ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paula Hammond - Medical researcher and educator
Paula Hammond, head of MIT's Department of Chemical Engineering, is developing new technologies to kill cancer cells.

Why you should listen

Professor Paula T. Hammond is the Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Chair Professor in Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She is a member of MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, the MIT Energy Initiative and a founding member of the MIT Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology. She has recently been named the new head of the Department of Chemical Engineering (ChemE). She is the first woman and the first person of color appointed to the post. She also served as the Executive Officer (Associate Chair) of the Chemical Engineering Department (2008-2011).

Professor Hammond was elected into the 2013 Class of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is also the recipient of the 2013 AIChE Charles M. A. Stine Award, which is bestowed annually to a leading researcher in recognition of outstanding contributions to the field of materials science and engineering, and the 2014 Alpha Chi Sigma Award for Chemical Engineering Research. She was also selected to receive the Department of Defense Ovarian Cancer Teal Innovator Award in 2013. She has been listed in the prestigious Highly Cited Researchers 2014 list, published by Thomson Reuters in the Materials Science category. This list contains the world's most influential researchers across 21 scientific disciplines based on highly cited papers in the 2002-2012 period. She is also included in the report: The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds 2014.

Professor Hammond serves as an Associate Editor of the American Chemical Society journal, ACS Nano. She has published over 250 scientific papers and holds over 20 patents based on her research at MIT. She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Institute of Biological and Medical Engineers, and the American Chemical Society Polymer Division. In 2010, she was named the Scientist of the Year by the Harvard Foundation.

Professor Hammond received her B.S. in Chemical Engineering from MIT in 1984, and her M.S. from Georgia Tech in 1988 and earned her Ph.D. in 1993 from MIT.

More profile about the speaker
Paula Hammond | Speaker | TED.com
TED Talks Live

Paula Hammond: A new superweapon in the fight against cancer

保拉•哈蒙德: 抗击癌症的新式武器

Filmed:
1,601,223 views

癌症是一种非常狡猾、适应性强的疾病。从事医学研究和教育工作的保拉•哈蒙德认为,要打败癌症,我们需要全新的、强有力的进攻方式。哈蒙德同她麻省理工学院的同事一起,制造了一种纳米粒子,尺寸只有头发的百分之一,能对付最致命且具有抗药性的癌症。让我们进一步了解这种分子武器,同哈蒙德并肩作战,共同抗击我们共同的敌人——癌症。
- Medical researcher and educator
Paula Hammond, head of MIT's Department of Chemical Engineering, is developing new technologies to kill cancer cells. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Cancer癌症 affects影响 all of us --
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癌症是我们每个人的大敌——
00:15
especially特别 the ones那些 that come
back over and over again,
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尤其是那些不断复发的,
00:18
the highly高度 invasive侵入的
and drug-resistant耐药性 ones那些,
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容易扩散的,具有抗药性的癌症,
00:21
the ones那些 that defy违抗 medical treatment治疗,
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药物治疗对它们无效,
00:23
even when we throw our best最好 drugs毒品 at them.
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即使我们用最好的药也无济于事。
00:27
Engineering工程 at the molecular分子 level水平,
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在分子级别进行(基因)工程改造,
00:30
working加工 at the smallest最少 of scales,
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从最小结构层面着手,
00:32
can provide提供 exciting扣人心弦 new ways方法
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(我们就)能找到意想不到的新办法
00:35
to fight斗争 the most aggressive侵略性
forms形式 of cancer癌症.
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同最致命的癌症进行斗争。
00:39
Cancer癌症 is a very clever聪明 disease疾病.
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癌症是一种很狡猾的疾病。
00:42
There are some forms形式 of cancer癌症,
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幸运的是,对于一些癌症,
00:43
which哪一个, fortunately幸好, we've我们已经 learned学到了
how to address地址 relatively相对 well
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我们可以通过一些
验证过的药物和手术
00:48
with known已知 and established既定
drugs毒品 and surgery手术.
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进行治疗,可以
得到相对较好的结果。
00:52
But there are some forms形式 of cancer癌症
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但有几种癌症
00:54
that don't respond响应 to these approaches方法,
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这些方法对它们都无效,
00:56
and the tumor survives生存 or comes back,
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即使在药物的猛烈攻击下,
00:59
even after an onslaught猛攻 of drugs毒品.
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肿瘤依然能够存活,或者复发。
01:02
We can think of these
very aggressive侵略性 forms形式 of cancer癌症
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我们可以将这几种致命的癌症
01:06
as kind of supervillains的supervillains in a comic滑稽 book.
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想象成漫画书里面的大反派。
01:09
They're clever聪明, they're adaptable适应性强,
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他们狡猾,适应性强,
01:12
and they're very good at staying alive.
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生存能力一流。
01:15
And, like most supervillains的supervillains these days,
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而且,跟现在(漫画书里)
大多数大反派一样,
01:18
their superpowers超级大国 come
from a genetic遗传 mutation突变.
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他们的超能力来自基因突变。
01:24
The genes基因 that are modified改性
inside these tumor cells细胞
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这些肿瘤细胞的基因不断变化,
01:27
can enable启用 and encode编码 for new
and unimagined无法想象 modes模式 of survival生存,
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能找到新的、意想不到的生存方式,
01:32
allowing允许 the cancer癌症 cell细胞 to live生活 through通过
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可以让癌细胞抵抗住
01:35
even our best最好 chemotherapy化疗 treatments治疗.
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我们最强大的化学治疗。
01:38
One example is a trick
in which哪一个 a gene基因 allows允许 a cell细胞,
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有一个例子很神奇,
基因能让细胞
01:43
even as the drug药物 approaches方法 the cell细胞,
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在药物接近之前,
01:46
to push the drug药物 out,
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把药物推开,
01:49
before the drug药物 can have any effect影响.
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药物根本来不及起任何作用。
01:52
Imagine想像 -- the cell细胞 effectively有效
spits吐奶 out the drug药物.
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就好比细胞一口把药吐出去。
01:56
This is just one example
of the many许多 genetic遗传 tricks技巧
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而这仅仅是我们的大反派——癌症的
01:59
in the bag of our supervillain超级大, cancer癌症.
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众多基因把戏之一。
02:01
All due应有 to mutant突变体 genes基因.
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这一切都跟突变基因有关。
02:04
So, we have a supervillain超级大
with incredible难以置信 superpowers超级大国.
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因此,我们要面对的是
拥有超强能力的大反派。
02:09
And we need a new and powerful强大
mode模式 of attack攻击.
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我们需要新的、
更强大的攻击方式。
02:13
Actually其实, we can turn off a gene基因.
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实际上,我们可以关闭基因。
02:17
The key is a set of molecules分子
known已知 as siRNA的siRNA.
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开关是一系列叫siRNA的分子
(即小分子干扰核糖核酸)。
02:21
siRNA的siRNA are short sequences序列 of genetic遗传 code
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它是一小段基因编码,
02:25
that guide指南 a cell细胞 to block a certain某些 gene基因.
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可以让细胞阻止
某些特定基因(发挥作用)。
02:28
Each siRNA的siRNA molecule分子
can turn off a specific具体 gene基因
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每一个siRNA都能
关闭细胞内部
02:32
inside the cell细胞.
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某个特定的基因。
02:35
For many许多 years年份 since以来 its discovery发现,
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自siRNA被发现后,
02:37
scientists科学家们 have been very excited兴奋
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科学家们兴奋了好多年,
02:39
about how we can apply应用
these gene基因 blockers阻滞剂 in medicine医学.
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因为他们可以将这种
基因拦截者加入药物中。
02:43
But, there is a problem问题.
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但是,有一个问题。
02:44
siRNA的siRNA works作品 well inside the cell细胞.
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siRNA在细胞内部
可以正常发挥作用。
02:47
But if it gets得到 exposed裸露 to the enzymes
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但如果它接触到
02:50
that reside居住 in our bloodstream血液
or our tissues组织,
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位于我们血液或者组织中的酶的话,
02:53
it degrades降级 within seconds.
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几秒钟内就会被降解。
02:55
It has to be packaged包装, protected保护
through通过 its journey旅程 through通过 the body身体
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因此,它们必须被包裹及保护起来,
才能完成在人身体里的旅程,
03:00
on its way to the final最后 target目标
inside the cancer癌症 cell细胞.
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顺利抵达最终目标
——癌细胞内部。
03:03
So, here's这里的 our strategy战略.
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因此,我们的策略如下。
03:06
First, we'll dose剂量 the cancer癌症 cell细胞
with siRNA的siRNA, the gene基因 blocker阻滞剂,
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首先,我们将siRNA——
基因拦截者——用在癌细胞身上,
03:10
and silence安静 those survival生存 genes基因,
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让(癌细胞的)生存基因失效,
03:11
and then we'll whopwhop it with a chemo化疗 drug药物.
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然后我们再用化学药品来对付癌细胞。
03:14
But how do we carry携带 that out?
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但如何实现呢?
03:16
Using运用 molecular分子 engineering工程,
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答案是分子工程技术,
03:19
we can actually其实 design设计 a superweapon超级武器
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我们可以设计一种超级武器,
03:23
that can travel旅行 through通过 the bloodstream血液.
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能在血液循环中存活下来。
03:25
It has to be tiny enough足够
to get through通过 the bloodstream血液,
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它必须足够小,才可以进入血液循环,
03:28
it's got to be small enough足够
to penetrate穿透 the tumor tissue组织,
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穿过肿瘤组织,
03:32
and it's got to be tiny enough足够
to be taken采取 up inside the cancer癌症 cell细胞.
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进入癌细胞内部。
03:37
To do this job工作 well,
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要做到这一点,
03:38
it has to be about one one-hundredth第一百
the size尺寸 of a human人的 hair头发.
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它的尺寸必须小到
头发的百分之一。
03:44
Let's take a closer接近 look
at how we can build建立 this nanoparticle纳米粒子.
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来仔细看一下我们是
如何制造这种纳米粒子的。
03:49
First, let's start开始
with the nanoparticle纳米粒子 core核心.
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首先,我们要制造纳米核。
03:51
It's a tiny capsule胶囊 that contains包含
the chemotherapy化疗 drug药物.
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那是一颗小胶囊,
内含化学药剂。
03:56
This is the poison that will
actually其实 end结束 the tumor cell's细胞 life.
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对肿瘤细胞而言是致命毒药。
04:00
Around this core核心, we'll wrap a very thin,
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在内核周围,我们包上一层很厚的
04:03
nanometers-thin纳米薄 blanket of siRNA的siRNA.
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——当然也就几纳米厚——的siRNA。
04:06
This is our gene基因 blocker阻滞剂.
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这是我们的基因拦截者。
04:09
Because siRNA的siRNA is strongly非常
negatively charged带电,
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因为siRNA带负电,
04:12
we can protect保护 it
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我们用一层
04:14
with a nice不错, protective保护的 layer
of positively积极 charged带电 polymer聚合物.
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坚固的,带正电的
聚合物来保护它。
04:19
The two oppositely相反 charged带电
molecules分子 stick together一起
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这两种带有不同电荷的分子
04:22
through通过 charge收费 attraction引力,
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相互吸引,
04:24
and that provides提供 us
with a protective保护的 layer
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形成一层保护膜
04:26
that prevents防止 the siRNA的siRNA
from degrading降解 in the bloodstream血液.
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防止siRNA在血液中被降解。
04:30
We're almost几乎 doneDONE.
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别着急,我快说完了。
04:31
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
04:32
But there is one more big obstacle障碍
we have to think about.
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但前方还有一个
大障碍需要跨越。
04:37
In fact事实, it may可能 be the biggest最大
obstacle障碍 of all.
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而且,也许是最大的一个障碍。
04:39
How do we deploy部署 this superweapon超级武器?
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我们该如何部署这件超级武器?
04:41
I mean, every一切 good weapon武器
needs需求 to be targeted针对,
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每一件武器都要设定目标,
04:44
we have to target目标 this superweapon超级武器
to the supervillain超级大 cells细胞
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我们要将这件超级武器
瞄准潜伏在肿瘤内部的
04:48
that reside居住 in the tumor.
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超级大反派。
04:50
But our bodies身体 have a natural自然
immune-defense免疫防御 system系统:
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但人体是有免疫系统的:
04:53
cells细胞 that reside居住 in the bloodstream血液
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血液里的各种细胞
04:55
and pick out things that don't belong属于,
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能辨认出外来物体,
04:58
so that it can destroy破坏 or eliminate消除 them.
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然后杀死或清除它们。
05:00
And guess猜测 what? Our nanoparticle纳米粒子
is considered考虑 a foreign国外 object目的.
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很显然,我们的纳米粒子
就是一种外来物体。
05:05
We have to sneak潜行 our nanoparticle纳米粒子
past过去 the tumor defense防御 system系统.
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我们要让它骗过肿瘤的防御系统。
05:09
We have to get it past过去 this mechanism机制
of getting得到 rid摆脱 of the foreign国外 object目的
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我们要伪装它,
帮它通过重重岗哨,
05:16
by disguising如假包换 it.
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进入敌营。
05:17
So we add one more
negatively charged带电 layer
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于是我们再加上一层
带负电的保护膜
05:21
around this nanoparticle纳米粒子,
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包住我们的纳米粒子,
05:23
which哪一个 serves供应 two purposes目的.
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目的有两个。
05:25
First, this outer layer is one
of the naturally自然 charged带电,
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第一,最外面这层保护膜
是存在于我们体内的
05:29
highly高度 hydrated水合 polysaccharides多糖
that resides所在 in our body身体.
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带电多糖水合物之一。
05:33
It creates创建 a cloud of water molecules分子
around the nanoparticle纳米粒子
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它能在纳米粒子周围
形成许多水分子,
05:38
that gives us an invisibility隐形
cloaking隐形 effect影响.
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就像给纳米粒子穿上了隐形披风。
05:42
This invisibility隐形 cloak披风 allows允许
the nanoparticle纳米粒子
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这件披风能帮助纳米粒子
05:44
to travel旅行 through通过 the bloodstream血液
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在血液里自由行动,
05:46
long and far enough足够 to reach达到 the tumor,
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畅通无阻,
05:49
without getting得到 eliminated淘汰 by the body身体.
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直到抵达肿瘤细胞。
05:52
Second第二, this layer contains包含 molecules分子
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第二,这层保护膜含有一些分子,
05:56
which哪一个 bind捆绑 specifically特别 to our tumor cell细胞.
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专门用来与肿瘤细胞结合。
06:00
Once一旦 bound, the cancer癌症 cell细胞
takes up the nanoparticle纳米粒子,
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一旦结合,癌细胞
就会把纳米粒子吸收,
06:04
and now we have our nanoparticle纳米粒子
inside the cancer癌症 cell细胞
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这样我们的纳米粒子最终就会进入癌细胞,
06:09
and ready准备 to deploy部署.
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准备发起进攻。
06:11
Alright好的! I feel the same相同 way. Let's go!
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是啊!我也觉得很兴奋。继续!
06:13
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
06:20
The siRNA的siRNA is deployed部署 first.
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siRNA首先开始行动。
06:24
It acts行为 for hours小时,
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它需要几个小时,
06:25
giving enough足够 time to silence安静
and block those survival生存 genes基因.
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来让(癌细胞的)生存基因失效。
06:31
We have now disabled
those genetic遗传 superpowers超级大国.
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我们去除了(癌细胞的)基因超能力。
06:35
What remains遗迹 is a cancer癌症 cell细胞
with no special特别 defenses防御.
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只剩下没有防御的癌细胞。
06:38
Then, the chemotherapy化疗 drug药物
comes out of the core核心
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之后化学药剂从内核中释放出来
06:41
and destroys破阵 the tumor cell细胞
cleanly干净 and efficiently有效率的.
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干净利落地杀死肿瘤细胞。
06:46
With sufficient足够 gene基因 blockers阻滞剂,
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只要有足够多的基因拦截者,
06:48
we can address地址 many许多
different不同 kinds of mutations突变,
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我们就能对付各种变异(的癌细胞),
06:51
allowing允许 the chance机会 to sweep out tumors肿瘤,
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有机会消灭肿瘤,
06:54
without leaving离开 behind背后 any bad guys.
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不留落网之鱼。
06:56
So, how does our strategy战略 work?
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那么,我们的方法到底有没有效呢?
07:01
We've我们已经 tested测试 these nanostructure纳米结构
particles粒子 in animals动物
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我们进行了动物实验,
07:05
using运用 a highly高度 aggressive侵略性 form形成
of triple-negative三阴性 breast乳房 cancer癌症.
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使用的是一种非常厉害的
癌症,三阴性乳腺癌。
07:09
This triple-negative三阴性 breast乳房 cancer癌症
exhibits展品 the gene基因
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它的基因非常厉害,
07:11
that spits吐奶 out cancer癌症 drug药物
as soon不久 as it is delivered交付.
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能迅速将抗癌药排出。
07:15
Usually平时, doxorubicin多柔比星 -- let's call
it "doxDOX" -- is the cancer癌症 drug药物
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通常,我们会使用阿霉素这种抗癌药,
07:20
that is the first line线 of treatment治疗
for breast乳房 cancer癌症.
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它是治疗乳腺癌的首选手段。
07:24
So, we first treated治疗 our animals动物
with a doxDOX core核心, doxDOX only.
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第一次,我们只用
阿霉素来对动物进行治疗。
07:30
The tumor slowed放缓 their rate of growth发展,
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肿瘤的增长率有所减缓,
07:32
but they still grew成长 rapidly急速,
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但还是增长很快,
07:34
doubling加倍 in size尺寸
over a period of two weeks.
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两周之内就增长了一倍。
07:37
Then, we tried试着
our combination组合 superweapon超级武器.
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接下来,我们的超级武器上场了。
07:41
A nanolayer纳米层 particle粒子 with siRNA的siRNA
against反对 the chemo化疗 pump,
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外层是siRNA,
保护自身不被拦截,
07:45
plus, we have the doxDOX in the core核心.
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内核部分是阿霉素。
07:48
And look -- we found发现 that not only
did the tumors肿瘤 stop growing生长,
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结果我们发现,
肿瘤不但没有增长,
07:53
they actually其实 decreased下降 in size尺寸
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而且变小了,
07:55
and were eliminated淘汰 in some cases.
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在某些样本上甚至完全消失。
07:58
The tumors肿瘤 were actually其实 regressing回归.
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肿瘤被击退了。
08:01
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
08:09
What's great about this approach途径
is that it can be personalized个性化.
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这种方法最大的好处就是可以定制。
08:13
We can add many许多 different不同 layers of siRNA的siRNA
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我们可以添加多重siRNA
08:16
to address地址 different不同 mutations突变
and tumor defense防御 mechanisms机制.
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分别针对不同的变异和防御机制。
08:20
And we can put different不同 drugs毒品
into the nanoparticle纳米粒子 core核心.
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我们还可以在内核中
放入不同种类的药物。
08:23
As doctors医生 learn学习 how to test测试 patients耐心
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随着医生掌握测试方法,
08:27
and understand理解 certain某些
tumor genetic遗传 types类型,
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弄清肿瘤的特定基因类型,
08:30
they can help us determine确定 which哪一个 patients耐心
can benefit效益 from this strategy战略
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就能帮我们确定
哪些病人能使用这种疗法,
08:34
and which哪一个 gene基因 blockers阻滞剂 we can use.
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应该选用哪种基因拦截者。
08:38
Ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症 strikes罢工
a special特别 chord with me.
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我想特别说说卵巢癌。
08:41
It is a very aggressive侵略性 cancer癌症,
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它是一种非常可怕的癌症,
08:43
in part部分 because it's discovered发现
at very late晚了 stages阶段,
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一部分原因是它只有
在晚期才能被发现,
08:46
when it's highly高度 advanced高级
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那时病情已经很严重
08:47
and there are a number
of genetic遗传 mutations突变.
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而且伴随很多基因突变。
08:50
After the first round回合 of chemotherapy化疗,
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在首轮化疗结束之后,
08:53
this cancer癌症 comes back
for 75 percent百分 of patients耐心.
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有75%的患者会复发。
08:58
And it usually平时 comes back
in a drug-resistant耐药性 form形成.
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而且复发之后通常都有抗药性。
09:02
High-grade高分 ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症
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晚期卵巢癌
09:03
is one of the biggest最大
supervillains的supervillains out there.
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是最大的超级反派之一。
09:06
And we're now directing导演 our superweapon超级武器
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它是我们的超级武器
09:08
toward its defeat打败.
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下一个目标。
09:11
As a researcher研究员,
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作为一名研究者,
09:12
I usually平时 don't get to work with patients耐心.
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我通常很少与病人接触。
09:16
But I recently最近 met会见 a mother母亲
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但最近我遇到了一位母亲
09:18
who is an ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症 survivor幸存者,
Mimi咪咪, and her daughter女儿, Paige佩奇.
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她叫咪咪,是一名卵巢癌幸存者,
她有个女儿叫佩吉。
09:24
I was deeply inspired启发
by the optimism乐观 and strength强度
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她们母女俩表现出来的乐观和坚强,
09:28
that both mother母亲 and daughter女儿 displayed显示
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勇气和相互支持,
09:31
and by their story故事 of courage勇气 and support支持.
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深深地打动了我。
09:35
At this event事件, we spoke
about the different不同 technologies技术
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我们聊到了用于治疗癌症的
09:38
directed针对 at cancer癌症.
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科技手段。
09:40
And Mimi咪咪 was in tears眼泪
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咪咪听得流泪了,
09:41
as she explained解释 how learning学习
about these efforts努力
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她说,了解到目前
取得的这些成就,
09:44
gives her hope希望 for future未来 generations,
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让她看到了下一代人
(不受癌症折磨)的希望,
09:46
including包含 her own拥有 daughter女儿.
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其中包括她的女儿。
09:49
This really touched感动 me.
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这让我很是感慨。
09:51
It's not just about building建造
really elegant优雅 science科学.
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(我们所做的)不仅仅是
建立一门优秀的科学。
09:55
It's about changing改变 people's人们 lives生活.
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而是在改变人的命运。
09:58
It's about understanding理解
the power功率 of engineering工程
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是要了解分子工程学
10:01
on the scale规模 of molecules分子.
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强大的力量。
10:03
I know that as students学生们 like Paige佩奇
move移动 forward前锋 in their careers职业生涯,
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我坚信,随着像佩吉这样的学生
沿着这条道路不断前进,
10:07
they'll他们会 open打开 new possibilities可能性
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他们一定能打开一片新天地,
10:09
in addressing解决 some of the big
health健康 problems问题 in the world世界 --
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解决当今世界最大的健康问题,
10:12
including包含 ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症, neurological神经
disorders障碍, infectious传染病 disease疾病 --
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包括卵巢癌,神经系统疾病,传染病——
10:18
just as chemical化学 engineering工程 has
found发现 a way to open打开 doors for me,
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就如同化学基因改造已经
为我指明了一条道路,
10:22
and has provided提供 a way of engineering工程
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提供了一种基因改造的方法,
10:25
on the tiniest最小的 scale规模,
that of molecules分子,
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让我们可以从小小的分子入手,
10:28
to heal愈合 on the human人的 scale规模.
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解决人类健康这个大问题。
10:31
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
10:32
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Alvin Lee
Reviewed by Yinchun Rui

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paula Hammond - Medical researcher and educator
Paula Hammond, head of MIT's Department of Chemical Engineering, is developing new technologies to kill cancer cells.

Why you should listen

Professor Paula T. Hammond is the Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Chair Professor in Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She is a member of MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, the MIT Energy Initiative and a founding member of the MIT Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology. She has recently been named the new head of the Department of Chemical Engineering (ChemE). She is the first woman and the first person of color appointed to the post. She also served as the Executive Officer (Associate Chair) of the Chemical Engineering Department (2008-2011).

Professor Hammond was elected into the 2013 Class of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is also the recipient of the 2013 AIChE Charles M. A. Stine Award, which is bestowed annually to a leading researcher in recognition of outstanding contributions to the field of materials science and engineering, and the 2014 Alpha Chi Sigma Award for Chemical Engineering Research. She was also selected to receive the Department of Defense Ovarian Cancer Teal Innovator Award in 2013. She has been listed in the prestigious Highly Cited Researchers 2014 list, published by Thomson Reuters in the Materials Science category. This list contains the world's most influential researchers across 21 scientific disciplines based on highly cited papers in the 2002-2012 period. She is also included in the report: The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds 2014.

Professor Hammond serves as an Associate Editor of the American Chemical Society journal, ACS Nano. She has published over 250 scientific papers and holds over 20 patents based on her research at MIT. She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Institute of Biological and Medical Engineers, and the American Chemical Society Polymer Division. In 2010, she was named the Scientist of the Year by the Harvard Foundation.

Professor Hammond received her B.S. in Chemical Engineering from MIT in 1984, and her M.S. from Georgia Tech in 1988 and earned her Ph.D. in 1993 from MIT.

More profile about the speaker
Paula Hammond | Speaker | TED.com