ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kate Stafford - Oceanographer
Kate Stafford's research examines migratory movements, geographic variation and physical drivers of marine mammals, particularly large whales.

Why you should listen

Dr. Kate Stafford has worked in marine habitats all over the world, from the tropics to the poles, and is fortunate enough to have seen (and recorded) blue whales in every ocean in which they occur. Stafford's current research focuses on the changing acoustic environment of the Arctic and how changes from declining sea ice to increasing industrial human use may be influencing subarctic and Arctic marine mammals.

Stafford is a Principal Oceanographer at the Applied Physics Lab and affiliate Associate Professor in the School of Oceanography at the University of Washington in Seattle. She has degrees in French literature and biology from the University of California at Santa Cruz and wildlife science (MS) and oceanography (PhD) from Oregon State University. Before going to graduate school, she lived as a Fulbright scholar for a year in Paris studying Medieval French literature. Stafford's research has been featured in Wild Blue: a Natural History of the World's Largest Animal by Dan Bortolotti, the New York Times "Scientist at Work" blog, The Planet magazine, and in Highlights for Children magazine. She has collaborated with artists around the world, providing sounds for multimedia art exhibits.

More profile about the speaker
Kate Stafford | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxCERN

Kate Stafford: How human noise affects ocean habitats

凯特·斯塔福德: 人类噪音是如何影响海洋栖息地的

Filmed:
1,233,640 views

海洋学家凯特·斯塔福德把我们带进了北极的深海世界。那里冰会呻吟,鲸鱼会通过唱歌进行长距离交流;她还告诉我们气候变化和人类噪音正以我们未知的方式改变着环境。来了解为什么这个水下声景很重要和我们应该做什么来保护它吧。
- Oceanographer
Kate Stafford's research examines migratory movements, geographic variation and physical drivers of marine mammals, particularly large whales. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
In 1956, a documentary记录
by Jacques雅克· Cousteau库斯托 won韩元
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1956年,雅克·库斯托的一部纪录片
00:17
both the Palme帕尔梅 d'Ord'Or的 and an Oscar奥斯卡 award.
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获得了金棕榈奖和奥斯卡奖。
00:20
This film电影 was called,
"Le Monde世界报 Du Silence安静,"
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这部影片被称为《Le Monde Du Silence》,
00:23
or, "The Silent无声 World世界."
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或,《寂静的世界》。
00:26
The premise前提 of the title标题 was that
the underwater水下 world世界 was a quiet安静 world世界.
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这个片名表明水下世界是个寂静的世界。
00:32
We now know, 60 years年份 later后来,
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60年后,我们终于知道,
00:34
that the underwater水下 world世界
is anything but silent无声.
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水下世界一点都不安静。
00:38
Although虽然 the sounds声音
are inaudible听不见 above以上 water
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虽然在水面上听不到水下的声音,
00:41
depending根据 on where you are
and the time of year,
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不过这也取决于你所在的位置和时间。
00:45
the underwater水下 soundscape音景 can be as noisy嘈杂
as any jungle丛林 or rainforest雨林.
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其实,水下世界可以像丛林和雨林一样嘈杂。
00:51
Invertebrates无脊椎动物 like snapping捕捉 shrimp,
fish and marine海洋 mammals哺乳动物
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像鼓虾一样的无脊椎动物、鱼和海洋哺乳动物
00:56
all use sound声音.
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都会产生声音。
00:58
They use sound声音 to study研究 their habitat栖息地,
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它们用声音来了解它们的栖息地,
01:01
to keep in communication通讯 with each other,
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来向对方传递信息,
01:03
to navigate导航,
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来导航,
01:04
to detect检测 predators大鳄 and prey猎物.
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来探测捕食者和猎物。
01:07
They also use sound声音 by listening
to know something about their environment环境.
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它们还运用声音来了解它们的环境。
01:13
Take, for an example, the Arctic北极.
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举个例子,北极,
01:15
It's considered考虑 a vast广大,
inhospitable荒凉 place地点,
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它被看作是一个辽阔的不适合居住的地方,
01:19
sometimes有时 described描述 as a desert沙漠,
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有的时候它被描述成沙漠,
01:21
because it is so cold and so remote远程
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因为它太寒冷和太遥远了,
01:24
and ice-covered冰雪覆盖 for much of the year.
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并且常年被冰覆盖。
01:27
And despite尽管 this,
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尽管这样,
01:29
there is no place地点 on Earth地球
that I would rather be than the Arctic北极,
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在地球上,我最愿意呆在北极,
01:33
especially特别 as days lengthen加长
and spring弹簧 comes.
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特别是当白天变长,春天到来的时候。
01:37
To me, the Arctic北极 really
embodies体现 this disconnect断开
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对我来说,北极真正体现了
01:41
between之间 what we see on the surface表面
and what's going on underwater水下.
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水面上所见和水面下所发生的截然不同。
01:47
You can look out across横过 the ice --
all white白色 and blue蓝色 and cold --
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你在水面上眺望冰盖,
一片白色和蓝色,十分寒冷,
01:53
and see nothing.
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什么都看不到。
01:55
But if you could hear underwater水下,
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但是如果你能听到水下对的声音
01:58
the sounds声音 you would hear
would at first amaze惊奇
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你先会惊奇,
02:01
and then delight you.
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然后会开心。
02:03
And while your eyes眼睛 are seeing眼看
nothing for kilometers公里 but ice,
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当你的眼睛只看到连绵几千米的冰雪,
02:07
your ears耳朵 are telling告诉 you that out there
are bowhead北极露脊 and beluga白鲸 whales鲸鱼,
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你的耳朵却在告诉你水底有弓头鲸和白鲸,
02:13
walrus海象 and bearded大胡子 seals密封件.
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海象和髯海豹。
02:16
The ice, too, makes品牌 sounds声音.
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冰也会产生声音,
02:18
It screeches尖叫 and cracks裂缝
and pops持久性有机污染物 and groans呻吟,
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当温度、洋流或者风改变的时候,
它们发生碰撞和摩擦,
02:22
as it collides碰撞 and rubs when temperature温度
or currents电流 or winds change更改.
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产生嘎吱、爆裂等声音。
02:28
And under 100 percent百分 sea ice
in the dead of winter冬季,
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还有,在严冬季节全冰覆盖下,
02:32
bowhead北极露脊 whales鲸鱼 are singing唱歌.
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弓头鲸在唱歌。
02:36
And you would never expect期望 that,
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超乎我们的想象,
02:38
because we humans人类,
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我们人类,
02:40
we tend趋向 to be very visual视觉 animals动物.
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更多的是视觉动物。
02:43
For most of us, but not all,
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对我们的大多数来说(并不是所有人),
02:46
our sense of sight视力 is how
we navigate导航 our world世界.
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我们的视觉指引我们的方向,
02:49
For marine海洋 mammals哺乳动物 that live生活 underwater水下,
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然而对于住在海底的海洋哺乳动物,
02:52
where chemical化学 cues线索
and light transmit发送 poorly不好,
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因为水下化学信号和光的传播都非常弱,
02:56
sound声音 is the sense by which哪一个 they see.
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声音就是它们的向导。
03:00
And sound声音 transmits发送 very well underwater水下,
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而且声音在水下可以很好地传播,
03:02
much better than it does in air空气,
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比在空气中要好很多,
03:04
so signals信号 can be heard听说
over great distances距离.
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所以信号能传播到很远的距离。
03:08
In the Arctic北极, this
is especially特别 important重要,
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在北极,这至关重要,
03:11
because not only do Arctic北极 marine海洋
mammals哺乳动物 have to hear each other,
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不仅因为北极的
哺乳动物们需要听到同伴的声音,
03:15
but they also have to listen
for cues线索 in the environment环境
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它们还需要通过聆听周围的环境,
03:18
that might威力 indicate表明
heavy ice ahead or open打开 water.
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来探测前方是厚冰层还是开放的水域。
03:22
Remember记得, although虽然 they spend
most of their lives生活 underwater水下,
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记住,虽然它们大多数时间都住在水下,
03:26
they are mammals哺乳动物,
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但它们是哺乳动物,
03:27
and so they have to surface表面 to breathe呼吸.
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所以它们需要到水面呼吸。
03:30
So they might威力 listen
for thin ice or no ice,
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所以它们需要聆听薄冰或无冰的位置,
03:34
or listen for echoes回声 off nearby附近 ice.
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或者聆听附近冰层的回声。
03:39
Arctic北极 marine海洋 mammals哺乳动物 live生活 in a rich丰富
and varied多变 underwater水下 soundscape音景.
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北极的海洋哺乳动物住在一个丰富多样的水下声景中。
03:44
In the spring弹簧,
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在春天,
03:45
it can be a cacophony杂音 of sound声音.
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是一片混杂的声音。
03:49
(Marine海洋 mammal哺乳动物 sounds声音)
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(海洋哺乳动物的声音)
04:05
But when the ice is frozen冻结的 solid固体,
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但是当水结成冰,
04:08
and there are no big temperature温度
shifts转变 or current当前 changes变化,
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并且没有剧烈的气温变化或者洋流变化时,
04:11
the underwater水下 Arctic北极 has some
of the lowest最低 ambient周围 noise噪声 levels水平
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北极水下的环境声级
04:16
of the world's世界 oceans海洋.
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是全世界海洋中最低的。
04:17
But this is changing改变.
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但是这种状况正在改变。
04:19
This is primarily主要 due应有 to a decrease减少
in seasonal时令的 sea ice,
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主要是因为季节性浮冰的减少,
04:23
which哪一个 is a direct直接 result结果 of human人的
greenhouse温室 gas加油站 emissions排放.
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人类温室气体排放的直接导致了这种减少。
04:28
We are, in effect影响, with climate气候 change更改,
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伴随着气候变化,事实上我们
04:31
conducting开展 a completely全然 uncontrolled不受控制
experiment实验 with our planet行星.
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正在我们的星球
实施一场完全无法控制的实验。
04:35
Over the past过去 30 years年份,
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在过去的30年中,
04:37
areas of the Arctic北极 have seen看到
decreases降低 in seasonal时令的 sea ice
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北极的季节性浮冰到处都在减少,
04:41
from anywhere随地 from
six weeks to four months个月.
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减少时间从六周到四个月不等。
04:46
This decrease减少 in sea ice is sometimes有时
referred简称 to as an increase增加
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这种减少某种程度上
也就是非冰期的增加。
04:51
in the open打开 water season季节.
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04:53
That is the time of year when
the Arctic北极 is navigable通航 to vessels船只.
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也意味着北极可行船的时间变长了。
04:57
And not only is the extent程度
of ice changing改变,
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而且不仅冰的覆盖区减小了,
05:01
but the age年龄 and the width宽度 of ice is, too.
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冰龄和冰宽也改变了。
05:05
Now, you may可能 well have heard听说
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你可能听说过
05:06
that a decrease减少 in seasonal时令的 sea ice
is causing造成 a loss失利 of habitat栖息地
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季节性浮冰的减少造成了
使得依赖于冰的动物丧失了栖息地,
05:10
for animals动物 that rely依靠 on sea ice,
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05:12
such这样 as ice seals密封件,
or walrus海象, or polar极性 bears.
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比如海狗、海狮和北极熊。
05:16
Decreasing降低 sea ice is also causing造成
increased增加 erosion侵蚀 along沿 coastal沿海 villages村庄,
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季节性浮冰的减少还
增加了沿岸岸村庄的水土流失,
05:21
and changing改变 prey猎物 availability可用性
for marine海洋 birds鸟类 and mammals哺乳动物.
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海鸟和哺乳动物的猎物也变少了。
05:26
Climate气候 change更改 and decreases降低 in sea ice
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气候变化和浮冰的减少
05:29
are also altering改变 the underwater水下
soundscape音景 of the Arctic北极.
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也改变了北极的水下声景。
05:35
What do I mean by soundscape音景?
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声景是什么意思?
05:37
Those of us who eavesdrop窃听
on the oceans海洋 for a living活的
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我们这些靠聆听海洋为生的人
05:40
use instruments仪器 called hydrophones水听器,
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用一种叫做“水听器”的器械
05:42
which哪一个 are underwater水下 microphones麦克风,
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——水底的麦克风,
05:45
and we record记录 ambient周围 noise噪声 --
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来记录周围的噪音
05:47
the noise噪声 all around us.
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——围绕着我们的噪音。
05:48
And the soundscape音景 describes介绍
the different不同 contributors贡献者
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声景描述了这个噪音场
05:52
to this noise噪声 field领域.
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的不同产生来源。
05:54
What we are hearing听力 on our hydrophones水听器
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我们用水听器听到的声音
05:57
are the very real真实 sounds声音
of climate气候 change更改.
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反映了气候的变迁。
06:01
We are hearing听力 these changes变化
from three fronts战线:
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我们聆听到的声音来自三方:
06:04
from the air空气,
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空气,
06:06
from the water
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水,
06:08
and from land土地.
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和陆地。
06:10
First: air空气.
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第一,空气。
06:13
Wind on water creates创建 waves波浪.
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水面上的风创造了浪。
06:16
These waves波浪 make bubbles泡泡;
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这些浪制造泡泡,
06:18
the bubbles泡泡 break打破,
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泡泡会破裂,
06:19
and when they do,
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当它们破裂的时候,
06:21
they make noise噪声.
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它们会发出声音。
06:22
And this noise噪声 is like a hiss
or a static静态的 in the background背景.
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这声音像是背景中的嘶嘶声和白噪音。
06:27
In the Arctic北极, when it's ice-covered冰雪覆盖,
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在被冰雪覆盖的北极,
06:30
most of the noise噪声 from wind
doesn't make it into the water column,
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大多数风声无法穿透到水下,
06:33
because the ice acts行为 as a buffer缓冲
between之间 the atmosphere大气层 and the water.
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因为冰是大气和水之间的缓冲层。
06:39
This is one of the reasons原因
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这是造成
06:40
that the Arctic北极 can have
very low ambient周围 noise噪声 levels水平.
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北极冰面下噪音低的原因之一。
06:44
But with decreases降低 in seasonal时令的 sea ice,
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但是随着季节性浮冰的减少,
06:47
not only is the Arctic北极 now open打开
to this wave noise噪声,
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不仅北极水面下能听到这种海浪声了,
06:52
but the number of storms风暴
and the intensity强度 of storms风暴 in the Arctic北极
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而且北极的风暴数量和强度
06:55
has been increasing增加.
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也在增加。
06:57
All of this is raising提高 noise噪声 levels水平
in a previously先前 quiet安静 ocean海洋.
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这些都使得原本安静的海洋变得嘈杂。
07:02
Second第二: water.
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第二,水。
07:06
With less seasonal时令的 sea ice,
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随着季节性浮冰的减少,
07:08
subarctic亚北极 species种类 are moving移动 north,
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亚北极的物种在向北迁徙,
07:11
and taking服用 advantage优点 of the new habitat栖息地
that is created创建 by more open打开 water.
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迁徙到新形成的没有结冰的栖息地。
07:16
Now, Arctic北极 whales鲸鱼, like this bowhead北极露脊,
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现在,住在北极的鲸鱼,像这个弓头鲸,
07:19
they have no dorsal fin,
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它们并没有背鳍,
07:21
because they have evolved进化 to live生活
and swim游泳 in ice-covered冰雪覆盖 waters水域,
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因为它们已进化并适应了在被冰覆盖的水域里游泳和生活,
07:26
and having something sticking症结
off of your back is not very conducive有利于
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背后长东西不利于
07:29
to migrating迁移 through通过 ice,
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在冰中移动,
07:31
and may可能, in fact事实, be excluding排除
animals动物 from the ice.
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并且事实上,可能无法在冰区生活。
07:35
But now, everywhere到处 we've我们已经 listened听了,
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但是现在,我们在各地
07:38
we're hearing听力 the sounds声音
of fin whales鲸鱼 and humpback驼背 whales鲸鱼
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都有听到长须鲸、座头鲸
07:41
and killer凶手 whales鲸鱼,
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和虎鲸的声音,
07:43
further进一步 and further进一步 north,
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越来越向北,
07:45
and later后来 and later后来 in the season季节.
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季节越来越晚。
07:48
We are hearing听力, in essence本质,
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本质上,我们听到的是
07:49
an invasion侵入 of the Arctic北极
by subarctic亚北极 species种类.
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亚北极物种对北极的入侵。
07:53
And we don't know what this means手段.
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而且我们不知道这意味这什么。
07:55
Will there be competition竞争 for food餐饮
between之间 Arctic北极 and subarctic亚北极 animals动物?
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北极和亚北极动物会争夺食物吗?
08:00
Might威力 these subarctic亚北极 species种类 introduce介绍
diseases疾病 or parasites寄生虫 into the Arctic北极?
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这些亚北极物种会把疾病和寄生虫带到北极吗?
08:07
And what are the new sounds声音
that they are producing生产
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还有它们产生的声音
08:09
doing to the soundscape音景 underwater水下?
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会对水底的声景产生什么样的的影响呢?
08:12
And third第三: land土地.
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第三,陆地。
08:15
And by land土地 ...
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我指的陆地,
08:16
I mean people.
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其实是人类。
08:18
More open打开 water means手段
increased增加 human人的 use of the Arctic北极.
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更多的非结冰水域意味着
人类可以更多地利用北极。
08:23
Just this past过去 summer夏季,
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就在上个夏天,
08:24
a massive大规模的 cruise巡航 ship made制作 its way
through通过 the Northwest西北 Passage通道 --
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一艘巨大邮轮成功通过了西北航道,
08:28
the once-mythical一旦神话 route路线
between之间 Europe欧洲 and the Pacific和平的.
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这曾是一条欧洲和太平洋之间的神秘航道。
08:33
Decreases降低 in sea ice have allowed允许
humans人类 to occupy占据 the Arctic北极 more often经常.
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浮冰的减少让人类能够更多地利用北极。
08:40
It has allowed允许 increases增加 in oil
and gas加油站 exploration勘探 and extraction萃取,
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这增加了石油和天然气的探索和开采,
08:44
the potential潜在 for commercial广告 shipping运输,
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增加了商业货物运输的可行性,
08:47
as well as increased增加 tourism旅游.
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以及增加了旅游活动。
08:50
And we now know that ship noise噪声 increases增加
levels水平 of stress强调 hormones激素 in whales鲸鱼
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我们现在发现船的噪音会提高鲸鱼的压力荷尔蒙,
08:55
and can disrupt破坏 feeding馈送 behavior行为.
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而且能够扰乱它们的觅食行为。
08:58
Air空气 guns枪炮, which哪一个 produce生产 loud,
low-frequency低频 "whoompswhoomps"
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气枪,每10到20秒
产生响亮和低频声响。
09:03
every一切 10 to 20 seconds,
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09:05
changed the swimming游泳的 and vocal声音的
behavior行为 of whales鲸鱼.
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改变了鲸鱼游泳和发声的习惯。
09:09
And all of these sound声音 sources来源
are decreasing减少 the acoustic space空间
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所有的这些声源减少了
09:14
over which哪一个 Arctic北极 marine海洋 mammals哺乳动物
can communicate通信.
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北极海洋哺乳动物交流的声音空间。
09:18
Now, Arctic北极 marine海洋 mammals哺乳动物
are used to very high levels水平 of noise噪声
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现在,在每年的某一段时间,
09:23
at certain某些 times of the year.
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北极海洋哺乳动物习惯于非常多的噪音。
09:25
But this is primarily主要 from other
animals动物 or from sea ice,
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但是这是由其他动物或者浮冰产生的,
09:29
and these are the sounds声音
with which哪一个 they've他们已经 evolved进化,
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这些声音是它们进化过程中适应的,
09:31
and these are sounds声音 that are vital重要
to their very survival生存.
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而且这些声音对它们的生存很重要。
09:35
These new sounds声音
are loud and they're alien外侨.
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而这些新的声音响亮而且陌生。
09:39
They might威力 impact碰撞 the environment环境
in ways方法 that we think we understand理解,
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它们可能会以我们已知或未知的方式
09:44
but also in ways方法 that we don't.
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影响环境。
09:48
Remember记得, sound声音 is the most
important重要 sense for these animals动物.
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记住,声音是这些动物最重要的感知方式,
09:53
And not only is the physical物理 habitat栖息地
of the Arctic北极 changing改变 rapidly急速,
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不仅北极栖息地的样貌正在飞速改变,
09:58
but the acoustic habitat栖息地 is, too.
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栖息地的声境也在改变。
10:01
It's as if we've我们已经 plucked拨弦 these animals动物 up
from the quiet安静 countryside农村
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就好像我们把这些动物从安静的郊区
10:04
and dropped下降 them into a big city
in the middle中间 of rush hour小时.
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放到了交通拥堵时候的大城市中央。
10:08
And they can't escape逃逸 it.
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它们无法逃脱。
10:11
So what can we do now?
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所以,我们能做什么?
10:15
We can't decrease减少 wind speeds速度
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我们无法减少风速,
10:17
or keep subarctic亚北极 animals动物
from migrating迁移 north,
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或者阻止亚北极动物向北迁徙,
10:20
but we can work on local本地 solutions解决方案
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但是我们可以采用局部解决方案,
10:23
to reducing减少 human-caused人为造成 underwater水下 noise噪声.
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来减少人为制造的水下噪音。
10:26
One of these solutions解决方案
is to slow down ships船舶
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解决方式之一是
10:29
that traverse横过 the Arctic北极,
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放慢穿越北极的船速,
10:31
because a slower比较慢 ship is a quieter安静 ship.
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因为船速越慢船的声音越小。
10:35
We can restrict限制 access访问
in seasons季节 and regions地区
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我们可以在生物交配、觅食和迁徙的重要季节和地区,
10:39
that are important重要 for mating交配
or feeding馈送 or migrating迁移.
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限制人类的进入。
10:44
We can get smarter聪明 about quieting舒怀的 ships船舶
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我们可以研究如何让船更安静,
10:47
and find better ways方法
to explore探索 the ocean海洋 bottom底部.
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找到更好的探索海底的方式。
10:51
And the good news新闻 is,
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好消息是,
10:53
there are people
working加工 on this right now.
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现在已经有人在做这些事情了。
10:58
But ultimately最终,
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但是最终,
10:59
we humans人类 have to do the hard work
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我们人类还要努力
11:02
of reversing倒车 or at the very
least最小 decelerating减速
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逆转或者至少减慢
11:06
human-caused人为造成 atmospheric大气的 changes变化.
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人为造成的大气变化。
11:09
So, let's return返回 to this idea理念
of a silent无声 world世界 underwater水下.
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所以,让我们回到寂静的水下世界这个说法。
11:15
It's entirely完全 possible可能
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极有可能,
11:16
that many许多 of the whales鲸鱼
swimming游泳的 in the Arctic北极 today今天,
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许多现在在北极游泳的鲸鱼
11:19
especially特别 long-lived长寿命 species种类
like the bowhead北极露脊 whale
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特别是像弓头鲸这样的长生物种
11:23
that the Inuits因纽特人 say can live生活
two human人的 lives生活 --
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——因纽特人说它们的生命有可能是人类的两倍
11:27
it's possible可能 that these whales鲸鱼
were alive in 1956,
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——有可能在1956年它们就已经活着了,
11:31
when Jacques雅克· Cousteau库斯托 made制作 his film电影.
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即在雅克·库斯托制作这部电影的时候。
11:33
And in retrospect回想起来,
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回想起来
11:35
considering考虑 all the noise噪声
we are creating创建 in the oceans海洋 today今天,
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想想我们现在在海洋中制造的噪音,
11:40
perhaps也许 it really was "The Silent无声 World世界."
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也许它当时真的是一个“寂静的世界”。
11:44
Thank you.
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谢谢。
11:46
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Conway Ye
Reviewed by Lena Fu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kate Stafford - Oceanographer
Kate Stafford's research examines migratory movements, geographic variation and physical drivers of marine mammals, particularly large whales.

Why you should listen

Dr. Kate Stafford has worked in marine habitats all over the world, from the tropics to the poles, and is fortunate enough to have seen (and recorded) blue whales in every ocean in which they occur. Stafford's current research focuses on the changing acoustic environment of the Arctic and how changes from declining sea ice to increasing industrial human use may be influencing subarctic and Arctic marine mammals.

Stafford is a Principal Oceanographer at the Applied Physics Lab and affiliate Associate Professor in the School of Oceanography at the University of Washington in Seattle. She has degrees in French literature and biology from the University of California at Santa Cruz and wildlife science (MS) and oceanography (PhD) from Oregon State University. Before going to graduate school, she lived as a Fulbright scholar for a year in Paris studying Medieval French literature. Stafford's research has been featured in Wild Blue: a Natural History of the World's Largest Animal by Dan Bortolotti, the New York Times "Scientist at Work" blog, The Planet magazine, and in Highlights for Children magazine. She has collaborated with artists around the world, providing sounds for multimedia art exhibits.

More profile about the speaker
Kate Stafford | Speaker | TED.com