TEDSummit
Monica Araya: A small country with big ideas to get rid of fossil fuels
莫妮卡·阿拉亚: 一个小国家的大想法——摒弃化石燃料
Filmed:
Readability: 4
1,274,467 views
我们如何建立一个没有石油的社会呢？以她自己的国家，哥斯达黎加，作为保护环境和再生资源这一系列积极活动的例子，莫妮卡·阿拉亚身为一位气候倡导者，呈现了一个希望全世界各个行业都致力于洁净能源的大胆设想。
Monica Araya - Climate advocate
In 2015 Monica Araya's native Costa Rica produced almost all of its electricity from renewable sources. She advocates for the next step: a fossil-fuel-free world. Full bio
In 2015 Monica Araya's native Costa Rica produced almost all of its electricity from renewable sources. She advocates for the next step: a fossil-fuel-free world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
How do we build a society
0
1103
3125
如果不用石油，
我们如何让一个社会运转起来？
00:16
without fossil fuels?
1
4253
1507
00:18
This is a very complex challenge,
2
6944
2176
这是个十分严峻的挑战，
00:21
and I believe developing countries
could take the lead in this transition.
could take the lead in this transition.
3
9920
4480
我相信发展中国家
可以为这个改变起带头作用。
可以为这个改变起带头作用。
00:27
And I'm aware that this
is a contentious statement,
is a contentious statement,
4
15120
2560
我很清楚这是一个
很有争议性的说法，
很有争议性的说法，
00:30
but the reality is that so much
is at stake in our countries
is at stake in our countries
5
18440
5296
但事实是，如果我们
国家的发展始终围绕着石油，
国家的发展始终围绕着石油，
国家就会承担巨大的风险。
00:35
if we let fossil fuels stay
at the center of our development.
at the center of our development.
6
23760
4880
00:41
We can do it differently.
7
29240
1840
我们能换一种发展方案。
00:44
And it's time, it really is time,
8
32200
3256
而且是时候，真的是时候了，
去揭穿这个
00:47
to debunk the myth
9
35480
2696
所谓一个国家必须在一边是经济发展，
00:50
that a country has to choose
between development on the one hand
between development on the one hand
10
38200
5056
另一边是环境保护，可再生资源
以及生活质量中二选一的谬误。
以及生活质量中二选一的谬误。
00:55
and environmental protection,
renewables, quality of life, on the other.
renewables, quality of life, on the other.
11
43280
5400
01:01
I come from Costa Rica,
a developing country.
a developing country.
12
49800
2280
我来自哥斯达黎加，一个发展中国家。
01:04
We are nearly five million people,
13
52680
2200
我们有将近五百万的人口，
01:08
and we live right in the middle
of the Americas,
of the Americas,
14
56200
2576
身处在美洲的中心，
所以记住哥斯达黎加的位置，
十分的简单。
十分的简单。
01:10
so it's very easy
to remember where we live.
to remember where we live.
15
58800
2320
01:15
Nearly 100 percent of our electricity
16
63080
6280
我们所用的电力资源几乎
百分之百来自于可再生资源，
01:22
comes from renewable sources,
17
70400
2456
一共有五种。
01:24
five of them.
18
72880
1216
（掌声）
01:26
(Applause)
19
74120
2120
01:30
Hydropower, geothermal,
20
78800
3856
水力，地热，
风力，太阳能以及生物质。
01:34
wind, solar, biomass.
21
82680
3440
01:39
Did you know that last year,
22
87000
2136
你们知道去年，
总共有299天，
01:41
for 299 days,
23
89160
3456
我们生产的所有电力
01:44
we did not use any fossil fuels
24
92640
3216
压根没有使用任何化石燃料吗？
01:47
in order to generate all our electricity?
25
95880
3480
01:52
It's a fantastic achievement,
26
100240
2960
这是一个了不起的成就，
01:56
and yet, it hides a paradox,
27
104360
4080
但同时，这也隐藏了一种矛盾，
02:03
which is that nearly 70 percent
28
111080
3056
那就是我们百分之七十的
能源消费都是石油。
02:06
of all our energy consumption is oil.
29
114160
4600
02:11
Why?
30
119880
1200
为什么？
02:13
Because of our transportation system,
31
121800
2736
因为我们的交通系统，
就像很多其他国家一样，
02:16
which is totally dependent
on fossil fuels,
on fossil fuels,
32
124560
3256
完全依赖于化石燃料，
02:19
like it is in most countries.
33
127840
1639
02:22
So if we think of the energy
transition as a marathon,
transition as a marathon,
34
130479
3537
所以如果我们把能源过渡
看成是一段马拉松，
看成是一段马拉松，
那么问题来了，我们如何
才能到达终点线？
才能到达终点线？
02:26
the question is, how do we get
to the finish line,
to the finish line,
35
134040
3896
我们如何才能让我们国家
其余的经济体系脱碳？
其余的经济体系脱碳？
02:29
how do we decarbonize
the rest of the economy?
the rest of the economy?
36
137960
3120
02:33
And it's fair to say
that if we don't succeed,
that if we don't succeed,
37
141880
2896
负责任地说，如果我们无法成功，
那别人也很难做到。
02:36
it's difficult to see who will.
38
144800
1776
所以这就是为什么我想
跟你们谈谈哥斯达黎加，
跟你们谈谈哥斯达黎加，
02:38
So that is why I want
to talk to you about Costa Rica,
to talk to you about Costa Rica,
39
146600
2560
02:42
because I believe we are a great candidate
40
150160
2696
因为我相信，我们在
不使用化石燃料的发展蓝图中
不使用化石燃料的发展蓝图中
02:44
in pioneering a vision
for development without fossil fuels.
for development without fossil fuels.
41
152880
4400
是一个不错的候选人。
02:51
If you know one thing about our country,
42
159200
3256
如果你们对我们的国家有一点点了解的话，
就一定知道，我们没有军队。
02:54
it's that we don't have an army.
43
162480
1920
02:57
So I'm going to take you back to 1948.
44
165440
2920
所以接下来，我想带领你们
回到1948那年。
回到1948那年。
03:01
That year, the country
was coming out of civil war.
was coming out of civil war.
45
169400
3720
那年，哥斯达黎加刚从
一场内战中解脱。
一场内战中解脱。
03:06
Thousands of Costa Ricans had died,
46
174360
3576
成千上万的哥斯达黎加人死于战乱，
一个个家庭支离破碎，人们流离失所。
03:09
and families were bitterly split.
47
177960
2280
03:13
And yet, a surprising idea
won the hearts and minds:
won the hearts and minds:
48
181240
5016
然而，一个令人惊讶的想法
得到了大家的支持：
得到了大家的支持：
我们要让国家重新繁荣起来，
03:18
we would reboot the country,
49
186280
1896
03:20
and that Second Republic
would have no army.
would have no army.
50
188200
3056
而且第二共和国将不会有军队。
所以我们废除了军队。
03:23
So we abolished it.
51
191280
1240
03:25
And the president at the time,
52
193360
2656
当时的总统，
何塞·菲格雷斯，
03:28
José Figueres,
53
196040
2176
还通过敲碎军队基地的墙壁，
来表达坚毅与决心。
来表达坚毅与决心。
03:30
found a powerful way
by smashing the walls of an army base.
by smashing the walls of an army base.
54
198240
5320
03:37
The following year, 1949,
55
205200
3176
接下来的一年，1949年，
我们把这个决定写进了我们的宪法里，
将它永久地保留下来，
将它永久地保留下来，
03:40
we made that decision permanent
in the new constitution,
in the new constitution,
56
208400
4176
这也是为什么我能在将近70年后，
跟你们讲这段故事。
跟你们讲这段故事。
03:44
and that is why I can tell you that story
nearly 70 years later.
nearly 70 years later.
57
212600
4160
03:49
And I'm grateful.
58
217520
2016
我很感激，
我很感激他们在我出生之前
做了这个决定，
做了这个决定，
03:51
I'm grateful they made that decision
before I was born,
before I was born,
59
219560
2960
因为这个决定让我和
百万名哥斯达黎加的百姓
百万名哥斯达黎加的百姓
03:55
because it allowed me
and millions of others
and millions of others
60
223280
2256
生活在一个非常安定的国家里。
03:57
to live in a very stable country.
61
225560
2160
04:01
And you might be thinking
that it was good luck,
that it was good luck,
62
229200
2936
你有可能觉得这只是好运气，
但这并不是。
04:04
but it wasn't.
63
232160
1496
这一切都是因为一系列
经过深思熟虑的决定。
经过深思熟虑的决定。
04:05
There was a pattern of deliberate choices.
64
233680
3040
04:10
In the '40s, Costa Ricans were given
free education and free health care.
free education and free health care.
65
238080
6056
在上世纪40年代，哥斯达黎加人
可以免费上学，享受免费医疗。
可以免费上学，享受免费医疗。
我们把这些叫做社会保障。
04:16
We called that social guarantees.
66
244160
1960
04:18
By abolishing the army,
67
246760
1616
废除了军队，
让我们能够把庞大的军事消费
用在社会保障上，
用在社会保障上，
04:20
we were able to turn military spending
into social spending,
into social spending,
68
248400
4936
而这就是我们国家稳定的基石。
04:25
and that was a driver of stability.
69
253360
1920
04:28
In the '50s --
70
256120
1255
在50年代时——
（掌声）
04:29
(Applause)
71
257399
2081
04:34
In the '50s, we started
investing in hydropower,
investing in hydropower,
72
262600
3376
在五十年代时，我们开始投资水电工程，
这也使我们避免陷入
04:38
and that kept us away from the trap
73
266000
2656
使用石油来发电的困局，
04:40
of using fossil fuels
for electricity generation,
for electricity generation,
74
268680
3056
而现在全世界
都在这个泥潭中挣扎。
都在这个泥潭中挣扎。
04:43
which is what the world
is struggling with today.
is struggling with today.
75
271760
2360
04:47
In the '70s we invested in national parks,
76
275160
3536
在70年代的时候，
我们投资建立了国家公园，
我们投资建立了国家公园，
而这也使我们避开了
04:50
and that kept us away
77
278720
1960
04:53
from the deeply flawed logic
of growth, growth, growth at any cost
of growth, growth, growth at any cost
78
281640
4656
“不惜一切代价发展”这种
大错特错的逻辑，
大错特错的逻辑，
但这个畸形的理念却被
很多其它发展中国家所尊崇。
很多其它发展中国家所尊崇。
04:58
that you see others embracing,
especially in the developing world.
especially in the developing world.
79
286320
3680
05:02
In the '90s, we pioneered payments
for ecosystem services,
for ecosystem services,
80
290800
4096
在90年代时，我们率先提出了
为生态系统保护工作者支付报酬的政策，
为生态系统保护工作者支付报酬的政策，
而这帮助我们逆转了森林砍伐的后果，
05:06
and that helped us reverse deforestation
81
294920
1936
05:08
and boosted ecotourism,
which today is a key engine of growth.
which today is a key engine of growth.
82
296880
3160
同时促进了生态旅游，
而这也是我们今天经济发展的主要引擎。
而这也是我们今天经济发展的主要引擎。
05:13
So investing in environmental protection
83
301000
2936
所以在环境保护方面的投资，
并没有妨碍我们的经济发展。
05:15
did not hurt our economy.
84
303960
2216
反而起到了促进作用。
05:18
Quite the opposite.
85
306200
1256
但这不代表我们是完美的，
05:19
And it doesn't mean we are perfect,
86
307480
2016
也不代表我们没有其他顾虑。
05:21
and it doesn't mean
we don't have contradictions.
we don't have contradictions.
87
309520
2336
这不是重点。
05:23
That's not the point.
88
311880
1240
05:25
The point is that,
by making our own choices,
by making our own choices,
89
313720
3496
重点是，因为做出了我们自己的决定，
我们得以坚韧又不失灵活地
处理发展过程中的各种问题。
处理发展过程中的各种问题。
05:29
we were able to develop resilience
in dealing with development problems.
in dealing with development problems.
90
317240
4960
05:36
Also, if you take a country like ours,
91
324080
3576
而且，用哥斯达黎加举例，
哥斯达黎加人均GDP
差不多是11000美元，
差不多是11000美元，
05:39
the GDP per capita
is around 11,000 dollars,
is around 11,000 dollars,
92
327680
3896
当然这在于你是怎么计算的。
05:43
depending on how you measure it.
93
331600
1720
05:46
But according to
the Social Progress Index,
the Social Progress Index,
94
334080
2056
但根据社会进步指数的数据，
05:48
we are an absolute outlier
95
336160
1896
将GDP转化为社会进步这一点上，
05:50
when it comes to turning GDP
into social progress.
into social progress.
96
338080
3120
我们绝对是超群的。
05:54
Abolishing the army,
97
342000
1536
废除军队，
在保护自然环境和百姓康乐上投资，
05:55
investing in nature and people,
98
343560
1816
05:57
did something very powerful, too.
99
345400
2800
这几点，都对哥斯达黎加的发展
做出了不可磨灭的贡献。
做出了不可磨灭的贡献。
06:01
It shaped the narrative,
100
349120
1560
这一切造就了我们的故事，
06:04
the narrative of a small country
with big ideas,
with big ideas,
101
352000
2616
那就是，一个小国家也能有大想法，
06:06
and it was very empowering
to grow up with that narrative.
to grow up with that narrative.
102
354640
3360
而这个小国家也在跟随
这段故事的脚步慢慢成长。
这段故事的脚步慢慢成长。
06:11
So the question is,
103
359520
2176
那么问题来了，
我们这一代的
下一个大想法又是什么呢？
下一个大想法又是什么呢？
06:13
what is the next big idea
for this generation?
for this generation?
104
361720
3080
06:18
And I believe what comes next
105
366320
2376
我相信我们这一代，
06:20
is for this generation
to let go of fossil fuels for good,
to let go of fossil fuels for good,
106
368720
5160
将会为了更好的环境放弃使用化石燃料，
06:27
just as we did with the army.
107
375640
1640
就像我们当初废除了军队一样。
化石燃料造成了全球气候变化。
06:30
Fossil fuels create climate change.
108
378400
2296
我们都知道这一点，
06:32
We know that,
109
380720
1376
也明白我们在面对气候变化
所带来的影响时多么不堪一击。
所带来的影响时多么不堪一击。
06:34
and we know how vulnerable we are
to the impacts of climate change.
to the impacts of climate change.
110
382120
4496
所以身在一个发展中国家，
在建设过程中
在建设过程中
06:38
So as a developing country,
it is in our best interest
it is in our best interest
111
386640
3656
摒弃化石燃料才是我们最好的选择，
06:42
to build development without fossil fuels
112
390320
1976
06:44
that harm people in the first place.
113
392320
2640
因为这本身就是在伤害我们自己。
06:48
Because
114
396880
1240
因为
06:51
why would we continue importing oil
115
399000
2840
当我们可以用电力来代替石油的时候，
06:55
for transportation
116
403800
1736
我们为什么要继续
为了交通运输而进口石油？
06:57
if we can use electricity instead?
117
405560
2160
07:00
Remember,
118
408720
1816
请记住，
这是一个
07:02
this is the country
119
410560
1896
07:04
where electricity
comes from water in our rivers,
comes from water in our rivers,
120
412480
6056
从江河的水流，
火山的炙热，
07:10
heat from volcanoes,
121
418560
2496
风力发电机，和太阳能板
07:13
wind turbines, solar panels,
122
421080
3336
和生物废料中获取电能的国家。
07:16
biowaste.
123
424440
1200
07:18
Abolishing fossil fuels means
disrupting our transportation system
disrupting our transportation system
124
426560
6296
放弃化石燃料，意味着
交通系统也必须跟着变革，
交通系统也必须跟着变革，
所以我们就可以用电能来发动
私家车，公共汽车，和火车，
私家车，公共汽车，和火车，
07:24
so that we can power our cars,
buses and trains with electricity
buses and trains with electricity
125
432880
5336
而不再是用会污染环境的石油。
07:30
instead of dirty energy.
126
438240
1480
07:32
And transportation, let me tell you,
127
440400
2416
而且让我告诉你们，
交通已经成为哥斯达黎加人
生活中的一个麻烦了，
生活中的一个麻烦了，
07:34
has become an existential issue
for us Costa Ricans,
for us Costa Ricans,
128
442840
4056
因为现在我们的交通模式
并不适合我们。
并不适合我们。
07:38
because the model we have
is not working for us.
is not working for us.
129
446920
2416
这影响了百姓的利益，
07:41
It's hurting people,
130
449360
1240
07:43
it's hurting companies,
131
451480
1736
也伤害了公司的利益，
同时也在影响我们的身体健康。
07:45
and it's hurting our health.
132
453240
1976
因为当政府政策和基础设施的建设
都无法发挥作用的时候，
都无法发挥作用的时候，
07:47
Because when policies
and infrastructure fail,
and infrastructure fail,
133
455240
4736
这就是每天都要发生的情况。
07:52
this is what happens on a daily basis.
134
460000
3240
07:56
Two hours in the morning,
135
464800
1576
早上塞两个小时，
晚上再塞两个小时。
07:58
two hours in the evening.
136
466400
1816
我不明白这一切的不便利
为什么会变成我们必须接受的常态，
为什么会变成我们必须接受的常态，
08:00
I don't understand why
we have to accept this as normal.
we have to accept this as normal.
137
468240
3680
每天必须浪费这么多时间在路上，
08:04
It's offensive
138
472800
1200
08:07
to have to waste our time like this
every single day.
every single day.
139
475040
3920
是很令人不快的。
08:11
And this highway is actually quite good
140
479920
1896
而这条高速公路，
相比起你们在别的国家
所看到的塞车高峰，
所看到的塞车高峰，
08:13
compared to what you see
in other countries
in other countries
141
481840
2056
08:15
where traffic is exploding.
142
483920
1440
已经是相当不错的了。
08:18
You know, Costa Ricans call this "presa."
143
486000
2280
哥斯达黎加人
把这个叫做 ”Presa“ (西班牙语)。
把这个叫做 ”Presa“ (西班牙语)。
08:21
Presa means "imprisoned."
144
489280
1920
“ Presa” 是被囚禁的意思。
08:24
And people are turning violent
145
492360
2976
而本该是在一个国家里
过着纯净生活的人们
过着纯净生活的人们
08:27
in a country that is otherwise
happy in pura vida.
happy in pura vida.
146
495360
3200
开始变得浮躁，暴力。
08:32
It's happening.
147
500040
1240
这已经开始发生了。
08:33
So a lot is at stake.
148
501880
1360
所以很多美好的事都将受到威胁。
08:36
The good news
149
504560
1856
好消息是
当我们说到纯净无污染的交通系统
08:38
is that when we talk
about clean transportation
about clean transportation
150
506440
3016
和与众不同的运输方式，
08:41
and different mobility,
151
509480
1256
08:42
we're not talking about
some distant utopia out there.
some distant utopia out there.
152
510760
5015
我们不是在天方夜谭地
讨论不可能的纯净乐土。
讨论不可能的纯净乐土。
我们是在讲已经在发生的
电力交通运输。
电力交通运输。
08:47
We're talking about electric mobility
that is happening today.
that is happening today.
153
515799
3760
08:53
By 2022, electric cars
and conventional cars
and conventional cars
154
521039
5457
到2022年，电动汽车和传统汽车
预测会有不相上下的价格，
08:58
are expected to cost the same,
155
526520
2080
09:01
and cities are already trying
electric buses.
electric buses.
156
529520
3360
而且有的城市已经开始
尝试使用电动公共汽车了。
尝试使用电动公共汽车了。
09:05
And these really cool creatures
157
533800
2040
而这些酷炫的家伙
09:08
are saving money,
158
536760
1200
会替我们省钱，
09:11
and they reduce pollution.
159
539000
1760
节能减污。
09:13
So if we want to get rid
of oil-based transportation, we can,
of oil-based transportation, we can,
160
541480
3976
所以如果我们想放弃以石油为主的
交通系统，我们完全可以，
交通系统，我们完全可以，
因为现在我们拥有以前所没有的选择。
09:17
because we have options now
that we didn't have before.
that we didn't have before.
161
545480
2616
这真的是非常激动人心。
09:20
It's really exciting.
162
548120
1280
09:22
But of course,
163
550760
1200
不过当然，
09:25
some get very uncomfortable
with this idea,
with this idea,
164
553280
2680
有些人会对这个想法感到不快，
09:29
and they will come and they will tell you
165
557760
3176
然后他们会来跟你说
整个世界只能被石油左右，
哥斯达黎加也在所难免，所以现实一点吧。
哥斯达黎加也在所难免，所以现实一点吧。
09:32
that the world is stuck with oil,
and so is Costa Rica, so get real.
and so is Costa Rica, so get real.
166
560960
4816
这是他们的说法。
09:37
That's what they tell you.
167
565800
1256
那你们知道该怎么回应这番辩词吗？
09:39
And you know what the answer
to that argument is?
to that argument is?
168
567080
2336
在1948年的时候，我们并没有说
因为世界都被军队掌控，
因为世界都被军队掌控，
09:41
That in 1948, we didn't say
the world is stuck with armies,
the world is stuck with armies,
169
569440
3576
那我们也留着我们的军队吧。
09:45
so let's keep our army, too.
170
573040
1936
不，我们做了一个勇敢的决定，
09:47
No, we made a very brave choice,
171
575000
2960
而且这个决定为哥斯达黎加人民
带来了翻天覆地的改变。
带来了翻天覆地的改变。
09:50
and that choice made the whole difference.
172
578640
2200
09:53
So it's time for this generation
to be brave again
to be brave again
173
581600
4376
所以是时候该让我们这一代人
再次勇敢起来
再次勇敢起来
彻底摒弃化石燃料。
09:58
and abolish fossil fuels for good.
174
586000
1776
而且我也有三个理由来解释
我们为什么一定要这样做。
我们为什么一定要这样做。
09:59
And I'll give you three reasons
why we have to do this.
why we have to do this.
175
587800
2600
10:03
First,
176
591240
1200
第一，
10:05
our model of transportation
and urbanization is broken,
and urbanization is broken,
177
593120
3736
我们的交通和城市化模式
已经千疮百孔，
已经千疮百孔，
所以这是重新定义城市
和运输系统的未来的最佳时机。
和运输系统的未来的最佳时机。
10:08
so this is the best moment
to redefine our urban and mobility future.
to redefine our urban and mobility future.
178
596880
4440
10:14
We don't want cities
that are built for cars.
that are built for cars.
179
602520
2816
我们不想要为汽车而建的城市。
我们想要的是
为人民百姓而建的城市，
为人民百姓而建的城市，
10:17
We want cities for people
180
605360
2336
在那里我们可以走路，可以骑自行车。
10:19
where we can walk and we can use bikes.
181
607720
3856
并且我们需要的是公共交通，
10:23
And we want public transportation,
182
611600
2136
庞大的，
10:25
lots of it,
183
613760
1496
纯净无污染的，更高尚的公共交通系统。
10:27
public transportation
that is clean and dignifying.
that is clean and dignifying.
184
615280
3040
10:31
Because if we continue
adding fleets of conventional cars,
adding fleets of conventional cars,
185
619200
3920
因为如果我们继续购买更多的传统汽车，
10:36
our cities will become unbearable.
186
624760
2200
我们的城市将不堪重负。
10:40
Second, we have to change,
187
628000
1736
第二，我们必须改变，
但是逐步的变化是不够的。
10:41
but incremental change
is not going to be sufficient.
is not going to be sufficient.
188
629760
3480
10:46
We need transformational change.
189
634720
2040
我们需要的是转型和变革。
10:49
And there are some
incremental projects in my country,
incremental projects in my country,
190
637600
2856
我们的国家也在实施一些
逐步改善计划，
逐步改善计划，
10:52
and I am the first one to celebrate them.
191
640480
2200
而我也是第一个
为这些计划叫好的人。
为这些计划叫好的人。
10:55
But let's not kid ourselves.
192
643800
2376
但是不要自欺欺人。
我们谈的不是这里以后
会有漂亮的电动汽车，
会有漂亮的电动汽车，
10:58
We're not talking about ending up
with really beautiful electric cars here
with really beautiful electric cars here
193
646200
3896
那里又会有几辆电动公共汽车，
11:02
and a few electric buses there
194
650120
2616
如果我们持续投资
跟以前一样的城市基础设施，
跟以前一样的城市基础设施，
11:04
while we keep investing
in the same kind of infrastructure,
in the same kind of infrastructure,
195
652760
3376
11:08
more cars, more roads, more oil.
196
656160
2496
这只会造成一样的车多，路多，油多。
我们谈的是彻底从石油中解脱，
11:10
We're talking about
breaking free from oil,
breaking free from oil,
197
658680
4296
而我们也不能通过
渐进主义做到这一点。
渐进主义做到这一点。
11:15
and you cannot get there
through incrementalism.
through incrementalism.
198
663000
3320
11:20
Third, and you know this one,
199
668360
3160
第三，你们都有所耳闻，
11:25
the world is hungry for inspiration.
200
673080
3600
今天的世界如饥似渴地
寻找灵感来源。
寻找灵感来源。
11:30
It craves stories of success
201
678120
3096
成功处理复杂事件的背后，
隐藏着刻苦铭心的故事，
11:33
in dealing with complex issues,
202
681240
1776
11:35
especially in developing countries.
203
683040
3120
特别是在发展中国家。
11:39
So I believe Costa Rica
can be an inspiration to others,
can be an inspiration to others,
204
687400
3280
所以我觉得哥斯达黎加
可以成为别国的典范，
可以成为别国的典范，
11:43
as we did last year when we disclosed
205
691720
2736
就像我们去年向世界透露
我们已经有很长一段时间
11:46
that for so many days
we were not using any fossil fuels
we were not using any fossil fuels
206
694480
3976
都没有用化石燃料来发电了一样。
11:50
in order to generate all our electricity.
207
698480
4856
这则消息像病毒一样
疯狂传遍了全世界。
疯狂传遍了全世界。
11:55
The news went viral around the world.
208
703360
3360
11:59
Also, and this makes me extremely proud,
209
707640
3096
而且，这也让我感到非常的自豪，
一个哥斯达黎加的女性，
克里斯汀安娜·菲格雷斯，
克里斯汀安娜·菲格雷斯，
12:02
a Costa Rican woman, Christiana Figueres,
210
710760
3840
12:07
played a decisive role in the negotiations
of the Paris climate agreement.
of the Paris climate agreement.
211
715480
5800
在巴黎气候协议中的谈判
起到了关键性的作用。
起到了关键性的作用。
12:14
So we have to protect that legacy
and be an example.
and be an example.
212
722600
3720
所以我们必须捍卫这个成就，
并且以身作则。
并且以身作则。
12:19
So what comes next?
213
727400
1800
那么接下来呢？
12:22
The people.
214
730240
1280
我们的百姓。
12:24
How do we get people to own this?
215
732280
2560
我们如何才能让人们
去接受这个想法？
去接受这个想法？
12:27
How do we get people
216
735760
2096
我们如何才能
让人们相信
12:29
to believe that it's possible
217
737880
2416
建造一个没有石油的社会
是有可能的？
是有可能的？
12:32
to build a society without fossil fuels?
218
740320
2640
12:36
A lot of work from
the ground up is needed.
the ground up is needed.
219
744040
3320
从最基本的工作开始是必经过程。
12:41
That is why, in 2014,
we created Costa Rica Limpia.
we created Costa Rica Limpia.
220
749120
3520
这就是为什么，在2014年的时候，
我们创建了Costa Rica Limpia (“纯净哥斯达黎加”)。
我们创建了Costa Rica Limpia (“纯净哥斯达黎加”)。
12:45
"Limpia" means "clean,"
221
753720
2696
"Limpia" (西班牙语）的意思是 ”干净“，
因为我们想启发，鼓励我们的公民。
12:48
because we want to empower
and we want to inspire citizens.
and we want to inspire citizens.
222
756440
3640
12:52
If citizens don't get engaged,
223
760760
2920
如果公民们不参与，
12:57
clean transportation decisions
will be bogged down by endless,
will be bogged down by endless,
224
765080
4656
开发无污染的交通系统的决定
将会被无限的技术研讨会所淹没
13:01
and I mean endless, technical discussions,
225
769760
2976
和代表不同利益的组织
所游说阻挠。
所游说阻挠。
13:04
and by avalanches of lobbying
by various established interests.
by various established interests.
226
772760
4280
13:12
Wanting to be a green country
powered by renewables
powered by renewables
227
780720
3856
成为一个全由可再生资源
供电的绿色国家的这个想法，
供电的绿色国家的这个想法，
早已是我们国家故事中的一个篇章。
13:16
is already part of our story.
228
784600
2576
我们不能让任何人
夺走属于我们的故事。
夺走属于我们的故事。
13:19
We should not let anybody
take that away from us.
take that away from us.
229
787200
2680
13:24
Last year, we brought people
from our seven provinces
from our seven provinces
230
792080
4456
去年，我们聚集了从7个省来的群众
讨论了气候变化对于他们的影响。
13:28
to talk about climate change
in terms that matter to them,
in terms that matter to them,
231
796560
3240
13:32
and we also brought this year
232
800720
2896
而今年我们又聚集了
另一群哥斯达黎加人
13:35
another group of Costa Ricans
233
803640
2056
讨论了可再生资源。
13:37
to talk about renewable energy.
234
805720
2096
你们猜怎么着？
13:39
And you know what?
235
807840
1256
这些群众平常几乎是没有众口一致过的，
13:41
These people disagree on almost everything
236
809120
2256
13:43
except on renewable energy
237
811400
2656
但他们在关于可再生资源，
无污染交通系统，和干净空气的
问题上达成了一致。
问题上达成了一致。
13:46
and clean transportation and clean air.
238
814080
2096
这也让哥斯达黎加人团结了。
13:48
It brings people together.
239
816200
1976
真正能引导群众积极参与的关键
13:50
And the key to real participation
240
818200
2856
13:53
is to help people not to feel small.
241
821080
2216
是去让人们意识到自己的
一举一动不再渺小。
一举一动不再渺小。
13:55
People feel powerless,
242
823320
1296
群众很多时候都会觉得自己有心无力，
13:56
and they are tired of not being heard.
243
824640
2320
他们再也不希望自己的呼声被无视了。
14:01
So what we do is concrete things,
244
829000
2376
所以我们要做的是基础观念的建立，
把专业问题转述成
百姓听得懂的语言，
百姓听得懂的语言，
14:03
and we translate technical issues
into citizen language
into citizen language
245
831400
4496
这样才能让他们觉得
有责任团结一致，贡献自己的力量。
有责任团结一致，贡献自己的力量。
14:07
to show that citizens have a role to play
and can play it together.
and can play it together.
246
835920
3720
14:12
For the first time, we're tracking
the promises that were made
the promises that were made
247
840480
3216
我们首次紧密地监督，
对无污染交通系统的承诺，
14:15
on clean transportation,
248
843720
1496
政客也知道他们需要去传达这个理念，
14:17
and politicos know
that they have to deliver it,
that they have to deliver it,
249
845240
2616
但是当我们形成了坚固的联盟——
14:19
but the tipping point will come
when we form coalitions --
when we form coalitions --
250
847880
3000
14:23
citizens, companies,
251
851960
1856
民众，公司，
公共交通系统的拥护者——
14:25
champions of public transportation --
252
853840
2176
我们就会势不可挡地
将电力交通转换为新的常态，
将电力交通转换为新的常态，
14:28
that will make electric mobility
the new normal,
the new normal,
253
856040
2776
14:30
especially in a developing country.
254
858840
2360
特别是在发展中国家。
14:34
By the time the next election comes,
255
862560
3696
在下一届选举到来的时候，
我相信每一位候选人都必须在
摒弃化石燃料使用的
摒弃化石燃料使用的
14:38
I believe every candidate
will have to disclose where they stand
will have to disclose where they stand
256
866280
3416
这一问题上表态。
14:41
on the abolition of fossil fuels.
257
869720
1896
因为这一问题势必会成为政治主流。
14:43
Because this question
has to enter our mainstream politics.
has to enter our mainstream politics.
258
871640
3800
14:48
And I'm telling you,
this is not a question of climate policy
this is not a question of climate policy
259
876520
3456
我还要告诉你们，
这并不是一个气候政策的问题，
这并不是一个气候政策的问题，
也不是一个保护环境的议程。
14:52
or environmental agenda.
260
880000
1760
14:54
It's about the country that we want
261
882760
2600
这一切都是为了
我们想要的一个理想国度，
我们想要的一个理想国度，
14:58
and the cities that we have
262
886160
2096
我们拥有的城市，
我们想要的城市，
15:00
and the cities that we want
263
888280
1656
以及由谁来做这些决定。
15:01
and who makes that choice.
264
889960
2176
因为到最后，我们要展现的是
15:04
Because at the end of the day,
what we have to show
what we have to show
265
892160
3176
可再生资源的发展
15:07
is that development with renewable energy
266
895360
3136
对人们是有益处的，
15:10
is good for the people,
267
898520
1760
15:13
for Costa Ricans that are alive today
268
901440
2416
对今天活着的哥斯达黎加人，
对还未出生的哥斯达黎加人都有益处。
15:15
and especially for those
who haven't been born.
who haven't been born.
269
903880
2600
15:21
This is our National Museum today.
270
909560
3056
这是我们的国家博物馆。
明亮而平和，
15:24
It's bright and peaceful,
271
912640
1696
而当你站在它面前时，
15:26
and when you stand up in front of it,
272
914360
2696
很难相信这里曾经是
15:29
it's really hard to believe
these were military barracks
these were military barracks
273
917080
3296
40年代末的军营。
15:32
at the end of the '40s.
274
920400
2176
我们在这个没有军队的地方
展开了一段新的生活篇章，
展开了一段新的生活篇章，
15:34
We started a new life
without an army in this place,
without an army in this place,
275
922600
3816
而这里终有一天也会是
15:38
and here is where our abolition
276
926440
3856
我们向全世界宣布
摒弃化石燃料的地方。
摒弃化石燃料的地方。
15:42
of fossil fuels will be announced one day.
277
930320
2896
我们将又一次创造历史。
15:45
And we will make history again.
278
933240
2296
谢谢。
15:47
Thank you.
279
935560
1216
（掌声）
15:48
(Applause)
280
936800
2122
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Monica Araya - Climate advocateIn 2015 Monica Araya's native Costa Rica produced almost all of its electricity from renewable sources. She advocates for the next step: a fossil-fuel-free world.
Why you should listen
Monica Araya is the founder and director of Costa Rica Limpia (Spanish for "clean"), a citizen group that promotes clean energy. Costa Rica Limpia tracks governmental pledges on key issues such as renewable energy and public transport investment, and it hosts citizen consultations to give visibility to people's preferences on these topics. Araya is also the founder of Nivela, an international thought leadership group that advances narratives on development and climate responsibility by combining senior and millennial perspectives from emerging economies.
After earning a master's in economic policy from Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Araya obtained a PhD in environmental management from Yale. The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs named her 'Personality of the Future' in 2014.
In 2017 Araya was named resident expert at "Next Visionaries," a global initiative by TED and BMW i that seeks to reimagine the future of mobility.
Monica Araya | Speaker | TED.com