ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Emma Marris - Environmental writer
Emma Marris is a writer focusing on environmental science, policy and culture, with an approach that she paints as being "more interested in finding and describing solutions than delineating problems, and more interested in joy than despair."

Why you should listen

Emma Marris has written among others for Nature, Discover and the New York Times. She challenges the notion that nature can only be preserved in its pristine, pre-human state, a too-narrow characterization "that thwarts bold new plans to save the environment and prevents us from having a fuller relationship with nature." Humans have changed the landscape they inhabit since prehistory, and climate change means even the remotest places now bear the fingerprints of humanity. In her book Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature in the Post-Wild World, she argues that we need different strategies for saving nature and champions a blurring of the lines between nature and people for a responsible care of our humanized planet.

More profile about the speaker
Emma Marris | Speaker | TED.com
TEDSummit

Emma Marris: Nature is everywhere -- we just need to learn to see it

艾玛·玛丽斯: 生活不缺少自然--只是缺少发现它的眼睛

Filmed:
1,313,413 views

你如何定义“自然”?如果我们定义它为--人类未及之处,那么我们的自然将不复存在,正如环境作者艾玛·玛丽斯所说。她呼吁我们要对自然有一个新的定义--一个不仅包括原始荒野也包含城市中那尚未修补的工厂,并鼓励我们带着孩子触碰、修补它,这样,终于一日可以保护和爱戴它。
- Environmental writer
Emma Marris is a writer focusing on environmental science, policy and culture, with an approach that she paints as being "more interested in finding and describing solutions than delineating problems, and more interested in joy than despair." Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

我们正从后代手中偷取大自然。
00:12
We are stealing偷窃行为 nature性质 from our children孩子.
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我并不是在说我们在毁坏大自然
00:16
Now, when I say this, I don't mean
that we are destroying销毁 nature性质
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孩子们想让我们保护的大自然,
00:19
that they will have wanted us to preserve保留,
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00:22
although虽然 that is
unfortunately不幸 also the case案件.
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尽管我们的确在毁坏大自然。
00:25
What I mean here is that we've我们已经 started开始
to define确定 nature性质 in a way
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这里我所指的是,我们给自然
00:28
that's so purist纯粹的 and so strict严格
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下了一个纯粹又严格的定义。
00:31
that under the definition定义
we're creating创建 for ourselves我们自己,
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在这个我们自己的定义之下,
00:34
there won't惯于 be any nature性质
left for our children孩子
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当我们的孩子长大成人,
00:37
when they're adults成年人.
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他们的自然将会所剩无几。
00:39
But there's a fix固定 for this.
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但这个问题有办法解决。
00:41
So let me explain说明.
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让我来解释一下。
00:43
Right now, humans人类 use half of the world世界
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现在,人类正在把半个地球
00:47
to live生活, to grow增长 their crops作物
and their timber木材,
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用于生活,种植农作物、木材
00:49
to pasture牧场 their animals动物.
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和饲养牲畜。
00:51
If you added添加 up all the human人的 beings众生,
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如果把所有人类质量加总
00:53
we would weigh称重 10 times as much
as all the wild野生 mammals哺乳动物 put together一起.
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相当于所有野生哺乳动物的10倍。
00:58
We cut roads道路 through通过 the forest森林.
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我们从砍伐森林中建设道路。
01:01
We have added添加 little plastic塑料 particles粒子
to the sand on ocean海洋 beaches海滩.
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我们把塑料颗粒混在了海滩的沙粒中。
01:06
We've我们已经 changed the chemistry化学 of the soil
with our artificial人造 fertilizers化肥.
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我们用人造的化肥改变了泥土的化学性质,
01:11
And of course课程, we've我们已经 changed
the chemistry化学 of the air空气.
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当然我们也改变了空气的成分。
01:14
So when you take your next下一个 breath呼吸,
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所以,当你呼吸下一口空气时,
01:16
you'll你会 be breathing呼吸 in
42 percent百分 more carbon dioxide二氧化碳
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你吸入的二氧化碳
01:20
than if you were breathing呼吸 in 1750.
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比1750年多42%。
01:23
So all of these changes变化, and many许多 others其他,
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所以,这些改变,和其他的一起,
01:25
have come to be kind of lumped集总 together一起
under this rubric专栏 of the "Anthropocene人类世."
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都集合在”人类世”的大标题下。
01:30
And this is a term术语
that some geologists地质学家 are suggesting提示
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这是一个由地质学家们建议的术语,
01:33
we should give to our current当前 epoch时代,
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因为人类的影响无处不在,
01:34
given特定 how pervasive无处不在
human人的 influence影响 has been over it.
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我们正所处的时代被叫做“人类世”。
01:38
Now, it's still just a proposed建议 epoch时代,
but I think it's a helpful有帮助 way
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现在,它仍只是一个被建议使用的名词,
01:42
to think about the magnitude大小
of human人的 influence影响 on the planet行星.
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但我认为这可以帮助人类
思考自己对这个星球的所作所为。
01:46
So where does this put nature性质?
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所以这对自然有什么影响?
01:48
What counts计数 as nature性质 in a world世界
where everything is influenced影响 by humans人类?
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在这个遍布人类影响的世界,
什么才算自然?
01:53
So 25 years年份 ago, environmental环境的 writer作家
Bill法案 McKibben麦吉 said
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25年前,环境作家比尔·麦克基本认为,
01:57
that because nature性质
was a thing apart距离 from man
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因为自然是人类之外的东西,
02:02
and because climate气候 change更改 meant意味着
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以及因为气候变化
02:03
that every一切 centimeter厘米 of the Earth地球
was altered改变 by man,
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意味着地球的每分每寸都被人类改写了,
02:07
then nature性质 was over.
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自然已经不存在了。
02:09
In fact事实, he called his book
"The End结束 of Nature性质."
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其实他的书就叫《自然的终结》。
02:14
I disagree不同意 with this.
I just disagree不同意 with this.
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我不同意这观点。我就是不同意。
02:16
I disagree不同意 with this definition定义 of nature性质,
because, fundamentally从根本上, we are animals动物.
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我不同意这个对自然的定义,
因为根本上我们人类是动物
02:20
Right? Like, we evolved进化 on this planet行星
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对吧?我们在这个星球上进化
02:23
in the context上下文 of all the other animals动物
with which哪一个 we share分享 a planet行星,
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在这里,我们同所有动物、
02:27
and all the other plants植物,
and all the other microbes微生物.
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所有植物、所有微生物共享这个星球。
02:30
And so I think that nature性质
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并且,我坚信,自然不应该是一个
02:32
is not that which哪一个 is untouched不变
by humanity人性, man or woman女人.
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未被人类所碰触的地方。
02:36
I think that nature性质
is anywhere随地 where life thrives蓬勃发展,
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我坚信,自然是一个有生命茂盛兴旺,
02:40
anywhere随地 where there are
multiple species种类 together一起,
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有万物共同生长,
02:43
anywhere随地 that's green绿色 and blue蓝色
and thriving and filled填充 with life
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有绿色蓝色,旺盛充盈着生命的
02:47
and growing生长.
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一个不断生长的地方。
02:49
And under that definition定义,
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在这个定义之下,
02:51
things look a little bit different不同.
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事情变得有些不同。
02:54
Now, I understand理解 that there
are certain某些 parts部分 of this nature性质
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现在,我深知自然中某些部分
02:57
that speak说话 to us in a special特别 way.
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会用一种特殊的语言和我们对话。
03:00
Places地方 like Yellowstone黄石,
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有很多地方,就象黄石公园、
03:02
or the Mongolian steppe草原,
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蒙古大草原、
03:03
or the Great Barrier屏障 Reef
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大堡礁,
03:05
or the Serengeti塞伦盖蒂.
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还有塞伦盖蒂,
03:06
Places地方 that we think of
as kind of Edenic伊甸园 representations交涉
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这些好似伊甸园一样的地方,
03:10
of a nature性质 before
we screwed everything up.
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那个还没有被我们摧毁一切的自然。
03:14
And in a way, they are less impacted影响
by our day to day activities活动.
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而且它们较少受到
我们一天一天的活动的影响。
03:18
Many许多 of these places地方
have no roads道路 or few少数 roads道路,
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很多地方几乎没有道路,
03:21
so on, like such这样.
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之类的,等等。
03:22
But ultimately最终, even these Edens伊登斯
are deeply influenced影响 by humans人类.
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但最后,这些伊甸园还是被人类深深影响。
03:28
Now, let's just take
North America美国, for example,
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现在,让我们用北美举个例子,
03:31
since以来 that's where we're meeting会议.
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既然我们就处在北美。
03:32
So between之间 about 15,000 years年份 ago
when people first came来了 here,
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在15000年前,当人们第一次来到这片土地时,
03:36
they started开始 a process处理
of interacting互动 with the nature性质
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他们开始和自然进行互动。
03:38
that led to the extinction灭绝
of a big slew of large-bodied体型大 animals动物,
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这导致了大量大型动物的灭绝,
03:43
from the mastodon乳齿象
to the giant巨人 ground地面 sloth懒惰,
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从乳齿象到地懒,
03:45
saber-toothed剑齿 cats,
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剑齿虎,
03:46
all of these cool animals动物
that unfortunately不幸 are no longer with us.
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这些动物都不幸地灭绝了。
03:50
And when those animals动物 went extinct绝种,
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当这些动物走向灭绝,
03:52
you know, the ecosystems生态系统
didn't stand still.
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生态系统就不能一如既往地运行。
涟漪效应使草原变成了森林,
03:54
Massive海量 ripple波纹 effects效果
changed grasslands草原 into forests森林,
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03:58
changed the composition组成 of forest森林
from one tree to another另一个.
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使丛林的树从一种变成了另一种。
04:02
So even in these Edens伊登斯,
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甚至那些伊甸园,
04:03
even in these perfect-looking完美的外观 places地方
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那些绮丽之地也深受影响。
04:05
that seem似乎 to remind提醒 us
of a past过去 before humans人类,
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这似乎让我们想起了一段人类出现之前的历史。
04:09
we're essentially实质上 looking
at a humanized人性化 landscape景观.
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我们其实是在看一个人类化的风景,
04:12
Not just these prehistoric史前 humans人类,
but historical历史的 humans人类, indigenous土著 people
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不止这些史前人类,还有历史上的人和原著人民
04:16
all the way up until直到 the moment时刻
when the first colonizers殖民者 showed显示 up.
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一直追溯到第一个殖民者到来的那一刻。
04:20
And the case案件 is the same相同
for the other continents大陆 as well.
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并且这些情况对其他大陆也是一样的。
04:23
Humans人类 have just been involved参与 in nature性质
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长久以来,人类已在自然之中
04:26
in a very influential有影响 way
for a very long time.
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进行了富有影响力的进化。
04:30
Now, just recently最近, someone有人 told me,
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就在刚刚,有个人对我说:
04:32
"Oh, but there are still wild野生 places地方."
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“啊,其实还有原生态的地方啊。”
04:34
And I said, "Where? Where? I want to go."
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我说:”哪里啊?在哪?我想去。“
04:36
And he said, "The Amazon亚马逊."
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他说:”亚马逊。“
04:38
And I was like, "Oh, the Amazon亚马逊.
I was just there.
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我说:”哦,亚马逊,我就在那。“
04:41
It's awesome真棒. National国民 Geographic地理
sent发送 me to Manú National国民 Park公园,
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这很不错,国家地理派遣我去的马努国家公园
04:44
which哪一个 is in the Peruvian秘鲁 Amazon亚马逊,
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就在祕鲁亚马逊
04:46
but it's a big chunk of rainforest雨林,
uncleared未清除, no roads道路,
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那是一大片雨林,很模糊,没有公路
04:50
protected保护 as a national国民 park公园,
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作为一个国家公园被保护
04:51
one of the most, in fact事实,
biodiverse生物多样性 parks公园 in the world世界.
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实际上,这里受保护的物种堪称世界之最
04:54
And when I got in there with my canoe独木舟,
what did I find, but people.
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当我撑着我的小舟来到这里,
我找到的,只有人。
04:59
People have been living活的 there
for hundreds数以百计 and thousands数千 of years年份.
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人们来到这片雨林有上百或上千年了。
05:03
People live生活 there, and they don't
just float浮动 over the jungle丛林.
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住在这的人,他们不只乘舟穿越丛林,
05:06
They have a meaningful富有意义的 relationship关系
with the landscape景观.
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他们同这地方有寓意悠远的关系。
05:09
They hunt打猎. They grow增长 crops作物.
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他们打猎,他们种植农作物
05:11
They domesticate crops作物.
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他们培育农作物。
05:13
They use the natural自然 resources资源
to build建立 their houses房屋,
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他们用自然资源做自己的房屋,
05:16
to thatch their houses房屋.
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用茅草盖屋顶,
05:17
They even make pets宠物 out of animals动物
that we consider考虑 to be wild野生 animals动物.
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他们甚至把我们眼中认为的野生动物当作宠物。
05:21
These people are there
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人们在那
05:23
and they're interacting互动
with the environment环境
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和环境共生互动。
05:25
in a way that's really meaningful富有意义的
and that you can see in the environment环境.
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你可以从环境中清楚看到
这其中深刻的意义。
05:29
Now, I was with
an anthropologist人类学家 on this trip,
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当时我和一位人类学家相伴而行,
05:31
and he told me, as we were
floating漂浮的 down the river,
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当我们正在漂度河流时,
05:34
he said, "There are
no demographic人口 voids空隙 in the Amazon亚马逊."
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他说:“在亚马逊没有人口空隙。”
05:39
This statement声明 has really stuck卡住 with me,
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这个说法着实让我很困惑,
05:41
because what it means手段
is that the whole整个 Amazon亚马逊 is like this.
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因为这意味着,整个亚马逊就是
05:43
There's people everywhere到处.
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人类无处不在。
05:45
And many许多 other
tropical热带 forests森林 are the same相同,
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并且其它热带雨林也是这样的,
05:48
and not just tropical热带 forests森林.
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并且不止是热带雨林,
05:49
People have influenced影响
ecosystems生态系统 in the past过去,
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人们在过去影响过生态系统,
05:53
and they continue继续
to influence影响 them in the present当下,
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现在仍在影响,
05:55
even in places地方 where
they're harder更难 to notice注意.
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即使在他们很难注意到的地方,影响依旧还在。
05:59
So, if all of the definitions定义 of nature性质
that we might威力 want to use
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所有我们要使用的对自然的定义
06:04
that involve涉及 it being存在
untouched不变 by humanity人性
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包括那条:未被人类触及之地
06:07
or not having people in it,
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还有那个:没有人类的地方
06:09
if all of those actually其实 give us
a result结果 where we don't have any nature性质,
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所有这些明确地给了我们一个结论:自然已不复存在
06:14
then maybe they're the wrong错误 definitions定义.
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但这些可能是错误的定义
06:17
Maybe we should define确定 it
by the presence存在 of multiple species种类,
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或许我们应该用多物种的存在、
06:20
by the presence存在 of a thriving life.
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用兴旺生命的存在,定义自然
06:23
Now, if we do it that way,
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现在,如果我们这样想
06:25
what do we get?
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我们可以得到什么
06:26
Well, it's this kind of miracle奇迹.
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这有点像个奇迹
06:29
All of a sudden突然,
there's nature性质 all around us.
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忽然间,我们被自然环绕
06:32
All of a sudden突然,
we see this Monarch君主 caterpillar毛虫
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忽然间,我们可以看见黑脉金斑蝶幼虫
06:34
munching大嚼 on this plant,
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大口大口吃着叶片
06:36
and we realize实现 that there it is,
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并且我们意识到它在哪
06:38
and it's in this empty lot in Chattanooga查塔努加.
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在查塔努加的一片空地
06:42
And look at this empty lot.
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看这这的很空
06:43
I mean, there's, like, probably大概,
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我是说,或许
06:45
a dozen, minimum最低限度,
plant species种类 growing生长 there,
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最少,这有十几种植物
06:48
supporting支持 all kinds of insect昆虫 life,
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支撑着各种各样昆虫的生活
06:50
and this is a completely全然 unmanaged非托管 space空间,
a completely全然 wild野生 space空间.
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这是一个完全自由的,完全野生的地方
06:55
This is a kind of wild野生 nature性质
right under our nose鼻子,
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这自然原始之地就在我们鼻子底下
06:58
that we don't even notice注意.
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而我们从没注意过
07:00
And there's an interesting有趣
little paradox悖论, too.
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还有个有趣的小反例
07:03
So this nature性质,
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这便是自然
07:04
this kind of wild野生, untended无人照管 part部分
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那些有点野生,没被注意的地方
07:07
of our urban城市的, peri-urban城郊,
suburban郊区的 agricultural农业的 existence存在
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在我们的城市、城市周边、郊区农业
07:11
that flies苍蝇 under the radar雷达,
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都有苍蝇在雷达下面
07:13
it's arguably按理说 more wild野生
than a national国民 park公园,
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这可以证明这个地方比国家公园更原生态
07:18
because national国民 parks公园
are very carefully小心 managed管理
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因为国家公园被十分小心地管理着
07:20
in the 21stST century世纪.
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在21世纪
07:22
Crater弹坑 Lake in southern南部的 Oregon俄勒冈,
which哪一个 is my closest最近的 national国民 park公园,
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火山口湖坐落于俄勒冈州南部,是距离我最近的国家公园
07:25
is a beautiful美丽 example of a landscape景观
that seems似乎 to be coming未来 out of the past过去.
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这是一个非常美的地方,不过似乎要成为过去了
07:31
But they're managing管理的 it carefully小心.
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但它现在保管得十分小心
07:32
One of the issues问题 they have now
is white白色 bark pine松树 die-off模具关闭.
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现在一个很严重的问题就是白松树即将灭绝
07:36
White白色 bark pine松树
is a beautiful美丽, charismatic魅力 --
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白皮松树是一种非常美
07:39
I'll say it's a charismatic魅力 megafloramegaflora
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而富有魅力的巨型植物群
07:42
that grows成长 up at high altitude高度 --
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它们生长在高海拔地区
07:43
and it's got all these problems问题
right now with disease疾病.
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但它现在有很多问题包括疾病
07:46
There's a blister起泡 rust
that was introduced介绍,
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包括白皮松色锈病的出现
07:48
bark beetle甲虫.
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还有树皮甲虫
07:50
So to deal合同 with this,
the park公园 service服务 has been planting种植
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所以,为了解决这个,公园维护人员已将其移栽
07:54
rust-resistant抗锈 white白色 bark
pine松树 seedlings in the park公园,
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抗病菌的白皮松树苗在公园内
07:58
even in areas that they are
otherwise除此以外 managing管理的 as wilderness荒野.
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在这里它们被其他方式管理,像野外一样
08:02
And they're also putting out
beetle甲虫 repellent驱蚊 in key areas
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并且把虫药喷放在关键地区
08:05
as I saw last time I went hiking徒步旅行 there.
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我上次徒步走过看到了
08:07
And this kind of thing is really
much more common共同 than you would think.
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这比你想象得要普遍得很多
08:11
National国民 parks公园 are heavily严重 managed管理.
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人们确实谨慎地管理着国家公园
08:12
The wildlife野生动物 is kept不停 to a certain某些
population人口 size尺寸 and structure结构体.
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野生动物被划分成有固定的数量和组织
08:15
Fires火灾 are suppressed抑制.
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冷杉在控制中禁止生长
08:17
Fires火灾 are started开始.
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又在控制中繁茂生长
08:18
Non-native非本地 species种类 are removed去除.
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非本土物种被迁移
08:20
Native本地人 species种类 are reintroduced重新.
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本土物种又被引入
08:22
And in fact事实, I took a look,
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我在注视
08:23
and Banff班夫 National国民 Park公园
is doing all of the things I just listed上市:
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班夫国家公园做了刚刚我列举的所有事
08:27
suppressing抑制 fire, having fire,
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抑制冷杉生长,协助冷杉生长
08:28
radio-collaring无线电项圈 wolves,
reintroducing重新引入 bison野牛.
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给狼带无线项圈,引入北美野牛
08:30
It takes a lot of work to make
these places地方 look untouched不变.
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他们花费太久时间让这个公园看似未经触碰
08:34
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
08:37
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
08:43
And in a further进一步 irony讽刺,
these places地方 that we love the most
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更嘲讽的事,我们还深爱这些地方
08:47
are the places地方 that we love
a little too hard, sometimes有时.
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这些地方往往深得我们喜爱
08:50
A lot of us like to go there,
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我们之中很多人还向往着去那里
08:51
and because we're managing管理的
them to be stable稳定
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我们的管理,使其稳定
08:54
in the face面对 of a changing改变 planet行星,
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其实是在改变地球
08:56
they often经常 are becoming变得
more fragile脆弱 over time.
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它们会变得更加破碎不堪
08:59
Which哪一个 means手段 that they're
the absolute绝对 worst最差 places地方
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意味着,它们会变成完全相反的坏地方
09:01
to take your children孩子 on vacation假期,
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带着你的孩子去度假
09:03
because you can't do anything there.
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因为在那里,你无事可做
09:05
You can't climb the trees树木.
185
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你不能爬树
09:07
You can't fish the fish.
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不能钓鱼
09:08
You can't make a campfire营火
out in the middle中间 of nowhere无处.
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你不可能在任何地方搭建营火
09:11
You can't take home the pinecones松果.
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甚至不可能拿走一个小松果
09:12
There are so many许多 rules规则 and restrictions限制
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从一个孩子的视角来看
09:14
that from a child's孩子的 point of view视图,
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这有太多的规矩和束缚
09:16
this is, like, the worst最差 nature性质 ever.
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这里,错误的存在,这不再是自然
09:19
Because children孩子 don't want to hike远足
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因为孩子们不想仅仅
09:21
through通过 a beautiful美丽 landscape景观
for five hours小时
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再美景中步行五个钟头
09:24
and then look at a beautiful美丽 view视图.
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然后再看景色
09:26
That's maybe what we want to do as adults成年人,
195
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或许你们大人愿意
09:28
but what kids孩子 want to do
is hunker蹲下 down in one spot
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但是孩子,他们只想蹲在一个地方
09:31
and just tinker修补匠 with it,
just work with it,
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就是笨手笨脚,就是空忙
09:33
just pick it up, build建立 a house,
build建立 a fort, do something like that.
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就是捡起个树枝,一个石头,搭个小房子,盖个城堡
09:38
Additionally另外, these sort分类 of Edenic伊甸园 places地方
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加之,这也是个伊甸园
09:40
are often经常 distant遥远 from where people live生活.
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通常离人类所居比较遥远
09:44
And they're expensive昂贵 to get to.
They're hard to visit访问.
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很难到达,更难观光
09:46
So this means手段 that they're
only available可得到 to the elites精英,
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这意味着它们只有可能成为精英
09:49
and that's a real真实 problem问题.
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这才是真正的问题
09:53
The Nature性质 Conservancy水利
did a survey调查 of young年轻 people,
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自然保护协会对年轻人做了一个调查
09:56
and they asked them, how often经常
do you spend time outdoors在户外?
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内容是:你在户外的频率为?
10:00
And only two out of five
spent花费 time outdoors在户外
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五个人中,只有两个
10:02
at least最小 once一旦 a week.
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最少一周一次
10:03
The other three out of five
were just staying inside.
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其他三个只是在屋里
10:06
And when they asked them why,
what are the barriers障碍 to going outside,
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然后问他们为什么,去外面有障碍?
10:11
the response响应 of 61 percent百分 was,
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61%的回答是
10:14
"There are no natural自然 areas near my home."
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我家外没有自然干净的地方
10:18
And this is crazy.
This is just patently公然 false.
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这太疯狂了,很明显在撒谎
10:21
I mean, 71 percent百分 of people in the US
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我是说,美国71%的人
10:24
live生活 within a 10-minute-分钟 walk步行
of a city park公园.
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走10分钟就可以到一个城市公园
10:27
And I'm sure the figures人物
are similar类似 in other countries国家.
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我确信这个数字在其他国家也很接近
10:30
And that doesn't even count计数
your back garden花园,
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这个数字甚至不包含家里的后花园
10:32
the urban城市的 creek, the empty lot.
217
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1960
城市中有很多空地
10:35
Everybody每个人 lives生活 near nature性质.
218
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每个人离大自然都很近
10:37
Every一切 kid孩子 lives生活 near nature性质.
219
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每个孩子都在大自然中
10:39
We've我们已经 just somehow不知何故
forgotten忘记了 how to see it.
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我们只是因为某些原因忘记去看了
10:41
We've我们已经 spent花费 too much time
watching观看 David大卫 Attenborough阿滕伯勒 documentaries纪录片
221
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我们花太多时间去看大卫·爱登堡的纪录片了
10:45
where the nature性质 is really sexy性感的 --
222
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那里的自然才是真正吸引人的
10:46
(Laughter笑声)
223
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1016
(笑声)
10:47
and we've我们已经 forgotten忘记了 how to see the nature性质
that is literally按照字面 right outside our door,
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我们会遗忘是如何看那触手可得的自然
10:51
the nature性质 of the street tree.
225
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那就在门外的,就在街边树上的
10:53
So here's这里的 an example: Philadelphia费城.
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这有个实例:费城
10:56
There's this cool elevated提高的 railway铁路
227
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这有个非常酷的高架铁路
10:58
that you can see from the ground地面,
that's been abandoned.
228
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你可以从周围土地看出,都已经被抛弃了
11:01
Now, this may可能 sound声音 like the beginning开始
of the High Line线 story故事 in Manhattan曼哈顿,
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现在,这听起来有点像在曼哈顿 高铁故事 的开端
11:04
and it's very similar类似, except they haven't没有
developed发达 this into a park公园 yet然而,
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除了它还没被发展成公园,其余都非常相似
11:08
although虽然 they're working加工 on it.
231
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不过正在修建
11:09
So for now, it's still this little
sort分类 of secret秘密 wilderness荒野
232
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时至今日,这还是一个小小的隐蔽的荒郊
11:12
in the heart of Philadelphia费城,
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在费城要地
11:14
and if you know where the hole is
in the chain-link链环 fence篱笆,
234
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如果你知道铁丝网栅栏的漏洞在哪
11:17
you can scramble争夺 up to the top最佳
235
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你就能爬上顶端
11:19
and you can find this
completely全然 wild野生 meadow草地
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然后你可以发现一个完全原生的草原
11:22
just floating漂浮的 above以上
the city of Philadelphia费城.
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浮动在费城城区之上
11:25
Every一切 single one of these plants植物
grew成长 from a seed种子
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2336
每个植物的单体都有一个种子生长而成
11:27
that planted种植的 itself本身 there.
239
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在这自生自长的种子
11:28
This is completely全然 autonomous自主性,
self-willed nature性质.
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2936
这是一个完全自治的,顽强的地方
11:31
And it's right in the middle中间 of the city.
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而且就在城市的中心
11:34
And they've他们已经 sent发送 people up there
to do sort分类 of biosurveysbiosurveys,
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很多人被派去做生物调查
11:37
and there are over 50
plant species种类 up there.
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有超过50种植物种类生长在此
11:40
And it's not just plants植物.
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但这里不是只有植物
11:41
This is an ecosystem生态系统,
a functioning功能 ecosystem生态系统.
245
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3496
这是一个生态系统,一个功能完整的生态系统
11:45
It's creating创建 soil.
It's sequestering螯合 carbon.
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它在制造土壤,它在封存碳
11:47
There's pollination授粉 going on.
247
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昆虫在这里授粉
11:49
I mean, this is really an ecosystem生态系统.
248
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1960
真的,这是一个真正的生态系统
11:53
So scientists科学家们 have started开始 calling调用
ecosystems生态系统 like these "novel小说 ecosystems生态系统,"
249
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科学家管这叫“新奇生态系统”
11:57
because they're often经常
dominated占主导地位 by non-native非本地 species种类,
250
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因为这些地方经常被非本土的物种所支配
11:59
and because they're just super weird奇怪的.
251
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而且因为这里确实非常离奇
12:01
They're just unlike不像 anything
we've我们已经 ever seen看到 before.
252
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2456
确实,它们很任何地方不同,我们从未见过
12:04
For so long, we dismissed驳回
all these novel小说 ecosystems生态系统 as trash垃圾.
253
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长久以来,我们就像对垃圾一样去除这些地方
12:08
We're talking about
regrown再生长 agricultural农业的 fields领域,
254
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取而代之的是重新种植农田
12:10
timber木材 plantations种植园 that are not
being存在 managed管理 on a day-to-day日复一日 basis基础,
255
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3576
或者不用日日照看的木材厂
12:14
second-growth第二生长 forests森林 generally通常,
the entire整个 East Coast,
256
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二次生长森林布满了东海滩
12:16
where after agriculture农业 moved移动 west西,
the forest森林 sprung弹性 up.
257
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4136
又于农业种植之后,向西生长
12:21
And of course课程, pretty漂亮 much all of Hawaii夏威夷,
258
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2616
当然夏威夷的大多数
12:23
where novel小说 ecosystems生态系统 are the norm规范,
259
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几乎都是新奇生态系统
12:26
where exotic异国情调 species种类 totally完全 dominate支配.
260
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2576
外来物种已完全控制这里
12:29
This forest森林 here has Queensland昆士兰 maple,
261
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森林中有昆士兰州枫树
12:31
it has sword ferns蕨类植物 from Southeast东南 Asia亚洲.
262
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2840
还有来自南亚的剑厥
12:35
You can make your own拥有
novel小说 ecosystem生态系统, too.
263
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2056
当然,你可以坐一个你自己的新奇生态系统
12:37
It's really simple简单.
264
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这非常简单
12:38
You just stop mowing刈草 your lawn草坪.
265
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你只需停止割草
12:40
(Laughter笑声)
266
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(笑声)
12:41
Ilkka伊尔卡 HanskiHanski was an ecologist生态学家 in Finland芬兰,
and he did this experiment实验 himself他自己.
267
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3696
Ilkka Hanski 是芬兰的生态学家,他自己做了这个实验
12:45
He just stopped停止 mowing刈草 his lawn草坪,
268
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1576
他就只是停止了割草
12:46
and after a few少数 years年份,
he had some grad毕业 students学生们 come,
269
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2536
一年之后,有些校友来看
12:49
and they did sort分类 of
a bio-blitz生物闪电战 of his backyard后院,
270
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2496
他们对他的花园做了一个生物闪战
12:52
and they found发现 375 plant species种类,
271
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然后他们发现 375种植物物种
12:56
including包含 two endangered濒危 species种类.
272
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包括两种濒危灭绝的物种
12:59
So when you're up there
on that future未来 High Line线 of Philadelphia费城,
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所以当你在将来的费城高架索上时
13:06
surrounded包围 by this wildness野性,
274
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看看这周围自然环境
13:07
surrounded包围 by this diversity多样,
this abundance丰富, this vibrance光彩,
275
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看看这多样的,庞大的,活跃的,
13:11
you can look over the side
276
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再看看这外面的
13:12
and you can see a local本地 playground操场
for a local本地 school学校,
277
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你可以看到一个当地的操场,一个当地的学校
13:16
and that's what it looks容貌 like.
278
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1936
这就是它的样子
13:18
These children孩子 have, that --
279
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2016
这些孩子
13:20
You know, under my definition定义,
280
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1456
在我的定义之中
13:21
there's a lot of the planet行星
that counts计数 as nature性质,
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地球大多数被算作自然
13:24
but this would be one of the few少数 places地方
that wouldn't不会 count计数 as nature性质.
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但也有一小部分不能入内
13:27
There's nothing there except humans人类,
no other plants植物, no other animals动物.
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这除了人什么也没有,没有其它植物,没有其它动物
13:30
And what I really wanted to do
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而我最想做的是
13:32
was just, like,
throw a ladder阶梯 over the side
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只是,在这中间放个梯子
13:34
and get all these kids孩子 to come up with me
into this cool meadow草地.
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让所有这些孩子,和我一起,去那个超棒的草地
13:38
In a way, I feel like this is
the choice选择 that faces面孔 us.
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某种程度上,我觉得这就是我们所面对的选择
13:41
If we dismiss解雇 these new natures本性
as not acceptable接受 or trashy没用 or no good,
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如果仅仅是因为我们不通过,觉得不够好,没有用,我们就剔除这些自然
13:47
we might威力 as well just pave铺平 them over.
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我们或许就只是把它铺平成路了
13:49
And in a world世界 where
everything is changing改变,
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这个世界的点滴还在不断变化
13:52
we need to be very careful小心
about how we define确定 nature性质.
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我们要小心谨慎地定义自然
13:55
In order订购 not to steal it
from our children孩子,
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为了不从孩子手中夺取
13:57
we have to do two things.
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我们不得不做两件事
13:59
First, we cannot不能 define确定 nature性质
as that which哪一个 is untouched不变.
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其一,我们不能定义自然为未被触碰之物
14:04
This never made制作 any sense anyway无论如何.
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这从各方面都无法说通
14:05
Nature性质 has not been untouched不变
for thousands数千 of years年份.
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自然改变原样已经数千年
14:08
And it excludes排除 most of the nature性质
that most people can visit访问
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它排除了人类可以闲玩的
14:12
and have a relationship关系 with,
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有着密切的联系的大多数地方
14:14
including包含 only nature性质
that children孩子 cannot不能 touch触摸.
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包含着那些孩子不可以玩耍的自然
14:18
Which哪一个 brings带来 me to the second第二 thing
that we have to do,
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让我想起了我们还有第二件事可以做
14:21
which哪一个 is that we have to
let children孩子 touch触摸 nature性质,
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那就是我们一定要让孩子接触自然
14:23
because that which哪一个
is untouched不变 is unloved没人爱.
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因为没有过触碰,就不会去爱戴
14:26
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
14:35
We face面对 some pretty漂亮 grim严峻
environmental环境的 challenges挑战 on this planet行星.
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现在,我们正面对的,是诸多严峻的环境挑战
14:39
Climate气候 change更改 is among其中 them.
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气候变化也在其中
14:40
There's others其他 too:
habitat栖息地 loss失利 is my favorite喜爱 thing
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当然还有其他很多:生物栖息地锐减是我最感兴趣的事
14:43
to freak怪物 out about
in the middle中间 of the night.
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以至于在午夜亢奋难眠
14:45
But in order订购 to solve解决 them,
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但为了解决它
14:47
we need people --
smart聪明, dedicated专用 people --
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我们需要聪明的人,专业的人
14:50
who care关心 about nature性质.
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真正关心自然的人
14:51
And the only way we're going to raise提高 up
a generation of people
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唯一的办法就是我们要鼓动一代人
14:54
who care关心 about nature性质
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带领他们去接触自然
14:56
is by letting出租 them touch触摸 nature性质.
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使他们变成真正关心自然的人
14:58
I have a Fort Theory理论 of Ecology生态,
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我有一个生态学的理论宝库
15:00
Fort Theory理论 of Conservation保护.
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环境保护的理论宝库
15:02
Every一切 ecologist生态学家 I know,
every一切 conservation保护 biologist生物学家 I know,
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每个我认识的生态学家,每个我认识的生物保护学者
15:05
every一切 conservation保护 professional专业的 I know,
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每个我认识的保护专家
15:07
built内置 forts堡垒 when they were kids孩子.
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都在他们儿时建立起了自己的宝库
15:10
If we have a generation
that doesn't know how to build建立 a fort,
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如果我们有一代不知道如何建立宝库的人
15:13
we'll have a generation that doesn't
know how to care关心 about nature性质.
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那他们就不会知道如何保护自然了
15:17
And I don't want
to be the one to tell this kid孩子,
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我不想告诉这个孩子
15:19
who is on a special特别 program程序
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他在一个特殊的行程:
15:20
that takes Philadelphia费城 kids孩子
from poor较差的 neighborhoods社区
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将费城孩子从贫乏的地区
15:23
and takes them to city parks公园,
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带到市中心花园
15:24
I don't want to be the one to tell him
that the flower he's holding保持
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我不想告诉他 现在他攥着的花
15:27
is a non-native非本地 invasive侵入的 weed野草
that he should throw away as trash垃圾.
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是一个外侵物种,有强大的繁殖能力的杂草
你应该把它当垃圾扔掉
15:31
I think I would much rather
learn学习 from this boy男孩
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我认为我们应该从他身上学习
15:34
that no matter
where this plant comes from,
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学习不管这株植物从何而来
15:37
it is beautiful美丽, and it deserves值得
to be touched感动 and appreciated赞赏.
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因为它很漂亮,所以被人触碰被人视若珍宝,都是它应得的
15:41
Thank you.
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谢谢
15:43
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Shiwen He
Reviewed by Moire Yim

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Emma Marris - Environmental writer
Emma Marris is a writer focusing on environmental science, policy and culture, with an approach that she paints as being "more interested in finding and describing solutions than delineating problems, and more interested in joy than despair."

Why you should listen

Emma Marris has written among others for Nature, Discover and the New York Times. She challenges the notion that nature can only be preserved in its pristine, pre-human state, a too-narrow characterization "that thwarts bold new plans to save the environment and prevents us from having a fuller relationship with nature." Humans have changed the landscape they inhabit since prehistory, and climate change means even the remotest places now bear the fingerprints of humanity. In her book Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature in the Post-Wild World, she argues that we need different strategies for saving nature and champions a blurring of the lines between nature and people for a responsible care of our humanized planet.

More profile about the speaker
Emma Marris | Speaker | TED.com