TED@BCG Paris
Sebastian Kraves: The era of personal DNA testing is here
Sebastian Kraves: 个体DNA检测的时代来了
Filmed:
Readability: 5
1,159,063 views
从改善疫苗到改进庄稼再到破案，DNA技术改变了我们的世界。迄今为止，我们第一次实现了任何人都可以在家里，在厨房使用一个比鞋盒还小的设备做DNA测试。生物科技企业家Sebastian Kraves说：“”我们生活在一个个人DNA革命的时代，你将找到你自己DNA中所埋藏的秘密。“”
Sebastian Kraves - Biotech entrepreneur
Sebastian Kraves wants to bring DNA science to more people in new places. Full bio
Sebastian Kraves wants to bring DNA science to more people in new places. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Imagine that you're a pig farmer.
0
1111
2492
想象你是一个养猪户。
你住在一个菲律宾的小农场。
00:16
You live on a small farm
in the Philippines.
in the Philippines.
1
4232
2845
你的牲口是家庭唯一的收入来源——
00:19
Your animals are your family's
sole source of income --
sole source of income --
2
7101
3659
只要它们是健康的。
00:22
as long as they're healthy.
3
10784
1901
你知道任意一天，
00:24
You know that any day,
4
12709
1370
你的猪都有可能感染流感，
00:26
one of your pigs can catch the flu,
5
14103
2220
猪流感。
00:28
the swine flu.
6
16347
1347
住在狭小的猪圈，
一只猪的咳嗽和喷嚏
一只猪的咳嗽和喷嚏
00:29
Living in tight quarters,
one pig coughing and sneezing
one pig coughing and sneezing
7
17718
3271
很可能马上感染另一只猪，
00:33
may soon lead to the next pig
coughing and sneezing,
coughing and sneezing,
8
21013
2940
直至感染你的整个猪圈。
00:35
until an outbreak of swine flu
has taken over your farm.
has taken over your farm.
9
23977
3375
00:39
If it's a bad enough virus,
10
27841
1689
如果是一个十分严重的病毒，
你猪圈里的猪将迅速被传染，无一幸免。
00:41
the health of your herd may be gone
in the blink of an eye.
in the blink of an eye.
11
29554
3172
如果你叫来一个兽医，
00:45
If you called in a veterinarian,
12
33256
1644
他会拜访你的农场
00:46
he or she would visit your farm
and take samples
and take samples
13
34924
2483
并且在猪的鼻腔和口腔内取样。
00:49
from your pigs' noses and mouths.
14
37431
1824
但之后他们会开车回到城里
00:51
But then they would have to drive
back into the city
back into the city
15
39279
2827
在他们的实验室里检测那些样品。
00:54
to test those samples
in their central lab.
in their central lab.
16
42130
2799
两周后，你会收到检测结果。
00:57
Two weeks later,
you'd hear back the results.
you'd hear back the results.
17
45556
2603
而两周时间足以让疫情蔓延，
01:00
Two weeks may be just enough time
for infection to spread
for infection to spread
18
48601
4086
01:04
and take away your way of life.
19
52711
2088
夺走你的生计。
但现实并不一定会这么糟。
01:07
But it doesn't have to be that way.
20
55616
1771
如今，农户们可以自己采集那些样本。
01:09
Today, farmers can take
those samples themselves.
those samples themselves.
21
57411
3257
他们可以直接进入猪圈中，
用一张小小的滤纸在猪的
用一张小小的滤纸在猪的
01:12
They can jump right into the pen
and swab their pigs' noses and mouths
and swab their pigs' noses and mouths
22
60692
3747
01:16
with a little filter paper,
23
64463
1801
鼻子和口腔中取样，
将这张滤纸放在一个小试管中，
01:18
place that little filter paper
in a tiny tube,
in a tiny tube,
24
66288
3213
和一些化学物质混合起来，提取出
他们从猪的鼻子和口腔中
他们从猪的鼻子和口腔中
01:21
and mix it with some chemicals
that will extract genetic material
that will extract genetic material
25
69525
3881
01:25
from their pigs' noses and mouths.
26
73430
1913
得到的遗传物质。
不用离开他们的农场，
01:27
And without leaving their farms,
27
75367
1925
他们要做的只是将一滴遗传物质
01:29
they take a drop of that genetic material
28
77316
2298
放入一个比鞋盒还小的分析仪中，
01:31
and put it into a little analyzer
smaller than a shoebox,
smaller than a shoebox,
29
79638
3791
01:35
program it to detect DNA or RNA
from the swine flu virus,
from the swine flu virus,
30
83872
4601
设定程序分析猪流感病毒的
DNA或者RNA，
DNA或者RNA，
只1个小时内便可以取回结果，
看到是否感染。
看到是否感染。
01:40
and within one hour get back the results,
visualize the results.
visualize the results.
31
88497
4158
01:45
This reality is possible
32
93247
1956
我并非是在夸大其实，
因为如今我们生活在个体DNA技术的时代。
01:47
because today we're living in the era
of personal DNA technology.
of personal DNA technology.
33
95227
3921
每个人都能检测我们自己的DNA。
01:51
Every one of us can actually
test DNA ourselves.
test DNA ourselves.
34
99172
3702
01:55
DNA is the fundamental molecule
the carries genetic instructions
the carries genetic instructions
35
103448
3739
DNA是携带遗传指令最基本的分子，
01:59
that help build the living world.
36
107211
2040
帮助建造了生机勃勃的世界。
02:02
Humans have DNA.
37
110052
1254
人类有DNA。
02:03
Pigs have DNA.
38
111814
1572
猪有DNA。
甚至细菌和一些病毒都有DNA。
02:05
Even bacteria and some
viruses have DNA too.
viruses have DNA too.
39
113410
3494
编码在 DNA 中的遗传指令
告诉我们的身体如何发育，
告诉我们的身体如何发育，
02:08
The genetic instructions encoded in DNA
inform how our bodies develop,
inform how our bodies develop,
40
116928
4224
成长，和发挥机能。
02:13
grow, function.
41
121176
1708
02:14
And in many cases, that same information
can trigger disease.
can trigger disease.
42
122908
3617
而且在很多情况下，
同样的信息还能引发疾病。
同样的信息还能引发疾病。
你的遗传信息
02:18
Your genetic information
43
126915
1771
串成了一段长而扭曲的分子，
即DNA双螺旋结构，
即DNA双螺旋结构，
02:20
is strung into a long and twisted
molecule, the DNA double helix,
molecule, the DNA double helix,
44
128710
3690
它有着超过三十亿个碱基，
02:24
that has over three billion letters,
45
132424
2448
从开始到结束。
02:26
beginning to end.
46
134896
1564
02:28
But the lines that carry
meaningful information
meaningful information
47
136484
3220
但是携带有意义的信息的那几行
通常却很短——
02:31
are usually very short --
48
139728
1565
只有几十到几千个字母那么长。
02:33
a few dozen to several
thousand letters long.
thousand letters long.
49
141317
3022
02:36
So when we're looking to answer
a question based on DNA,
a question based on DNA,
50
144363
3147
所以当我们在寻找
基于DNA问题的答案时，
基于DNA问题的答案时，
02:39
we actually don't need to read
51
147534
1933
我们实际上并不需要去读完
02:41
all those three billion
letters, typically.
letters, typically.
52
149491
2469
所有的那三十亿个字。
这会像在晚上觉得很饿，
02:43
That would be like getting hungry at night
53
151984
2237
然后不得不翻阅整个电话簿，
02:46
and having to flip through
the whole phone book
the whole phone book
54
154245
2390
从头到尾，
02:48
from cover to cover,
55
156659
1255
一行不落，
02:49
pausing at every line,
56
157938
1575
只是为了找到最近的披萨店。
02:51
just to find the nearest pizza joint.
57
159537
1985
02:53
(Laughter)
58
161546
1152
（笑声）
幸运的是，三十年前，
02:54
Luckily, three decades ago,
59
162722
2537
人类开始发明工具
02:57
humans started to invent tools
60
165283
1928
使我们能找到任何一种
特定的遗传信息。
特定的遗传信息。
02:59
that can find any specific line
of genetic information.
of genetic information.
61
167235
3507
03:02
These DNA machines are wonderful.
62
170766
2189
这些DNA检测器非常棒。
03:04
They can find any line in DNA.
63
172979
2729
它们能查找出DNA中任何一行的信息。
03:07
But once they find it,
64
175732
1304
但虽然它们找到了它，
DNA仍然很小，
而且周围那么多其他的DNA，
而且周围那么多其他的DNA，
03:09
that DNA is still tiny, and surrounded
by so much other DNA,
by so much other DNA,
65
177060
5451
那么这些机器接下来做的
便是复制目标基因，
便是复制目标基因，
03:14
that what these machines then do
is copy the target gene,
is copy the target gene,
66
182535
4642
复制一份又一份，
03:19
and one copy piles on top of another,
67
187201
2241
03:21
millions and millions
and millions of copies,
and millions of copies,
68
189466
2165
成千上万次,
03:23
until that gene stands out
against the rest;
against the rest;
69
191655
2986
直到那个与众不同的基因出现；
03:26
until we can visualize it,
70
194665
2183
直到我们能看见它，
03:28
interpret it, read it, understand it,
71
196872
2543
解释它，读懂它，理解它，
直到我们能回答：
03:31
until we can answer:
72
199439
1278
我的猪得了流感吗？
03:32
Does my pig have the flu?
73
200741
2107
或者其他埋藏在我们自己DNA中的问题：
03:35
Or other questions buried in our own DNA:
74
203914
3497
我有患癌症的风险吗？
03:39
Am I at risk of cancer?
75
207435
1912
03:42
Am I of Irish descent?
76
210505
1699
我有爱尔兰血统吗?
03:44
Is that child my son?
77
212623
2190
那孩子是我亲生的吗？
03:47
(Laughter)
78
215672
2174
（笑声）
03:50
This ability to make copies of DNA,
as simple as it sounds,
as simple as it sounds,
79
218537
4674
DNA的这种复制能力
听起来很简单，
听起来很简单，
03:55
has transformed our world.
80
223235
1291
却改变了我们的世界。
科学家们每天都用它来检测和对付疾病，
03:56
Scientists use it every day
to detect and address disease,
to detect and address disease,
81
224550
5012
04:01
to create innovative medicines,
82
229586
2488
创造新药品,
改进食品，
04:04
to modify foods,
83
232098
2036
评估我们的食物是否安全，
04:06
to assess whether our food is safe to eat
84
234158
1976
04:08
or whether it's contaminated
with deadly bacteria.
with deadly bacteria.
85
236158
3396
又或者是否被致命的细菌污染。
甚至法官在法庭上也使用
这些机器输出的结果
这些机器输出的结果
04:11
Even judges use the output
of these machines in court
of these machines in court
86
239578
2844
在DNA证据的基础上
来判定某人是无辜或有罪。
来判定某人是无辜或有罪。
04:14
to decide whether someone is innocent
or guilty based on DNA evidence.
or guilty based on DNA evidence.
87
242446
4574
04:19
The inventor of this DNA-copying technique
88
247044
2413
DNA复制技术的发明者
在1993 年被授予诺贝尔化学奖。
04:21
was awarded the Nobel Prize
in Chemistry in 1993.
in Chemistry in 1993.
89
249481
3804
04:25
But for 30 years,
90
253831
1152
但过了30年，
04:27
the power of genetic analysis
has been confined to the ivory tower,
has been confined to the ivory tower,
91
255007
3833
遗传分析的力量一直局限于象牙塔，
或是有重大影响力的
博士科学家的工作之中。
博士科学家的工作之中。
04:30
or bigwig PhD scientist work.
92
258864
2840
04:34
Well, several companies around the world
93
262333
2102
世界各地的数家公司
04:36
are working on making
this same technology accessible
this same technology accessible
94
264459
3848
正在把同样的技术简易化，
方便人们在日常生活中使用，
例如养猪农户,
例如养猪农户,
04:40
to everyday people like the pig farmer,
95
268331
3031
04:43
like you.
96
271386
1349
以及我们大家。
04:44
I cofounded one of these companies.
97
272759
2584
我与其他人共同成立了
其中一家这样的公司。
其中一家这样的公司。
在3年前，
04:47
Three years ago,
98
275367
1151
和我的一位生物学家朋友
04:48
together with a fellow biologist
and friend of mine,
and friend of mine,
99
276542
2987
Zeke Alvarez Saavedra一起,
04:51
Zeke Alvarez Saavedra,
100
279553
1580
我们决定让个人化DNA检测器
04:53
we decided to make personal DNA machines
101
281157
2615
04:55
that anyone could use.
102
283796
1717
能被每个人所使用。
04:57
Our goal was to bring DNA science
to more people in new places.
to more people in new places.
103
285957
3578
我们的目标是在新的地方
将DNA科学带给更多的人。
将DNA科学带给更多的人。
我们在地下室开始工作。
05:01
We started working in our basements.
104
289892
2161
05:04
We had a simple question:
105
292077
2053
我们有一个简单的问题：
如果每个人都能分析DNA，
05:06
What could the world look like
106
294154
1751
世界可能是什么样子的呢？
05:07
if everyone could analyze DNA?
107
295929
2427
我们很好奇，
05:10
We were curious,
108
298380
1262
05:12
as curious as you would have been
if I had shown you this picture in 1980.
if I had shown you this picture in 1980.
109
300142
4926
就像你们好奇我如果在
1980年向你们展示这张照片。
1980年向你们展示这张照片。
（笑声）
05:17
(Laughter)
110
305092
1285
你一定会想：“哇喔！
05:18
You would have thought, "Wow!
111
306401
1791
我现在可以在车里
打电话给我姨妈Glenda
打电话给我姨妈Glenda
05:20
I can now call
my Aunt Glenda from the car
my Aunt Glenda from the car
112
308216
2603
祝她生日快乐了。
05:22
and wish her a happy birthday.
113
310843
1886
我现在能给任何人在任何时间打电话了。
05:24
I can call anyone, anytime.
114
312753
1975
05:27
This is the future!"
115
315055
1620
这就是未来！”
05:29
Little did you know,
116
317801
1456
你还并不知道，
你会拨通电话来预订晚餐，
05:31
you would tap on that phone
to make dinner reservations
to make dinner reservations
117
319281
2605
让你和Glenda姨妈一起庆祝。
05:33
for you and Aunt Glenda
to celebrate together.
to celebrate together.
118
321910
2424
拨打另一通电话，你将订好她的礼物。
05:36
With another tap,
you'd be ordering her gift.
you'd be ordering her gift.
119
324358
2530
05:38
And yet one more tap,
120
326912
1482
而且每多一次拨号，
05:40
and you'd be "liking"
Auntie Glenda on Facebook.
Auntie Glenda on Facebook.
121
328418
2312
你将会被Glenda姨妈
在Facebook上“点赞”。
在Facebook上“点赞”。
而你可以坐在马桶上
做完这所有的事。
做完这所有的事。
05:42
And all of this,
while sitting on the toilet.
while sitting on the toilet.
122
330754
2344
05:45
(Laughter)
123
333122
2174
（笑声）
05:47
It is notoriously hard to predict
where new technology might take us.
where new technology might take us.
124
335320
5263
新技术将把我们带往何处，谁都说不准。
对如今的个人DNA技术来说
情况也是一样。
情况也是一样。
05:52
And the same is true
for personal DNA technology today.
for personal DNA technology today.
125
340607
4409
05:57
For example, I could never have imagined
126
345040
3069
举个例子，我从来没想过
06:00
that a truffle farmer, of all people,
127
348133
2521
一个种松露的农民，
06:02
would use personal DNA machines.
128
350678
2089
怎么会需要用到个人DNA检测设备。
06:05
Dr. Paul Thomas grows
truffles for a living.
truffles for a living.
129
353267
3291
Paul Thomas博士以种植松露为生。
我们可以看见，在这张照片里，
06:08
We see him pictured here,
130
356582
1707
他在他的一个农场里，
手里拿着第一个尿激酶培养的松露。
手里拿着第一个尿激酶培养的松露。
06:10
holding the first UK-cultivated truffle
in his hands, on one of his farms.
in his hands, on one of his farms.
131
358313
5096
松露如此美味
06:16
Truffles are this delicacy
132
364179
1496
源于一种在活的树根生长的真菌。
06:17
that stems from a fungus
growing on the roots of living trees.
growing on the roots of living trees.
133
365699
4063
这是一种罕见的真菌。
06:21
And it's a rare fungus.
134
369786
1627
06:23
Some species may fetch 3,000,
7,000, or more dollars per kilogram.
7,000, or more dollars per kilogram.
135
371437
5312
一些种类每公斤能卖到
$3000，$7000，甚至更多。
$3000，$7000，甚至更多。
06:29
I learned from Paul
136
377968
1393
我从保罗那了解到
种松露的农民的收益可以很高。
06:31
that the stakes for a truffle farmer
can be really high.
can be really high.
137
379385
2887
当保罗获得生长在他的农场的新松露时，
06:34
When he sources new truffles
to grow on his farms,
to grow on his farms,
138
382296
3214
他被置于仿冒品的威胁之中——
06:37
he's exposed to the threat
of knockoffs --
of knockoffs --
139
385534
2528
06:40
truffles that look and feel
like the real thing,
like the real thing,
140
388086
3456
这种松露的外观和感觉很像真的，
但是它们的质量很差。
06:43
but they're of lower quality.
141
391566
1502
不过即使有一双像保罗那样
训练有素的眼睛，
训练有素的眼睛，
06:45
But even to a trained eye like Paul's,
142
393092
2429
06:47
even when looked at under a microscope,
143
395545
2082
在显微镜下观察,
06:49
these truffles can pass for authentic.
144
397651
2151
这些松露都可以通过真品的检测。
06:51
So in order to grow
the highest quality truffles,
the highest quality truffles,
145
399826
3926
为了种植最高质量的松露，
06:55
the ones that chefs
all over the world will fight over,
all over the world will fight over,
146
403776
3239
那些世界各地的大厨
所竞相争夺的松露，
所竞相争夺的松露，
保罗必须使用DNA分析。
06:59
Paul has to use DNA analysis.
147
407039
2860
07:02
Isn't that mind-blowing?
148
410594
1746
这难道不令人大开眼界吗?
我敢打赌你以后看着
黑松露意大利调味饭，
黑松露意大利调味饭，
07:04
I bet you will never look
at that black truffle risotto again
at that black truffle risotto again
149
412364
3300
都不得不想到它的基因。
07:07
without thinking of its genes.
150
415688
1670
（笑声）
07:09
(Laughter)
151
417382
1550
07:11
But personal DNA machines
can also save human lives.
can also save human lives.
152
419710
4105
但个人DNA检测器
还可以挽救人类的生命。
还可以挽救人类的生命。
07:17
Professor Ian Goodfellow is a virologist
at the University of Cambridge.
at the University of Cambridge.
153
425045
4520
Ian Goodfellow教授是
剑桥大学的病毒学家。
剑桥大学的病毒学家。
去年他去了塞拉利昂。
07:21
Last year he traveled to Sierra Leone.
154
429589
2321
07:24
When the Ebola outbreak
broke out in Western Africa,
broke out in Western Africa,
155
432267
3922
当埃博拉疫情在非洲西部爆发，
他即刻意识到那里的医生
缺乏基础的工具
缺乏基础的工具
07:28
he quickly realized that doctors there
lacked the basic tools
lacked the basic tools
156
436213
3812
07:32
to detect and combat disease.
157
440049
1658
去检测疾病并与之搏斗。
07:34
Results could take
up to a week to come back --
up to a week to come back --
158
442216
3034
结果最迟需要一周才能出来—
07:37
that's way too long for the patients
and the families who are suffering.
and the families who are suffering.
159
445274
4859
这对于遭受痛苦的病人
和家属来说太久了。
和家属来说太久了。
Ian决定将他的实验室
搬去马可尼，塞拉利昂。
搬去马可尼，塞拉利昂。
07:42
Ian decided to move his lab
into Makeni, Sierra Leone.
into Makeni, Sierra Leone.
160
450157
4494
在这里，我们可以看到Ian Goodfellow
07:47
Here we see Ian Goodfellow
161
455194
2125
正在把一个超过10吨的设备
搬入一个弹出式帐篷，
搬入一个弹出式帐篷，
07:49
moving over 10 tons of equipment
into a pop-up tent
into a pop-up tent
162
457343
4068
07:53
that he would equip to detect
and diagnose the virus
and diagnose the virus
163
461435
3676
这是他准备来检测和诊断病毒，
在24小时内确定病毒的
基因序列的地方。
基因序列的地方。
07:57
and sequence it within 24 hours.
164
465135
2726
08:00
But here's a surprise:
165
468250
1779
但令人意想不到的是：
Ian在英国实验室用来
确定和诊断埃博拉病毒
确定和诊断埃博拉病毒
08:02
the same equipment that Ian could use
at his lab in the UK
at his lab in the UK
166
470053
4122
基因序列的相同设备，
08:06
to sequence and diagnose Ebola,
167
474199
2591
在当前的条件下是根本无法使用的。
08:08
just wouldn't work under these conditions.
168
476814
2133
我指的是当地35摄氏度的高温
和超过90%的湿度。
和超过90%的湿度。
08:10
We're talking 35 Celsius heat
and over 90 percent humidity here.
and over 90 percent humidity here.
169
478971
4734
08:16
But instead, Ian could use
personal DNA machines
personal DNA machines
170
484153
2884
但现在，伊恩可以使用
个人DNA检测器，
个人DNA检测器，
它们小到可以被放置
在空调装置的前面，
在空调装置的前面，
08:19
small enough to be placed
in front of the air-conditioning unit
in front of the air-conditioning unit
171
487061
3350
来进行病毒测序
08:22
to keep sequencing the virus
172
490435
1931
和拯救生命。
08:24
and keep saving lives.
173
492390
1575
这可能看起来像在
在一个极端的地方进行DNA分析，
在一个极端的地方进行DNA分析，
08:25
This may seem like
an extreme place for DNA analysis,
an extreme place for DNA analysis,
174
493989
3037
但是让我们看看一个更
更极端的环境：
更极端的环境：
08:29
but let's move on to an even
more extreme environment:
more extreme environment:
175
497050
3776
外太空。
08:32
outer space.
176
500850
1315
08:34
Let's talk about DNA analysis in space.
177
502633
2302
让我们来谈谈在太空中进行DNA分析。
08:37
When astronauts live aboard
the International Space Station,
the International Space Station,
178
505657
3120
当宇航员生活在国际空间站中，
是绕着距地球400公里高的轨道移动。
08:40
they're orbiting the planet
250 miles high.
250 miles high.
179
508801
3623
他们以每小时2万7千多
公里的时速绕行。
公里的时速绕行。
08:44
They're traveling
at 17,000 miles per hour.
at 17,000 miles per hour.
180
512448
2802
想象一下吧——
08:47
Picture that --
181
515274
1158
08:48
you're seeing 15 sunsets
and sunrises every day.
and sunrises every day.
182
516456
3875
每天会看到15次日落和日出。
08:52
You're also living in microgravity,
183
520817
1872
人也在微重力中
漂浮着。
08:54
floating.
184
522713
1168
在这些条件下，
我们的身体机能会失常。
我们的身体机能会失常。
08:55
And under these conditions,
our bodies can do funky things.
our bodies can do funky things.
185
523905
3162
其一便是我们的免疫系统会被抑制，
08:59
One of these things is that
our immune systems get suppressed,
our immune systems get suppressed,
186
527091
4742
让宇航员更容易感染疾病。
09:03
making astronauts more prone to infection.
187
531857
2595
09:07
A 16-year-old girl,
188
535856
1913
一个16岁的女孩，
09:09
a high school student from New York,
Anna-Sophia Boguraev,
Anna-Sophia Boguraev,
189
537793
3831
一个来自纽约的高中生，
Anna-Sophia Boguraev，
Anna-Sophia Boguraev，
09:13
wondered whether changes
to the DNA of astronauts
to the DNA of astronauts
190
541648
2869
想知道宇航员的DNA变化
是否可能与免疫抑制相关，
09:16
could be related
to this immune suppression,
to this immune suppression,
191
544541
2423
09:18
and through a science competition
called "Genes In Space,"
called "Genes In Space,"
192
546988
3369
通过一个被称为“太空基因”的科学比赛，
09:22
Anna-Sophia designed an experiment
to test this hypothesis
to test this hypothesis
193
550381
3907
为了测试这个假说，
Anna-Sophia设计了一个实验，
Anna-Sophia设计了一个实验，
在国际空间站上使用了个人DNA检测器。
09:26
using a personal DNA machine
aboard the International Space Station.
aboard the International Space Station.
194
554312
4156
09:31
Here we see Anna-Sophia
on April 8, 2016, in Cape Canaveral,
on April 8, 2016, in Cape Canaveral,
195
559463
5699
这里，我们看到的是Anna-Sophia
2016年4月8日在卡纳维拉尔角，
2016年4月8日在卡纳维拉尔角，
看着她的实验装置发射
到国际空间站。
到国际空间站。
09:37
watching her experiment launch
to the International Space Station.
to the International Space Station.
196
565186
4063
09:41
That cloud of smoke is the rocket
197
569273
2531
那团烟是火箭
09:43
that brought Anna-Sophia's experiment
to the International Space Station,
to the International Space Station,
198
571828
4695
带着Anna-Sophia的
实验设备去国际空间站，
实验设备去国际空间站，
09:48
where, three days later,
199
576547
1929
三天后，
09:50
astronaut Tim Peake
carried out her experiment --
carried out her experiment --
200
578500
3748
宇航员蒂姆·皮克进行了她的实验——
在微重力环境中。
09:54
in microgravity.
201
582272
1222
09:56
Personal DNA machines are now
aboard the International Space Station,
aboard the International Space Station,
202
584175
3756
个人DNA检测器现在
在国际空间站上服役，
在国际空间站上服役，
在那里它们可以
帮助监测宇航员的身体机能，
帮助监测宇航员的身体机能，
09:59
where they can help monitor
living conditions
living conditions
203
587955
2587
并保护宇航员的生命。
10:02
and protect the lives of astronauts.
204
590566
2094
10:05
A 16-year-old designing a DNA experiment
205
593938
3841
一个16岁的孩子设计了DNA检测实验，
10:09
to protect the lives of astronauts
206
597803
1913
为了保护宇航员的生命，
10:11
may seem like a rarity,
the mark of a child genius.
the mark of a child genius.
207
599740
3562
看起来非常罕见，
天才儿童的标志。
天才儿童的标志。
10:15
Well, to me, it signals
something bigger:
something bigger:
208
603784
2570
而对我来说，
它标志着更重要的事：
它标志着更重要的事：
10:18
that DNA technology is finally
within the reach of every one of you.
within the reach of every one of you.
209
606378
5153
DNA技术终于距离
你们每一个人都不远了。
你们每一个人都不远了。
10:24
A few years ago,
210
612999
1707
几年前，
一个大学生配备上一台个人电脑
10:26
a college student armed
with a personal computer
with a personal computer
211
614730
3183
10:29
could code an app,
212
617937
1151
就能写出一个应用程序，
现在这是一个社交网络的应用程序，
有超过十亿的用户。
有超过十亿的用户。
10:31
an app that is now a social network
with more than one billion users.
with more than one billion users.
213
619112
4376
10:35
Could we be moving into a world
214
623933
1960
我们可以进入一个
每个家庭都配备一台
个人DNA检测器的世界吗?
个人DNA检测器的世界吗?
10:37
of one personal DNA machine in every home?
215
625917
3271
10:41
I know families who are already
living in this reality.
living in this reality.
216
629966
3381
我知道这在有些家庭中
已经实现了。
已经实现了。
10:45
The Daniels family, for example,
217
633767
1898
例如丹尼尔斯一家，
在芝加哥郊区的家庭地下室
建立了一个DNA实验室。
建立了一个DNA实验室。
10:47
set up a DNA lab in the basement
of their suburban Chicago home.
of their suburban Chicago home.
218
635689
4846
10:52
This is not a family
made of PhD scientists.
made of PhD scientists.
219
640904
3203
这不是一个由博士科学家
组成的家庭。
组成的家庭。
10:56
This is a family like any other.
220
644656
2110
这只是一个再普通不过的家庭。
10:58
They just like to spend time together
doing fun, creative things.
doing fun, creative things.
221
646790
4055
他们只是喜欢花时间在一起
做有趣的，有创造性的事情。
做有趣的，有创造性的事情。
11:02
By day, Brian is an executive
at a private equity firm.
at a private equity firm.
222
650869
3863
白天，布莱恩是
私人股票基金公司的一个经理。
私人股票基金公司的一个经理。
11:07
At night and on weekends,
he experiments with DNA
he experiments with DNA
223
655137
2905
晚上和周末，
他和7岁和9岁的孩子一起，
他和7岁和9岁的孩子一起，
进行他们的DNA实验，
11:10
alongside his kids, ages seven and nine,
224
658066
2897
11:12
as a way to explore the living world.
225
660987
2104
把这视为一种探索世界的方式。
11:15
Last time I called them,
226
663480
1674
上次我打电话给他们的时候，
11:17
they were checking out homegrown produce
from the backyard garden.
from the backyard garden.
227
665178
3888
他们检查了后院花园里
自家种植的农产品。
自家种植的农产品。
11:21
They were testing tomatoes
that they had picked,
that they had picked,
228
669090
2297
他们测试了采摘的西红柿，
11:23
taking the flesh of their skin,
putting it in a test tube,
putting it in a test tube,
229
671411
2780
提取它们表皮上的果肉，
放进试管中，
放进试管中，
用化学药剂混合提取DNA，
11:26
mixing it with chemicals to extract DNA
230
674215
2082
11:28
and then using their home DNA copier
231
676321
3478
然后使用他们自家的DNA复印机
11:31
to test those tomatoes
for genetically engineered traits.
for genetically engineered traits.
232
679823
3923
来测试那些西红柿的转基因性状。
11:36
For the Daniels family,
233
684883
1527
对于丹尼尔斯一家来说，
11:38
the personal DNA machine
is like the chemistry set
is like the chemistry set
234
686434
2899
个人DNA检测器
就像针对21世纪设计的
就像针对21世纪设计的
11:41
for the 21st century.
235
689357
1327
化学实验。
11:43
Most of us may not yet
be diagnosing genetic conditions
be diagnosing genetic conditions
236
691375
3862
我们大多数人可能还没有
在自家厨房的水槽中
在自家厨房的水槽中
做过任何基因检测，
11:47
in our kitchen sinks
237
695261
1346
11:49
or doing at-home paternity testing.
238
697123
2218
或者家庭亲子鉴定测试。
11:51
(Laughter)
239
699365
1025
（笑声）
11:52
But we've definitely reached
a point in history
a point in history
240
700414
2220
但是我们绝对达到了
历史上的一个节点，
历史上的一个节点，
每个人都能在厨房亲自进行
11:54
where every one of you could actually
get hands-on with DNA
get hands-on with DNA
241
702658
5809
12:00
in your kitchen.
242
708491
1431
DNA检测试验。
12:01
You could copy, paste and analyze DNA
243
709946
3187
你能复制，粘贴和分析DNA，
从中提取有用的信息。
12:05
and extract meaningful
information from it.
information from it.
244
713157
2531
12:08
And it's at times like this
that profound transformation
that profound transformation
245
716394
2857
在这种情况下，这种深刻的转变
12:11
is bound to happen;
246
719275
1599
一定会发生；
12:12
moments when a transformative,
powerful technology
powerful technology
247
720898
3252
当改变发生时,
那些在之前仅限于
那些在之前仅限于
12:16
that was before limited
to a select few in the ivory tower,
to a select few in the ivory tower,
248
724174
3622
少数象牙塔中的强大技术，
12:19
finally becomes within the reach
of every one of us,
of every one of us,
249
727820
3473
最终能够让我们每一个人
接触和使用到，
接触和使用到，
从农民到学生。
12:23
from farmers to schoolchildren.
250
731951
2191
想想那一刻
12:26
Think about the moment
251
734772
1167
12:27
when phones stopped being
plugged into the wall by cords,
plugged into the wall by cords,
252
735963
3877
当手机不再需要插线进行充电，
又或者当电脑脱离了大型计算机构架，
12:31
or when computers left the mainframe
253
739864
2295
12:34
and entered your home or your office.
254
742183
2613
进入你的家里或者办公室中。
12:37
The ripples of the personal DNA revolution
255
745574
2823
个人DNA革命的涟漪
可能很难预测，
12:40
may be hard to predict,
256
748421
1527
12:41
but one thing is certain:
257
749972
1617
但有一件事是可以确定的：
革命不会倒退，
12:43
revolutions don't go backwards,
258
751613
2392
12:46
and DNA technology is already spreading
faster than our imagination.
faster than our imagination.
259
754029
4265
DNA技术已经蔓延得
比我们的想象更快。
比我们的想象更快。
所以，如果你很好奇，
12:50
So if you're curious,
260
758318
1899
12:52
get up close and personal
with DNA -- today.
with DNA -- today.
261
760241
3215
去近距离探索个人化DNA吧——
就从今天开始。
就从今天开始。
12:55
It is in our DNA to be curious.
262
763480
2591
因为好奇就存在于我们基因中。
12:58
(Laughter)
263
766095
1015
（笑声）
谢谢大家。
12:59
Thank you.
264
767134
1160
13:00
(Applause)
265
768318
3314
（掌声）
Translated by 柚羕 胡
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sebastian Kraves - Biotech entrepreneurSebastian Kraves wants to bring DNA science to more people in new places.
Why you should listen
Dr. Sebastian Kraves co-founded the Cambridge-based start-up miniPCR to help bring DNA analysis technology to the masses. Kraves was previously a principal at BCG, where he spent more than six years working on health care challenges, such as how to make biomedical technology accessible in sub-Saharan Africa. A molecular neurobiologist who trained at Harvard, Kraves has published research on optogenetics and the genetic regulation of behavior, but is now focused on his dream to make DNA analysis tools accessible to everyone, everywhere.
Sebastian Kraves | Speaker | TED.com