TEDxStanford
David Camarillo: Why helmets don't prevent concussions -- and what might
David Camarillo: 为什么头盔不能预防脑震荡？什么才可以呢？
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什么是脑震荡？脑震荡或许与你想象中的截然不同。David Camarillo，生物工程学家、前橄榄球运动员，带来了这个尖端研究领域的演讲，他会向我们展示脑震荡中到底发生了什么，同时解释为什么标准运动头盔无法预防脑震荡，未来脑震荡预防又会向哪个方向发展。
David Camarillo - Bioengineer
David Camarillo's research focuses on understanding and preventing traumatic brain injury. Full bio
David Camarillo's research focuses on understanding and preventing traumatic brain injury. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The word concussion evokes a fear
these days more so than it ever has,
these days more so than it ever has,
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“脑震荡”一词从未引起过如此之大的恐慌
00:17
and I know this personally.
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我自己也患过脑震荡
00:19
I played 10 years of football,
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我曾打过十年橄榄球
00:22
was struck in the head thousands of times.
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数千次被球打中脑袋
00:24
And I have to tell you, though,
what was much worse than that
what was much worse than that
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但我可以告诉你
自行车事故中我遭受的脑震荡要更为严重
00:28
was a pair of bike accidents I had
where I suffered concussions,
where I suffered concussions,
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00:33
and I'm still dealing with the effects
of the most recent one
of the most recent one
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现如今当我站在你面前时
00:36
today as I stand in front of you.
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我还在从最近的那次脑震荡中恢复
00:39
There is a fear around concussion
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对脑震荡的恐惧
00:42
that does have some evidence behind it.
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有些是有道理的
00:45
There is information
that a repeated history of concussion
that a repeated history of concussion
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有证据表明
反复多次脑震荡
反复多次脑震荡
00:48
can lead to early dementia,
such as Alzheimer's,
such as Alzheimer's,
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会导致早期痴呆 比如阿耳茨海默氏病
00:52
and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
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也会导致慢性的创伤性脑病
00:54
That was the subject
of the Will Smith movie "Concussion."
of the Will Smith movie "Concussion."
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这是威尔•史密斯主演的电影《震荡效应》的主题
00:58
And so everybody is caught up in football
and what they see in the military,
and what they see in the military,
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几乎每个人在橄榄球比赛中 或是在部队里
都会遭受脑震荡
都会遭受脑震荡
01:02
but you may not know
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但你可能不知道
01:03
that bike riding is the leading cause
of concussion for kids,
of concussion for kids,
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对孩子们而言 骑自行车才是脑震荡的主要成因
01:07
sports-related concussion, that is.
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即运动相关脑震荡
01:11
And so another thing
that I should tell you
that I should tell you
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我还想告诉在座各位一件事
01:13
that you may not know
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你们或许也不知道
01:14
is that the helmets that are worn
in bicycling and football
in bicycling and football
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诸如自行车和橄榄球等运动
01:17
and many activities,
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所规定佩戴的头盔
01:19
they're not designed or tested
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并不是为了防止或减轻脑震荡而设计的
01:22
for how well they can protect
your children against concussion.
your children against concussion.
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01:26
They're in fact designed and tested
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事实上
此类头盔的目的在于保护头骨 预防头骨骨折
01:27
for their ability to protect
against skull fracture.
against skull fracture.
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01:31
And so I get this question
all the time from parents,
all the time from parents,
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家长们总是问我这样一个问题
01:37
and they ask me,
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他们问我
01:39
"Would you let your own child
play football?"
play football?"
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“你会让你自己的小孩儿打橄榄球吗？”
01:41
Or, "Should I let my child play soccer?"
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或者“我应该让我小孩儿踢足球吗？”
01:44
And I think that as a field,
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我认为从一个学科领域的角度来讲
01:47
we're a long way from giving an answer
with any kind of confidence there.
with any kind of confidence there.
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我们远没有信心在此回答这样一个问题
01:53
So I look at that question
from a bit of a different lens,
from a bit of a different lens,
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所以我从另外一个角度思考了这个问题
01:57
and I want to know,
how can we prevent concussion?
how can we prevent concussion?
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我想知道 我们如何预防脑震荡？
02:00
Is that even possible?
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这能做到吗？
02:02
And most experts think that it's not,
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绝大多数专家认为不能
02:06
but the work that we're doing in my lab
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但我的实验室目前所从事的研究
02:08
is starting to reveal more
of the details around concussion
of the details around concussion
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将揭示脑震荡的更多细节
02:13
so that we can have
a better understanding.
a better understanding.
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从而我们会对脑震荡有更深刻的认知
02:15
The reason we're able
to prevent skull fracture with helmets
to prevent skull fracture with helmets
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戴头盔能预防颅骨骨折的原因非常简单
02:18
is because it's pretty simple.
We know how it works.
We know how it works.
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我们知道这一原理
02:21
Concussion has been
much more of a mystery.
much more of a mystery.
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而脑震荡至今仍是未解之谜
02:24
So to give you a sense of what might
be happening in a concussion,
be happening in a concussion,
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为了让在座各位对脑震荡有更直观的了解
02:29
I want to show you the video here
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我要放一段影片
02:31
that you see when you type into Google,
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你可以在谷歌搜索如下字样
02:33
"What is a concussion?"
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What is a concussion?
什么是脑震荡?
什么是脑震荡?
02:35
The CDC website comes up,
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然后打开CDC（美国疾病控制与预防中心）网页
02:36
and this video essentially
tells the whole story.
tells the whole story.
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网页上的这段视频就会讲述脑震荡的成因
02:40
What you see is the head moves forward,
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你可以看到：头部向前移动
02:42
the brain lags behind,
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脑组织移动延后
02:44
then the brain catches up
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接着脑组织跟了上来也向前移
02:46
and smashes into the skull.
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撞向颅骨
02:48
It rebounds off the skull
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被颅骨弹回
02:50
and then proceeds to run
into the other side of the skull.
into the other side of the skull.
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然后向另一边颅骨撞去
02:55
And what you'll notice is highlighted
in this video from the CDC,
in this video from the CDC,
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CDC影片中高亮的那部分
02:58
which I'll note was funded by the NFL,
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顺带说一下 这一影片由
NFL（美国国家橄榄球联盟）资助
NFL（美国国家橄榄球联盟）资助
03:01
is that the outer surface of the brain,
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是脑组织的外部边缘
03:04
where it was to have
smashed into the skull,
smashed into the skull,
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这部分脑组织之前曾撞向颅骨
03:07
looks like it's been damaged or injured,
so it's on the outer surface of the brain.
so it's on the outer surface of the brain.
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看起来它受到了损伤
所以高亮部分是在脑组织的外部边缘
所以高亮部分是在脑组织的外部边缘
03:11
And what I'd like to do with this video
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我放这段影片
03:13
is to tell you that there are
some aspects that are probably right,
some aspects that are probably right,
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是为了告诉各位
这段影片的部分内容
这段影片的部分内容
03:17
indicative of what the scientists
think happens with concussion,
think happens with concussion,
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或许确实正确地表述了科学家对脑震荡的理解
03:20
but there's probably more
that's wrong with this video.
that's wrong with this video.
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但这段影片更多地方是错误的
03:23
So one thing that I do agree with,
and I think most experts would,
and I think most experts would,
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其中一点我个人是同意的
我相信绝大多数专家也同意
我相信绝大多数专家也同意
03:26
is that the brain
does have these dynamics.
does have these dynamics.
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那就是脑部确实有这样的动态
03:28
It does lag behind the skull
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它的运动迟于颅骨
03:30
and then catch up and move
back and forth and oscillate.
back and forth and oscillate.
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接着逐渐追赶上 并向前向后振动
03:33
That we think is true.
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这一点上我们认为它是正确的
03:35
However, the amount of motion
you see in the brain in this video
you see in the brain in this video
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然而 视频中所示的脑部的运动大小
03:39
is probably not right at all.
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可能并不准确
03:40
There's very little room
in the cranial vault,
in the cranial vault,
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颅顶的空间极小
03:44
only a few millimeters,
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只有几微米
03:45
and it's filled entirely
with cerebral spinal fluid,
with cerebral spinal fluid,
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同时这些空间填满了脑脊液
03:49
which acts as a protective layer.
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这些脑脊液对脑部来说是一个保护层
03:51
And so the brain as a whole probably
moves very little inside the skull.
moves very little inside the skull.
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所以说 整体来看 脑部在颅骨内的移动极为微小
03:56
The other problem with this video
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视频中还有另外一个问题
03:58
is that the brain is shown
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视频中所示的脑部
04:00
as a kind of rigid whole
as it moves around,
as it moves around,
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在它移动时像是一个坚硬体
04:03
and that's not true either.
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这也是错的
04:05
Your brain is one of the softest
substances in your body,
substances in your body,
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人类的大脑是人体上最柔软的物质之一
04:09
and you can think of it
kind of like jello.
kind of like jello.
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你可以把它想象成果冻
04:11
So as your head is moving back and forth,
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所以当头部前后晃动时
04:13
your brain is twisting
and turning and contorting,
and turning and contorting,
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脑部在旋转、扭曲
04:16
and the tissue is getting stretched.
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部分组织会被拉抻
04:18
And so most experts, I think, would agree
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我认为绝大多数专家都会同意这样一个观点
04:21
that concussion is not likely
to be something that's happening
to be something that's happening
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脑震荡可能不是发生在
04:24
on this outer surface of the brain,
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脑部的外部边缘
04:26
but rather it's something
that's much deeper
that's much deeper
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而是发生在脑部的深处
04:28
towards the center of the brain.
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接近脑部中央的位置
04:31
Now, the way that we're
approaching this problem
approaching this problem
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当下 我们通过这样一个设备研究这一问题
04:33
to try to understand
the mechanisms of concussion
the mechanisms of concussion
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从而试图理解脑震荡产生机制
04:36
and to figure out if we can prevent it
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并确定我们是否可以防治脑震荡
04:38
is we are using a device like this.
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我们所采用的是这样一个设备
04:40
It's a mouthguard.
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它是个牙套
它里面包含了
04:42
It has sensors in it
that are essentially the same
that are essentially the same
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和手机内置传感器类似的
04:45
that are in your cell phone:
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04:47
accelerometers, gyroscopes,
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加速计和陀螺仪
04:49
and when someone is struck in the head,
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当一个人被击中头部时
04:51
it can tell you how their head moved
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它可以以每秒钟一千次的速度
04:54
at a thousand samples per second.
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记录下头部的移动方式
04:58
The principle behind
the mouthguard is this:
the mouthguard is this:
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这个牙套的原理在于
05:01
it fits onto your teeth.
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它固定在牙齿上
05:02
Your teeth are one of the hardest
substances in your body.
substances in your body.
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而牙齿是人体内最坚硬的物质之一
05:05
So it rigidly couples to your skull
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所以相当于它直接连接在颅骨上
05:07
and gives you the most precise
possible measurement
possible measurement
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从而可以最为精确地测算出
05:10
of how the skull moves.
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颅骨的运动模式
05:12
People have tried
other approaches, with helmets.
other approaches, with helmets.
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研究者们也曾试验过其他方法 比如头盔
05:14
We've looked at other sensors
that go on your skin,
that go on your skin,
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我们也曾实验过 将传感器贴在皮肤上
05:18
and they all simply move around too much,
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但是它们移动得太多了
05:20
and so we found that this
is the only reliable way
is the only reliable way
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所以我们发现这是可以得到精确测算的
05:23
to take a good measurement.
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唯一可信方式
05:27
So now that we've got this device,
we can go beyond studying cadavers,
we can go beyond studying cadavers,
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现如今我们有了这一设备
就可以不仅限于研究尸体了
就可以不仅限于研究尸体了
05:31
because you can only
learn so much about concussion
learn so much about concussion
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因为在尸体身上对脑震荡的研究
05:34
from studying a cadaver,
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已经近乎到达极限
05:35
and we want to learn
and study live humans.
and study live humans.
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我们想要进行活体实验
05:38
So where can we find
a group of willing volunteers
a group of willing volunteers
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在哪里才可以找到一组
05:42
to go out and smash their heads
into each other on a regular basis
into each other on a regular basis
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愿意经常出去 把头乱撞
05:46
and sustain concussion?
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从而患上脑震荡的志愿者呢？
05:47
Well, I was one of them,
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嗯 我就是其中一员
05:49
and it's your local friendly
Stanford football team.
Stanford football team.
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他们是你们友好的斯坦福橄榄球队
05:53
So this is our laboratory,
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所以这就是我们的实验室
05:55
and I want to show you
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我将向各位展示
05:57
the first concussion
we measured with this device.
we measured with this device.
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我们通过这一设备测量到的第一例脑震荡
06:00
One of the things that I should point out
is the device has this gyroscope in it,
is the device has this gyroscope in it,
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我需要指出一点：该设备中含有陀螺仪
06:04
and that allows you
to measure the rotation of the head.
to measure the rotation of the head.
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它可以测出头部的旋转
06:07
Most experts think
that that's the critical factor
that that's the critical factor
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而绝大多数专家认为
头部的旋转或许是解释脑震荡成因的关键因素
06:09
that might start to tell us
what is happening in concussion.
what is happening in concussion.
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06:12
So please watch this video.
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请看这段视频
06:15
Announcer: Cougars bring
extra people late, but Luck has time,
extra people late, but Luck has time,
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解说员：Cougars带了大批人马但是已经晚了
Luck现在有机会了
Luck现在有机会了
06:18
and Winslow is crushed.
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Winslow被撞了
06:22
I hope he's all right.
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希望他还好
06:23
(Audience roars)
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（观众吼叫）
06:30
Top of your screen,
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屏幕上方
06:32
you'll see him come on
just this little post route,
just this little post route,
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你可以看到他选择了这一短程球门柱路线
06:34
get separation, safety.
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被分开 安全了
06:40
Here it comes at you in real speed.
You'll hear this.
You'll hear this.
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现在您看到的是常速回放
你会听到
你会听到
06:44
The hit delivered by --
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由--的这一击
06:47
David Camarillo: Sorry, three times
is probably a little excessive there.
is probably a little excessive there.
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抱歉 放了三次可能有点儿多
但你应该会看明白
06:51
But you get the idea.
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06:52
So when you look at just the film here,
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当你看这段影片时
06:55
pretty much the only thing you can see
is he got hit really hard and he was hurt.
is he got hit really hard and he was hurt.
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你可能只会看出 他被击打得很严重 他受伤了
但当我们从他戴的牙套中
06:59
But when we extract the data
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07:00
out of the mouthguard that he was wearing,
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提取到数据后
我们可以看到更多细节、更多信息
07:02
we can see much more detail,
much richer information.
much richer information.
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07:05
And one of the things that we noticed here
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我们可以注意到
07:08
is that he was struck
in the lower left side of his face mask.
in the lower left side of his face mask.
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他的左下侧面罩被击中
07:12
And so that did something first
that was a little counterintuitive.
that was a little counterintuitive.
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所以有点违反直觉的是
07:15
His head did not move to the right.
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他的头并没有向右移
07:17
In fact, it rotated first to the left.
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相反 它首先向左旋转
07:19
Then as the neck began to compress,
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接着颈部开始弯曲
07:21
the force of the blow caused it
to whip back to the right.
to whip back to the right.
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最后这一下击打的力度才让头部向右移动
07:25
So this left-right motion
was sort of a whiplash-type phenomenon,
was sort of a whiplash-type phenomenon,
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这样的左右移动是鞭打现象的一种
07:30
and we think that is probably
what led to the brain injury.
what led to the brain injury.
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我们认为也许是这样的移动
造成了脑损伤
造成了脑损伤
07:35
Now, this device is only limited in such
that it can measure the skull motion,
that it can measure the skull motion,
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当下 这个设备仅能测量出颅骨的运动
07:39
but what we really want to know
is what's happening inside of the brain.
is what's happening inside of the brain.
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但我们真正想知道的是
脑部内部的情形
脑部内部的情形
所以我们与瑞典的Svein Kleiven团队合作
07:42
So we collaborate with
Svein Kleiven's group in Sweden.
Svein Kleiven's group in Sweden.
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07:46
They've developed a finite element
model of the brain.
model of the brain.
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他们研发出了一种脑部有限元素模型
07:49
And so this is a simulation
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这是一个模拟图
07:51
using the data from our mouthguard
from the injury I just showed you,
from the injury I just showed you,
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模拟所用数据是刚才影片中那次受伤后
我们从牙套中得到的数据
我们从牙套中得到的数据
07:55
and what you see is the brain --
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你会看到
07:57
this is a cross-section right in the front
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如我之前所述
07:59
of the brain twisting
and contorting as I mentioned.
and contorting as I mentioned.
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脑部正前方左右脑交界处发生旋转、扭曲
08:02
So you can see this doesn't
look a lot like the CDC video.
look a lot like the CDC video.
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所以这和CDC视频中所描述的并不一致
08:05
Now, the colors that you're looking at
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这里不同颜色所代表的是
08:07
are how much the brain tissue
is being stretched.
is being stretched.
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脑组织被拉伸的程度
08:11
And so the red is 50 percent.
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红色代表百分之五十
08:13
That means the brain has been stretched
to 50 percent of its original length,
to 50 percent of its original length,
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这意味着红色区域的这部分脑组织
08:16
the tissue in that particular area.
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被拉长了原来长度的50%
值得注意的是红色点状区域的分布
08:18
And the main thing I want to draw
your attention to is this red spot.
your attention to is this red spot.
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它们非常接近脑部中心
08:21
So the red spot is very close
to the center of the brain,
to the center of the brain,
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08:25
and relatively speaking,
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相对而言
08:26
you don't see a lot of colors like that
on the exterior surface
on the exterior surface
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和CDC影片中所示不同
08:31
as the CDC video showed.
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脑组织外部红色区域较少
08:34
Now, to explain a little more detail
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接下来 我会更详细地阐释
08:36
about how we think
concussion might be happening,
concussion might be happening,
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我们对脑震荡成因的观点
08:40
one thing I should mention
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值得一提的是
08:41
is that we and others have observed
that a concussion is more likely
that a concussion is more likely
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我们和其他同行都观察到
08:44
when you're struck and your head
rotates in this direction.
rotates in this direction.
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如果头部被击打 并像这样旋转
更容易造成脑震荡
更容易造成脑震荡
08:48
This is more common
in sports like football,
in sports like football,
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橄榄球等运动中这种情况（前后晃动）更为常见
但这种（左右晃动）似乎更为危险
但这种（左右晃动）似乎更为危险
08:51
but this seems to be more dangerous.
So what might be happening there?
So what might be happening there?
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所以这种情况中脑部发生了什么呢？
08:54
Well, one thing that you'll notice
in the human brain
in the human brain
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值得注意的是 人类大脑与其他动物的并不相同
08:57
that is different than other animals
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主要差异在于
08:59
is we have these two very large lobes.
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我们有两块儿相当大的大脑额叶
09:01
We have the right brain
and the left brain.
and the left brain.
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它们是我们的右脑和左脑
09:04
And the key thing
to notice in this figure here
to notice in this figure here
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这幅图中值得注意的是
09:07
is that right down the center
of the right brain and the left brain
of the right brain and the left brain
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左右脑中间的正下方
09:10
there's a large fissure
that goes deep into the brain.
that goes deep into the brain.
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有一个深入脑组织的裂缝
09:13
And in that fissure,
what you can't see in this image,
what you can't see in this image,
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虽然这幅图中看不到
09:16
you'll have to trust me,
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但你得相信我
09:17
there is a fibrous sheet of tissue.
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裂缝中有一层纤维化组织
09:19
It's called the falx,
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它被称为脑镰
09:20
and it runs from the front of your head
all the way to the back of your head,
all the way to the back of your head,
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脑镰连通头部的最前方和最后方
09:24
and it's quite stiff.
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它很硬
09:25
And so what that allows for
is when you're struck
is when you're struck
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当你头部被击中
09:28
and your head rotates
in this left-right direction,
in this left-right direction,
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并左右旋转时
09:31
forces can rapidly transmit
right down to the center of your brain.
right down to the center of your brain.
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脑镰可以让受力迅速传至脑部中央
09:35
Now, what's there
at the bottom of this fissure?
at the bottom of this fissure?
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所以 裂缝的底部有什么？
09:39
It's the wiring of your brain,
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那里有脑部的“线路”
09:41
and in fact this red bundle
here at the bottom of that fissure
here at the bottom of that fissure
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事实上 裂缝底部红色的那一捆“线路”
09:46
is the single largest fiber bundle
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是最大的单个纤维束
09:49
that is the wiring that connects
the right and left sides of your brain.
the right and left sides of your brain.
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也就是它连接着你们的左右脑
09:53
It's called the corpus callosum.
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它被称为脑胼胝体
09:55
And we think that this might be
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我们认为
09:57
one of the most common
mechanisms of concussion,
mechanisms of concussion,
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这也许是脑震荡最为常见的成因
10:01
and as the forces move down,
they strike the corpus callosum,
they strike the corpus callosum,
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击打力向下移动 撞机脑胼胝体
10:06
it causes a dissociation
between your right and your left brain
between your right and your left brain
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导致左右脑之间的连接断裂
10:09
and could explain some
of the symptoms of concussion.
of the symptoms of concussion.
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这样就可以脑震荡的一些症状
10:12
This finding is also consistent
of what we've seen
of what we've seen
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此外 这项发现与我之前提过的
10:15
in this brain disease that I mentioned,
chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
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脑震荡引起的诸如慢性创伤性脑病等
脑部疾病的症状相符
脑部疾病的症状相符
10:19
So this is an image of a middle-aged
ex-professional football player,
ex-professional football player,
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这是一个中年前橄榄球职业运动员的脑部图片
10:25
and the thing that I want to point out
is if you look at the corpus callosum,
is if you look at the corpus callosum,
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我想指出的是 如果你仔细观察脑胼胝体
10:29
and I'll page back here so you can see
the size of a normal corpus callosum
the size of a normal corpus callosum
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我们看一下上一页的这张图片
这是一个正常脑胼胝体的大小
这是一个正常脑胼胝体的大小
10:33
and the size of the person here
who has chronic traumatic encephalopathy,
who has chronic traumatic encephalopathy,
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这是那位患有慢性创伤性脑病的脑胼胝体
10:37
it is greatly atrophied.
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它大幅萎缩了
10:40
And the same goes
for all of the space in the ventricles.
for all of the space in the ventricles.
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脑室的大小也有变化
10:43
These ventricles are much larger.
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然而它们却变大很多
10:45
And so all of this tissue
near the center of the brain
near the center of the brain
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这意味着脑部中央附近的组织细胞
10:47
has died off over time.
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已经逐渐凋亡
10:49
So what we're learning
is indeed consistent.
is indeed consistent.
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这也印证了我们的研究发现
10:53
Now, there is some good news here,
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但是 这里我也要带来一些好消息
10:56
and I hope to give you a sense
of hope by the end of this talk.
of hope by the end of this talk.
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希望能给在座各位一些希望
10:59
One of the things that we've noticed,
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我们注意到一些损伤机制的细节
11:01
specifically about
this mechanism of injury,
this mechanism of injury,
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11:04
is although there's a rapid transmission
of the forces down this fissure,
of the forces down this fissure,
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虽然力在裂缝中的向下传导非常迅速
11:08
it still takes a defined amount of time.
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它还是需要一定的时间的
11:11
And what we think is that if we can
slow the head down just enough
slow the head down just enough
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所以我们设想 如果能够减缓头部的向下移动
11:15
so that the brain
does not lag behind the skull
does not lag behind the skull
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那么脑部运动就不会落后于颅骨
11:19
but instead it moves
in synchrony with the skull,
in synchrony with the skull,
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而是与颅骨同步
11:22
then we might be able to prevent
this mechanism of concussion.
this mechanism of concussion.
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这样我们或许就能预防脑震荡
11:25
So how can we slow the head down?
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那我们该如何减缓头部的向下移动？
11:30
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:32
A gigantic helmet.
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可以佩戴巨型头盔
11:35
So with more space, you have more time,
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空间变大 缓冲时间就会变长
11:38
and this is a bit of a joke,
but some of you may have seen this.
but some of you may have seen this.
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当然这是个玩笑 虽然你们有人可能见过这个
11:41
This is bubble soccer,
and it's a real sport.
and it's a real sport.
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这是泡泡足球 而且它真是一项运动
11:43
In fact, I saw some young adults
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事实上 前几天
11:45
playing this sport down the street
from my house the other day,
from my house the other day,
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我就在我家附近的街上看到一些年轻人在玩儿它
11:48
and as far as I know
there have been no reported concussions.
there have been no reported concussions.
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据我所知 没有这种运动中发生脑震荡的报道
11:51
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:52
But in all seriousness,
this principle does work,
this principle does work,
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但严肃地说 这一原则确实有效
11:56
but this has gone too far.
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但它有点过头儿了
11:58
This isn't something that's practical
for bike riding or playing football.
for bike riding or playing football.
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毕竟对于自行车和橄榄球运动来讲 这不大现实
12:03
And so we are collaborating
with a company in Sweden called Hövding.
with a company in Sweden called Hövding.
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目前 我们正和瑞典Hövding公司合作 研发一个产品
12:07
Some of you may have seen their work,
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可能有人见过它
12:10
and they're using the same principle
of air to give you some extra space
of air to give you some extra space
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它实际上运用了同一项原则 利用空气提供更多空间
12:14
to prevent concussion.
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从而预防脑震荡
12:17
Kids, don't try this at home please.
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小孩子请勿在家尝试
12:20
This stuntman does not have a helmet.
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这个特技演员没有戴头盔
12:24
He instead has a neck collar,
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而是戴了一个颈环
12:26
and this neck collar has sensors in it,
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这个颈环内置传感器
12:29
the same type of sensors
that are in our mouthguard,
that are in our mouthguard,
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这些传感器和我们的牙套中的传感器同属一个类型
12:32
and it detects when he's likely
to have a fall,
to have a fall,
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当骑行者要摔倒时 它可以感测到
12:35
and there's an airbag
that explodes and triggers,
that explodes and triggers,
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并且弹出安全气囊
12:38
the same way that an airbag
works in your car, essentially.
works in your car, essentially.
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这一引发机制和汽车中的基本一致
12:42
And in the experiments
we've done in my lab with their device,
we've done in my lab with their device,
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我的实验室对这一设备进行了一系列实验
12:44
we found that it can greatly reduce
the risk of concussion in some scenarios
the risk of concussion in some scenarios
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我们发现与普通自行车头盔相比
12:48
compared to a normal bicycle helmet.
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这一设备在一些情境下可以大幅降低脑震荡风险
12:50
So it's a pretty exciting development.
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这是个很令人激动的新发展
12:53
But in order for us to actually realize
the benefits of technology
the benefits of technology
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但为了真正利用这一可以预防脑震荡的技术
12:58
that can prevent concussion,
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13:00
it needs to meet regulations.
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它必须得符合监管的要求
13:03
That's a reality.
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这是个现实问题
13:05
And this device is for sale in Europe
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这一设备目前在欧洲出售
13:08
but is not for sale in the US,
and probably won't be any time soon.
and probably won't be any time soon.
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但目前却没有 很可能近期都不会 在美国出售
13:11
So I wanted to tell you why.
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我会告诉各位这是为什么
13:13
There are some good reasons and then
there are some not so good reasons.
there are some not so good reasons.
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有些原因很合理 而有些却不是
13:17
Bike helmets are federally regulated.
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自行车头盔由联邦政府监管
13:19
The Consumer Product Safety Commission
has been given jurisdiction
has been given jurisdiction
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美国消费品安全委员会有权
13:23
to approve any bike helmet for sale,
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批准自行车头盔产品上市
13:25
and this is the test they use.
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他们用这样的测试方法
13:26
This is back to what I was telling you
at the beginning about skull fracture.
at the beginning about skull fracture.
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这又回到了我们开始时候谈到的颅骨骨折问题
而这正是这一测试的目的
13:30
That's what this test is for.
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这一测试很重要
13:31
And that's an important thing to do.
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它能挽救生命 但我得说 它不够全面
13:33
It can save your life,
but it's not sufficient, I would say.
but it's not sufficient, I would say.
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13:36
So for example, one thing
this test doesn't evaluate
this test doesn't evaluate
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比如说 这一测试没有评估
13:39
is it doesn't tell you
is that airbag going to trigger
is that airbag going to trigger
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安全气囊能否在正确地时间地点弹出
13:41
at the right time and place,
and not trigger when it doesn't need to?
and not trigger when it doesn't need to?
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也没有评估它在不需要弹出的情况是否会弹出
同样 这一测试也不能判断
13:45
Similarly, it's not going to tell you
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13:47
is this helmet likely
to prevent concussion or not?
to prevent concussion or not?
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这一头盔是否能够预防脑震荡
13:51
And if you look at football helmets,
which aren't regulated,
which aren't regulated,
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其实橄榄球头盔虽然未被联邦政府监管
13:55
they still have a very similar test.
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但他们的测试基本相同
13:57
They're not regulated
by the government, anyway.
by the government, anyway.
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虽然它们并未被政府监管
但如同绝大多数行业一样
有一个行业机构负责此事
有一个行业机构负责此事
13:59
They have an industry body,
which is the way most industries work.
which is the way most industries work.
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但我得说 这一机构极力反对更新它们的标准
14:02
But this industry body, I can tell you,
has been quite resistant
has been quite resistant
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14:06
to updating their standards.
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所以我们实验室不仅研究脑震荡机制
14:07
So in my lab, we are working on not only
the mechanism of concussion,
the mechanism of concussion,
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还想研究如何才能采用更好的测试标准
14:10
but we want to understand
how can we have better test standards?
how can we have better test standards?
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14:14
And we hope that the government
can use this type of information
can use this type of information
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我们希望政府可以利用这类信息鼓励创新
14:18
to encourage innovation
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14:20
by letting consumers know
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让消费者了解某一特定头盔的保护能力
14:22
how protected are you with a given helmet.
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14:25
And I want to bring this back finally
to the original question I asked,
to the original question I asked,
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最后我想要回到最初我常被问到的那个问题
14:29
which is, would I feel comfortable
letting my child play football
letting my child play football
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我会让我的小孩打橄榄球吗？
14:32
or ride a bicycle?
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会让它骑自行车吗？
14:34
And this might be just a result
of my own traumatic experience.
of my own traumatic experience.
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因为我自己的痛苦经历
14:37
I'm much more nervous
about my daughter, Rose, riding a bicycle.
about my daughter, Rose, riding a bicycle.
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当我女儿Rose骑自行车时 我会非常紧张
14:42
So she's a year and a half old,
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她现在才一岁半
14:44
and she's already, well, wants to anyway,
race down the streets of San Francisco.
race down the streets of San Francisco.
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就已经很想冲下旧金山的街道
14:50
This is the bottom
of one of these streets.
of one of these streets.
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这张图片拍摄于某条街道的末尾
14:52
And so my personal goal
is to -- and I believe this is possible --
is to -- and I believe this is possible --
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所以我个人的目标是进一步研发这些技术
14:57
is to further develop these technologies,
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而且我认为这一肯能行很大
14:59
and in fact, we're working
on something in my lab in particular
on something in my lab in particular
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事实上 我的实验室尤其致力于研究
15:02
that really makes optimal use
of the given space of a helmet.
of the given space of a helmet.
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头盔内部空间的最佳使用方式
15:05
And I am confident
that we will be able to,
that we will be able to,
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我敢肯定我们能在我女儿可以骑两轮自行车前
15:08
before she's ready to ride a two-wheeler,
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做到这一点
15:11
have something available
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研发出能够真正减少脑震荡风险
且符合监管机构要求的头盔
且符合监管机构要求的头盔
15:12
that can in fact really reduce
the risk of concussion
the risk of concussion
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15:16
and comply with regulatory bodies.
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15:19
And so what I'd like to do --
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我希望再过几年
15:21
and I know that this is for some of you
of more immediate nature,
of more immediate nature,
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15:24
I've got a couple years here --
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15:26
is to be able to tell parents
and grandparents when I'm asked,
and grandparents when I'm asked,
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我可以告诉孩子家长和祖父母
15:30
it is safe and healthy for your children
to engage in these activities.
to engage in these activities.
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孩子们可以安全、健康地骑自行车、打橄榄球
15:34
And I'm very fortunate
to have a wonderful team at Stanford
to have a wonderful team at Stanford
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非常有幸我能在斯坦福有这样一个
15:37
that's working hard on this.
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致力于研究脑震荡的团队
15:39
So I hope to come back in a few years
with the final story,
with the final story,
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我希望过几年我可以再来讲最后的故事
15:43
but for now I will tell you,
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但现在我可以各位
15:45
please don't just be afraid
when you hear the word concussion.
when you hear the word concussion.
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当你听到脑震荡一词时不要害怕
15:48
There is hope.
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这还有希望
15:49
Thank you.
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谢谢各位
15:51
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Camarillo - BioengineerDavid Camarillo's research focuses on understanding and preventing traumatic brain injury.
Why you should listen
Dr. David Camarillo, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Bioengineering and (by courtesy) Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University. He holds a B.S.E in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from Princeton University (2001), a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University (2008) and completed his postdoctoral research fellowship in Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco in 2011.
Camarillo worked in the surgical robotics industry at Intuitive Surgical and Hansen Medical, before launching his laboratory at Stanford in 2012. His current research focuses on designing force measurement devices for multiple clinical and scientific applications including embryo development, brain trauma and cardiac therapy.
Camarillo was recently awarded the Hellman Fellowship for his work in robot-assisted reproduction as well as the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Program award for his research in brain biomechanics.
David Camarillo | Speaker | TED.com