ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jamila Raqib - Peacemaker
Jamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally.

Why you should listen

Jamila Raqib is the executive director of the Albert Einstein Institution, which promotes the study and strategic use of nonviolent action worldwide. Since 2002, she has worked closely with Dr. Gene Sharp, the world's foremost scholar on strategic nonviolent action. Together, they developed a curriculum titled Self-Liberation: A Guide to Strategic Planning for Action to End a Dictatorship or Other Oppression. The publication is intended to provide in-depth guidance for planning a strategic nonviolent struggle.

Raqib represents the Institution at a number of domestic and international forums such as the Oslo Freedom Forum and the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. Her work centers on presenting a pragmatic approach to nonviolent action to activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments. She travels throughout the world conducting consultations and workshops for individuals and groups seeking to achieve diverse goals such as opposing dictatorship, combatting corruption, attaining political rights, economic justice, environmental protection and women's empowerment.

She holds a B.A. in Management from Simmons College in Boston, MA, and is a Research Affiliate of the Center for International Studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


More profile about the speaker
Jamila Raqib | Speaker | TED.com
TED Talks Live

Jamila Raqib: The secret to effective nonviolent resistance

贾米拉 ▪ 雷奇布: 非暴力有效抗争之谜

Filmed:
978,122 views

阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦研究所执行官坦贾米拉 ▪ 雷奇布说道,我们绝不会告诉人们终结暴力是有悖道德的。相反,我们必须要找到同样既有力又有效的办法来施展暴力。雷奇布向遭受暴行的人们推荐非暴力抗争,除了街头抗议,还有很多其他办法。她向我们分享了很多鼓舞人心的案例,包含着改变世界的创想,以及带来了未来将没有武力冲突的希望。雷奇布说:"人性最伟大的希望不在于谴责暴力而在于抛弃暴力。“
- Peacemaker
Jamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
War战争 has been a part部分 of my life
since以来 I can remember记得.
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自从我记事以来 战争就成了我生活的一部分
00:16
I was born天生 in Afghanistan阿富汗,
just six months个月 after the Soviets苏联 invaded入侵,
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我出生在阿富汗 就在六个月之后苏维埃便入侵了
00:21
and even though虽然 I was too young年轻
to understand理解 what was happening事件,
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尽管当时我还十分年幼 并不知道发生了什么
00:24
I had a deep sense of the suffering痛苦
and the fear恐惧 around me.
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但我深深的感觉到有种灾难和恐惧萦绕着我
00:29
Those early experiences经验 had a major重大的 impact碰撞
on how I now think about war战争 and conflict冲突.
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这些早期的经历给我对战争和冲突的看法产生了很大影响
00:35
I learned学到了 that when people
have a fundamental基本的 issue问题 at stake赌注,
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我了解到人们在遭遇危险之时
00:38
for most of them,
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对他们大部分人而言
00:39
giving in is not an option选项.
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屈服并非唯一选择
00:41
For these types类型 conflicts冲突 --
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对于这些冲突而言
00:43
when people's人们 rights权利 are violated违反,
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当人们的权利受到侵犯之时
00:45
when their countries国家 are occupied占据,
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当他们的祖国被占领之时
00:47
when they're oppressed压迫 and humiliated羞辱 --
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当他们受尽压迫和羞辱之时
00:49
they need a powerful强大 way
to resist and to fight斗争 back.
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他们迫切需要一种强大的力量去抵抗 去战斗
00:53
Which哪一个 means手段 that no matter how destructive有害
and terrible可怕 violence暴力 is,
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这也意味着 无论暴力多么凶残可怕
00:57
if people see it as their only choice选择,
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只要人们把这当作是他们唯一的退路
01:00
they will use it.
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他们便会使用暴力
01:02
Most of us are concerned关心
with the level水平 of violence暴力 in the world世界.
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我们大多数都与这个世界的暴力水平有着丝丝缕缕的联系
01:06
But we're not going to end结束 war战争
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但我们不会通过告诉人们
01:07
by telling告诉 people
that violence暴力 is morally道德 wrong错误.
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暴力与道德相悖 这样来终结战争
01:10
Instead代替, we must必须 offer提供 them a tool工具
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相反 我们必须给他们工具
01:13
that's at least最小 as powerful强大
and as effective有效 as violence暴力.
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至少和暴力一样有力 一样有效的工具
01:17
This is the work I do.
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这就是我所做的
01:19
For the past过去 13 years年份,
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过去的13年里
01:21
I've been teaching教学 people
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我一直在教导
01:22
in some of the most difficult
situations情况 around the world世界
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全世界某些身陷苦难境地的人们
01:25
how they can use nonviolent非暴力
struggle斗争 to conduct进行 conflict冲突.
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告诉他们如何使用非暴力手段与冲突对抗
01:30
Most people associate关联 this type类型 of action行动
with Gandhi甘地 and Martin马丁 Luther路德 King国王.
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多数人会将这种行动与甘地或马丁▪ 路德▪ 金联系在一起
01:35
But people have been using运用
nonviolent非暴力 action行动 for thousands数千 of years年份.
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但自从人们开始使用非暴力手段已经有足足几千年了
01:39
In fact事实, most of the rights权利
that we have today今天 in this country国家 --
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事实上 我们在这个国家所拥有的大多数权利
01:44
as women妇女,
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作为女性
01:45
as minorities少数民族,
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作为少数人群
01:46
as workers工人,
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作为工人
01:47
as people of different不同 sexual有性 orientations方位
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作为有着不同性取向的人们
01:50
and citizens公民 concerned关心
with the environment环境 --
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以及关心环境的普通公民
01:52
these rights权利 weren't handed to us.
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这些权利并非直接交到我们手中
01:55
They were won韩元 by people
who fought战斗 for them
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而是靠为权利而战的人们赢得的
01:57
and who sacrificed牺牲 for them.
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也是他们的牺牲所换来的
01:59
But because we haven't没有 learned学到了
from this history历史,
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但是由于我们并没有从历史中了解到
02:01
nonviolent非暴力 struggle斗争 as a technique技术
is widely广泛 misunderstood误解.
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因而 很多人误解了非暴力抗争这种方法
02:06
I met会见 recently最近 with a group
of Ethiopian埃塞俄比亚 activists活动家,
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最近 我认识了一些埃塞俄比亚的行动家
02:09
and they told me something
that I hear a lot.
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他们告诉了我很多我曾经听说过很多的事情
02:12
They said they'd他们会 already已经
tried试着 nonviolent非暴力 action行动,
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他们说 他们已经试过非暴力行动了
02:15
and it hadn't有没有 worked工作.
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但它并不奏效
02:16
Years年份 ago they held保持 a protest抗议.
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多年前 他们举行过一次抗议
02:18
The government政府 arrested被捕 everyone大家,
and that was the end结束 of that.
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政府把他们都逮捕了 而这次抗议也就这样结束了
02:23
The idea理念 that nonviolent非暴力 struggle斗争
is equivalent当量 to street protests抗议
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这种认为非暴力抗争等同于街头抗议的观点
02:27
is a real真实 problem问题.
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这才是真正的问题
02:29
Because although虽然 protests抗议 can be a great
way to show显示 that people want change更改,
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因为虽然抗议很好地表达了人们想要改变的想法
02:33
on their own拥有, they don't
actually其实 create创建 change更改 --
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但是对于他们自身来说 他们并没有真正的在创造改变
02:36
at least最小 change更改 that is fundamental基本的.
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至少 改变这个是最基础的
02:38
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:39
Powerful强大 opponents对手 are not going to give
people what they want
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强大的对手也并不会给人们他们想要的
02:42
just because they asked nicely很好 ...
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仅仅因为他们要的太温柔了
02:45
or even not so nicely很好.
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或许也不那么温柔
02:47
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:48
Nonviolent非暴力 struggle斗争 works作品
by destroying销毁 an opponent对手,
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非暴力抗争要通过摧毁对手才能奏效
02:52
not physically物理,
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不仅仅是肉体上的
02:53
but by identifying识别 the institutions机构
that an opponent对手 needs需求 to survive生存,
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而且要确定对手需要存活下去的机制
02:57
and then denying否认 them
those sources来源 of power功率.
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然后否认他们的权利之源
03:00
Nonviolent非暴力 activists活动家
can neutralize抵消 the military军事
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非暴力行动主义者能扰乱军心
03:03
by causing造成 soldiers士兵 to defect缺陷.
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引起士兵的抵抗心理
03:05
They can disrupt破坏 the economy经济
through通过 strikes罢工 and boycotts抵制.
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他们可以罢工 抵制 来破坏经济发展
03:09
And they can challenge挑战
government政府 propaganda宣传
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他们还可以
03:11
by creating创建 alternative替代 media媒体.
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通过创造其他的媒体方式 挑战政府宣传活动
03:13
There are a variety品种 of methods方法
that can be used to do this.
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要达到这些目的 有各种各样的办法
03:17
My colleague同事 and mentor导师, Gene基因 Sharp尖锐,
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吉恩▪夏普 我的同事 亦是我的导师
03:20
has identified确定 198 methods方法
of nonviolent非暴力 action行动.
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已经找到了198种非暴力行动的方式
03:26
And protest抗议 is only one.
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而抗议是唯一的那一个
03:28
Let me give you a recent最近 example.
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让我向大家举一个最近的例子吧
03:30
Until直到 a few少数 months个月 ago,
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直到几个月前
03:32
Guatemala危地马拉 was ruled统治
by corrupt腐败 former前任的 military军事 officials官员
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危地马拉还由腐败的前军事官员统治着
03:35
with ties联系 to organized有组织的 crime犯罪.
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他们还与团伙犯罪有关
03:38
People were generally通常 aware知道的 of this,
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人们已经普遍意识到了这一点
03:39
but most of them felt powerless无力
to do anything about it --
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但是他们大多数觉得无能为力
03:44
until直到 one group of citizens公民,
just 12 regular定期 people,
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直到由12个普通人组成的市民小组
03:48
put out a call on FacebookFacebook的
to their friends朋友
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在脸书上号召他们的朋友
03:51
to meet遇到 in the central中央 plaza广场,
holding保持 signs迹象 with a message信息:
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在中央广场聚集 举着牌子 上面写着
03:55
"RenunciaRenuncia YA" --
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下台
03:57
resign辞职 already已经.
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尽管已经下台了
03:59
To their surprise,
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但令他们惊讶的是
04:00
30,000 people showed显示 up.
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这得到了3万多人的支援
04:03
They stayed there for months个月
as protests抗议 spread传播 throughout始终 the country国家.
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他们在广场上呆了几个月 随后抗议蔓延至全国
04:06
At one point,
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某天
04:08
the organizers组织者 delivered交付 hundreds数以百计 of eggs
to various各个 government政府 buildings房屋
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组织者给政府大楼送了很多鸡蛋
04:12
with a message信息:
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附信:
04:13
"If you don't have the huevos韦沃斯" --
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如果您们差这些鸡蛋
04:15
the balls --
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(胆量)
04:17
"to stop corrupt腐败 candidates候选人
from running赛跑 for office办公室,
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去阻止贪官污吏腐蚀国家的话
04:20
you can borrow ours我们的."
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你可以向我们借
04:21
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
04:23
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
04:28
President主席 Molina莫利纳 responded回应
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莫利纳总统回应道
04:30
by vowing誓要 that we would never step down.
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我发誓 我们绝不下台
04:32
And the activists活动家 realized实现
that they couldn't不能 just keep protesting抗议
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活动家们意识到 要让总统下台
04:36
and ask the president主席 to resign辞职.
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他们绝不能只是抗议
04:38
They needed需要 to leave离开 him no choice选择.
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他们需要让总统无路可走
04:40
So they organized有组织的 a general一般 strike罢工,
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于是 他们组织了全体罢工
04:42
in which哪一个 people throughout始终
the country国家 refused拒绝 to work.
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全国上下 人们纷纷拒绝工作
04:45
In Guatemala危地马拉 City alone单独,
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仅仅在瓜地马拉市
04:46
over 400 businesses企业
and schools学校 shut关闭 their doors.
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就有400多家商店和学校关门
04:50
Meanwhile与此同时,
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与此同时
04:51
farmers农民 throughout始终 the country国家
blocked受阻 major重大的 roads道路.
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全国的农民封锁了主要道路
04:54
Within five days,
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就在五天之内
04:55
the president主席,
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总统
04:56
along沿 with dozens许多 of other
government政府 officials官员,
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携十多位其他政府官员
04:59
resigned辞职 already已经.
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宣布卸任
05:01
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
05:05
I've been greatly非常 inspired启发
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我受到了深深的鼓舞
05:07
by the creativity创造力 and bravery
of people using运用 nonviolent非暴力 action行动
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人们的创造力和勇气被运用在了非暴力行动中
05:11
in nearly几乎 every一切 country国家 in the world世界.
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这几乎发生在了世界上的每一个国家
05:13
For example,
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举例来说
05:14
recently最近 a group of activists活动家 in Uganda乌干达
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最近 乌干达的一些活动家
05:17
released发布 a crate of pigs in the streets街道.
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在街上放出了一群猪
05:20
You can see here that the police警察
are confused困惑 about what to do with them.
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你们可以看到 警察对它们手足无措
05:23
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:24
The pigs were painted
the color颜色 of the ruling裁决 party派对.
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猪身上涂着执政党的颜色
05:27
One pig was even wearing穿着 a hat帽子,
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其中一头猪甚至还带着顶帽子
05:29
a hat帽子 that people recognized认可.
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这顶帽子人们都认识
05:32
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:34
Activists活动家 around the world世界
are getting得到 better at grabbing headlines新闻头条,
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全世界的活动家都越来越会抢头条了
05:37
but these isolated孤立 actions行动 do very little
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但要是他们没有大计划支撑
05:40
if they're not part部分 of a larger strategy战略.
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这些孤立无援的运动则收效甚微
05:42
A general一般 wouldn't不会 march游行
his troops军队 into battle战斗
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一位将军要是没有打胜仗的计划
05:45
unless除非 he had a plan计划 to win赢得 the war战争.
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绝不会出动军队
05:47
Yet然而 this is how most of the world's世界
nonviolent非暴力 movements运动 operate操作.
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而世界上大多数非暴力运动就是这样做的
05:50
Nonviolent非暴力 struggle斗争 is just as complex复杂
as military军事 warfare,
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非暴力抗争就如同军事战争一般复杂
05:55
if not more.
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甚至不亚于军事战争
05:56
Its participants参与者 must必须 be well-trained训练有素
and have clear明确 objectives目标,
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参与者必须训练有素 有一个清晰的目标
06:00
and its leaders领导者 must必须 have a strategy战略
of how to achieve实现 those objectives目标.
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而且领导者必须要有如何实现这些目标的战略和计划
06:05
The technique技术 of war战争 has been developed发达
over thousands数千 of years年份
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几千年以来 战争的技术不断发展
06:08
with massive大规模的 resources资源
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资源也愈发丰富多样
06:10
and some of our best最好 minds头脑
dedicated专用 to understanding理解
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我们的某些想法也致力于理解
06:13
and improving提高 how it works作品.
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和提升它的效果
06:15
Meanwhile与此同时, nonviolent非暴力 struggle斗争
is rarely很少 systematically系统 studied研究,
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然而与此同时 非暴力抗争几乎没有系统地学习
06:20
and even though虽然 the number is growing生长,
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尽管次数也在不断增多
06:22
there are still only a few少数 dozen people
in the world世界 who are teaching教学 it.
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但世界上仍旧只有小部分人在教我们怎么做
06:26
This is dangerous危险,
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这很危险
06:28
because we now know that our old
approaches方法 of dealing交易 with conflict冲突
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因为我们现在知道以往处理矛盾的方法
06:32
are not adequate充足 for the new
challenges挑战 that we're facing面对.
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不足以我们去迎接新的挑战
06:35
The US government政府 recently最近 admitted承认
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美国政府最近承认
06:37
that it's in a stalemate僵持
in its war战争 against反对 ISIS伊斯兰国.
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在对抗ISIS的战争中 他们身陷僵局
06:41
But what most people don't know
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但很多人不知道的却是
06:43
is that people have stood站在 up to ISIS伊斯兰国
using运用 nonviolent非暴力 action行动.
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人们使用了非暴力运动来对抗ISIS
06:47
When ISIS伊斯兰国 captured捕获 Mosul摩苏尔 in June六月 2014,
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当ISIS在2014年七月逮捕摩苏尔
06:50
they announced公布 that they were putting
in place地点 a new public上市 school学校 curriculum课程,
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他们宣称 他们正在建立一个新的公立学校课程
06:54
based基于 on their own拥有 extremist极端主义 ideology思想.
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基于他们自己的极端主义思想
06:57
But on the first day of school学校,
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但在开学第一天
06:59
not a single child儿童 showed显示 up.
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没有一个孩子来上课
07:02
Parents父母 simply只是 refused拒绝 to send发送 them.
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家长就是不愿意送孩子上学
07:05
They told journalists记者 they would rather
homeschool家教 their children孩子
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他们告诉记者 他们情愿让孩子在家学习
07:08
than to have them brainwashed洗脑.
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也不愿孩子去洗脑
07:10
This is an example
of just one act法案 of defiance蔑视
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这仅仅是反抗运动中的一例
07:13
in just one city.
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也只是一个城市中的一例
07:15
But what if it was coordinated协调
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但如果大家将众多非暴力对抗运动
07:17
with the dozens许多 of other acts行为
of nonviolent非暴力 resistance抵抗性
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联合起来
07:19
that have taken采取 place地点 against反对 ISIS伊斯兰国?
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去抵抗ISIS呢?
07:21
What if the parents'父母' boycott抵制
was part部分 of a larger strategy战略
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如果家长的童子军是整个大计划的一部分呢?
07:25
to identify鉴定 and cut off the resources资源
that ISIS伊斯兰国 needs需求 to function功能;
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他们可以找寻和切断ISIS需要运作的资源
07:30
the skilled技能的 labor劳动 needed需要 to produce生产 food餐饮;
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阻断生产食物的技术工人
07:32
the engineers工程师 needed需要
to extract提取 and refine提炼 oil;
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破坏提取和炼油的机器
07:36
the media媒体 infrastructure基础设施
and communications通讯 networks网络
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损坏媒体设施和通信网络
07:38
and transportation运输 systems系统,
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及交通系统
07:40
and the local本地 businesses企业
that ISIS伊斯兰国 relies依赖 on?
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摧毁ISIS赖以生存的公司
07:43
It may可能 be difficult
to imagine想像 defeating击败 ISIS伊斯兰国
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以非暴力行动
07:47
with action行动 that is nonviolent非暴力.
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对抗ISIS 可能很难想象
07:49
But it's time we challenge挑战
the way we think about conflict冲突
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但现在正是我们挑战看待冲突的方式
07:52
and the choices选择 we have in facing面对 it.
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和面对做出选择的时刻了
07:56
Here's这里的 an idea理念 worth价值 spreading传播:
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这一思想 值得我们广而告之
07:58
let's learn学习 more about where
nonviolent非暴力 action行动 has worked工作
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让我们来了解更多有关非暴力运动已经在什么地方奏效
08:01
and how we can make it more powerful强大,
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以及我们如何让它更加有力的方法吧
08:04
just like we do with other
systems系统 and technologies技术
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就像我们处理其他系统和科技一样
08:07
that are constantly经常 being存在 refined精制
to better meet遇到 human人的 needs需求.
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让它们不断更新以满足人们需求
08:11
It may可能 be that we can improve提高
nonviolent非暴力 action行动
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我们可能而且可以改善非暴力运动
08:14
to a point where it is increasingly日益
used in place地点 of war战争.
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让非暴力运动越来越多的走向战地
08:18
Violence暴力 as a tool工具 of conflict冲突
could then be abandoned
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暴力作为冲突的工具便可以抛弃
08:22
in the same相同 way that bows and arrows箭头 were,
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弓箭亦是如此
08:25
because we have replaced更换 them
with weapons武器 that are more effective有效.
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因为我们已经用更有效的武器将它们代替
08:29
With human人的 innovation革新, we can make
nonviolent非暴力 struggle斗争 more powerful强大
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有人类的创新 我们可以让非暴力抗争
08:34
than the newest最新 and latest最新
technologies技术 of war战争.
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比最新的战争技术还要有力
08:38
The greatest最大 hope希望 for humanity人性
lies not in condemning谴责 violence暴力
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人性最伟大的希望并不在于谴责暴力
08:42
but in making制造 violence暴力 obsolete过时的.
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而是抛弃暴力
08:46
Thank you.
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谢谢
08:47
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Jia Li
Reviewed by Silvia Song

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jamila Raqib - Peacemaker
Jamila Raqib works on pragmatic approaches to nonviolent action for activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments globally.

Why you should listen

Jamila Raqib is the executive director of the Albert Einstein Institution, which promotes the study and strategic use of nonviolent action worldwide. Since 2002, she has worked closely with Dr. Gene Sharp, the world's foremost scholar on strategic nonviolent action. Together, they developed a curriculum titled Self-Liberation: A Guide to Strategic Planning for Action to End a Dictatorship or Other Oppression. The publication is intended to provide in-depth guidance for planning a strategic nonviolent struggle.

Raqib represents the Institution at a number of domestic and international forums such as the Oslo Freedom Forum and the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. Her work centers on presenting a pragmatic approach to nonviolent action to activists, human rights organizations, academics and governments. She travels throughout the world conducting consultations and workshops for individuals and groups seeking to achieve diverse goals such as opposing dictatorship, combatting corruption, attaining political rights, economic justice, environmental protection and women's empowerment.

She holds a B.A. in Management from Simmons College in Boston, MA, and is a Research Affiliate of the Center for International Studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


More profile about the speaker
Jamila Raqib | Speaker | TED.com