ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sangeeta Bhatia - Physician, bioengineer and entrepreneur
Sangeeta Bhatia is a cancer researcher, MIT professor and biotech entrepreneur who works to adapt technologies developed in the computer industry for medical innovation.

Why you should listen

Trained as both a physician and engineer at Harvard, MIT, and Brown University, Sangeeta Bhatia leverages 'tiny technologies' of miniaturization to yield inventions with new applications in tissue regeneration, stem cell differentiation, medical diagnostics, predictive toxicology and drug delivery. She and her trainees have launched more than 10 biotechnology companies to improve human health.

Bhatia has received many honors including the Lemelson-MIT Prize, known as the 'Oscar for inventors,' and the Heinz Medal for groundbreaking inventions and advocacy for women in STEM fields. She is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, the Director of the Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine at the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering, the American Academy of Arts and Science and Brown University's Board of Trustees.

More profile about the speaker
Sangeeta Bhatia | Speaker | TED.com
TED Talks Live

Sangeeta Bhatia: This tiny particle could roam your body to find tumors

桑吉塔·巴蒂亚: 可以在体内漫游寻找癌细胞的小颗粒

Filmed:
905,949 views

没有昂贵的检测手段甚至稳定的电力,我们能够在癌细胞伤害我们之前找到癌变肿瘤么?医生,生物工程师,企业家桑吉塔·巴蒂亚领导的交叉学科实验室运用新奇的手段去研究,诊断和治愈人类疾病。她的目标是:三分之二致死的癌症是完全可以治愈的。思路清晰的她深入浅出地解释了复杂的纳米分子科学并且分享了她梦想通过检测挽救成千上万生命的想法。
- Physician, bioengineer and entrepreneur
Sangeeta Bhatia is a cancer researcher, MIT professor and biotech entrepreneur who works to adapt technologies developed in the computer industry for medical innovation. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
In the space空间 that used
to house one transistor晶体管,
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在以前,可以放置一个晶体管的空间
现在可以放10亿个。
00:16
we can now fit适合 one billion十亿.
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00:19
That made制作 it so that a computer电脑
the size尺寸 of an entire整个 room房间
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这导致曾经占据了一整个房间的电脑
现在可以放在你的口袋里。
00:23
now fits适合 in your pocket口袋.
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也许你会说
未来东西都会越来越小。
00:26
You might威力 say the future未来 is small.
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00:29
As an engineer工程师,
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作为一个工程师,
我受到了电脑微型化的启发。
00:30
I'm inspired启发 by this miniaturization微型化
revolution革命 in computers电脑.
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作为一名医生,
00:34
As a physician医师,
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我想知道我们可否用
这个技术挽救更多的生命,
00:36
I wonder奇迹 whether是否 we could use it
to reduce减少 the number of lives生活 lost丢失
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他们都死于地球上蔓延最快的疾病之一,
00:41
due应有 to one of the fastest-growing增长最快
diseases疾病 on Earth地球:
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癌症。
00:46
cancer癌症.
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00:47
Now when I say that,
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如今当我这样说的时候,
许多人认为我说的是我们在研究治愈癌症。
00:48
what most people hear me say
is that we're working加工 on curing养护 cancer癌症.
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我们的确是。
00:52
And we are.
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但是结果是,
00:53
But it turns out
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通过及早发现和预防癌症
00:55
that there's an incredible难以置信
opportunity机会 to save保存 lives生活
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就会有极大的机会拯救生命。
00:57
through通过 the early detection发现
and prevention预防 of cancer癌症.
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01:01
Worldwide全世界, over two-thirds三分之二 of deaths死亡
due应有 to cancer癌症 are fully充分 preventable预防的
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在全球,用我们今天已有的技术,
超过三分之二因癌症导致的死亡
都是完全可以避免的。
01:07
using运用 methods方法 that we already已经
have in hand today今天.
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01:10
Things like vaccination疫苗接种, timely及时 screening筛查
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包括疫苗接种,定期筛查,
当然还有,停止抽烟。
01:13
and of course课程, stopping停止 smoking抽烟.
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01:16
But even with the best最好 tools工具
and technologies技术 that we have today今天,
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但是就算使用如今我们拥有的
最先进的工具和手段,
一些肿瘤仍然无法被探测到,
01:19
some tumors肿瘤 can't be detected检测
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直到它们已经生长了十年才被发现,
01:22
until直到 10 years年份 after
they've他们已经 started开始 growing生长,
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这时已经积累了5000万的癌细胞了。
01:25
when they are 50 million百万
cancer癌症 cells细胞 strong强大.
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01:30
What if we had better technologies技术
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要是我们有更好的技术
在癌细胞刚刚产生时,
在还可以被铲除时就能更快
01:31
to detect检测 some of these more
deadly致命 cancers癌症 sooner,
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监测到一些更为致命的癌症,
01:35
when they could be removed去除,
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01:36
when they were just getting得到 started开始?
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会怎么样呢?
让我来告诉你们微型技术
如何可能让我们如愿。
01:38
Let me tell you about how
miniaturization微型化 might威力 get us there.
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01:43
This is a microscope显微镜 in a typical典型 lab实验室
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这是一个普通实验室中的显微镜,
病理学家用它观察组织标本,
01:45
that a pathologist病理学家 would use
for looking at a tissue组织 specimen标本,
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就像活体切片或巴氏涂片。
01:49
like a biopsy活检 or a pap软食 smear涂抹.
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01:51
This $7,000 microscope显微镜
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这个7000美元的显微镜
可以被受过几年专业训练的人
01:54
would be used by somebody
with years年份 of specialized专门 training训练
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用来检测癌细胞。
01:57
to spot cancer癌症 cells细胞.
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02:00
This is an image图片 from a colleague同事
of mine at Rice白饭 University大学,
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这张图片来自于我莱斯大学的同事,
丽贝卡·理查兹科图姆。
02:03
Rebecca丽贝卡 Richards-Kortum理查兹 - Kortum.
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她和她的团队实现了微缩这整个显微镜
02:04
What she and her team球队 have doneDONE
is miniaturize小型化 that whole整个 microscope显微镜
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到这个价值10美金的部件中,
02:08
into this $10 part部分,
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可以把它安装在光纤的一端。
02:10
and it fits适合 on the end结束
of an optical光纤 fiber纤维.
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02:13
Now what that means手段 is instead代替
of taking服用 a sample样品 from a patient患者
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这意味着无需在患者身上取得一个样本,
并送到显微镜下检查,
02:17
and sending发出 it to the microscope显微镜,
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你可以直接就把显微镜带入病人体内。
02:19
you can bring带来 the microscope显微镜
to the patient患者.
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02:22
And then, instead代替 of requiring要求
a specialist专家 to look at the images图片,
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并且,不用要求一个专业领域的人
来观察这个图像,
你直接可以训练电脑去比对
正常和癌变的细胞。
02:26
you can train培养 the computer电脑 to score得分了
normal正常 versus cancerous癌的 cells细胞.
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02:32
Now this is important重要,
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这一点很重要,
因为他们发现在农村地区工作,
02:33
because what they found发现
working加工 in rural乡村 communities社区,
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就算他们有移动的检查车,
02:36
is that even when they have
a mobile移动 screening筛查 van面包车
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可以走进农村进行检查
02:39
that can go out into the community社区
and perform演出 exams考试
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并且收集样本,
02:42
and collect搜集 samples样本
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传输样本到中心医院进行分析,
02:43
and send发送 them to the central中央
hospital醫院 for analysis分析,
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几天之后,
02:47
that days later后来,
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女性们接到一个异常测试结果的电话,
02:48
women妇女 get a call
with an abnormal不正常 test测试 result结果
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并被要求来医院。
02:51
and they're asked to come in.
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有一半的人不会出现,
因为她们无法支付路费。
02:52
Fully充分 half of them don't turn up
because they can't afford给予 the trip.
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02:57
With the integrated集成 microscope显微镜
and computer电脑 analysis分析,
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有了集成显微镜和计算机分析技术,
丽贝卡和她的同事研发了
同时具有
03:01
Rebecca丽贝卡 and her colleagues同事
have been able能够 to create创建 a van面包车
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诊断装置和治疗装置的医疗车。
03:04
that has both a diagnostic诊断 setup建立
and a treatment治疗 setup建立.
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这意味着他们可以集诊断
03:07
And what that means手段
is that they can do a diagnosis诊断
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和实施治疗于一车,
03:10
and perform演出 therapy治疗 on the spot,
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每个病人都不会错过跟踪治疗。
03:13
so no one is lost丢失 to follow跟随 up.
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03:15
That's just one example of how
miniaturization微型化 can save保存 lives生活.
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这只是一个关于微型化
如何拯救生命的例子。
03:20
Now as engineers工程师,
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作为工程师,
我们认为这个就是直接微型化。
03:21
we think of this
as straight-up直线上升 miniaturization微型化.
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你带来一个大东西并且把它变小。
03:24
You took a big thing
and you made制作 it little.
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但是我之前提到了电脑
03:26
But what I told you before about computers电脑
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改变了我们的生活,
03:28
was that they transformed改造 our lives生活
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它们小到我们可以随身携带。
03:31
when they became成为 small enough足够
for us to take them everywhere到处.
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03:35
So what is the transformational转型
equivalent当量 like that in medicine医学?
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那么在药物领域
等效的转换会是什么样的呢?
03:40
Well, what if you had a detector探测器
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如果你有一个探测器,
它小到可以在你的体内循环,
03:43
that was so small that it could
circulate流通 in your body身体,
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自己找到肿瘤
03:47
find the tumor all by itself本身
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并向外面的世界传送信号会怎样呢?
03:50
and send发送 a signal信号 to the outside world世界?
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03:53
It sounds声音 a little bit
like science科学 fiction小说.
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这听起来有点像科幻小说。
但是实际上,运用纳米技术就能实现。
03:55
But actually其实, nanotechnology纳米技术
allows允许 us to do just that.
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03:59
Nanotechnology纳米技术 allows允许 us to shrink收缩
the parts部分 that make up the detector探测器
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纳米技术可以让我们缩小
探测器组成部分的尺寸,
从到发丝的宽度的大小,
04:04
from the width宽度 of a human人的 hair头发,
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也就是100微米
04:06
which哪一个 is 100 microns微米,
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到再小1000倍的尺度。
04:07
to a thousand times smaller,
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也就是100纳米。
04:10
which哪一个 is 100 nanometers纳米.
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这就极大的扩展了应用范围。
04:12
And that has profound深刻 implications启示.
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04:15
It turns out that materials物料
actually其实 change更改 their properties性能
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实际上在纳米级别尺寸的时候,
材料的性质会发生改变。
04:19
at the nanoscale纳米级.
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04:21
You take a common共同 material材料 like gold,
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你拿一个常见的金属比如金,
把它研磨成灰,研磨成纳米颗粒,
04:23
and you grind研磨 it into dust灰尘,
into gold nanoparticles纳米粒子,
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它就会从金色外表变成红色。
04:27
and it changes变化 from looking
gold to looking red.
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04:31
If you take a more exotic异国情调 material材料
like cadmium selenide --
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如果你拿一个比较稀有的
材料比如硒化镉——
会形成一块大的黑色晶体——
04:34
forms形式 a big, black黑色 crystal水晶 --
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如果你用这种材料做成纳米结晶,
04:37
if you make nanocrystals纳米晶
out of this material材料
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然后把它放入液体中,
04:39
and you put it in a liquid液体,
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用光照一下,
04:41
and you shine闪耀 light on it,
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它们就会发光。
04:43
they glow辉光.
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它们可以发出
蓝绿黄橙红不同的光,
04:44
And they glow辉光 blue蓝色, green绿色,
yellow黄色, orange橙子, red,
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仅仅根据尺寸的不同而变化。
04:50
depending根据 only on their size尺寸.
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04:52
It's wild野生! Can you imagine想像 an object目的
like that in the macro world世界?
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这太疯狂了!
你可以想象宏观世界有这种材料么?
这就像你衣橱里所有的棉质牛仔裤
04:56
It would be like all the denim牛仔布 jeans牛仔裤
in your closet壁橱 are all made制作 of cotton,
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依据尺寸不同,颜色也会不一样。
05:03
but they are different不同 colors颜色
depending根据 only on their size尺寸.
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05:08
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:10
So as a physician医师,
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作为一位医生,
让我感兴趣的
05:12
what's just as interesting有趣 to me
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不仅仅是材料的颜色
05:14
is that it's not just
the color颜色 of materials物料
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在纳米尺寸会改变,
05:17
that changes变化 at the nanoscale纳米级;
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它们在人体内运动的方式也将改变。
05:19
the way they travel旅行
in your body身体 also changes变化.
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05:23
And this is the kind of observation意见
that we're going to use
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这也是一种我们即将使用的观察方式,
用来制造更好的癌症检测装置。
05:25
to make a better cancer癌症 detector探测器.
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下面我来解释一下。
05:28
So let me show显示 you what I mean.
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05:30
This is a blood血液 vessel船只 in the body身体.
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这是一条人体的血管。
包裹着血管的就是肿瘤。
05:32
Surrounding周围 the blood血液 vessel船只 is a tumor.
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05:35
We're going to inject注入 nanoparticles纳米粒子
into the blood血液 vessel船只
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我们将要把纳米颗粒注射进血管,
并观察它们如何随着血流进入肿瘤。
05:38
and watch how they travel旅行
from the bloodstream血液 into the tumor.
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05:43
Now it turns out that the blood血液 vessels船只
of many许多 tumors肿瘤 are leaky泄漏,
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事实证明有许多肿瘤的血管是有漏洞的,
05:47
and so nanoparticles纳米粒子 can leak泄漏 out
from the bloodstream血液 into the tumor.
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所以纳米颗粒
可以从血流渗漏到肿瘤中。
05:52
Whether是否 they leak泄漏 out
depends依靠 on their size尺寸.
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它们是否能渗透出去取决于它们的尺寸。
05:56
So in this image图片,
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在这张图中,
较小的百纳米尺寸的
蓝色纳米颗粒正在渗漏至血管外,
05:57
the smaller, hundred-nanometer一百纳米,
blue蓝色 nanoparticles纳米粒子 are leaking泄漏 out,
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大一点的500纳米的红色颗粒
06:01
and the larger, 500-nanometer- 纳米,
red nanoparticles纳米粒子
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被困在了血管中。
06:05
are stuck卡住 in the bloodstream血液.
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所以这对于工程师来说,
06:06
So that means手段 as an engineer工程师,
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取决于我所制造的材料的大小,
06:09
depending根据 on how big
or small I make a material材料,
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我可以控制它能够去你身体里的哪一部分。
06:13
I can change更改 where it goes in your body身体.
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06:17
In my lab实验室, we recently最近 made制作
a cancer癌症 nanodetectornanodetector
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在我的实验室,我们最近
研制出了一种癌症纳米检测器,
小到可以进入全身血液循环并寻找肿瘤。
06:21
that is so small that it could travel旅行
into the body身体 and look for tumors肿瘤.
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06:27
We designed设计 it to listen
for tumor invasion侵入:
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我们设计它用于监听肿瘤的侵袭:
即肿瘤扩散所需要的化学信号。
06:31
the orchestra乐队 of chemical化学 signals信号
that tumors肿瘤 need to make to spread传播.
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06:36
For a tumor to break打破 out
of the tissue组织 that it's born天生 in,
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一个肿瘤冲破包围它的组织时,
它需要产生一种叫做酶的化学物质
06:39
it has to make chemicals化学制品 called enzymes
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来分解组织的组成结构。
06:42
to chew through通过
the scaffolding脚手架 of tissues组织.
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06:45
We designed设计 these nanoparticles纳米粒子
to be activated活性 by these enzymes.
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我们设计了这些会被酶激发的纳米颗粒。
06:51
One enzyme can activate启用 a thousand
of these chemical化学 reactions反应 in an hour小时.
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一个酶每小时
可激发一千个这种化学反应。
06:57
Now in engineering工程, we call
that one-to-a-thousand一到一个千 ratio
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用工程术语来描述的话,
我们叫它1比1000的
放大比例,
07:01
a form形成 of amplification放大,
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这就形成了一种超级灵敏的东西。
07:02
and it makes品牌 something ultrasensitive超灵敏.
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所以我们已经做了一个
超灵敏的癌症检测器。
07:04
So we've我们已经 made制作 an ultrasensitive超灵敏
cancer癌症 detector探测器.
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07:09
OK, but how do I get this activated活性
signal信号 to the outside world世界,
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好的,但我如何把这激发信号传递到外界,
好方便对其进行分析呢?
07:14
where I can act法案 on it?
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针对这个问题,
我们将采用另一项纳米生物技术,
07:15
For this, we're going to use
one more piece of nanoscale纳米级 biology生物学,
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与肾脏有关。
07:19
and that has to do with the kidney.
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07:21
The kidney is a filter过滤.
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肾脏就是一个过滤装置。
07:23
Its job工作 is to filter过滤 out the blood血液
and put waste浪费 into the urine尿.
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它的工作是把血液中的废物
过滤出来形成尿液。
07:29
It turns out that what the kidney filters过滤器
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事实发现肾脏的过滤系统
也是依据(过滤物的)大小。
07:31
is also dependent依赖的 on size尺寸.
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07:34
So in this image图片, what you can see
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所以在这个图中,你可以看到
所有小于5纳米的东西
07:36
is that everything smaller
than five nanometers纳米
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都会从血液,穿过肾,变成尿液,
07:39
is going from the blood血液,
through通过 the kidney, into the urine尿,
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其他所有更大尺寸的会留下来。
07:44
and everything else其他
that's bigger is retained保留.
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07:47
OK, so if I make a 100-nanometer- 纳米
cancer癌症 detector探测器,
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好,那如果我制造一个
100纳米的癌症检测装置,
注射到血流中,
07:52
I inject注入 it in the bloodstream血液,
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它可以渗漏到肿瘤
并被肿瘤的酶激发,
07:54
it can leak泄漏 into the tumor
where it's activated活性 by tumor enzymes
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释放出很小的信号,
08:00
to release发布 a small signal信号
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小到可以被肾脏过滤出来
08:02
that is small enough足够 to be
filtered过滤 out of the kidney
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并进入尿液中。
08:05
and put into the urine尿,
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我就有了一个可以在体外探测到的信号。
08:07
I have a signal信号 in the outside world世界
that I can detect检测.
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08:12
OK, but there's one more problem问题.
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好,但是还有另一个问题。
这是个小而微弱的信号,
08:14
This is a tiny little signal信号,
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我怎么来检测它?
08:16
so how do I detect检测 it?
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08:18
Well, the signal信号 is just a molecule分子.
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实际上,信号就是一个分子。
它们是我们作为工程师设计的分子。
08:20
They're molecules分子
that we designed设计 as engineers工程师.
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它们完全人工合成并且我们可以设计它们,
08:23
They're completely全然 synthetic合成的,
and we can design设计 them
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所以它们和我们选用的工具相匹配。
08:26
so they are compatible兼容
with our tool工具 of choice选择.
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如果我们想使用一种非常灵敏先进的仪器
08:30
If we want to use a really
sensitive敏感, fancy幻想 instrument仪器
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叫做质谱仪,
08:33
called a mass spectrometer光谱仪,
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那我们可以让这个分子
有一个独特的质量。
08:35
then we make a molecule分子
with a unique独特 mass.
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08:38
Or maybe we want make something
that's more inexpensive便宜 and portable手提.
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或者我们也许想要研制出一种
更加便宜和便于携带的分析方式。
那我们就制造出可以滞留在纸上的分子,
08:42
Then we make molecules分子
that we can trap陷阱 on paper,
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就像测孕试纸。
08:46
like a pregnancy怀孕 test测试.
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实际上试纸的应用已经非常广泛,
08:47
In fact事实, there's a whole整个
world世界 of paper tests测试
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以至于专门形成了试纸诊断领域。
08:50
that are becoming变得 available可得到
in a field领域 called paper diagnostics诊断.
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08:55
Alright好的, where are we going with this?
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那好,我们现在进展如何呢?
08:58
What I'm going to tell you next下一个,
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我接下来要告诉你们的,
作为一个终身的研究人员,
09:00
as a lifelong终身 researcher研究员,
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代表了我的一个梦想。
09:02
represents代表 a dream梦想 of mine.
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09:04
I can't say that's it's a promise诺言;
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我不敢说那是一个诺言;
这是一个梦想。
09:06
it's a dream梦想.
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但是我想我们都应该有梦想来
鞭策我们前行,
09:08
But I think we all have to have dreams
to keep us pushing推动 forward前锋,
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甚至——并且可能尤其是
针对癌症的研究者。
09:11
even -- and maybe especially特别 --
cancer癌症 researchers研究人员.
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我将告诉你们我所希望
用我的技术会发生的,
09:15
I'm going to tell you what I hope希望
will happen发生 with my technology技术,
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我和我的团队将不遗余力
09:19
that my team球队 and I will put
our hearts心中 and souls灵魂
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让它变成现实。
09:23
into making制造 a reality现实.
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09:25
OK, here goes.
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这就是:
我希望有一天
09:27
I dream梦想 that one day,
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不需要昂贵的筛选设备
09:30
instead代替 of going into
an expensive昂贵 screening筛查 facility设施
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来进行结肠镜检查,
09:33
to get a colonoscopy结肠镜检查,
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或乳房X线照片,
09:35
or a mammogram乳房X光检查,
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或制作帕氏涂片,
09:36
or a pap软食 smear涂抹,
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09:38
that you could get a shot射击,
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而是只需要扎一针,
等一个小时,
09:40
wait an hour小时,
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在试纸上进行一个尿检。
09:42
and do a urine尿 test测试 on a paper strip跳闸.
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09:45
I imagine想像 that this could even happen发生
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我期待甚至可以不需要
稳定的电力供应,
09:48
without the need for steady稳定 electricity电力,
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或者一位医务工作者呆在诊室。
09:51
or a medical professional专业的 in the room房间.
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也许他们在很远的地方,
09:53
Maybe they could be far away
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只通过智能手机上的图像进行联系。
09:55
and connected连接的 only by the image图片
on a smartphone手机.
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09:58
Now I know this sounds声音 like a dream梦想,
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现在我知道这听起来不太现实,
但是在实验室中
我们已经在老鼠体内取得了进展,
10:00
but in the lab实验室 we already已经
have this working加工 in mice老鼠,
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它对于肺癌和卵巢癌的检测结果
10:03
where it works作品 better
than existing现有 methods方法
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比现行的任何一种方法都要好。
10:05
for the detection发现 of lung,
colon结肠 and ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症.
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10:10
And I hope希望 that what this means手段
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我希望这意味着
10:12
is that one day we can
detect检测 tumors肿瘤 in patients耐心
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有一天我们可以很快检查出
病人体内的肿瘤,
不必等到十年后它们已成型,
10:18
sooner than 10 years年份
after they've他们已经 started开始 growing生长,
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在各行各业,
10:21
in all walks散步 of life,
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全球各地都是如此,
10:23
all around the globe地球,
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这也会让更早期的治疗成为现实,
10:25
and that this would lead
to earlier treatments治疗,
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我们可以比现在拯救更多的生命,
10:28
and that we could save保存 more lives生活
than we can today今天,
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只需依赖早期检测。
10:31
with early detection发现.
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10:33
Thank you.
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谢谢。
(掌声)
10:34
(Applause掌声)
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Translated by Gu Yu
Reviewed by Li Jiaying

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sangeeta Bhatia - Physician, bioengineer and entrepreneur
Sangeeta Bhatia is a cancer researcher, MIT professor and biotech entrepreneur who works to adapt technologies developed in the computer industry for medical innovation.

Why you should listen

Trained as both a physician and engineer at Harvard, MIT, and Brown University, Sangeeta Bhatia leverages 'tiny technologies' of miniaturization to yield inventions with new applications in tissue regeneration, stem cell differentiation, medical diagnostics, predictive toxicology and drug delivery. She and her trainees have launched more than 10 biotechnology companies to improve human health.

Bhatia has received many honors including the Lemelson-MIT Prize, known as the 'Oscar for inventors,' and the Heinz Medal for groundbreaking inventions and advocacy for women in STEM fields. She is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, the Director of the Marble Center for Cancer Nanomedicine at the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering, the American Academy of Arts and Science and Brown University's Board of Trustees.

More profile about the speaker
Sangeeta Bhatia | Speaker | TED.com