TED2016
Andrew Pelling: This scientist makes ears out of apples
安德鲁·佩林: 这位疯狂的科学家用苹果做出了耳朵
Filmed:
Readability: 3.7
1,293,052 views
TED会员安德鲁·佩林是一位生物学黑客，而大自然就是他的“硬件”。他最喜欢的原料总是那些最简单的（他经常在废物里寻找材料）。依靠维持苹果形状的纤维素结构，他“培植”出栩栩如生的人耳，开拓了一个新的领域，也许将来有一天它们就能被用来安全廉价地修复人体部位。同时，他还要分享一些更疯狂的想法。“我真正好奇的是，是否有一天，人类能用厨房里的材料来修复、改造或强化我们的身体。”他说。
Andrew Pelling - Biohacker
Andrew Pelling's unconventional and creative scientific process is founded on play. Full bio
Andrew Pelling's unconventional and creative scientific process is founded on play. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
坦白地说，
00:12
I've got a confession.
0
860
1696
我喜欢翻看别人丢弃的垃圾。
00:14
I love looking through people's garbage.
1
2580
2558
00:17
Now, it's not some creepy thing.
2
5812
1905
这可不是什么怪癖。
我通常只是寻找旧的电子器件，
00:19
I'm usually just looking
for old electronics,
for old electronics,
3
7741
2166
那些我可以带回工作室进行改装的东西。
00:21
stuff I can take to my workshop and hack.
4
9931
2426
我尤其痴迷于光盘驱动器。
00:24
I do have a fetish for CD-ROM drives.
5
12381
3639
每一个驱动器都有三个不同的马达，
00:28
Each one's got three different motors,
6
16044
2609
这样你就能组装一些可以动的东西了。
00:30
so now you can build things that move.
7
18677
1937
驱动器还有开关，
让你能够实现启动和关闭功能。
让你能够实现启动和关闭功能。
00:32
There's switches so you can
turn things on and off.
turn things on and off.
8
20638
2715
它甚至还有一个非同寻常的激光器，
00:35
There's even a freaking laser,
9
23377
1858
00:37
so you can make a cool robot
into an awesome robot.
into an awesome robot.
10
25259
4776
让你能把一个看起来还不错的
机器人变得炫酷无比。
机器人变得炫酷无比。
00:42
Now, I've built
a lot of stuff out of garbage,
a lot of stuff out of garbage,
11
30778
3166
我已经用废弃材料造出了许多东西，
而且其中一些还是很有用的。
00:45
and some of these things
have even been kind of useful.
have even been kind of useful.
12
33968
2781
不过事实上，
00:48
But here's the thing,
13
36773
1185
对我来说，废品只是提供了一个玩转的机会，
00:49
for me, garbage is just a chance to play,
14
37982
2601
让我富有创造力，打造自娱自乐的东西。
00:52
to be creative and build things
to amuse myself.
to amuse myself.
15
40607
2923
这是我的兴趣所在，
所以我把它融入了我的一部分日常工作。
所以我把它融入了我的一部分日常工作。
00:55
This is what I love doing,
so I just made it part of my day job.
so I just made it part of my day job.
16
43554
3636
00:59
I lead a university-based
biological research lab,
biological research lab,
17
47214
2557
我带领着一个大学的生物研究实验室，
我们把好奇心和探究精神摆在首位。
01:01
where we value curiosity
and exploration above all else.
and exploration above all else.
18
49795
3937
我们不专注于任何特定的问题，
01:05
We aren't focused
on any particular problem,
on any particular problem,
19
53756
2596
也没有尝试去解决任何特定的疾病。
01:08
and we're not trying to solve
any particular disease.
any particular disease.
20
56376
2562
这只是一个人们可以来
01:10
This is just a place where people can come
21
58962
2684
提出奇妙的问题并找到答案的地方。
01:13
and ask fascinating questions
and find answers.
and find answers.
22
61670
3776
很久以前我就意识到，
01:17
And I realized a long time ago
23
65470
1865
如果我挑战别人用我找到的废品
01:19
that if I challenge people
to build the equipment they need
to build the equipment they need
24
67359
3242
造出他们需要的设备，
01:22
out of the garbage I find,
25
70625
2113
这是一种很好的培养创造力的方式。
01:24
it's a great way to foster creativity.
26
72762
2763
后来，
01:27
And what happened
27
75549
1151
全世界的艺术家和科学家们
01:28
was that artists and scientists
from around the world
from around the world
28
76724
2881
开始纷纷来到我的实验室。
01:31
started coming to my lab.
29
79629
2016
并不只是因为我们重视新奇的想法，
01:33
And it's not just because
we value unconventional ideas,
we value unconventional ideas,
30
81669
3209
更是因为我们用科学的精确性
01:36
it's because we test and validate them
31
84902
2318
检测并证实那些想法。
01:39
with scientific rigor.
32
87244
1427
01:41
So one day I was hacking something,
I was taking it apart,
I was taking it apart,
33
89620
3901
有一天我正在拆解东西，
我突然产生了这样的想法：
01:45
and I had this sudden idea:
34
93545
1857
我能不能把生物体当作硬件？
01:47
Could I treat biology like hardware?
35
95426
3439
我能不能拆分一个生物系统，
01:50
Could I dismantle a biological system,
36
98889
2251
混合并配对拆分出来的部分，
01:53
mix and match the parts
37
101164
1423
01:54
and then put it back together
in some new and creative way?
in some new and creative way?
38
102611
2954
然后用全新的创造性的方式把它重新拼装？
于是我的实验室开始了相关的研究，
01:57
My lab started working on this,
39
105946
2084
我想给你们展示一下成果。
02:00
and I want to show you the result.
40
108054
1893
02:03
Can any of you guys
tell me what fruit this is?
tell me what fruit this is?
41
111601
2690
你们有谁能够告诉我这是什么水果吗？
观众：苹果！
02:07
Audience: Apple!
42
115278
1151
安德鲁·佩林：没错——这是个苹果。
02:08
Andrew Pelling:
That's right -- it's an apple.
That's right -- it's an apple.
43
116453
2157
我现在也需要你们注意，
02:10
Now, I actually want you to notice as well
44
118634
2009
02:12
that this is a lot redder
than most apples.
than most apples.
45
120657
2804
它比其他苹果要红得多。
02:16
And that's because
we grew human cells into it.
we grew human cells into it.
46
124294
2726
原因是我们在其中植入了人类细胞。
02:19
We took a totally innocent
Macintosh apple,
Macintosh apple,
47
127044
4178
我们拿了一个纯正的麦金塔苹果
（译者注：苹果公司早期一款个人电脑），
（译者注：苹果公司早期一款个人电脑），
02:23
removed all the apple cells and DNA
48
131246
3019
移除所有的苹果细胞和DNA，
再植入人类细胞。
02:26
and then implanted human cells.
49
134289
2019
02:28
And what we're left with
after removing all the apple cells
after removing all the apple cells
50
136332
3049
移除全部苹果细胞后，
剩下的是纤维素骨架。
02:31
is this cellulose scaffold.
51
139405
1741
02:33
This is the stuff that gives plants
their shape and texture.
their shape and texture.
52
141170
3137
正是纤维素保证了植物的形状和质感。
还有你们看到的这些小孔，
02:36
And these little holes that you can see,
53
144331
1972
02:38
this is where all
the apple cells used to be.
the apple cells used to be.
54
146327
2401
就是苹果细胞原来所在的地方。
然后我们继续试验，
02:41
So then we come along,
55
149254
1184
植入了一些哺乳动物细胞，
你们可以看到是蓝色的。
你们可以看到是蓝色的。
02:42
we implant some mammalian cells
that you can see in blue.
that you can see in blue.
56
150462
3062
02:45
What happens is,
these guys start multiplying
these guys start multiplying
57
153548
2208
接下来，它们开始繁殖，
02:47
and they fill up this entire scaffold.
58
155780
1994
并充满了整个骨架空隙。
02:50
As weird as this is,
59
158414
1808
听起来有些不可思议，
02:52
it's actually really reminiscent
of how our own tissues are organized.
of how our own tissues are organized.
60
160775
4156
这的确能使我们联想到
人体的组织排列方式。
人体的组织排列方式。
02:56
And we found in our pre-clinical work
61
164955
2253
我们在临床前试验时发现，
02:59
that you can implant
these scaffolds into the body,
these scaffolds into the body,
62
167232
2396
你可以把这些纤维素骨架植入体内，
03:01
and the body will send in cells
and a blood supply
and a blood supply
63
169652
2683
而身体会提供细胞和血液供应
来维持其生命活动。
03:04
and actually keep these things alive.
64
172359
2215
就在这个时候人们开始问我，
03:07
This is the point
when people started asking me,
when people started asking me,
65
175348
3097
“安德鲁，你能从苹果中制造出人体部位吗？”
03:10
"Andrew, can you make
body parts out of apples?"
body parts out of apples?"
66
178469
4547
03:15
And I'm like, "You've come
to the right place."
to the right place."
67
183794
2231
我答道： “你来对地方了。”
（笑声）
03:18
(Laughter)
68
186049
1277
我也跟我的老婆提起过这件事，
03:19
I actually brought this up with my wife.
69
187715
2185
她是一位乐器制造家，
03:21
She's a musical instrument maker,
70
189924
1734
03:23
and she does a lot
of wood carving for a living.
of wood carving for a living.
71
191682
2313
也把制作木雕当成一种职业。
03:26
So I asked her,
72
194529
1731
所以我问她，
“你可以为我们用苹果
03:28
"Could you, like,
literally carve some ears
literally carve some ears
73
196865
3237
雕刻出一些耳朵吗？”
03:32
out of an apple for us?"
74
200126
1532
她真的做到了。
03:33
And she did.
75
201682
1451
后来我带着她雕刻的耳朵去了实验室。
03:35
So I took her ears to the lab.
76
203157
2772
03:37
We then started preparing them.
77
205953
1753
我们开始筹备实验。
是的，我知道（这看起来很惊悚）。
03:40
Yeah, I know.
78
208979
1337
03:42
(Laughter)
79
210340
3033
（笑声）
伙计们，这可是个很棒的实验室。
03:45
It's a good lab, man.
80
213397
1718
（笑声）
03:47
(Laughter)
81
215139
1461
之后我们在上面培植细胞。
03:48
And then we grew cells on them.
82
216624
1707
结果是这样的。
03:51
And this is the result.
83
219008
1385
听我说，
我的实验室并不参与制造耳朵的生意。
我的实验室并不参与制造耳朵的生意。
03:53
Listen, my lab is not
in the ear-manufacturing business.
in the ear-manufacturing business.
84
221916
4433
03:59
People have actually been working
on this for decades.
on this for decades.
85
227778
3336
人们已经研究这一项目几十年了。
问题在于：
04:03
Here's the issue:
86
231138
1648
商业化的骨架组织价格极高，
而且问题重重。
而且问题重重。
04:04
commercial scaffolds can be
really expensive and problematic,
really expensive and problematic,
87
232810
4406
因为它们来源于专利产品，
04:09
because they're sourced
from proprietary products,
from proprietary products,
88
237240
2601
04:11
animals or cadavers.
89
239865
2103
动物或尸体。
我们只用了一个几分钱的苹果。
04:19
We used an apple and it cost pennies.
90
247259
2876
04:22
What's also really cool here
91
250873
2037
更炫酷的是，
制造这些东西并不是很难。
04:24
is it's not that hard
to make these things.
to make these things.
92
252934
2145
你所需要的设备可以由废品打造，
04:27
The equipment you need
can be built from garbage,
can be built from garbage,
93
255103
2932
04:30
and the key processing step
only requires soap and water.
only requires soap and water.
94
258059
4183
而且关键的加工步骤只需要肥皂和水。
04:34
So what we did was put all
the instructions online as open source.
the instructions online as open source.
95
262866
3842
于是，我们把制作教程公开上传到网上。
然后我们成立了一家身负使命的公司，
04:39
And then we founded
a mission-driven company,
a mission-driven company,
96
267393
2136
04:41
and we're developing kits
to make it easier
to make it easier
97
269553
2378
旨在开发成套的工具，
让任何有水槽和焊铁的人
04:43
for anyone with a sink
and a soldering iron
and a soldering iron
98
271955
2571
能够很方便的在家完成这些。
04:46
to make these things at home.
99
274550
1558
04:48
What I'm really curious
about is if one day,
about is if one day,
100
276132
4073
我真正好奇的是会不会有一天，
人们有可能修复、改造、
强化我们自己的身体，
强化我们自己的身体，
04:52
it will be possible to repair, rebuild
and augment our own bodies
and augment our own bodies
101
280229
5251
用到的只是我们厨房里的材料。
04:57
with stuff we make in the kitchen.
102
285504
1996
好，说到厨房，
05:01
Speaking of kitchens,
103
289321
2097
这是一些芦笋。
05:03
here's some asparagus.
104
291442
1936
它们很可口，不过会让你的尿液有股怪味。
05:05
They're tasty, and they make
your pee smell funny.
your pee smell funny.
105
293402
2683
05:08
(Laughter)
106
296109
1253
（笑声）
有一次，我在我的厨房里发现，
05:09
Now, I was in my kitchen,
and I was noticing
and I was noticing
107
297386
2623
当你观察芦笋茎秆那一端（的截面），
05:12
that when you look down
the stalks of these asparagus,
the stalks of these asparagus,
108
300033
2586
你会看到这些细小的导管。
05:14
what you can see
are all these tiny little vessels.
are all these tiny little vessels.
109
302643
2991
而当我们在实验室里观察它们时，
05:17
And when we image them in the lab,
110
305658
1649
你会发现纤维素是如何形成这些结构的。
05:19
you can see how the cellulose
forms these structures.
forms these structures.
111
307331
2989
这张图让我想到了两样东西。
05:22
This image reminds me of two things:
112
310832
2273
我们的血管，
05:25
our blood vessels
113
313701
1882
和我们的神经和脊髓的结构组织。
05:27
and the structure and organization
of our nerves and spinal cord.
of our nerves and spinal cord.
114
315607
3748
那么问题来了：
05:31
So here's the question:
115
319854
1297
我们能否沿着这些通道
培植神经轴突或神经元呢?
培植神经轴突或神经元呢?
05:33
Can we grow axons and neurons
down these channels?
down these channels?
116
321860
4180
05:38
Because if we can,
117
326064
1626
如果我们可以实现，
也许我们就能用芦笋来形成全新的节点，
05:39
then maybe we can use asparagus
to form new connections
to form new connections
118
327714
4267
05:44
between the ends of damaged
and severed nerves.
and severed nerves.
119
332005
2857
连接损伤或切断的神经末梢。
05:47
Or maybe even a spinal cord.
120
335627
1803
或者甚至可以是脊髓。
05:50
Don't get me wrong --
121
338126
1286
不要误会——
这非常具有挑战性，
05:51
this is exceptionally challenging
122
339436
2004
而且极其难操作，
05:53
and really hard work to do,
123
341464
1595
并不是只有我们正在研究这方面内容。
05:55
and we are not the only ones
working on this.
working on this.
124
343083
2618
05:58
But we are the only ones using asparagus.
125
346116
2940
但只有我们在使用芦笋。
（笑声）
06:01
(Laughter)
126
349080
2507
06:04
Right now, we've got
really promising pilot data.
really promising pilot data.
127
352060
3118
如今，我们已经取得了
具备可行性的实验数据，
具备可行性的实验数据，
正在和人体组织工程师和
06:07
And we're working with tissue engineers
128
355202
1883
神经外科医生合作，
06:09
and neurosurgeons
129
357109
1166
来找出其中的可能性。
06:10
to find out what's actually possible.
130
358299
1896
06:12
So listen, all of the work I've shown you,
131
360793
2554
听我说，我向你们展示的所有工作，
我身边所有这些自己造出来的东西，
06:15
the stuff that I've built
that's all around me on this stage
that's all around me on this stage
132
363371
3193
还有我的实验室参与的其他项目，
06:18
and the other projects
my lab is involved in
my lab is involved in
133
366588
2670
都是我玩转你们丢的垃圾的直接结果。
06:21
are all a direct result
of me playing with your garbage.
of me playing with your garbage.
134
369282
4087
06:25
Play -- play is a key part
of my scientific practice.
of my scientific practice.
135
373393
6037
玩转——玩转是我科学实践的关键。
它能训练我的大脑突破常规，富有创意，
06:31
It's how I train my mind
to be unconventional and to be creative
to be unconventional and to be creative
136
379454
3984
让我决定制作人类的苹果耳朵。
06:35
and to decide to make human apple ears.
137
383462
3005
所以，下一次当你们看到一些老旧的，
06:38
So, the next time any of you
are looking at some old,
are looking at some old,
138
386491
4651
06:43
broken-down, malfunctioning,
piece-of-crap technology,
piece-of-crap technology,
139
391166
4579
破损的，不好用的，
废铜烂铁一样的科技产品，
废铜烂铁一样的科技产品，
06:47
I want you to think of me.
140
395769
1597
我希望你们能想起我。
06:50
Because I want it.
141
398199
1158
因为我需要它们。
06:51
(Laughter)
142
399381
1151
（笑声）
说真的，请想尽一切方法联系我，
06:52
Seriously, please find any way
to get in touch with me,
to get in touch with me,
143
400556
4007
06:56
and let's see what we can build.
144
404587
1941
看看我们能造出什么东西。
06:58
Thank you.
145
406552
1151
谢谢。
（掌声）
06:59
(Applause)
146
407727
4543
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Andrew Pelling - BiohackerAndrew Pelling's unconventional and creative scientific process is founded on play.
Why you should listen
Scientist, professor, entrepreneur and TED Fellow Andrew Pelling has built a career on unapologetic curiosity, creativity and serendipity. He is a professor and Canada Research Chair at the University of Ottawa, where he founded and directs a curiosity-driven research lab that brings together artists, scientists, social scientists and engineers. The lab uses low-cost, open source materials and methods to explore speculative living technologies of the future. He has, for instance, created human body parts made from plants and grown living skins on LEGOs -- innovations with the potential to replace prohibitively expensive commercial biomaterials.
Pelling is also the co-founder and CTO of Spiderwort Inc., a mission driven company developing open source platforms to enable the widespread and global adoption of biological research in all environments and economic contexts. Most recently, he founded pHacktory, a street-level research lab in Ottawa that amplifies community ideas through a potent mixture of craft, serendipity and curiosity.
Pelling's work has been in the international media spotlight for many years, with recognition in outlets such as Wired, Huffington Post, NPR, Scientific American, Popular Science, BBC, Der Spiegel, Deutsche Welle and others, as well as numerous highlights in the Canadian media and Scientific media. He was named a TED Fellow in 2016.
Andrew Pelling | Speaker | TED.com