TEDNYC
Philippa Neave: The unexpected challenges of a country's first election
菲利帕・尼维: 国家第一次选举的未知挑战
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当整个国家都没人参与过选举的时候，你应该如何教他们参与其中呢？对于世界上刚刚起步的民主国家，这是一个巨大的挑战——最大问题之一是缺乏共同语言。毕竟，难以言表的东西就是很难理解的。在这个发人深省的演讲当中，选举专家菲利帕・尼维和我们分享了她在民主前线的经历和她对于这种独特语言差距的解决方案。
Philippa Neave - Electoral consultant
Philippa Neave is senior advisor on the UN's Lexicon of Electoral Terminology. Full bio
Philippa Neave is senior advisor on the UN's Lexicon of Electoral Terminology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The great philosopher Aristotle said
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伟大的哲学家
亚里士多德曾说过：
亚里士多德曾说过：
00:16
if something doesn't exist,
there's no word for it,
there's no word for it,
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如果一件事物不存在，
它就没有名字，
它就没有名字，
00:21
and if there's no word for something,
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如果一件事物没有名字，
它就不存在。
00:23
that something doesn't exist.
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00:26
So when we talk about elections,
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所以当我们
讨论到选举的时候，
讨论到选举的时候，
在已经建立民主政治的地方，
我们知道自己在谈论什么。
我们知道自己在谈论什么。
00:28
we in established democracies,
we know what we're talking about.
we know what we're talking about.
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我们有这样的语言，
关于它的词汇。
关于它的词汇。
00:31
We've got the words.
We have the vocabulary.
We have the vocabulary.
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我们知道什么是投票站，
00:34
We know what a polling station is.
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什么是选票。
00:36
We know what a ballot paper is.
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00:38
But what about countries
where democracy doesn't exist,
where democracy doesn't exist,
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但是在民主尚未建立的
国家会怎样呢？
国家会怎样呢？
00:43
countries where there are
no words to describe the concepts
no words to describe the concepts
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那些国家没有词汇
用来形容民主这个概念，
用来形容民主这个概念，
民主社会是不存在的。
00:48
that underpin a democratic society?
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00:51
I work in the field
of electoral assistance,
of electoral assistance,
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我从事选举援助工作，
也可以说，我们就是去帮助
00:53
so that's to say we assist
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那些初生的民主政权去组织，
00:56
emerging democracies to organize
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通常是他们的第一次选举。
00:58
what is often their first elections.
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01:01
When people ask me what I do,
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当人们问起我从事的工作，
我经常得到这样的回复：
01:02
quite often I get this answer.
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“噢，所以你就是那类在世界各地
01:05
"Oh, so you're one of these people
who goes around the world
who goes around the world
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将西方民主政治硬塞给
那些自己搞不定的国家的人啊。”
那些自己搞不定的国家的人啊。”
01:09
imposing Western democracy
on countries that can't handle it."
on countries that can't handle it."
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01:14
Well, the United Nations
does not impose anything on anybody.
does not impose anything on anybody.
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其实，联合国从不把
任何东西强加于任何人身上。
任何东西强加于任何人身上。
01:19
It really doesn't,
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不，它真的不会。
而且，我们所做的，
01:20
and also, what we do
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是牢牢绑定在1948年的
世界人权宣言当中，
世界人权宣言当中，
01:23
is firmly anchored in the 1948
Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
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第二十一章中说的：
01:29
Article 21, that says
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每个人都有权选择自己的政府。
01:31
that everybody should have the right
to choose who governs them.
to choose who governs them.
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01:36
So that's the basis of the work.
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这是我们工作的基本准则。
我专精于公共宣传。
01:37
I specialize in public outreach.
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那是什么意思呢？另一个术语。
01:40
What does that mean? Another jargon.
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它实际上是指设计信息化运动，
01:42
It actually means
designing information campaigns
designing information campaigns
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这样候选人和选民，
01:46
so that candidates and voters
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那些从来没有机会去
参加选举或参加投票的人，
参加选举或参加投票的人，
01:49
who have never had the opportunity
to participate or to vote
to participate or to vote
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就会明白何时何地
和如何去注册；
和如何去注册；
01:53
understand where, when, how to register;
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何时何地和如何去投票；
01:57
where, when, how to vote;
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还有参与的重要意义。
01:59
why, why it is important to take part.
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02:02
So I'll probably devise a specific
campaign to reach out to women
campaign to reach out to women
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所以我可能会设计
一个专门针对女性的运动
一个专门针对女性的运动
去确保她们会参与其中，
02:07
to make sure that they can take part,
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确保她们也成为过程中的一部分。
02:09
that they can be part of the process.
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年轻人也是一样。
02:11
Young people as well.
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所有人都是。
02:13
All sorts of people.
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残疾人也是。
02:14
Handicapped people.
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我们试图动员每个人。
02:15
We try to reach everybody.
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02:18
And it's not always easy,
because very often in this work,
because very often in this work,
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而这从来就不简单，
因为经常出现的问题
因为经常出现的问题
就是我这么多年来从事这项工作，
02:22
I've noticed now over the years
that I've been doing it
that I've been doing it
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发现常常找不到相应的词汇可用，
02:25
that words are lacking,
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那么我们应该怎么做？
02:27
and so what do you do?
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02:30
Afghanistan.
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阿富汗。
02:32
It's a country with
high levels of illiteracy,
high levels of illiteracy,
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这是一个高文盲率的国家，
与此相关的，是我们在2005年，
02:34
and the thing about that was,
it was in 2005,
it was in 2005,
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同一天举办了两场选举。
02:38
and we organized two elections
on the same day.
on the same day.
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这么做是因为
物流的极度紧张，
物流的极度紧张，
02:42
The reason was because the logistics
are so incredibly difficult,
are so incredibly difficult,
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而这样做比较高效。
02:46
it seemed to be more efficient to do that.
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它确实比较高效，
02:49
It was,
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但是在另一方面，
解释两场选举而非一场，
解释两场选举而非一场，
02:50
but on the other hand,
explaining two elections instead of one
explaining two elections instead of one
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就使工作变得更加复杂。
02:54
was even more complicated.
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所以我们使用了大量的图片，
02:56
So we used a lot of images,
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而当真正的投票到来时，
02:58
and when it came to the actual ballot,
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03:02
we had problems, because
so many people wanted to take part,
so many people wanted to take part,
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就出现了问题，因为
太多的人想要参与其中，
太多的人想要参与其中，
我们有300个候选人
争夺52个众议院席位，
争夺52个众议院席位，
03:05
we had 300 candidates for 52 seats
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是在人民院（相当于国会）的选举中。
03:10
in the Wolesi Jirga,
which is the parliamentary elections.
which is the parliamentary elections.
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03:14
And for the Provincial Council,
we had even more candidates.
we had even more candidates.
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而省议会选举的候选人就更多。
我们有330人抢54个位置。
03:17
We had 330 for 54 seats.
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03:20
So talking about ballot design,
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所以当谈论起候选名单设计，
03:23
this is what the ballot looked like.
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这就是候选名单的样子。
03:27
It's the size of a newspaper.
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跟报纸差不多大。
这是众议院候选名单——
03:29
This was the Wolesi Jirga ballot --
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03:31
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
对，是的——
03:32
Yeah, and --
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03:35
this was the Provincial Council ballot.
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这是省议会候选名单。
03:39
Even more.
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甚至更多。
所以你们能看到，我们
确实用了很多这样的符号。
确实用了很多这样的符号。
03:40
So you see, we did use
a lot of symbols and things like that.
a lot of symbols and things like that.
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我们在南苏丹
则遇到了另外的问题。
则遇到了另外的问题。
03:45
And we had other problems
in Southern Sudan.
in Southern Sudan.
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南苏丹有着
完全不同的历史背景。
完全不同的历史背景。
03:50
Southern Sudan was a very different story.
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我们有这么多的人，
很明显从未参与过选举，
很明显从未参与过选举，
03:53
We had so many people
who had never, of course, voted,
who had never, of course, voted,
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但是那儿的文盲率
却是极度的，前所未有的高，
却是极度的，前所未有的高，
03:56
but we had extremely, extremely
high levels of illiteracy,
high levels of illiteracy,
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04:01
very, very poor infrastructure.
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有着破旧的，
极度糟糕的基础设施。
极度糟糕的基础设施。
举个例子——它是一个
和德克萨斯州差不多大的国家。
和德克萨斯州差不多大的国家。
04:02
For example -- I mean, it's a country
the size of Texas, more or less.
the size of Texas, more or less.
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那儿只有7公里铺平的道路，
04:07
We had seven kilometers of paved roads,
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04:11
seven kilometers in the whole country,
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全国只有7公里，
这其中还包括了停机坪，
就是我们飞机起降的跑道，
就是我们飞机起降的跑道，
04:13
and that includes the tarmac
where we landed the planes
where we landed the planes
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在朱巴机场。
04:16
in Juba Airport.
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所以运送选举材料之类的工作，
04:18
So transporting electoral materials, etc.,
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就变得超乎寻常的困难。
04:21
is exceedingly difficult.
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人们甚至不知道投票箱长什么样。
04:23
People had no idea
about what a box looked like.
about what a box looked like.
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一切都太困难了，
04:28
It was very complicated,
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因此，想要用语言交流
显然还有漫长的道路要走。
显然还有漫长的道路要走。
04:30
so using verbal communication
was obviously the way to go,
was obviously the way to go,
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但是在那里一共有132种语言。
04:34
but there were 132 languages.
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04:38
So that was extremely challenging.
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所以这是极具挑战性的。
04:42
Then I arrived in Tunisia in 2011.
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之后，在2011年我去了突尼斯。
那会正赶上阿拉伯之春运动。
04:46
It was the Arab Spring.
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在那片地区的大型运动
04:48
A huge amount of hope was generated
by that enormous movement
by that enormous movement
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给人们带来了巨大的希望。
04:52
that was going on in the region.
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04:53
There was Libya,
there was Egypt, there was Yemen.
there was Egypt, there was Yemen.
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在利比亚，埃及，还有也门。
这一个巨大的，
前所未有的历史性运动。
前所未有的历史性运动。
04:57
It was an enormous, enormous
historical moment.
historical moment.
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我就和选举委员们坐在一起，
05:00
And I was sitting
with the election commission,
with the election commission,
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我们讨论了选举的方方面面，
05:02
and we were talking
about various aspects of the election,
about various aspects of the election,
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我听到他们用那些
我从未听过的词汇，
我从未听过的词汇，
05:06
and I was hearing them using words
that I hadn't actually heard before,
that I hadn't actually heard before,
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05:09
and I'd worked with Iraqis,
I'd worked with Jordanians, Egyptians,
I'd worked with Jordanians, Egyptians,
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我曾与伊拉克人，
约旦人，埃及人一起工作，
约旦人，埃及人一起工作，
05:14
and suddenly they were using these words,
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然后突然之间他们
就开始使用这些词汇，
就开始使用这些词汇，
我就想：“这真是奇怪”。
05:16
and I just thought, "This is strange."
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他们真正想表达的是“观察员”。
05:18
And what really gave rise to it
was this word "observer."
was this word "observer."
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我们正在讨论选举的观察员，
05:21
We were discussing election observers,
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选举委员们用
阿拉伯语讨论着“mulahiz”。
阿拉伯语讨论着“mulahiz”。
05:23
and the election commissioner
was talking about "mulahiz" in Arabic.
was talking about "mulahiz" in Arabic.
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它的意思是“注意”，
以一种被动的语气。
以一种被动的语气。
05:28
This means "to notice"
in a passive sort of sense,
in a passive sort of sense,
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例如：“我注意到了
他穿着一件淡蓝色的衬衫。”
他穿着一件淡蓝色的衬衫。”
05:32
as in, "I noticed
he was wearing a light blue shirt."
he was wearing a light blue shirt."
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我是否去检查了
他的衬衫真的是淡蓝色?
他的衬衫真的是淡蓝色?
05:36
Did I go and check whether
the shirt was light blue or not?
the shirt was light blue or not?
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这就是选举观察员的角色。
05:39
That is the role of an election observer.
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这角色非常活跃，
它被各种条约所支配，
它被各种条约所支配，
05:41
It's very active, it's governed
by all kinds of treaties,
by all kinds of treaties,
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也拥有了内部控制能力。
05:46
and it has got
that control function in it.
that control function in it.
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然后我听闻了在
埃及的一些事实，
埃及的一些事实，
05:48
And then I got wind
of the fact that in Egypt,
of the fact that in Egypt,
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他们使用“mutabi”这个词，
意思是“去跟进”。
意思是“去跟进”。
05:51
they were using this term "mutabi’,"
which means "to follow."
which means "to follow."
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所以我们现在
又有了选举的跟进员。
又有了选举的跟进员。
05:54
So we were now having
followers of an election.
followers of an election.
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但这也不太对，
05:56
So that's not quite right either,
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因为还有另一个已经
被接受并在使用的词，
被接受并在使用的词，
05:59
because there is a term
that's already accepted and in use,
that's already accepted and in use,
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就是“muraqib”
意思是“监控员”。
意思是“监控员”。
06:02
which was the word "muraqib"
which means "a controller."
which means "a controller."
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类似控制的概念。
06:05
It's got that notion of control.
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所以我就想，三个单词，
一个概念，这可不好。
一个概念，这可不好。
06:07
So I thought, three words
for one concept. This is not good.
for one concept. This is not good.
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和我们的同事一起时，
我们认为我们的角色或许是
我们认为我们的角色或许是
06:11
And with our colleagues,
we thought perhaps it's our role
we thought perhaps it's our role
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在实质上帮助他们理解这些单词，
06:14
to actually help make sure
that the words are understood
that the words are understood
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规范一个基本用词框架，
06:18
and actually create a work of reference
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应用于全阿拉伯语地区。
06:21
that could be used across the Arab region.
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所以我们就这么做了。
06:24
And that's what we did.
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和这些同行在一起，
06:25
So together with these colleagues,
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我们发起了一个
“阿拉伯语选举标准术语”项目，
“阿拉伯语选举标准术语”项目，
06:27
we launched the "Arabic Lexicon
of Electoral Terminology,"
of Electoral Terminology,"
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并在八个不同的国家
进行使用。
进行使用。
06:31
and we worked
in eight different countries.
in eight different countries.
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06:34
It meant actually defining 481 terms
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实质上是新定义了481个词语，
它们组成了任何民主选举的
06:39
which formed the basis
of everything you need to know
of everything you need to know
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基本词汇库。
06:42
if you're going to organize
a democratic election.
a democratic election.
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06:44
And we defined these terms,
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我们定义了这些词汇，
也和阿拉伯的同事们一起工作，
06:46
and we worked with the Arab colleagues
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06:48
and came to an agreement
about what would be the appropriate word
about what would be the appropriate word
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进而达成了适用于阿拉伯的
词汇的共识。
06:52
to use in Arabic.
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阿拉伯语词汇很丰富，
但这样也正是一部分问题所在。
但这样也正是一部分问题所在。
06:53
Because the Arabic language is very rich,
and that's part of the problem.
and that's part of the problem.
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因为有22个国家和地区的
人民使用阿拉伯语，
人民使用阿拉伯语，
06:57
But there are 22 countries
that speak Arabic,
that speak Arabic,
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虽然他们使用的
都是标准现代阿拉伯语，
都是标准现代阿拉伯语，
07:00
and they use modern standard Arabic,
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在整个中东地区的报纸和广播节目中
07:05
which is the Arabic
that is used across the whole region
that is used across the whole region
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都会使用。
07:08
in newspapers and broadcasts,
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但是当然，
随着不同国家的使用及时间的演化，
随着不同国家的使用及时间的演化，
07:11
but of course, then from one country
to the next in day to day language and use
to the next in day to day language and use
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阿拉伯语就开始分化了——
方言，俗语等等。
方言，俗语等等。
07:15
it varies -- dialect, colloquialisms, etc.
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所以那又构成了另一道障碍。
07:19
So that was another
added layer of complication.
added layer of complication.
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07:21
So in one sense you had the problem
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在这个情况下，
07:24
that language wasn't
fully ripe, if you like,
fully ripe, if you like,
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语言还不成熟，
如果你愿意这么讲。
如果你愿意这么讲。
新词，新的表达
不断的被发明出来，
不断的被发明出来，
07:28
neologisms were coming up,
new expressions.
new expressions.
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07:31
And so we defined all these terms,
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所以我们定义了这些词汇，
我们在这些地区有了八个通讯员。
07:33
and then we had
eight correspondents in the region.
eight correspondents in the region.
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我们把词汇表草稿交给他们，
07:36
We submitted the draft to them,
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他们就回复我们：
07:38
they responded back to us.
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“是的，我们明白这些定义。
07:39
"Yes, we understand the definition.
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我们投赞同票，
07:42
We agree with it,
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但是这是我们
在我们国家的说法。”
在我们国家的说法。”
07:44
but this is what we say in our country."
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因为我们不打算去协调，
也不准备强制协调。
也不准备强制协调。
07:47
Because we were not going
to harmonize or force harmonization.
to harmonize or force harmonization.
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我们就只能尝试去促进
人与人之间的相互理解。
人与人之间的相互理解。
07:51
We were trying to facilitate
understanding among people.
understanding among people.
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07:54
So in yellow, you see
the different expressions in use
the different expressions in use
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所以在黄色的部分，
你们能看出在不同的国家有
你们能看出在不同的国家有
不同的表达方式。
07:59
in the various countries.
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08:02
So this, I'm happy to say,
it took three years to produce this
it took three years to produce this
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因此，我很高兴地告诉你们，
我们花了三年时间
我们花了三年时间
去完成这项任务，完成最终稿，
并使他们真正应用到这个领域。
并使他们真正应用到这个领域。
08:05
because we also finalized the draft
and took it actually into the field,
and took it actually into the field,
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与各国的选举委员会的成员坐在一起，
08:10
sat with the election commissions
in all these different countries,
in all these different countries,
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进行争论，定义和精煉这些草稿，
08:13
debated and defined and refined the draft,
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并最终于2014年11月
在开罗发表。
在开罗发表。
08:16
and finally published it
in November 2014 in Cairo.
in November 2014 in Cairo.
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一路走来，我们成绩斐然，
总共发行了一万份副本。
总共发行了一万份副本。
08:21
And it's gone a long way.
We published 10,000 copies.
We published 10,000 copies.
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直至今日，已经有
3000多份PDF下载件了。
3000多份PDF下载件了。
08:24
To date, there's about 3,000 downloads
off the internet in PDF form.
off the internet in PDF form.
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我最近刚从一个同事那儿听说，
他们要把这份文件带去索马里。
他们要把这份文件带去索马里。
08:29
I heard just recently from a colleague
that they've taken it up in Somalia.
that they've taken it up in Somalia.
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他们将做一份索马里的版本，
08:33
They're going to produce
a version of this in Somalia,
a version of this in Somalia,
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因为索马里还什么都没有。
08:36
because there's nothing in Somalia at all.
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所以，这听起来不错。
08:38
So that's very good to know.
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这份新形成的
阿拉伯选举管理体制，
阿拉伯选举管理体制，
08:41
And this newly formed Arab Organization
for Electoral Management Bodies,
for Electoral Management Bodies,
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就是用于规范
08:46
which is trying to professionalize
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在该地区的
选举流程的这份文件，
选举流程的这份文件，
08:49
how elections are run in the region,
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他们也正在使用了。
08:51
they're using it as well.
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阿拉伯联盟现在也建立了
一个通用阿拉伯观察中心，
一个通用阿拉伯观察中心，
08:53
And the Arab League have now
built up a pan-Arab observation unit,
built up a pan-Arab observation unit,
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而且他们正在使用它。
08:59
and they're using it.
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这听起来都很好。
09:00
So that's all really good.
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但是，这个框架比较高级。
09:03
However, this work of reference
is quite high-pitched.
is quite high-pitched.
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它很复杂， 包含很多专业词汇，
09:07
It's complex, and a lot of the terms
are quite technical,
are quite technical,
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所以有至少三分之一的词汇
普通人并不需要知道。
普通人并不需要知道。
09:10
so the average person probably doesn't
need to know at least a third of it.
need to know at least a third of it.
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09:14
But the people of the Middle East
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但是在中东地区的人们，
他们被剥夺了我们所理解的文明教育。
09:17
have been deprived of any form
of what we know as civic education.
of what we know as civic education.
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那些是我们
日常课程中的一部分。
日常课程中的一部分。
09:21
It's part of our curriculum at school.
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这在那个世界中是不存在的，
09:24
It doesn't really exist
in that part of the world,
in that part of the world,
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但我认为每个人都有权利
09:27
and I feel it's really
the right of everybody
the right of everybody
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知道选举的工作流程。
09:29
to know how these things work.
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而且让普通人理解
这样一种选举框架，
这样一种选举框架，
09:32
And it's a good thing to think about
producing a work of reference
producing a work of reference
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这种想法是一件好事，
09:36
for the average person,
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要牢记我们现在已经
09:38
and bearing in mind that now
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有这样一种基础文件了，
09:40
we have a basis to work with,
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我们还有科技，
09:42
but also we have technology,
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我们可以使用电话软件，
09:44
so we can reach out using telephone apps,
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视频，动画软件。
09:49
video, animation.
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我们现在有各种可用的工具
09:51
There's all sorts of tools
that can be used now
that can be used now
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能够第一次把这些观点
09:53
to communicate these ideas to people
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用人们自己的语言传递给他们。
09:56
for the first time in their own language.
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10:00
We hear a lot of misery
about the Middle East.
about the Middle East.
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我们听说了中东地区
人们的很多痛苦。
人们的很多痛苦。
我们听说了战乱。
我们听说了恐怖主义。
我们听说了恐怖主义。
10:02
We hear the chaos of war.
We hear terrorism.
We hear terrorism.
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我们听说了宗教分裂
和各种可怕的负面消息，
和各种可怕的负面消息，
10:05
We hear about sectarianism
and all this horrible negative news
and all this horrible negative news
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这些消息不断向我们涌来。
10:11
that comes to us all the time.
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我们不知道当地的人们，
普通人是怎么想的，
普通人是怎么想的，
10:12
What we're not hearing is what are
the people, the everyday people, thinking?
the people, the everyday people, thinking?
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他们又向往什么呢？
10:17
What are they aspiring to?
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10:19
Let's give them the means,
let's give them the words.
let's give them the words.
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让我们给予他们工具吧，
给予他们这些词汇。
给予他们这些词汇。
10:24
The silent majority is silent
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大众沉默的原因，
是他们不懂得如何表达。
10:26
because they don't have the words.
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10:29
The silent majority needs to know.
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沉默的大众需要
知道这些表达方式。
知道这些表达方式。
10:32
It is time to provide people
with the knowledge tools
with the knowledge tools
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现在是给人们知识工具的时候了，
这样他们就能自学成才。
10:35
that they can inform themselves with.
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10:38
The silent majority
does not need to be silent.
does not need to be silent.
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沉默的大众不必保持沉默。
让我们帮助他们发出自己的声音。
10:42
Let's help them have a voice.
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非常感谢。
10:44
Thank you very much.
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（鼓掌）
10:45
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Philippa Neave - Electoral consultantPhilippa Neave is senior advisor on the UN's Lexicon of Electoral Terminology.
Why you should listen
Philippa Neave specializes in electoral communications and education, devising information and training campaigns for voters and candidates in emerging democracies. Since 2005 she has worked in electoral assistance as a consultant for the United Nations, developing strategies to inform people on their voting rights, with particular emphasis on reaching women and people with low levels of literacy. She has worked on elections in Afghanistan, Iraq UAE, Jordan, Turkey, Cambodia, Madagascar, Southern Sudan and Tunisia.
An Arabic speaker, Neave initiated and conducted a three-year project to produce the first Arabic lexicon of electoral terminology. With close to 500 entries, the tri-lingual (Arabic, English and French) lexicon provides clear and accurate explanations of key concepts and terms in the field of elections. Neave's approach included a groundbreaking effort to account for Arabic language variations across the region in eight participating countries: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Palestine, Tunisia and Yemen.
Neave has always worked with words. For 15 years she was a reporter specialising in the Middle East. After a year and a half in Cairo, she became a foreign correspondent for an international features syndicate in based Rome, Paris and New York. Later, in London, she was chief editor of a magazine on arts and culture and in Paris after that, she was chief editor of European Press Network. She then left the news business and worked as Middle East Director for a British charity, based in Beirut for five years.
Her interest in democracy building goes back to the time when soon after leaving university, she served for several years as deputy Secretary General of the Parliamentary Association for Euro-Arab Cooperation, organising and participating in the Euro-Arab Parliamentary Dialogue.
Born in 1960 in France to an English father and a Danish mother, Neave grew up bilingual. She studied Arabic at Durham University in the UK and obtained a BA degree. She speaks seven languages, including Arabic, and is based in Paris.
Philippa Neave | Speaker | TED.com