ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wade Davis - Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.”

Why you should listen

Wade Davis is perhaps the most articulate and influential western advocate for the world's indigenous cultures. A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, he has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Trained in anthropology and botany at Harvard, he travels the globe to live alongside indigenous people, and document their cultural practices in books, photographs, and film. His stunning photographs and evocative stories capture the viewer's imagination. As a speaker, he parlays that sense of wonder into passionate concern over the rate at which cultures and languages are disappearing -- 50 percent of the world's 7,000 languages, he says, are no longer taught to children. He argues, in the most beautiful terms, that language is much more than vocabulary and grammatical rules. Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind.  

Indigenous cultures are not failed attempts at modernity, let alone failed attempts to be us. They are unique expressions of the human imagination and heart, unique answers to a fundamental question: What does it mean to be human and alive? When asked this question, the peoples of the world respond in 7,000 different voices, and these collectively comprise our human repertoire for dealing with all the challenges that will confront us as a species over the coming centuries.

Davis is the author of 15 books including The Serpent and the RainbowOne River, and The Wayfinders. His many film credits include Light at the Edge of the World, an eight-hour documentary series produced for the National Geographic. In 2009 he received the Gold Medal from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for his contributions to anthropology and conservation, and he is the 2011 recipient of the Explorers Medal, the highest award of the Explorers’ Club, and the 2012 recipient of the Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration. His latest books are Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest and The Sacred Headwaters: the Fight to Save the Stikine, Skeena and the Nass.

More profile about the speaker
Wade Davis | Speaker | TED.com
TED2008

Wade Davis: The worldwide web of belief and ritual

听人类学家维德•戴维斯讲世界上的信念与仪式

Filmed:
1,822,254 views

人类学家维戴•戴维斯讲述了他对世界上那些使人之为人的信念、仪式的思考。他给大家展示了他与埃尔德兄弟的照片和故事,这些人是内华达山脉的印第安人,他们的精神践履维持了世界的和谐。
- Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
You know, culture文化 was born天生 of the imagination想像力,
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文化来自想象。
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and the imagination想像力 -- the imagination想像力 as we know it --
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这些想象
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came来了 into being存在 when our species种类 descended下降
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当人类一代一代传承时这些想象逐渐形成,
00:22
from our progenitor, Homo智人 erectus直立人,
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从直立行走的猿人,
00:25
and, infused输注 with consciousness意识, began开始 a journey旅程 that would carry携带 it
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人类就带着意识,开始了
00:28
to every一切 corner of the habitable可居住 world世界.
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把意识带到所居住的每一个角落的旅程。
00:31
For a time, we shared共享 the stage阶段 with our distant遥远 cousins表兄弟, Neanderthal尼安德特人,
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那些曾经居住在这片土地的遥远的尼安德特人(穴居人)
00:34
who clearly明确地 had some spark火花 of awareness意识,
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就拥有意识的火花
00:36
but -- whether是否 it was the increase增加 in the size尺寸 of the brain,
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但是,或许是因为脑容量的增加
00:39
or the development发展 of language语言,
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或者是语言的发展
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or some other evolutionary发展的 catalyst催化剂 --
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或者是因为其他进化的原因
00:43
we quickly很快 left Neanderthal尼安德特人 gasping喘气 for survival生存.
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我们迅速地脱离了为生存而挣扎的尼安德特人。
00:47
By the time the last Neanderthal尼安德特人 disappeared消失 in Europe欧洲,
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自从尼安德特人在欧洲大陆消失
00:50
27,000 years年份 ago,
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于两万七千年前,
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our direct直接 ancestors祖先 had already已经,
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我们的直系祖先已经开始
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and for 5,000 years年份,
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持续五千年的
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been crawling爬行 into the belly肚皮 of the earth地球,
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在土地上的耕作
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where in the light of the flickers闪烁 of tallow candles蜡烛,
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在牛油灯下
01:01
they had brought into being存在
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他们开创了
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the great art艺术 of the Upper Paleolithic旧石器时代的.
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旧石器时代的伟大艺术。
01:05
And I spent花费 two months个月 in the caves洞穴 of southwest西南 France法国
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我在法国西南部的洞穴里居住了两个月
01:08
with the poet诗人 Clayton克莱顿 Eshleman埃什尔曼, who wrote a beautiful美丽 book called "Juniper瞻博网络 Fuse保险丝."
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与诗人克莱顿•埃什尔曼一起,他写过一本优美的书《Juniper Fuse》
01:11
And you could look at this art艺术 and you could, of course课程,
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你可以读一读这本书,并且,你一定会发现
01:13
see the complex复杂 social社会 organization组织
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复杂的社会组织
01:15
of the people who brought it into being存在.
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以及创造这种组织的人们。
01:17
But more importantly重要的, it spoke of a deeper更深 yearning怀念,
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更重要的是,它表达出了一种深层次的渴望,
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something far more sophisticated复杂的 than hunting狩猎 magic魔法.
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比狩猎艺术更为复杂。
01:23
And the way Clayton克莱顿 put it was this way.
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克莱顿这样描述它
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He said, "You know, clearly明确地 at some point,
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他说:“我们知道,在某种程度上,
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we were all of an animal动物 nature性质, and at some point, we weren't."
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我们本质上都是动物,但是有些时候我们又不是。”
01:31
And he viewed观看 proto-shamanism原萨满教 as a kind of original原版的 attempt尝试,
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他把萨满教视为一种初始的尝试,
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through通过 ritual仪式, to rekindle重燃 a connection连接
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通过仪式,去恢复一种联系
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that had been irrevocably不可撤销 lost丢失.
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这种联系已经无可挽回地丧失了。
01:38
So, he saw this art艺术 not as
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所以他并不把这壁画视为
01:41
hunting狩猎 magic魔法, but as postcards明信片 of nostalgia怀旧之情.
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对狩猎艺术的描绘,而是对往昔的追忆。
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And viewed观看 in that light,
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从这种角度看,
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it takes on a whole整个 other resonance谐振.
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这就呈现为另外一种完全不同的反思。
01:49
And the most amazing惊人 thing about the Upper Paleolithic旧石器时代的 art艺术
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旧石器时代上层艺术中最不可思议的是,
01:51
is that as an aesthetic审美 expression表达,
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作为一种美学表现形式,
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it lasted历时 for almost几乎 20,000 years年份.
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壁画存在了两万年。
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If these were postcards明信片 of nostalgia怀旧之情,
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如果是追忆往昔的话,
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ours我们的 was a very long farewell告别 indeed确实.
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我们追忆的过去距离现在非常遥远。
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And it was also the beginning开始 of our discontent牢骚,
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并且,这是人类不满的开始,
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because if you wanted to distill蒸馏 all of our experience经验
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因为当你想获得人类的经验
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since以来 the Paleolithic旧石器时代的, it would come down to two words:
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自从旧石器时代,可以得到两个词:
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how and why.
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怎么样以及为什么。
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And these are the slivers条子 of insight眼光 upon which哪一个 cultures文化 have been forged伪造的.
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这两个词汇锻造着人类的文化。
02:15
Now, all people share分享 the same相同
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现在,所有的人有着相同的
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raw生的, adaptive自适应 imperatives当务之急.
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原始的、适应生存的欲求。
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We all have children孩子.
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我们都有孩子,
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We all have to deal合同 with the mystery神秘 of death死亡,
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我们必须面对神秘的死亡,
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the world世界 that waits等待 beyond death死亡,
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以及死后将要进入的世界,
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the elders长老 who fall秋季 away into their elderly老年 years年份.
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面对那些沉浸在以往生活中的年长的人们。
02:28
All of this is part部分 of our common共同 experience经验,
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这些都是我们拥有的相同的经历,
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and this shouldn't不能 surprise us, because, after all,
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并不使我们感到惊奇,因为毕竟,
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biologists生物学家 have finally最后 proven证明 it to be true真正,
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生物学家最终证明了这些都是真的,
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something that philosophers哲学家 have always dreamt梦见 to be true真正.
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那些哲学家一直梦想其为真的:
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And that is the fact事实 that we are all brothers兄弟 and sisters姐妹.
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那就是,我们所有人都是兄弟姐妹的事实。
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We are all cut from the same相同 genetic遗传 cloth.
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我们有着相同的基因。
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All of humanity人性, probably大概, is descended下降 from a thousand people
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所有的人,或许都是那一千个人的后代,
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who left Africa非洲 roughly大致 70,000 years年份 ago.
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那些人在7万年前离开了非洲。
02:48
But the corollary推论 of that is that,
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由此必然得来的推论是,
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if we all are brothers兄弟 and sisters姐妹
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如果我们是兄弟姐妹,
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and share分享 the same相同 genetic遗传 material材料,
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且拥有相同的基因,
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all human人的 populations人群 share分享 the same相同 raw生的 human人的 genius天才,
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所有的人类都拥有相同的、原始的人类天赋,
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the same相同 intellectual知识分子 acuity敏锐.
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相同的智力水平,
02:58
And so whether是否 that genius天才 is placed放置
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并且,无论这些天赋是否被应用于
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into -- technological技术性 wizardry巫术
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——技术这个
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has been the great achievement成就 of the West西 --
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西方世界最大的成就——
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or by contrast对比, into unraveling解开 the complex复杂 threads线程
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或者相反,应用于理解复杂的
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of memory记忆 inherent固有 in a myth神话,
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神话中寓意,
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is simply只是 a matter of choice选择 and cultural文化 orientation方向.
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仅仅是一种简单选择和文化定位。
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There is no progression级数 of affairs事务
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没有突破性的事件,
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in human人的 experience经验.
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在人类的经验领域。
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There is no trajectory弹道 of progress进展. There's no pyramid金字塔
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没有已经铺就好的前进的轨道。没有
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that conveniently便利地 places地方 Victorian维多利亚时代 England英国 at the apex顶尖
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传统地把维多利亚时期的英国文明作为顶峰,
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and descends下降 down the flanks侧面
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把其他的视为
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to the so-called所谓 primitives原语 of the world世界.
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所谓的原始世界的金字塔。
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All peoples人们 are simply只是 cultural文化 options选项,
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所有的人类都是文化选择的结果,
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different不同 visions愿景 of life itself本身.
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是对生活的不同理解。
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But what do I mean by different不同 visions愿景 of life
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但是我所说的不同的视角
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making制造 for completely全然 different不同
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造就了完全不同的
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possibilities可能性 for existence存在?
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生活的可能性指的是什么呢?
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Well, let's slip for a moment时刻 into the greatest最大 culture文化 sphere领域
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现在,让我们回头看一眼最伟大的文化
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ever brought into being存在 by the imagination想像力,
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是人类所能想象的最伟大的,
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that of Polynesia波利尼西亚.
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来自旧石器时代的文化。
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10,000 square广场 kilometers公里,
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1万平方公里,
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tens of thousands数千 of islands岛屿 flung甩到 like jewels珠宝 upon the southern南部的 sea.
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成千上万的小岛像被散扔在南部海上的珠宝。
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I recently最近 sailed航行 on the HokuleaHokulea,
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我最近在Hokulea航行,
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named命名 after the sacred神圣 star of Hawaii夏威夷,
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Hokulea取名自神圣的夏威夷星,
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throughout始终 the South Pacific和平的 to make a film电影
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穿越南太平洋拍摄一部
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about the navigators导航仪.
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关于航海者的电影。
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These are men男人 and women妇女 who, even today今天, can name名称
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那里的男男女女,即使到今天,仍然能够说出
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250 stars明星 in the night sky天空.
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夜晚中超过250颗星星的名字。
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These are men男人 and women妇女 who can sense the presence存在 of distant遥远 atolls环礁
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这些人能够感知到
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of islands岛屿 beyond the visible可见 horizon地平线,
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那些不在视野范围内、遥远珊瑚礁的存在,
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simply只是 by watching观看 the reverberation混响 of waves波浪
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仅仅通过观察
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across横过 the hull船壳 of their vessel船只, knowing会心 full充分 well
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拍打船壁的波浪的反射形状,
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that every一切 island group in the Pacific和平的
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他们清楚地知道太平洋上每个岛屿群
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has its unique独特 refractive屈光 pattern模式
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都有着不一样的反射模式,
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that can be read with the same相同 perspicacity洞察力
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通过洞察力
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with which哪一个 a forensic法庭的 scientist科学家 would read a fingerprint指纹.
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就像法医能够解读指纹那样。
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These are sailors水手 who in the darkness黑暗, in the hull船壳 of the vessel船只,
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这些水手在黑暗中,在船里,
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can distinguish区分 as many许多 as 32 different不同 sea swells骤升
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就能够及时分辨多达32种
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moving移动 through通过 the canoe独木舟 at any one point in time,
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在任何时刻流过船体的海水的涨落,
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distinguishing区别 local本地 wave disturbances骚乱
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分辨本地海上的风浪,
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from the great currents电流 that pulsate搏动 across横过 the ocean海洋,
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通过观察振动整个海洋的水流
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that can be followed其次 with the same相同 ease缓解
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这对于他们非常轻松,
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that a terrestrial陆生 explorer探险者 would follow跟随 a river to the sea.
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就像地址学家追踪水流入海。
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Indeed确实, if you took all of the genius天才
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确实,如果你把所有
04:41
that allowed允许 us to put a man on the moon月亮
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把人类送上月球的智慧
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and applied应用的 it to an understanding理解 of the ocean海洋,
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都用于理解海洋,
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what you would get is Polynesia波利尼西亚.
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那你就会发现他们都是波利尼西亚人。
04:47
And if we slip from the realm领域 of the sea
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如果我们把视野从海上转往
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into the realm领域 of the spirit精神 of the imagination想像力,
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想象的精神,
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you enter输入 the realm领域 of Tibetan Buddhism佛教.
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你就进入了西藏佛教的领域。
04:54
And I recently最近 made制作 a film电影 called "The Buddhist佛教徒 Science科学 of the Mind心神."
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我最近拍摄了一部名为“心灵的佛教科学”电影。
04:57
Why did we use that word, science科学?
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为什么我们采用“科学”一词?
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What is science科学 but the empirical经验 pursuit追求 of the truth真相?
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如果追究真理的实践都不被称为科学,那科学还是什么?
05:02
What is Buddhism佛教 but 2,500 years年份
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佛教就是两千五百年来对
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of empirical经验 observation意见
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对心灵本质
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as to the nature性质 of mind心神?
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进行观察的经验结果。
05:08
I travelled旅行 for a month in Nepal尼泊尔 with our good friend朋友, Matthieu马蒂厄 Ricard里卡德,
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我与我的好朋友,马修•李卡得在尼泊尔旅行了一个月,
05:11
and you'll你会 remember记得 Matthieu马蒂厄 famously著名 said to all of us
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或许你还记得马修曾给我们做过一个讲座,
05:13
here once一旦 at TEDTED,
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在TED。
05:15
"Western西 science科学 is a major重大的 response响应 to minor次要 needs需求."
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“西方科学是对小需求的大反应。”
05:18
We spend all of our lifetime一生 trying to live生活 to be 100
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我们花费一生的时间尽力保证牙齿不掉,活到
05:20
without losing失去 our teeth.
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100岁。
05:22
The Buddhist佛教徒 spends all their lifetime一生 trying to understand理解 the nature性质 of existence存在.
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佛教徒花费一生的时间极力去理解存在的本质。
05:25
Our billboards广告牌 celebrate庆祝 naked children孩子 in underwear内衣.
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我们宣传的是庆祝给赤裸的孩子穿上衣裤。
05:27
Their billboards广告牌 are manuals手册,
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他们宣传的是手册,
05:29
prayers祈祷 to the well-being福利 of all sentient有情 creatures生物.
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为众生的幸福祈祷。
05:32
And with the blessing祝福 of TrulshikTrulshik Rinpoche仁波切, we began开始 a pilgrimage朝圣
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带着,第十四代达赖喇嘛Trulshik Rinpoche的祝福,我们开始了
05:34
to a curious好奇 destination目的地,
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前往好奇之地的朝圣之旅,
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accompanied伴随着 by a great doctor医生.
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和我们同行的还有一个医生。
05:38
And the destination目的地 was a single room房间 in a nunnery尼姑庵,
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目的地是尼姑庵中的一个小房间
05:41
where a woman女人 had gone走了 into lifelong终身 retreat撤退
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在那里有一位终身隐居的女士,
05:43
55 years年份 before.
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55年前就开始了隐居。
05:46
And en route路线, we took darshan达显 from Rinpoche仁波切,
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沾了Rinpoche的光,
05:49
and he satSAT with us and told us about the Four Noble高贵 Truths真相,
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他坐在我们身边,告诉我们四大真理,
05:52
the essence本质 of the Buddhist佛教徒 path路径.
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佛教徒之路的精髓。
05:54
All life is suffering痛苦. That doesn't mean all life is negative.
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生命即苦难。这并不代表我们就可以否定生命。
05:57
It means手段 things happen发生.
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它的意思是事事皆可能发生。
05:59
The cause原因 of suffering痛苦 is ignorance无知.
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苦难的根源在于无知。
06:01
By that, the Buddha did not mean stupidity糊涂事;
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通过这句话,佛并不是愚蠢。
06:03
he meant意味着 clinging执着 to the illusion错觉
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他坚守这样的信念,
06:05
that life is static静态的 and predictable可预测.
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即生活是静止的、可预测的。
06:07
The third第三 noble高贵 truth真相 said that ignorance无知 can be overcome克服.
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第三个真理是无知是能够被克服的。
06:09
And the fourth第四 and most important重要, of course课程,
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第四个也是最重要的,当然,
06:11
was the delineation划定 of a contemplative沉思 practice实践
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是对冥想做法的描述,
06:13
that not only had the possibility可能性
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冥想带来人类心灵的升华
06:15
of a transformation转型 of the human人的 heart,
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不仅仅是一种可能,
06:17
but had 2,500 years年份 of empirical经验 evidence证据
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已经有两千五百年的经验证据,
06:20
that such这样 a transformation转型 was a certainty肯定.
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表明升华是注定的。
06:23
And so, when this door opened打开 onto the face面对 of a woman女人
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所以当门打开,看到那个女人,
06:25
who had not been out of that room房间 in 55 years年份,
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那个55年都没有出门的人,
06:28
you did not see a mad woman女人.
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你并没有看到一个疯子。
06:30
You saw a woman女人 who was more clear明确
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你看到了一个比山间清泉
06:32
than a pool of water in a mountain stream.
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更澄澈的人。
06:35
And of course课程, this is what the Tibetan monks和尚 told us.
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事实上,藏族和尚告诉我们:
06:39
They said, at one point, you know, we don't really believe
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他们说,有时,正如你们所知,我们也不信
06:42
you went to the moon月亮, but you did.
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人类到达了月球,但是事实就是如此。
06:44
You may可能 not believe that we achieve实现 enlightenment启示
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你或许并不相信一辈子可以到达开悟的境界,
06:46
in one lifetime一生, but we do.
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但是事实就是如此。
06:49
And if we move移动 from the realm领域 of the spirit精神
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让我们从精神领域转到
06:51
to the realm领域 of the physical物理,
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生理领域,
06:53
to the sacred神圣 geography地理 of Peru秘鲁 --
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到神圣的秘鲁地界。
06:55
I've always been interested有兴趣 in the relationships关系 of indigenous土著 people
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我时常对当地人的关系感兴趣,
06:58
that literally按照字面 believe that the Earth地球 is alive,
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他们真的相信土地是活的,
07:00
responsive响应 to all of their aspirations愿望,
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能够对他们的渴望,
07:02
all of their needs需求.
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他们的需求做出回应。
07:04
And, of course课程, the human人的 population人口
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当然,人类
07:06
has its own拥有 reciprocal倒数 obligations义务.
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有着繁衍后代的责任。
07:08
I spent花费 30 years年份 living活的 amongst其中包括
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我曾经花了30年时间生活在
07:10
the people of ChincheroChinchero
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Chincherro族人中,
07:12
and I always heard听说 about an event事件 that I always wanted to participate参加 in.
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我时常听说一种我一直期待能够参与的仪式。
07:15
Once一旦 each year, the fastest最快的 young年轻 boy男孩
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每年,跑的最快的年轻男子
07:18
in each hamlet村庄 is given特定 the honor荣誉 of becoming变得 a woman女人.
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每村,都被给予成为女人的荣耀。
07:21
And for one day, he wears穿 the clothing服装 of his sister妹妹
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那一天,他可以穿上姐姐或妹妹的衣服,
07:23
and he becomes a transvestite易装癖,
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成为一个异装者,
07:25
a waylakawaylaka. And for that day,
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一个“waylaka”。并且,那天,
07:27
he leads引线 all able-bodied身强力壮 men男人 on a run,
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他带领所有健壮的男子奔跑,
07:30
but it's not your ordinary普通 run.
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但是这不是惯常的跑步。
07:32
You start开始 off at 11,500 feet.
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在11500高英尺的地方开始奔跑,
07:35
You run down to the base基础 of the sacred神圣 mountain, AntakillqaAntakillqa.
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跑到圣山Antkilka的山脚下,
07:37
You run up to 15,000 feet,
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然后再爬上15000英尺,
07:39
descend降落 3,000 feet.
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下去3000英尺,
07:41
Climb again over the course课程 of 24 hours小时.
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在24小时之内再次往上爬。
07:44
And of course课程, the waylakamawaylakama spin,
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当然,Waylakamaspin,
07:46
the trajectory弹道 of the route路线,
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也就是这一线路,
07:48
is marked by holy mounds土墩 of Earth地球,
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是以地球上的圣山为标志的
07:50
where coke可乐 is given特定 to the Earth地球, libations奠酒 of alcohol to the wind,
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可可献给大地,美酒献给为风,
07:53
the vortex涡流 of the feminine女人 is brought to the mountaintop山顶.
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女性的旋风被带到山顶,
07:56
And the metaphor隐喻 is clear明确: you go into the mountain as an individual个人,
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寓意很明显:你独自一人如山,
07:59
but through通过 exhaustion衰竭, through通过 sacrifice牺牲,
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历经疲倦,历经牺牲,
08:02
you emerge出现 as a community社区 that has once一旦 again
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你最终成为集体的一员
08:04
reaffirmed重申 its sense of place地点 in the planet行星.
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再一次确认了存在于地球的意义。
08:07
And at 48, I was the only outsider局外人 ever to go through通过 this,
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在48岁的年纪,我是唯一一个跑完全程的外来者,
08:10
only one to finish it.
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唯一跑完的一个。
08:12
I only managed管理 to do it by chewing咀嚼 more coca古柯 leaves树叶 in one day
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我在那一天咀嚼了多于4000年以来任何人一天吃的更多的可可叶
08:15
than anyone任何人 in the 4,000-year-年 history历史 of the plant.
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才能够跑完的。
08:19
But these localized本地化 rituals仪式 become成为 pan-Andean泛斯,
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这种区域性的仪式变成了整个安第斯山的传统,
08:21
and these fantastic奇妙 festivals节日,
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这些极好的节日,
08:23
like that of the QoyllurQoyllur Rit'iRit'i, which哪一个 occurs发生
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像Qoyllur Rit'i的节日,
08:25
when the Pleiades reappear再现 in the winter冬季 sky天空.
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当昴宿星出现在冬日的天空时,
08:28
It's kind of like an Andean安第斯 Woodstock伍德斯托克:
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就像安第斯山的伍德斯托克音乐节:
08:30
60,000 Indians印度人 on pilgrimage朝圣
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6万印第安那原著民
08:32
to the end结束 of a dirt污垢 road
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踏上土地
08:34
that leads引线 to the sacred神圣 valley, called the SinakaraSinakara,
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走往名叫“ Sinakara”的圣村,
08:36
which哪一个 is dominated占主导地位 by three tongues舌头
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这个圣村有3种说法,
08:38
of the great glacier冰川.
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关于冰山。
08:40
The metaphor隐喻 is so clear明确. You bring带来 the crosses十字架 from your community社区,
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寓意也很明显。你从你的群体中带来十字架,
08:43
in this wonderful精彩 fusion聚变 of Christian基督教
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在这个融合基督精神
08:45
and pre-Columbian前哥伦布 ideas思路.
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和前哥伦比亚思想的地方。
08:47
You place地点 the cross交叉 into the ice,
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你把十字架放入冰河中
08:49
in the shadow阴影 of Ausangate奥桑加特山, the most sacred神圣 of all Apus雨燕,
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在Ausangate的阴影中,所有Apus中最神圣的,
08:52
or sacred神圣 mountains of the Inca印加.
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或者说Inca最神圣的山。
08:54
And then you do the ritual仪式 dances舞蹈 that empower授权 the crosses十字架.
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之后,你跳起为十字架赋予力量的宗教舞蹈。
08:57
Now, these ideas思路 and these events事件
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现在,这些思想和事件
08:59
allow允许 us even to deconstruct解构 iconic标志性的 places地方
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允许我们得以重构这些象征性的地方
09:02
that many许多 of you have been to, like Machu马丘比丘 Picchu马丘比丘.
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像你们很多人去过的马丘比丘。
09:04
Machu马丘比丘 Picchu马丘比丘 was never a lost丢失 city.
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马丘比丘并不是一个失落之城。
09:06
On the contrary相反, it was completely全然 linked关联 in
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相反,它完全与
09:08
to the 14,000 kilometers公里 of royal王室的 roads道路
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印加人在最近一个世纪修的
09:11
the Inca印加 made制作 in less than a century世纪.
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一万四千公里圣道相联系。
09:13
But more importantly重要的, it was linked关联 in
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更重要的是,它与
09:15
to the Andean安第斯 notions概念 of sacred神圣 geography地理.
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安第斯山所谓的神圣地理相联系。
09:18
The intiwatanaintiwatana, the hitching拴马 post岗位 to the sun太阳,
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Intiwatana,挽留太阳的地方,
09:21
is actually其实 an obelisk方尖碑 that constantly经常 reflects反映 the light
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事实上一座持续反射光线的方尖石塔
09:24
that falls下降 on the sacred神圣 Apu阿普 of Machu马丘比丘 Picchu马丘比丘,
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坐落在神圣的马丘比丘的Apu,
09:27
which哪一个 is Sugarloaf舒格洛夫 Mountain, called Huayna瓦伊纳 Picchu马丘比丘.
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是座圆锥形的山,叫做Huayna Picchu。
09:30
If you come to the south of the intiwatanaintiwatana, you find an altar.
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当你到达 Intiwatana南部时,你会发现一个圣坛。
09:33
Climb Huayna瓦伊纳 Picchu马丘比丘, find another另一个 altar.
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爬上Huayna Picchu,你会发现另外一个圣坛。
09:35
Take a direct直接 north-south南北 bearing轴承,
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向正南-北的方向看,
09:37
you find to your astonishment惊愕
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你会惊奇地发现,
09:39
that it bisects平分 the intiwatanaintiwatana stone,
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它把Intiwatana一分为二,
09:41
goes to the skyline天际线,
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一直延伸到天际线,
09:43
hits点击 the heart of Salcantay萨康泰山, the second第二 of the most important重要 mountains
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到达Salcantay山的正中心,Salcantay是第二座最重要的山
09:46
of the Incan印加 empire帝国.
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印加帝国中,
09:48
And then beyond Salcantay萨康泰山, of course课程,
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过了Salcantay山,当然,
09:50
when the southern南部的 cross交叉 reaches到达 the southernmost最南端 point in the sky天空,
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当到达天际的最南端,
09:53
directly in that same相同 alignment对准, the Milky乳白色 Way overhead高架.
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你会发现银河就在头顶,呈现相同的布局。
09:56
But what is enveloping包络 Machu马丘比丘 Picchu马丘比丘 from below下面?
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包围马丘比丘的是:
09:59
The sacred神圣 river, the Urubamba乌鲁班巴, or the VilcanotaVilcanota,
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圣河,乌鲁班巴,或叫Vilcanota,
10:02
which哪一个 is itself本身 the Earthly俗世的 equivalent当量 of the Milky乳白色 Way,
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与银河一样古老,
10:05
but it's also the trajectory弹道 that Viracocha维拉科查 walked
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这也是Viracocha走过的道路
10:08
at the dawn黎明 of time when he brought the universe宇宙 into being存在.
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在他创造宇宙那天的傍晚。
10:11
And where does the river rise上升?
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这条河的起源在哪里?
10:13
Right on the slopes连续下坡 of the KoaritiKoariti.
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正在Koiariti的斜坡上。
10:17
So, 500 years年份 after Columbus哥伦布,
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所以在哥伦布发现新大陆的五百年之后,
10:19
these ancient rhythms节奏 of landscape景观
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这些古老的对大自然的赞美之歌
10:22
are played发挥 out in ritual仪式.
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在仪式中得以体现。
10:24
Now, when I was here at the first TEDTED,
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在我第一次到TED时,
10:26
I showed显示 this photograph照片: two men男人 of the Elder长老 Brothers兄弟,
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我展示了这张照片——兄弟俩的照片,
10:29
the descendants后人, survivors幸存者 of El萨尔瓦多 Dorado多拉多.
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理想黄金国(Eldorado)的幸存者,子孙。
10:32
These, of course课程, are the descendants后人
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他们,当然是后裔
10:35
of the ancient TaironaTairona civilization文明.
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是古老的荣泰纳(Tairona)文化的后继者。
10:38
If those of you who are here remember记得 that I mentioned提到
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如果你们中有人还记得我提到过的
10:40
that they remain ruled统治 by a ritual仪式 priesthood圣职,
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他们仍然被仪式祭司管束,
10:43
but the training训练 for the priesthood圣职 is extraordinary非凡.
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但是训练成为祭司是很特别的。
10:45
Taken采取 from their families家庭, sequestered隔离 in a shadowy神出鬼没 world世界 of darkness黑暗
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从家里面被带出来,躲避在黑暗的地方
10:48
for 18 years年份 -- two nine-year九年 periods deliberately故意 chosen选择
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长达18年——特意挑选两个九年来
10:51
to evoke唤起 the nine months个月 they spend in the natural自然 mother's母亲 womb子宫.
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唤起在母亲子宫中度过的九个月。
10:54
All that time, the world世界 only exists存在 as an abstraction抽象化,
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在那时,整个世界就是抽象的,
10:58
as they are taught the values of their society社会.
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此时,他们被教导以他们社会的价值规范。
11:00
Values that maintain保持 the proposition主张 that their prayers祈祷,
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那种价值观让他们相信
11:03
and their prayers祈祷 alone单独, maintain保持 the cosmic宇宙的 balance平衡.
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他们的祈祷本身就可以维系宇宙的平衡。
11:06
Now, the measure测量 of a society社会 is not only what it does,
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现今,对社会的衡量已经不仅如此,
11:09
but the quality质量 of its aspirations愿望.
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还包括它有什么美好的渴望。
11:11
And I always wanted to go back into these mountains,
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我时常想回到那些山里,
11:13
to see if this could possibly或者 be true真正,
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去看这是否是真的,
11:16
as indeed确实 had been reported报道 by the great anthropologist人类学家,
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就像伟大的人类学家,
11:19
Reichel-Dolmatoff赖歇尔 - 多尔马托夫.
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雷赫尔•多尔马托夫报道的那样。
11:21
So, literally按照字面 two weeks ago,
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事实上两周以前,
11:23
I returned from having spent花费 six weeks with the Elder长老 Brothers兄弟
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我刚回来,与兄弟们度过了六周时间
11:26
on what was clearly明确地 the most
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这个旅程,
11:28
extraordinary非凡 trip of my life.
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无疑是我生命中最奇特的。
11:30
These really are a people who live生活 and breathe呼吸
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他们真的是生活在、呼吸着
11:33
the realm领域 of the sacred神圣,
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神圣的气息,
11:35
a baroque巴洛克 religiosity笃信 that is simply只是 awesome真棒.
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异常虔诚。
11:37
They consume消耗 more coca古柯 leaves树叶 than any human人的 population人口,
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他们消费的可可叶比其他民族都多,
11:40
half a pound per man, per day.
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每天每个男人半英镑。
11:42
The gourd葫芦 you see here is --
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你在这里能看到的是——
11:45
everything in their lives生活 is symbolic象征.
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每样事物都具有寓意。
11:48
Their central中央 metaphor隐喻 is a loom织布机.
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他们核心的隐喻是织布机。
11:50
They say, "Upon this loom织布机, I weave编织 my life."
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生活就像一个织布机,而自己就在这台机器上编织着五光十色的人生。
11:52
They refer参考 to the movements运动 as they exploit利用 the ecological生态 niches壁龛 of the gradient梯度
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他们将他们开发倾斜的生态壁橱的做法视为
11:55
as "threads线程."
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“穿线”。
11:57
When they pray祈祷 for the dead, they make these gestures手势 with their hands,
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当他们为死去的人们祈祷时,他们就用他们的双手做出这样的姿势,
12:00
spinning纺织 their thoughts思念 into the heavens.
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将他们的思想带入天堂。
12:03
You can see the calcium buildup建立 on the head of the poporopoporo gourd葫芦.
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你能够看到钙质在Poporo 瓢的顶部结晶。
12:06
The gourd葫芦 is a feminine女人 aspect方面; the stick is a male.
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葫芦的外表是雌性的,梗是雄性的。
12:09
You put the stick in the powder粉末
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当你把梗研成粉末
12:11
to take the sacred神圣 ashes灰烬 -- well, they're not ashes灰烬,
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得到神圣的粉末——它们也不是普通的粉末,
12:14
they're burnt limestone石灰石 --
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它们是烧过的石灰石——
12:15
to empower授权 the coca古柯 leaf, to change更改
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能够使得可可叶具有
12:17
the pHpH值 of the mouth to facilitate促进 the absorption吸收
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改变嘴里PH值以帮助
12:19
of cocaine可卡因 hydrochloride盐酸.
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可卡因盐酸盐的吸收。
12:21
But if you break打破 a gourd葫芦, you cannot不能 simply只是 throw it away,
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但是当你打开一根梗,你不能轻易扔掉它,
12:24
because every一切 stroke行程 of that stick
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因为一旦扔掉那个梗
12:26
that has built内置 up that calcium,
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那些用于累积钙质的梗,
12:28
the measure测量 of a man's男人的 life,
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对一个男士生活的衡量
12:30
has a thought behind背后 it.
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也就被扔掉了。
12:33
Fields字段 are planted种植的 in such这样 an extraordinary非凡 way,
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耕种田地的方式如此特别,
12:35
that the one side of the field领域
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以至于田地的一边
12:37
is planted种植的 like that by the women妇女.
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就像被女性耕种过一样。
12:39
The other side is planted种植的 like that by the men男人. Metaphorically打个比方,
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另一边像被男性耕种过,
12:42
you turn it on the side, and you have a piece of cloth.
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你在旁边改变它,你就会得到一块布。
12:45
And they are the descendants后人 of the ancient TaironaTairona civilization文明,
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他们是原始的泰荣纳(Tairona)文明的后裔,
12:48
the greatest最大 goldsmiths金匠 of South America美国,
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南美最伟大的铁匠,
12:49
who in the wake唤醒 of the conquest征服,
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那些人在征战的年代,
12:51
retreated撤退 into this isolated孤立 volcanic火山 massif断层块
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隐退到这片荒凉的火山区域
12:54
that soars腾飞 to 20,000 feet
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比加勒比海岸的平原
12:56
above以上 the Caribbean加勒比 coastal沿海 plain.
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高出2万英尺。
12:58
There are four societies社会:
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这里有四个社会:
13:00
the Kogi科吉, the Wiwa维瓦, the KankwanoKankwano and the ArhuacosArhuacos案.
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the Kogi, the Wiwa, the Kankuamo and the Arhuacos。
13:03
I traveled旅行 with the ArhuacosArhuacos案,
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我与 Arhuacos一同旅行,
13:05
and the wonderful精彩 thing about this story故事
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关于这个故事美妙的事情是
13:07
was that this man, Danilo达尼洛 VillafaneVillafaZe两 --
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这个名叫Danilo Viathanya的男人,
13:10
if we just jump back here for a second第二.
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如果我们可以在此跳回过去。
13:13
When I first met会见 Danilo达尼洛, in the Colombian哥伦比亚 embassy大使馆 in Washington华盛顿,
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当我第一次在华盛顿的哥伦比亚大使馆见到达尼洛的时候,
13:16
I couldn't不能 help but say, "You know,
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我脱口说出,
13:18
you look a lot like an old friend朋友 of mine."
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你很像我的一个老朋友。
13:20
Well, it turns out he was the son儿子 of my friend朋友, Adalberto阿达尔韦托,
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事实是他就是我朋友Aroberto的儿子,
13:23
from 1974, who had been killed杀害 by the FARCFARC.
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Aroberto于1974年被哥伦比亚武装力量打死,
13:26
And I said, "Danilo达尼洛, you won't惯于 remember记得 this,
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并且我说,Danilo,你肯定不记得,
13:29
but when you were an infant婴儿, I carried携带的 you on my back,
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当你还是婴儿的时候,我把你背在背上
13:31
up and down the mountains."
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穿越高山。
13:33
And because of that, Danilo达尼洛 invited邀请 us
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正因为如此,达尼罗邀请我们
13:35
to go to the very heart of the world世界,
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去世界的正中心,
13:37
a place地点 where no journalist记者 had ever been permitted允许.
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一个任何记者都不被允许进入的地区。
13:39
Not simply只是 to the flanks侧面 of the mountains,
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我们不仅到了山的侧翼,
13:41
but to the very iced冰镇 peaks which哪一个 are the destiny命运 of the pilgrims朝圣者.
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也到了冰雪覆盖的山顶,也就是朝圣的目的地。
13:44
And this man sitting坐在 cross-legged盘腿
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这个盘腿坐的男人
13:46
is now a grown-up长大 Eugenio欧亨尼奥,
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是一个长大的 “Yuhenio”,
13:48
a man who I've known已知 since以来 1974.
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我自从1974年就认识他了。
13:51
And this is one of those initiates同修.
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这就是早期的加入者之一。
13:53
No, it's not true真正 that they're kept不停 in the darkness黑暗 for 18 years年份,
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不对,他们在黑暗中待18年的说法并不对,
13:56
but they are kept不停 within the confines界限
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但是他们是被限制在
13:58
of the ceremonial仪式 men's男装 circle
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男仪式主持者的圈子中
14:00
for 18 years年份.
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长达18年。
14:02
This little boy男孩 will never step outside
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这些小孩子从没有机会走到
14:04
of the sacred神圣 fields领域
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圣地的外面
14:06
that surround环绕 the men's男装 hut棚屋 for all that time,
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圣地由男人的小屋包围着,
14:09
until直到 he begins开始 his journey旅程 of initiation引发.
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任何时候都不准出去直到宗教旅途的开始。
14:12
For that entire整个 time, the world世界 only exists存在 as an abstraction抽象化,
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在整个时间里,世界被视为一种抽象的存在,
14:15
as he is taught the values of society社会,
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他被教以社会的价值,
14:17
including包含 this notion概念 that their prayers祈祷 alone单独
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包括这样的观念,即祈祷者独自
14:19
maintain保持 the cosmic宇宙的 balance平衡.
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在维持宇宙的和谐。
14:22
Before we could begin开始 our journey旅程,
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在旅程开始之前,
14:24
we had to be cleansed清洗 at the portal门户 of the Earth地球.
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我们在洞穴的门口清洁干净自己。
14:26
And it was extraordinary非凡 to be taken采取 by a priest牧师.
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被神父带领是个很神奇的经历——
14:28
And you see that the priest牧师 never wears穿 shoes because holy feet --
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你会看到神父永远不穿鞋子,因为神圣的双脚——
14:31
there must必须 be nothing between之间 the feet
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对Mamo来说,脚与大地之间
14:33
and the Earth地球 for a mamo马莫.
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必须不能存在任何东西。
14:36
And this is actually其实 the place地点 where the Great Mother母亲
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这里也是伟大母亲
14:38
sent发送 the spindle纺锤 into the world世界
356
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将纺锤置于世界
14:40
that elevated提高的 the mountains and created创建 the homeland家园
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抬高了山脉,创造了家园
14:42
that they call the heart of the world世界.
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他们称之为世界之心的地方。
14:44
We traveled旅行 high into the paramo帕拉莫,
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我们爬到Potomo的高处,
14:46
and as we crested凤头 the hills丘陵,
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当我们沿着山脊攀爬时,
14:48
we realized实现 that the men男人 were interpreting解读
361
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当地人们对
14:50
every一切 single bump磕碰 on the landscape景观
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每个自然景色的诠释
14:52
in terms条款 of their own拥有 intense激烈 religiosity笃信.
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都带有强烈的宗教色彩。
14:55
And then of course课程, as we reached到达 our final最后 destination目的地,
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当然,等我们到达最终的目的地,
14:58
a place地点 called MamancanaMamancana,
365
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一个叫做Mananakana的地方时,
15:00
we were in for a surprise,
366
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我们着实吃了一惊,
15:02
because the FARCFARC were waiting等候 to kidnap绑架 us.
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因为哥伦比亚革命武装力量等着绑架我们。
15:04
And so we ended结束 up being存在 taken采取 aside在旁边 into these huts木屋,
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所以当我们最终被带到他们的洞穴,
15:07
hidden away until直到 the darkness黑暗.
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在黑暗中被藏起来。
15:09
And then, abandoning放弃 all our gear齿轮,
370
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然后丢掉我们所有的工具,
15:11
we were forced被迫 to ride out in the middle中间 of the night,
371
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我们在午夜被强制赶着骑行离开,
15:14
in a quite相当 dramatic戏剧性 scene现场.
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那是一个很戏剧化的场面。
15:16
It's going to look like a John约翰 Ford Western西.
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看起来就像导演约翰•福特拍摄的西部片。
15:18
And we ran into a FARCFARC patrol巡逻 at dawn黎明, so it was quite相当 harrowing悲惨.
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当黎明时我们遇到了哥伦比亚革命武装力量的巡逻队,所以是很惨的经历。
15:21
It will be a very interesting有趣 film电影. But what was fascinating迷人
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那一定会是一部非常有趣的电影。但是更神奇的是
15:24
is that the minute分钟 there was a sense of dangers危险,
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当感到危险的那一刻,
15:26
the mamosmamos went into a circle of divination卜筮.
377
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Mamos做了个占卜。
15:29
And of course课程, this is a photograph照片
378
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当然,这张照片
15:31
literally按照字面 taken采取 the night we were in hiding,
379
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实际上拍摄于我们躲起来的那个晚上,
15:33
as they divine神圣 their route路线
380
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那时他们占卜出了
15:35
to take us out of the mountains.
381
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带领我们出山的道路。
15:37
We were able能够 to, because we had trained熟练
382
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我们能够,因为我们事前训练过
15:39
people in filmmaking电影制作,
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人们如何拍摄电影,
15:41
continue继续 with our work,
384
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2000
继续我们的工作,
15:43
and send发送 our Wiwa维瓦 and Arhuaco阿尔瓦科 filmmakers电影制片人
385
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把我们的Wiwa和 Arhuaco 的电影制作者派到
15:46
to the final最后 sacred神圣 lakes湖泊
386
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终点的圣湖
15:48
to get the last shots镜头 for the film电影,
387
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去拍摄最后一个场景,
15:50
and we followed其次 the rest休息 of the Arhuaco阿尔瓦科 back to the sea,
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我们让其他的Arhuaco回到海上,
15:52
taking服用 the elements分子 from the highlands高地 to the sea.
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从山丘处拍摄海。
15:55
And here you see how their sacred神圣 landscape景观
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现在我们就看到了神圣的景色
15:57
has been covered覆盖 by brothels妓院 and hotels酒店 and casinos赌场,
391
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被妓院、旅店和赌场包围着,
16:00
and yet然而, still they pray祈祷.
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他们仍然,祈祷。
16:03
And it's an amazing惊人 thing to think
393
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想到
16:05
that this close to Miami迈阿密,
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距离迈阿密这么近,
16:08
two hours小时 from Miami迈阿密, there is an entire整个 civilization文明 of people
395
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两个小时的车程,这里有一个完整的民族
16:11
praying祈祷 every一切 day for your well-being福利.
396
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为你的幸福在日日祈祷。
16:14
They call themselves他们自己 the Elder长老 Brothers兄弟.
397
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他们自称为兄长。
16:16
They dismiss解雇 the rest休息 of us who have ruined毁了 the world世界
398
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他们将我们这些毁坏世界的人
16:19
as the Younger更年轻 Brothers兄弟. They cannot不能 understand理解
399
967000
2000
称作弟弟。他们无法理解
16:21
why it is that we do what we do to the Earth地球.
400
969000
3000
我们对大自然的破坏行为。
16:24
Now, if we slip to another另一个 end结束 of the world世界,
401
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现今,如果我们到世界的另一端。
16:26
I was up in the high Arctic北极
402
974000
2000
我在北极
16:28
to tell a story故事 about global全球 warming变暖,
403
976000
2000
讲述全球变暖的故事,
16:30
inspired启发 in part部分 by
404
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2000
部分受到
16:32
the former前任的 Vice President's总统 wonderful精彩 book.
405
980000
2000
副总统的著作的启发。
16:34
And what struck来袭 me so extraordinary非凡
406
982000
2000
使我震惊的是
16:36
was to be again with the Inuit因纽特人 --
407
984000
2000
再次与因纽特人在一起——
16:38
a people who don't fear恐惧 the cold, but take advantage优点 of it.
408
986000
3000
这个民族的人并不惧怕寒冷反而利用它。
16:41
A people who
409
989000
2000
这个民族的人
16:43
find a way, with their imagination想像力,
410
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发现了用想象,
16:45
to carve雕刻 life out of that very frozen冻结的.
411
993000
3000
在冰天雪地中开创生活。
16:48
A people for whom blood血液 on ice
412
996000
2000
这个民族的人们并不会把冰上的血滴
16:50
is not a sign标志 of death死亡, but an affirmation肯定 of life.
413
998000
3000
视为死亡的标志,反而是对生活的肯定。
16:53
And yet然而 tragically可悲, when you now go to those northern北方 communities社区,
414
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悲惨的是,当你现在再去那些北方地区,
16:55
you find to your astonishment惊愕
415
1003000
2000
你会吃惊地发现
16:57
that whereas the sea ice used to come in in September九月
416
1005000
2000
那些在九月份冻结起来,
16:59
and stay till直到 July七月,
417
1007000
2000
直到次年七月的冰,
17:01
in a place地点 like Kanak卡纳克 in northern北方 Greenland格陵兰,
418
1009000
2000
在像被格陵兰到的Kanak地区,
17:03
it literally按照字面 comes in now in November十一月
419
1011000
2000
事实上到十二月份才结冰,
17:05
and stays入住 until直到 March游行.
420
1013000
2000
三月份就化掉了。
17:07
So, their entire整个 year has been cut in half.
421
1015000
3000
所以他们的整年就被一分两半。
17:10
Now, I want to stress强调 that none没有 of these peoples人们
422
1018000
2000
现在,我想强调的是,
17:12
that I've been quickly很快 talking about here
423
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2000
这些我快速讲述的民族,
17:14
are disappearing消失 worlds世界.
424
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并没有消失。
17:16
These are not dying垂死 peoples人们.
425
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2000
他们并不是垂死挣扎的人们。
17:18
On the contrary相反, you know,
426
1026000
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相反,正如你所指,
17:20
if you have the heart to feel and the eyes眼睛 to see,
427
1028000
2000
如果你用心去感受,用眼睛去观察,
17:22
you discover发现 that the world世界 is not flat平面.
428
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2000
你会发现世界并不是平的。
17:24
The world世界 remains遗迹 a rich丰富 tapestry挂毯.
429
1032000
3000
世界仍然是色彩丰富的挂毯。
17:27
It remains遗迹 a rich丰富 topography地形 of the spirit精神.
430
1035000
3000
它仍然像精神领域高低不平的地质。
17:30
These myriad无数的 voices声音 of humanity人性
431
1038000
2000
人类种种不同的声音
17:32
are not failed失败 attempts尝试 at being存在 new,
432
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2000
并不是缺乏经验的失败的尝试,
17:34
failed失败 attempts尝试 at being存在 modern现代.
433
1042000
2000
并不是时髦时代失败的尝试。
17:36
They're unique独特 facets of the human人的 imagination想像力.
434
1044000
2000
他们是人类想象的不同方面。
17:38
They're unique独特 answers答案 to a fundamental基本的 question:
435
1046000
3000
他们是对终极问题的别出心裁的回答:
17:41
what does it mean to be human人的 and alive?
436
1049000
3000
这个问题就是人是什么?活着意味着什么?
17:44
And when asked that question, they respond响应
437
1052000
2000
当被问及这个问题是,他们有
17:46
with 6,000 different不同 voices声音.
438
1054000
2000
6千种不同的回答。
17:48
And collectively, those voices声音 become成为 our human人的 repertoire剧目
439
1056000
3000
最终,这些声音成为人类
17:51
for dealing交易 with the challenges挑战 that will confront面对 us
440
1059000
2000
解决我们所面临的挑战的所有方法
17:53
in the ensuing随后 millennia千年.
441
1061000
2000
在接下来的千年中。
17:55
Our industrial产业 society社会 is scarcely几乎没有
442
1063000
2000
我们的工业社会不过
17:57
300 years年份 old.
443
1065000
2000
3百年历史。
17:59
That shallow history历史 shouldn't不能 suggest建议 to anyone任何人
444
1067000
2000
这短浅的历史暗示我们
18:01
that we have all of the answers答案
445
1069000
2000
我们并没有得到
18:03
for all of the questions问题 that will confront面对 us
446
1071000
2000
回答我们面临的所有问题的答案
18:05
in the ensuing随后 millennia千年.
447
1073000
2000
在接下来的千年中。
18:07
The myriad无数的 voices声音 of humanity人性 are not failed失败 attempts尝试 at being存在 us.
448
1075000
3000
人类解决问题的多样性并非是对人类自我的否定,
18:10
They are unique独特 answers答案 to that fundamental基本的 question:
449
1078000
3000
而是人们是对终极问题的不同回答:
18:13
what does it mean to be human人的 and alive?
450
1081000
2000
身为人类和活着的意义何在?
18:15
And there is indeed确实 a fire burning燃烧 over the Earth地球,
451
1083000
3000
地球上确实燃烧着烈火,
18:18
taking服用 with it not only plants植物 and animals动物,
452
1086000
3000
不仅带着了植物和动物,
18:21
but the legacy遗产 of humanity's人类的 brilliance.
453
1089000
2000
还带走了人类辉煌的传统。
18:23
Right now, as we sit here in this room房间,
454
1091000
2000
此刻,当我们坐在这个房间,
18:25
of those 6,000 languages语言 spoken the day that you were born天生,
455
1093000
3000
你出生时正在被使用的六千种语言中,
18:28
fully充分 half aren't being存在 taught to children孩子.
456
1096000
3000
足有一般都没有传授给下一代的孩子们。
18:31
So, you're living活的 through通过 a time
457
1099000
1000
所以你生活在这样一个时代
18:32
when virtually实质上 half of humanity's人类的 intellectual知识分子,
458
1100000
3000
一半的人类智慧、
18:35
social社会 and spiritual精神 legacy遗产
459
1103000
2000
社会和精神遗产
18:37
is being存在 allowed允许 to slip away.
460
1105000
2000
都在悄然流逝。
18:39
This does not have to happen发生.
461
1107000
2000
后果不一定是这样。
18:41
These peoples人们 are not failed失败 attempts尝试 at being存在 modern现代 --
462
1109000
3000
这些人并不是现代化尝试的失败者——
18:44
quaint精巧 and colorful华美 and destined注定 to fade褪色 away
463
1112000
2000
奇怪、色彩鲜艳并且注定会消亡
18:46
as if by natural自然 law.
464
1114000
2000
就像是遵循自然法则一样。
18:48
In every一切 case案件, these are dynamic动态, living活的 peoples人们
465
1116000
2000
任何时代,都有活着的人们
18:50
being存在 driven驱动 out of existence存在 by identifiable识别 forces军队.
466
1118000
3000
被认同的压力驱赶着走向灭绝。
18:53
That's actually其实 an optimistic乐观 observation意见,
467
1121000
3000
这事实上是一次积极的观察,
18:56
because it suggests提示 that if human人的 beings众生
468
1124000
2000
因为它暗示着如果人类
18:58
are the agents代理 of cultural文化 destruction毁坏,
469
1126000
2000
是破坏文化的罪魁祸首,
19:00
we can also be, and must必须 be,
470
1128000
2000
我们同样能够成为,且必须成为,
19:02
the facilitators主持人 of cultural文化 survival生存.
471
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2000
文化的守护者。
19:04
Thank you very much.
472
1132000
2000
非常感谢!
Translated by Zhang Jing
Reviewed by Zhu Jie

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wade Davis - Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.”

Why you should listen

Wade Davis is perhaps the most articulate and influential western advocate for the world's indigenous cultures. A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, he has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Trained in anthropology and botany at Harvard, he travels the globe to live alongside indigenous people, and document their cultural practices in books, photographs, and film. His stunning photographs and evocative stories capture the viewer's imagination. As a speaker, he parlays that sense of wonder into passionate concern over the rate at which cultures and languages are disappearing -- 50 percent of the world's 7,000 languages, he says, are no longer taught to children. He argues, in the most beautiful terms, that language is much more than vocabulary and grammatical rules. Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind.  

Indigenous cultures are not failed attempts at modernity, let alone failed attempts to be us. They are unique expressions of the human imagination and heart, unique answers to a fundamental question: What does it mean to be human and alive? When asked this question, the peoples of the world respond in 7,000 different voices, and these collectively comprise our human repertoire for dealing with all the challenges that will confront us as a species over the coming centuries.

Davis is the author of 15 books including The Serpent and the RainbowOne River, and The Wayfinders. His many film credits include Light at the Edge of the World, an eight-hour documentary series produced for the National Geographic. In 2009 he received the Gold Medal from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for his contributions to anthropology and conservation, and he is the 2011 recipient of the Explorers Medal, the highest award of the Explorers’ Club, and the 2012 recipient of the Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration. His latest books are Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest and The Sacred Headwaters: the Fight to Save the Stikine, Skeena and the Nass.

More profile about the speaker
Wade Davis | Speaker | TED.com