吉尔.韩纳斯探索了隐藏的、和我们地球相依相存的地下水源。她和生物学家，气象学家和考古学家一起工作，揭开了栖息在地球上一些最偏远地方的生命形式的奥秘，并帮助研究人员揭秘了气候变化的历史。这个短短的谈话中，让我们一起随波潜水，探索的地内的奇观。
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'm an underwater explorer,
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我是一名水下勘探者。
00:17
more specifically a cave diver.
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更确切的说是一名水下洞穴潜水员。
00:21
I wanted to be an astronaut
when I was a little kid,
when I was a little kid,
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我小时候的梦想是成为一个宇航员，
但是作为一个生长在加拿大的小女孩，
这个梦想是不大可能实现的。
这个梦想是不大可能实现的。
00:23
but growing up in Canada as a young girl,
that wasn't really available to me.
that wasn't really available to me.
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00:29
But as it turns out,
we know a lot more about space
we know a lot more about space
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但目前的情况是，
我们对于宇宙的了解
我们对于宇宙的了解
远远超过了
我们对于地球上地下水的了解，
我们对于地球上地下水的了解，
00:33
than we do about the underground waterways
coursing through our planet,
coursing through our planet,
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而这些水域和我们的星球相依相伴，
是地球母亲的命脉。
是地球母亲的命脉。
00:37
the very lifeblood of Mother Earth.
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00:41
So I decided to do something
that was even more remarkable.
that was even more remarkable.
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所以我决定做一些更有意义的事情。
相比探索太空，
00:45
Instead of exploring outer space,
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我更想要探索我们星球内部的奇迹。
00:47
I wanted to explore
the wonders of inner space.
the wonders of inner space.
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00:51
Now, a lot of people will tell you
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现在，许多人会告诉你
水下洞穴潜水可能是最危险的尝试之一。
00:53
that cave diving is perhaps
one of the most dangerous endeavors.
one of the most dangerous endeavors.
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00:58
I mean, imagine yourself
here in this room,
here in this room,
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想象一下你独自一人在这个空间，
如果一下子让你陷入黑暗，
01:01
if you were suddenly
plunged into blackness,
plunged into blackness,
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你唯一要做的事情就是寻找出口，
01:04
with your only job to find the exit,
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有时要在这些巨大的空间里穿梭，
01:06
sometimes swimming
through these large spaces,
through these large spaces,
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而有时却要在座位底下匍匐，
01:09
and at other times
crawling beneath the seats,
crawling beneath the seats,
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跟随着一条细细的指引线，
01:12
following a thin guideline,
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等待着氧气瓶给你提供下一次呼吸。
01:15
just waiting for the life support
to provide your very next breath.
to provide your very next breath.
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这就是我的工作环境。
01:19
Well, that's my workplace.
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01:22
But what I want to teach you today
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但是今天我想告诉你们的是，
我们的世界不是一块巨大的实心岩。
01:24
is that our world
is not one big solid rock.
is not one big solid rock.
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它更像是一块海绵。
01:29
It's a whole lot more like a sponge.
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01:31
I can swim through a lot of the pores
in our earth's sponge,
in our earth's sponge,
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我可以在地球海绵的许多细孔中穿梭，
但是在我触及不到的地方，
01:35
but where I can't,
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其他生物形态和物质
可以在没有我的情况下完成这次旅行。
可以在没有我的情况下完成这次旅行。
01:37
other life-forms and other materials
can make that journey without me.
can make that journey without me.
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我的声音将会告诉你们
01:42
And my voice is the one
that's going to teach you
that's going to teach you
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关于我们地球母亲内部世界的情况。
01:45
about the inside of Mother Earth.
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01:50
There was no guidebook available to me
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当我决定成为第一个南极冰川的
洞穴潜水员的时候，
并没有什么参考资料可用。
并没有什么参考资料可用。
01:53
when I decided to be the first person
to cave dive inside Antarctic icebergs.
to cave dive inside Antarctic icebergs.
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在2000年，这是
这个星球上最大的移动物体。
这个星球上最大的移动物体。
01:59
In 2000, this was the largest
moving object on the planet.
moving object on the planet.
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它是由罗斯冰架崩裂而成，
02:04
It calved off the Ross Ice Shelf,
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我们为了探索冰缘生态而下潜，
02:06
and we went down there
to explore ice edge ecology
to explore ice edge ecology
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并且在冰川底下寻找生命体。
02:09
and search for life-forms beneath the ice.
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02:12
We use a technology called rebreathers.
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我们使用了一种叫做呼吸换气器的技术。
这种科技与太空行走使用的
供氧技术十分相似。
供氧技术十分相似。
02:15
It's an awful lot like the same technology
that is used for space walks.
that is used for space walks.
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这种技术使我们可以走的更远更深，
02:19
This technology enables us to go deeper
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在十年前还是不可想象的。
02:22
than we could've imagined
even 10 years ago.
even 10 years ago.
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我们运用特殊气体，
02:25
We use exotic gases,
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可以使我们在水下作业时间
高达20小时。
高达20小时。
02:27
and we can make missions
even up to 20 hours long underwater.
even up to 20 hours long underwater.
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02:33
I work with biologists.
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我和生物学家们一起工作。
我们发现洞穴里储藏着神奇的生命体，
02:35
It turns out that caves
are repositories of amazing life-forms,
are repositories of amazing life-forms,
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我们从来不知道它们的存在。
02:39
species that we never knew existed before.
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02:43
Many of these life-forms
live in unusual ways.
live in unusual ways.
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许多生物用奇特的方式生存着。
它们中的许多没有颜色，也没有眼睛，
02:47
They have no pigment
and no eyes in many cases,
and no eyes in many cases,
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而且这些动物的寿命极长。
02:51
and these animals
are also extremely long-lived.
are also extremely long-lived.
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实际上，现在在
这些洞穴里游来游去的动物
这些洞穴里游来游去的动物
02:55
In fact, animals swimming
in these caves today
in these caves today
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都能在化石标本中找到，
02:59
are identical in the fossil record
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它们甚至出现在恐龙灭绝之前。
03:01
that predates the extinction
of the dinosaurs.
of the dinosaurs.
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所以请你们想象一下：
它们就像是会游泳的恐龙。
它们就像是会游泳的恐龙。
03:04
So imagine that: these are
like little swimming dinosaurs.
like little swimming dinosaurs.
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它们可以教会我们
关于进化和生存论的什么呢？
关于进化和生存论的什么呢？
03:08
What can they teach us
about evolution and survival?
about evolution and survival?
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03:13
When we look at an animal
like this remipede swimming in the jar,
like this remipede swimming in the jar,
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当我们看见这种在罐子里游动的桨足虫，
他有着巨大的毒牙。
03:17
he has giant fangs with venom.
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他可以攻击比他大40倍的动物并致其死亡。
03:20
He can actually attack something
40 times his size and kill it.
40 times his size and kill it.
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如果他和一只猫一样大，
03:24
If he were the size of a cat,
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就会是这个星球上最危险的东西了。
03:26
he'd be the most dangerous
thing on our planet.
thing on our planet.
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03:29
And these animals live
in remarkably beautiful places,
in remarkably beautiful places,
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再看看居住在这些
鬼斧神工的地方的生物，
鬼斧神工的地方的生物，
类似这样的洞穴都是新形成的，
03:33
and in some cases,
caves like this, that are very young,
caves like this, that are very young,
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但是在里面的动物都是十分古老的。
03:37
yet the animals are ancient.
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它们是怎么到达那里的？
03:39
How did they get there?
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03:41
I also work with physicists,
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我也和一些物理学家一起工作，
他们通常对于全球气候变化
十分感兴趣。
十分感兴趣。
03:44
and they're interested oftentimes
in global climate change.
in global climate change.
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他们可以采集洞穴里的石头，
03:47
They can take rocks within the caves,
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把石头切割开，逐层研究，
03:50
and they can slice them
and look at the layers within with rocks,
and look at the layers within with rocks,
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就像在读树的年轮，
03:53
much like the rings of a tree,
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他们能够知道石头的历史
03:55
and they can count back in history
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和地球气候变化的不同时期。
03:57
and learn about the climate on our planet
at very different times.
at very different times.
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在这张照片里红色的部分
04:00
The red that you see in this photograph
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其实是撒哈拉大沙漠的沙。
04:03
is actually dust from the Sahara Desert.
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它随风飘荡，横跨大西洋。
04:06
So it's been picked up by wind,
blown across the Atlantic Ocean.
blown across the Atlantic Ocean.
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伴随着蒙蒙细雨落在了
巴哈马的阿巴科岛。
巴哈马的阿巴科岛。
04:10
It's rained down in this case
on the island of Abaco in the Bahamas.
on the island of Abaco in the Bahamas.
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它渗透进土地，
04:15
It soaks in through the ground
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把自己封存在这些洞穴的岩石中。
04:16
and deposits itself
in the rocks within these caves.
in the rocks within these caves.
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当我们回头观察这些石层，
我们会发现
我们会发现
04:20
And when we look back in the layers
of these rocks, we can find times
of these rocks, we can find times
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地球气候极其干燥的时期，
04:24
when the climate
was very, very dry on earth,
was very, very dry on earth,
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可以追溯到几十万年前。
04:27
and we can go back
many hundreds of thousands of years.
many hundreds of thousands of years.
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04:32
Paleoclimatologists are also interested
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远古气象学家
对地球不同时期的海平面十分感兴趣。
04:34
in where the sea level stands were
at other times on earth.
at other times on earth.
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在百慕大，我和我的团队着手于
04:38
Here in Bermuda, my team and I embarked
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那些达到潜水艇下潜极限的区域，
04:40
on the deepest manned dives
ever conducted in the region,
ever conducted in the region,
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我们在寻找那些
04:43
and we were looking for places
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以前比现在低几百英尺的
04:45
where the sea level
used to lap up against the shoreline,
used to lap up against the shoreline,
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与海岸线齐平的海平面。
04:48
many hundreds of feet
below current levels.
below current levels.
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04:52
I also get to work with paleontologists
and archaeologists.
and archaeologists.
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我也与古生物学家和考古学家一起工作。
在像墨西哥，巴哈马，以及古巴这样的地方，
04:56
In places like Mexico,
in the Bahamas, and even in Cuba,
in the Bahamas, and even in Cuba,
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我们在寻找洞穴中遗留的
文化和人类生存的痕迹，
文化和人类生存的痕迹，
05:00
we're looking at cultural remains
and also human remains in caves,
and also human remains in caves,
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它们告诉了我们很多
05:05
and they tell us a lot
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关于居住在这些区域的
最早期居民的情况。
最早期居民的情况。
05:06
about some of the earliest
inhabitants of these regions.
inhabitants of these regions.
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05:10
But my very favorite project of all
was over 15 years ago,
was over 15 years ago,
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但是我最喜欢的一个项目是在
十五年前，
十五年前，
我作为团队的一个成员
05:14
when I was a part of the team
that made the very first
that made the very first
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绘制了第一张准确的3D下表层地图。
05:16
accurate, three-dimensional map
of a subterranean surface.
of a subterranean surface.
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我用于水下洞穴勘探的这个设备
05:20
This device that I'm
driving through the cave
driving through the cave
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能够在我们勘探的过程中建立3D模型。
05:22
was actually creating
a three-dimensional model as we drove it.
a three-dimensional model as we drove it.
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我们也用超低频声波
05:27
We also used ultra low frequency radio
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向地面发出信号，通过
反馈得到我们地下的具体位置。
反馈得到我们地下的具体位置。
05:29
to broadcast back to the surface
our exact position within the cave.
our exact position within the cave.
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05:34
So I swam under houses and businesses
and bowling alleys and golf courses,
and bowling alleys and golf courses,
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我在民居，公司，
保龄球道和高尔夫球场，
保龄球道和高尔夫球场，
甚至Sonny烤肉店底下穿梭。
05:39
and even under a Sonny's BBQ Restaurant,
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05:43
Pretty remarkable, and what that taught me
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挺不可思议的吧！这让我知道，
所有我们在地球表面做的事，
05:45
was that everything we do
on the surface of our earth
on the surface of our earth
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都会影响我们的生活用水。
05:48
will be returned to us to drink.
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我们的水资源不仅仅只有川河湖海，
05:50
Our water planet is not just
rivers, lakes and oceans,
rivers, lakes and oceans,
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地下水资源也将我们联系起来。
05:55
but it's this vast network of groundwater
that knits us all together.
that knits us all together.
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这是我们共享的饮用水源。
06:00
It's a shared resource
from which we all drink.
from which we all drink.
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如果我们能够了解人类与地下水，
06:04
And when we can understand
our human connections with our groundwater
our human connections with our groundwater
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以及这个星球上其他水资源的联系，
06:08
and all of our water resources
on this planet,
on this planet,
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我们就会一起解决这个
06:11
then we'll be working on the problem
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可能是这个世纪最重要的问题。
06:12
that's probably the most important
issue of this century.
issue of this century.
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06:17
So I never got to be that astronaut
that I always wanted to be,
that I always wanted to be,
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我终究没有成为我想做的宇航员，
但是这个由比利.斯通博士
设计的绘图机器能够做到。
设计的绘图机器能够做到。
06:20
but this mapping device,
designed by Dr. Bill Stone, will be.
designed by Dr. Bill Stone, will be.
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它是改良过的。
06:24
It's actually morphed.
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现在是自动巡航的宇航机器人，
06:25
It's now a self-swimming autonomous robot,
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拥有人工智能，
06:28
artificially intelligent,
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它的终极目标是到达木星的卫星欧罗帕，
06:30
and its ultimate goal
is to go to Jupiter's moon Europa
is to go to Jupiter's moon Europa
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探索在冰冻地面下的海洋。
06:34
and explore oceans beneath
the frozen surface of that body.
the frozen surface of that body.
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06:39
And that's pretty amazing.
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这真的很神奇。
06:42
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jill Heinerth - Cave diverJill Heinerth explores underwater caves deep inside the earth.
Why you should listen
More people have walked on the moon than have been to some of the places that Jill's exploration has taken her right here on the earth. From the most dangerous technical dives deep inside underwater caves, to searching for never-before-seen ecosystems inside giant Antarctic icebergs, to the lawless desert border area between Egypt and Libya while a civil war raged around her, Jill's curiosity and passion about our watery planet is the driving force in her life.
Jill’s accolades include induction into the Explorer's Club and the inaugural class of the Women Diver's Hall of Fame. She received the Wyland ICON Award, an honor she shares with several of her underwater heroes including Jacques Cousteau, Robert Ballard and Dr. Sylvia Earle. She was named a "Living Legend" by Sport Diver Magazine and selected as Scuba Diving Magazine's "Sea Hero of the Year 2012."
In recognition of her lifetime achievement, Jill was awarded the inaugural Sir Christopher Ondaatje Medal for Exploration. Established by the Royal Canadian Geographical Society in 2013, the medal recognizes singular achievements and the pursuit of excellence by an outstanding Canadian explorer.
Jill Heinerth | Speaker | TED.com