ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brewster Kahle - Digital librarian
Brewster Kahle is an inventor, philanthropist and digital librarian. His Internet Archive offers 85 billion pieces of deep Web geology -- a fascinating look at the formation of the Internet over the years, and a challenge to those who would keep knowledge buried.

Why you should listen

Brewster Kahle's stated goal is "Universal access to all knowledge," and his catalog of inventions and institutions created for this purpose read like a Web's Greatest Hits list. In 1982 he helped start Thinking Machines, a supercomputer company specializing in text searching, and would go on to invent the Internet's first publishing and distributed search system, WAIS, whose customers included the New York Times and the United States Senate.

But most notably, perhaps, Kahle is founder and director of the Internet Archive, a free service which steadfastly archives World Wide Web documents, even as they are plowed over by breakneck trends in commerce, culture and politics. (On his Wayback Machine, you can view pages as they appeared in web antiquity -- say, Yahoo! in 1996.) As a member of the Board of Directors of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, he works to keep such information free and reachable.

Kahle is a key supporter of the Open Content Alliance and has been elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He and his wife operate a nonprofit organization, the Kahle/Austin Foundation, which funds the Internet Archive.

More profile about the speaker
Brewster Kahle | Speaker | TED.com
EG 2007

Brewster Kahle: A free digital library

Brewster Kahle:构建免费的数字图书馆

Filmed:
523,085 views

Brewster Kahle正在着手构建一个巨大的数字化图书馆,那里收录了几乎所有曾经出版的书籍、电影以及各个方面的历史网页...这个数字化的图书馆对外是免费,除非有些人能在Brewster Kahle之前构建完成一个类似的图书馆。
- Digital librarian
Brewster Kahle is an inventor, philanthropist and digital librarian. His Internet Archive offers 85 billion pieces of deep Web geology -- a fascinating look at the formation of the Internet over the years, and a challenge to those who would keep knowledge buried. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
We really need to put the best最好 we have to offer提供 within reach达到 of our children孩子.
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我们的确需要把最好的资讯提供给孩子们,让他们随手可得。
00:19
If we don't do that, we're going to get the generation we deserve值得.
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如果我们不那么做,那我们会得到我们应得的一代,
00:24
They're going to learn学习 from whatever随你 it is they have around them.
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他们将会从周围的一切事物中随意地学习知识。
00:27
And we, as now the elite原种, parents父母, librarians图书馆, professionals专业人士, whatever随你 it is,
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而我们, 社会精英、家长、图书管理员、专业人士、以及其他各界人士,
00:35
a bunch of our activities活动 are, in fact事实, in trying to get the best最好 we have to offer提供
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事实上已经开展了一系列的活动,从而尽可能地提供最好的资讯
00:39
within reach达到 of those around us, or as broadly宽广地 as we can.
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让我们身边的人随手可得,并尽量将范围扩大
00:43
I'm going to start开始 and end结束 this talk with a couple一对 things that are carved in stone.
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在这个演讲的开始和结尾, 我会讲述一些刻在石碑上的事情
00:46
One is what's on the Boston波士顿 Public上市 Library图书馆.
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一块位于波士顿公共图书馆。
00:50
Carved雕刻 above以上 their door is, "Free自由 to All."
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图书馆的大门上刻着”一切都是免费的“
00:53
It's kind of an inspiring鼓舞人心 statement声明,
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这种说法让人深受启发,
00:55
and I'll go back at the end结束 of this.
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我们会在演讲即将结束时再次回顾这句话。
00:57
I'm a librarian图书管理员, and what I'm trying to do is bring带来 all of the works作品 of knowledge知识
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我是一个图书管理员,我尽力地把所有的知识以及作品
01:02
to as many许多 people as want to read it.
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提供给需要阅读它们的人。
01:06
And the idea理念 of using运用 technology技术 is perfect完善 for us.
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运用现代科技是十分理想的。
01:08
I think we have the opportunity机会 to one-up一起来 the Greeks希腊人.
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我认为我们有机会超越希腊人。
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It's not easy简单 to one-up一起来 the Greeks希腊人. But with the industriousness勤奋 of the Egyptians埃及人,
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想要超越希腊人是不容易的。但依靠埃及人的勤勉,
01:17
they were able能够 to build建立 the Library图书馆 of Alexandria亚历山大 --
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他们建成了亚历山大图书馆——
01:19
the idea理念 of a copy复制 of every一切 book of all the peoples人们 of the world世界.
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以实现收藏世界上每本书的梦想。
01:23
The problem问题 was you actually其实 had to go to Alexandria亚历山大 to go to it.
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问题是,你需要去亚历山大图书馆才能看到这一切。
01:26
On the other hand, if you did, then great things happened发生.
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另一个方面,如果你真这么做了,那么大事就要发生了。
01:29
I think we can one-up一起来 the Greeks希腊人 and achieve实现 something.
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我认为我们可以比希腊人更胜一筹,去实现某些梦想。
01:32
And I'm going to try to argue争论 only one point today今天:
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今天我打算只探讨一个观点:
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that universal普遍 access访问 to all knowledge知识 is within our grasp把握.
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把我们可以获得的所有知识提供给所有人。
01:40
So if I'm successful成功, then you'll你会 actually其实 come away thinking思维,
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如果我成功了,你一定会这样想,
01:43
yeah, we could actually其实 achieve实现 the great vision视力 of everything ever published发表,
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是的,我们的确可以实现将所有已经出版,
01:50
everything that was ever meant意味着 for distribution分配,
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或曾经想要出版的知识,
01:52
available可得到 to anybody任何人 in the world世界 that's ever wanted to have access访问 to it.
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呈现给世界上所有需要他们的人的伟大梦想。
01:56
Yes, there's issues问题 about how money should be distributed分散式,
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是的,这时出现了资金该如何分配的问题,
02:00
and that's still being存在 refiguredrefigured out.
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我们还在探索怎样解决这个问题
02:02
But I'd say there's plenty丰富 of money, and there's plenty丰富 of demand需求,
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但我要说,这里有足够的资金,也有大量的需求。
02:04
so we can actually其实 achieve实现 that.
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所以我们是可以实现它的。
02:07
But I'm going to go over the technological技术性, social社会
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但是我会逐步探讨在技术层面,社会层面
02:10
and sort分类 of where are we as a whole整个, trying to get to that particular特定 vision视力.
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以及目前进行的成果以达到这个目标
02:14
And the way I'm going to try to do this is do it like the Amazon亚马逊.comCOM website网站,
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我将尽力用类似Amazon网站的方式来完成它
02:19
the books图书, music音乐, video视频 and just go step -- media媒体 type类型 by media媒体 type类型,
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书籍、音乐、影像分门别类,按媒介的种类进行归档
02:24
just go and say, all right, how're过得好 we doing on this?
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然后,我们选择其中一个类别开始
02:27
So if we start开始 with books图书, you know, sort分类 of where are we?
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假设我们从书籍开始,就从我们现有的资源着手
02:31
Well, first you have to, as an engineer工程师, scope范围 the problem问题. How big is it?
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首先,作为一个工程师,你必须要衡量一下问题的范围,有多少数量的图书?
02:35
If you wanted to put all of the published发表 works作品 online线上
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我们现在设想的是把所有出版了的作品放在网上
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so that anybody任何人 could have it available可得到, well, how big a problem问题 is it?
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因此任何人都可以随意取阅,那么,这个问题有多大呢?
02:42
Well, we don't really know, but the largest最大 print打印 library图书馆 in the world世界
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我们不知道,世界上最大的出版物藏库
02:46
is the Library图书馆 of Congress国会. It's 26 million百万 volumes, 26 million百万 volumes.
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就是美国国会图书馆——那里有2600万卷藏书
02:50
It is, by far and away, the largest最大 print打印 library图书馆 in the world世界.
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它是目前世界上最大的出版物图书馆
02:53
And a book, if you had a book, is about a megabyte兆字节,
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假设每一本书,大约是1兆字节的容量
02:57
so -- you know, if you had it in Microsoft微软 Word.
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并且,这本书是微软Word格式的
03:01
So a megabyte兆字节, 26 million百万 megabytes兆字节 is 26 terabytes兆兆字节 --
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一兆一本书,2600万兆字节(MB)就是26太字节(TB)
03:05
it goes mega-, giga-千兆, tera-tera-. 26 terabytes兆兆字节.
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容量大小单位依次是MB,GB,TB,那里有26TB容量的信息
03:08
26 terabytes兆兆字节 fits适合 in a computer电脑 system系统 that's about this big,
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如果把26TB的数据导入到大约这么大、装有
03:11
on spinning纺织 LinuxLinux的 drives驱动器, and it costs成本 about 60,000 dollars美元.
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Linux操作系统的计算机中,需要花费6万美元
03:16
So for the cost成本 of a house -- or around here, a garage车库 --
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因此,只需要一所房子,甚至只是这么大的一个车库
03:20
you can put, you can have spinning纺织 all of the words in the Library图书馆 of Congress国会.
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你就可以存储美国国会图书馆中所有书籍的内容
03:25
That's pretty漂亮 neat整齐.
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而且这样存放是非常简洁的
03:27
Then the question is, what do you get?
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但问题是:你得到了什么?
03:29
You know, is it worth价值 trying to get there?
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这样做是有价值的吗?
03:31
Do you actually其实 want it online线上?
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你确实希望把他们放到网上?
03:33
Some of the first things that people do is they make book readers读者
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一开始人们做的事情是让读者们
03:36
that allow允许 you to search搜索 inside the books图书, and that's kind of fun开玩笑.
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可以在书籍里任意搜寻一些资料,这种做法非常有趣
03:39
And you can download下载 these things, and look around them in new and different不同 ways方法.
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你可以下载这些读物,然后用新的、不同往常的方式去查阅他们
03:42
And you can get at them remotely远程, if you happen发生 to have a laptop笔记本电脑.
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如果你有一台笔记本电脑,那么你就可以进行远程下载
03:48
There's starting开始 to be some of these sort分类 of page turn-y转-Y interfaces接口
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程序中会有一个可以翻页的书籍界面
03:52
that look a whole整个 lot like books图书 in certain某些 ways方法,
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使得程序看起来就像是一本书
03:55
and you can search搜索 them, make little tabs标签, and it's kind of cute可爱 --
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你可以搜寻书籍中的某些内容,设置书签,这会非常简洁有趣
03:57
still very book-like书状 -- on your laptop笔记本电脑.
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并且跟普通的书籍一样,呈现在你的笔记本电脑中
04:00
But I don't know, reading things on a laptop笔记本电脑 --
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但是,我觉得,在笔记本电脑上阅读电子书
04:03
whenever每当 I pull up my laptop笔记本电脑, it always feels感觉 like work.
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感觉就像是在工作
04:05
I think that's one of the reasons原因 why the Kindle点燃 is so great.
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也许这就是Kindle之所以如此成功的一个原因
04:08
I don't have to feel like I'm at work to read a Kindle点燃.
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用Kindle阅读电子书不会让你觉得像是在工作
04:11
It's starting开始 to be a little bit more specified规定.
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让人感觉就是在阅读
04:14
But I have to say that there's older旧的 technologies技术 that I tend趋向 to like.
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但是,我还是喜欢那些老技术做出来的东西
04:21
I like the physical物理 book.
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我喜欢阅读实体书籍
04:24
And I think we can go and use our technology技术 to go and digitize数字化 things,
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我认为可以用技术将书籍内容数字化
04:29
put them on the Net, and then download下载,
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然后发布到网络上,提供给人们下载
04:31
print打印 them and bind捆绑 them, and end结束 up with books图书 again.
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之后再将这些内容打印、装订,最终又形成一本书的样子
04:33
And we sort分类 of said, well, how hard is this?
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话是这么说的,但是,这将会有多难呢?
04:35
And it turns out to not be very hard.
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事实上,一点儿也不难
04:37
We actually其实 went off to make a bookmobile流动图书馆.
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我们曾经做过一个流动图书馆
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And a bookmobile流动图书馆 -- the size尺寸 of a van面包车 with a satellite卫星 dish,
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流动图书馆,就是一辆小货车(面包车),里面有卫星天线
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a printer打印机, binder粘合剂 and cutter切割机, and kids孩子 make their own拥有 books图书.
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打印机,粘合剂和切割用具,这样年轻人就可以做出他们自己的书
04:43
It costs成本 about three dollars美元 to download下载, print打印 and bind捆绑 a normal正常, old book.
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下载,打印并装订一本普通的书籍需要花费3美元
04:49
And they actually其实 come out kind of nice不错 looking.
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这样的书看起来非常漂亮
04:51
You can actually其实 get really good-looking好看 books图书
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你可以得到这些好看的书
04:54
for on the order订购 of one penny一分钱 per page, sort分类 of the parts部分 cost成本 for doing this.
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成本也就是一美分一页,当然这只是做这本书所花费成本的一部分
04:58
So the idea理念 of -- this technology技术 actually其实 may可能 end结束 up
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使用这种技术的创意,最终也会把书
05:01
putting books图书 back in people's人们 hands again.
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传递给读者
05:03
There are some other bookmobiles流动图书馆 running赛跑 around.
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现在也存在一些其他人做的流动图书馆
05:05
This is Eric埃里克 Eldred埃尔德雷德 making制造 books图书 at Walden瓦尔登 Pond池塘 -- Thoreau's梭罗 works作品.
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这位是EricEldred,他主要做WaldenPond和Thoreau的作品
05:09
This is just before he got kicked out by the Parks公园 Services服务,
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他刚刚被从公园服务中剔除
05:12
for competing竞争 with the bookstore书店 there.
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原因就是他和当地的书店竞争
05:15
In India印度, they've他们已经 got another另一个 couple一对 bookmobiles流动图书馆 running赛跑 around.
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在印度,那里有一对夫妻经营的流动图书馆
05:18
And this is the opening开盘 day at the Library图书馆 of Alexandria亚历山大,
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这是亚历山大图书馆开业时的照片
05:21
the new Library图书馆 of Alexandria亚历山大, in Egypt埃及.
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新亚历山大图书馆,位于埃及
05:25
It was quite相当 popularly普遍 attended出席.
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它的出现受到了人们的欢迎
05:27
And kids孩子 starting开始 to make their own拥有 books图书,
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孩子们开始制作他们自己的图书
05:30
and a happy快乐 kid孩子 with the first book that he's ever owned拥有的.
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这个孩子第一次拥有了属于他自己的图书,他非常开心
05:33
So the idea理念 of being存在 able能够 to use this technology技术
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这种使用技术来制作那些我能处理的图书的创意
05:35
to end结束 up with paper where I can handle处理 sort分类 of sounds声音 a little retro复古,
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听起来有一些复古
05:38
but I think it still has its place地点.
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但它依然很有前途
05:41
And being存在 from the Silicon Valley, sort分类 of utopian乌托邦
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联想到硅谷、乌托邦
05:45
sort分类 of world世界,
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甚至是全世界
05:47
we thought, if we can make this technology技术 work in rural乡村 Uganda乌干达,
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我认为如果这项技术能在乌干达的乡村中得以实现
05:50
we might威力 have something.
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就会取得一些超乎想像的收获
05:52
So we actually其实 got some funding资金 from the World世界 Bank银行 to try it out.
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我们获得了世界银行的资助,并尽最大力量去将其开发出来
05:56
And we found发现 in about 30 days we could go and take a couple一对 folks乡亲 from Silicon Valley,
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在30天里,我们从硅谷出发
06:00
fly them to Uganda乌干达, buy购买 a car汽车, set up the first Internet互联网 connection连接
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飞往乌干达,并在那里购买了一辆车,
06:06
at the National国民 Library图书馆 of Uganda乌干达, figure数字 out what they wanted,
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在乌干达的国家图书馆里搭建了第一个互联网链接,找出他们想要的的东西
06:09
and get a program程序 going making制造 books图书 in rural乡村 Uganda乌干达.
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并准备了一个在乌干达乡村用于制作图书的程序
06:12
And it actually其实 -- so technologically技术, it works作品.
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从技术角度来讲,这一切都实现了
06:15
What we found发现 out of this is we didn't have the right books图书.
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最终,令我们遗憾的是,我们无法得到最合适的书
06:19
So the books图书 were in the library图书馆. We could get it to people, if they're digitized数字化,
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书都在图书馆里。如果书籍是数字化的,我们就可以把它做出来送给读者
06:22
but we didn't know how to quite相当 get them digitized数字化.
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但我们不知道如何将他们数字化
06:25
Everybody每个人 thought the answer回答 is, send发送 things to India印度 and China中国.
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所有人会想到一个主意,把这件事交给印度和中国
06:30
And so we've我们已经 tried试着 that, and I'll go over that in a moment时刻.
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我们也正在尝试着,一会儿我将会在这件事情上稍作阐述
06:32
There are some newer technologies技术 for delivering交付
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现如今,人们发明了一些新的传送技术
06:35
that have happened发生 that are actually其实 quite相当 exciting扣人心弦 as well.
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这些技术听起来也让人非常兴奋
06:38
One is a print-on-demand打印按需 machine that looks容貌 like a Rube乡巴佬 Goldberg戈德堡 machine.
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其中一个就是像鲁布·戈德堡机器的按需打印机
06:41
We have one of these things now. It's completely全然 cool.
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我们现在已经拥有其中的一些设备,这是很酷的
06:43
It's all conveyor输送带 belt, and it makes品牌 a book.
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传输带到处都是,而且它可以用来制作图书
06:48
And it's called the "Espresso浓咖啡 Book Machine,"
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这个机器被称作"Espresso Book Machine"(Espresso图书制作机)
06:50
and in about 10 minutes分钟, you can press a button按键 and make a book.
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你只需要轻轻按下一个按钮,10分钟后,它就会制作出一本书来
06:54
Something else其他 I'm quite相当 excited兴奋 about in this particular特定 domain,
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我之所以钟情于这个特殊的领域
07:00
beyond these sort分类 of kiosk-y亭-Y things where you can get books图书 on demand需求,
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不仅仅是这些类似便利店的流动图书馆可以制作任何你想要的书籍
07:04
is some of these new little screens屏幕 that are coming未来 out.
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而是这背后即将实现的一个伟大场景
07:08
And one of my favorites最爱 in this is the $100 laptop笔记本电脑.
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有一种100美元的便携式电脑是我的最爱之一
07:12
And I don't mean to steal any thunder here,
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我并不想在这里博取任何轰动
07:18
but we've我们已经 gone走了 and used one of these things to be an e-book电子书 reader读者.
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但我们正在把这种便携式电脑做成电子书阅读器
07:23
So here's这里的 one of the beta公测 units单位 and you can --
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这是其中一款测试机型
07:29
it actually其实 turns out to be a really good-looking好看 e-book电子书 reader读者.
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它看起来是一个不错的电子书阅读器
07:37
And we have a quick hack that we did to try to put one of our books图书 on it,
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我们正在上面写入第一本图书
07:41
and it turns out that 200 dots per inch英寸
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它的分辨率达到了每英寸200点
07:44
means手段 that you can put scanned扫描 books图书 on them that look really good.
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这就意味着你可以把扫描过的图书放在上面,并且看起来非常舒服
07:47
At 200 dots per inch英寸, it's kind of the equivalent当量 of a 300 dot print打印 laser激光 printer打印机.
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每英寸200点的分辨率(200dpi)等价于一台300点激光打印机的打印效果
07:51
We're in good enough足够 shape形状.
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并且它的造型也不错
07:53
You actually其实 can go and read scanned扫描 books图书 quite相当 easily容易.
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大家可以通过它非常方便的去阅读那些被扫描过的图书
07:56
So the idea理念 of electronic电子 books图书 is starting开始 to come about.
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电子书的想法就要产生了
08:00
But how do you go about doing all this scanning扫描?
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但,你怎么去做那些扫描工作?
08:02
So we thought, okay, well, let's try out this send发送 books图书 to India印度 thing.
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我们经过思考,好吧,我们把书送到印度去进行扫描
08:05
And there was a project项目 with, funded资助 by the National国民 Science科学 Foundation基础 --
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这里有一个项目,它是由美国国家科学基金会出资支持的,购买了
08:10
sent发送 a bunch of scanners扫描仪, and the American美国 libraries图书馆 were supposed应该 to send发送 books图书.
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一些扫描仪用于扫描,美国的图书馆理所当然的要将书送出去扫描
08:14
Well, they didn't. They didn't want to send发送 their books图书.
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但是,他们没有,他们根本就不想把他们自己的书送出去
08:17
So we bought 100,000 books图书 and sent发送 them to India印度.
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于是,我们购买了100000本书,将他们送到了印度
08:19
And then we learned学到了 why you don't want to send发送 books图书 to India印度.
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接下来,我们就发现了为什么人家图书馆不把书送到印度的原因
08:22
The lesson we learned学到了 out of this is, scan扫描 your own拥有 books图书.
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我们得到的教训就是,扫描你自己的图书
08:26
If you really care关心 about books图书, you're going to scan扫描 them better,
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如果你非常喜欢图书,你就会更加仔细认真的扫描
08:30
especially特别 if they're valuable有价值 books图书.
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特别是那些书非常有价值的时候
08:32
If they're new books图书 and you can just, you know, butcher屠夫 them,
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如果是新书,那就不同了,你可以“残害”他们
08:34
because you could just buy购买 another另一个 one,
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因为你可以再买一本新的
08:36
that's not such这样 a big deal合同 in terms条款 of doing high-quality高质量 scanning扫描.
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对于高质量的扫描来说这不算什么大事
08:40
But do things that you love.
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但,一定要去做那些你喜欢做的事
08:43
But the Indians印度人 have been scanning扫描 a lot of their own拥有 books图书 --
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印度人已经高质量的完成了他们自己书籍的扫描
08:46
about 300,000 now -- doing very well.
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大约有300000本左右
08:48
The Chinese中文 did over a million百万, and the Egyptians埃及人 are about 30,000.
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中国人大约完成了有一百万多,埃及人仅仅是30000本的样子
08:53
But we sent发送 -- thought, OK, if we're going to need to do this, let's do it in-library在库.
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我们已经送去了这么多,如果我们还需要继续做下去,还是选择在图书馆里吧
08:59
How do we go and do this, and how do we get it down
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我们该如何去做,如何开展工作
09:01
so that it's a cost成本 point that we could afford给予?
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我们是否负担得起经费?
09:03
And we sort分类 of picked采摘的 the price价钱 point of 10 cents a page.
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我们给出的参考价格是每页10美分
09:06
If it's basically基本上 the cost成本 of xeroxingxeroxing to basically基本上 digitize数字化, OCROCR, package it up,
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这是静电复印,光字符识别,打包
09:12
make it so that you could download下载, print打印 and bind捆绑 it -- the whole整个 shebang家当 --
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提供下载,打印及装订等所有事情的总成本
09:15
we would have achieved实现 something.
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我们可以有所成就
09:17
So we started开始 out trying to figure数字 out. How do we get to 10 cents?
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我们试图给出是如何计算出每页10美分这个数据的
09:19
And we tried试着 these robot机器人 things, and they worked工作 pretty漂亮 well --
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我们使用了机器人之类的设备,而且他们工作的相当不错
09:22
sort分类 of these auto-page-turning自动翻页 things.
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即类似于自动翻页的东西
09:24
If we can have Mars火星 Rovers流浪者, you'd think you could turn pages网页.
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如果我们能制造火星漫游号,也就能制造这样的翻页机
09:28
But it actually其实 turns out to be pretty漂亮 hard to turn pages网页, and the volume isn't there.
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但是要想做到翻页还是很困难的,所以完成的数量还是不够大
09:32
So anyway无论如何 -- so we ended结束 up making制造 our own拥有 book scanner扫描器,
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不论如何,我们制作了属于自己的图书扫描器
09:38
and with two digital数字, high-grade高分, professional专业的 digital数字 cameras相机,
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用两个优质、专业的数码摄像头
09:42
controlled受控 museum博物馆 lighting灯光, so even if it's a black黑色 and white白色 book,
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结合着可控的博物馆照明——即便那是一本没有色彩的书
09:45
you can go and get the proper正确 intonation腔调.
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你可以制作出一本不错的书来
09:49
So you basically基本上 do a beautiful美丽, respectful尊敬的 job工作.
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你做的将是一件美妙,而且是令人敬仰的工作
09:52
This is not a fax传真, this is -- the idea理念 is to do a beautiful美丽 job工作
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这不是传真,这是一个美妙工作的创意
09:56
as you're going through通过 these libraries图书馆.
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只需要你穿过那些图书馆就可以实现
09:59
And we've我们已经 been able能够 to achieve实现 10 cents a page if we run things in volume.
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如果我们能大量进行,我们就可以实现每页10美分的成本
10:03
This is what it looks容貌 like at the University大学 of Toronto多伦多.
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多伦多大学正在做的就是这样的事情
10:06
And actually其实, it turns out to, you know, pay工资 a living活的 wage工资.
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事实上,这个成本可以让很多人承受得了
10:09
People seem似乎 to love it.
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人们非常喜欢这么去做
10:11
Yes, it's a little boring无聊, but some people kind of get into the Zen of it.
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是的,有些无趣,但是有些人已进入禅定
10:15
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
10:18
And especially特别 if it's kind of interesting有趣 books图书 that you care关心 about,
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特别是当这本趣书是你喜欢的
10:20
in languages语言 that you can read.
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并且书中的语言也是你能看懂的
10:22
We actually其实 have been able能够 to do a pretty漂亮 good job工作 of this, at getting得到 10 cents a page.
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我们已经有办法做到控制在每页10分美金
10:28
So 10 cents a page, 300 pages网页 in your average平均 book, 30 dollars美元 a book.
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每页10美分,平均每本书300页,也就是一本书30美元
10:32
The Library图书馆 of Congress国会, if you did the whole整个 darn thing --
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美国国会图书馆,如果你做过调查
10:36
26 million百万 books图书 -- is about 750 million百万 dollars美元, right?
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有2600万本书——花费在7亿5千万美元,对吧?
10:40
But a million百万 books图书, I think, actually其实 would be a pretty漂亮 good start开始,
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但是一百万册图书 - 是个相当不错的开始
10:44
and that would cost成本 30 million百万 dollars美元. That's not that big a bill法案.
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这需要花费3千万美元。这样花费就没有那么多了
10:47
And what we've我们已经 been able能够 to do is get into libraries图书馆.
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现在,我们需要做的就是进入到图书馆中
10:50
We've我们已经 now got eight of these scanning扫描 centers中心 in three countries国家,
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我们已经在三个国家建立了8个这样的扫描中心
10:54
and libraries图书馆 are up for having their books图书 scanned扫描.
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有些图书馆期望扫描他们的馆藏
10:57
The Getty盖蒂 here is moving移动 their books图书 to the UCLA加州大学洛杉矶分校,
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这里的Getty正准备把他们的书籍送到加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校
11:00
which哪一个 is where we have one these scanning扫描 centers中心,
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那里有我们的一个扫描中心
11:03
and scanning扫描 their out-of-copyright外的著作权 books图书, which哪一个 is fabulous极好.
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去扫描他们出版的书籍,这是难以置信的
11:07
So we're starting开始 to get the institutional制度 responsibility责任.
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我们已经开始得到机构的信任了
11:10
The thing we're missing失踪 is the 10 cents.
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我们缺少的东西是10美分
11:13
If we can get the 10 cents, all the rest休息 of it flows流动.
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如果我们能实现每页10美分,所有事情就变得很简单了
11:16
We've我们已经 scanned扫描 about 200,000 books图书.
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我们已经扫描了20万本书
11:19
Now we're scanning扫描 about 15,000 books图书 a month,
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现在,我们可以每月扫描1万5千本书
11:22
and it's starting开始 to gear齿轮 up another另一个 factor因子 of two from there.
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这就组成二要素中的另一个要素
11:26
So all in all, that's going very well.
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总起来说,所有事情进展得很顺利
11:29
And we're starting开始 to move移动 out of the just out-of-copyright外的著作权
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我们正计划着将这个范围从出版物
11:32
into the out-of-print出的绝版 world世界.
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扩大到所有的印刷品
11:34
So I think of -- we're kind of going from the out-of-copyright外的著作权, library图书馆 stuff东东,
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我设想的是——现在我们做的只是图书馆中的出版物
11:38
and Amazon亚马逊.comCOM is coming未来 from the in-print在打印 world世界.
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亚马逊的来源是有版权的图书
11:43
And I think we'll meet遇到 in the middle中间 some place地点,
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我们会在某个中间点会合
11:45
and have the classic经典 thing that you have,
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以传统的方法运作
11:47
which哪一个 is a publishing出版 system系统 and a library图书馆 system系统 working加工 in parallel平行.
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就像是出版系统和图书馆系统平行运作
11:51
And so we're starting开始 up a program程序 to do out-of-print出的绝版 works作品, but loaning出借 them.
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我们发展一套计划来扫描绝版书,不过是借来的
11:57
Exactly究竟 what loaning出借 means手段, I'm not quite相当 sure.
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具体借阅的方式,我也不是很清楚
11:59
But anyway无论如何, loaning出借 out-of-print出的绝版 works作品 from the Boston波士顿 Public上市 Library图书馆,
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但是无论如何,我们从波士顿公共图书馆、
12:04
the Woods树木 Hole Oceanographic海洋学 Institute研究所 and a few少数 other libraries图书馆
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伍兹霍尔海洋学研究所以及几个别的图书馆中借得了那些绝版
12:08
that are starting开始 to participate参加 in this program程序,
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这些图书馆均都加入到了这个计划当中
12:10
to try out this model模型 of where does a library图书馆 stop
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目的就是试验这个模式:让图书馆关门,同时
12:13
and where does the bookstore书店 take over.
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让书店取得主导地位
12:16
So all in all, it's possible可能 to do this in large scale规模.
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各方面来说,大型的合作是可行的
12:20
We're also going back over microfilm缩微 and getting得到 that online线上.
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我们也正在准备微缩胶卷,并把它们放在网上
12:25
So, we can do 10 cents a page, we're going 15,000 books图书 a month
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现在的情况是每页成本10美分,每月扫描有1万5千本书
12:28
and we've我们已经 got about 250,000 books图书 online线上,
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已经有25万本书放到了网上
12:31
counting数数 all the other projects项目 that are starting开始 to add in.
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这是综合了所有其他后来加进来的项目得出的数据
12:33
So what I wanted to argue争论 is, books图书 are within our grasp把握.
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我想说的是,我们已经把书籍这个栏目紧紧抓在了手中
12:37
The idea理念 of taking服用 on the whole整个 ball of wax is not that big a deal合同.
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把这整个计划进行到底也没什么大不了的(一定能实现)
12:43
Yes, it costs成本 tens of millions百万, low hundreds数以百计 of millions百万,
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需要千万美金的资金,一,二亿美金的资金
12:47
but one time shot射击 and we've我们已经 got basically基本上 the history历史 of printed印刷的 literature文学 online线上.
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经过一次努力,我们基本上就可以把所有历史上的印刷品放到网上
12:54
And then, there's business商业 model模型 issues问题
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这里有一些商业模式问题
12:56
about how to try to effectively有效 market市场 it and get it to people.
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主要是关于如何进行有效的市场定位,并把这些作品传递给客户
13:00
But it is within our grasp把握, technologically技术 and law-wise法律明智,
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不过,从技术角度和法律角度来看这一切尽在掌握之中
13:04
at least最小 for the out of print打印 and out of copyright版权,
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至少绝版书以及超过版权保护期限的
13:07
we suggest建议, to be able能够 to get the whole整个 darn thing online线上.
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我们建议要全面的数位化
13:12
Now let's go for audio音频, and I'm going to go through通过 these.
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接下来,我们来看音频文件,我将要讲的是这个方面的内容
13:15
So how much is there?
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有多少音频文件呢?
13:17
Well, as best最好 we can tell, there are about two to three million百万 disks磁盘
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据我们了解,意发行的唱片大约有二,三百万张
13:20
having been published发表 -- so 78s, long-playing长时间播放 records记录 and CDs光盘 --
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重刻盘,黑胶唱片,光碟
13:25
or at least最小 that's the largest最大 archives档案 of published发表 materials物料
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是已发行资料的最大资料库
13:28
we've我们已经 been able能够 to sort分类 of point at.
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我们可以从这个方向着手
13:30
It costs成本 about 10 dollars美元 a piece to go and take a disk磁盘
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一张唱片数位化需要10元美金
13:34
and put it online线上, if you're doing things in volume.
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这是大量数位化的费用
13:38
But we've我们已经 found发现 that the rights权利 issues问题 are really quite相当 thorny多刺的.
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我们发现关于版权的问题是很棘手的
13:41
This is a fairly相当 heavily严重 litigated诉讼 area,
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这个领域充斥着大量的诉讼问题
13:43
so we've我们已经 found发现 that there are niches壁龛 in the music音乐 world世界
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我们在音乐领域发现了一些利基
13:46
that aren't served提供服务 terribly可怕 well by the classic经典 commercial广告 publishing出版 system系统.
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它们还没有被传统的商业出版系统掌控
13:49
And we've我们已经 been starting开始 to make these available可得到 by going
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我们通过向他们提供网上的货架空间
13:53
and offering shelf space空间 on the Net.
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将这一切变得可行
13:55
In the United联合的 States状态, it doesn't cost成本 you to give something away. Right?
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在美国,给出某些东西是不需要花费任何成本的,对吧?
13:59
If you give something to a charity慈善机构 or to the public上市,
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如果你捐赠一些东西给慈善机构或者是将之公之于众
14:06
you get a pat on the back and a tax donation捐款 --
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你会得到别人的称赞或是可以得到退税
14:08
except on the Net, where you can go broke打破.
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网路世界例外,你会因而破产
14:10
If you put up a video视频 of your garage车库 band, and it starts启动 getting得到 heavily严重 accessed访问,
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如果将你的的影片配上音乐放到网路,让影片广泛流传
14:15
you can lose失去 your guitars吉他 or your house.
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你甚至会因此失去你的吉他,或者是你的房子
14:17
This doesn't make any sense.
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这是没有任何道理的
14:19
So we've我们已经 offered提供 unlimited无限 storage存储, unlimited无限 bandwidth带宽, forever永远, for free自由,
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因此,我们面向所有人免费提供了无限制的存储空间,无限制的宽带
14:24
to anybody任何人 that has something to share分享 that belongs属于 in a library图书馆.
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让所有人分享属于图书馆的资源
14:27
And we've我们已经 been getting得到 a lot of takers考生. One is the rock 'n''N' rollers.
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我们有很多的接受者。其中一个就是摇滚乐队的成员们
14:31
The rock 'n''N' rollers had a tradition传统 of sharing分享,
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他们有着分享的传统
14:33
as long as nobody没有人 made制作 any money. You could --
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只要你不因此获利。你可以
14:35
concert音乐会 recordings录音, it's not the commercial广告 recordings录音,
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音乐会的录音,不是商业用途
14:37
but concert音乐会 recordings录音, started开始 by the Grateful感激 Dead.
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只是演唱会的现场录音,这是由“Grateful Deal”乐队率先开始的
14:40
And we get about two or three bands a day signing签约 up.
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现在平均每天有2到3个乐队注册加入
14:43
They give permission允许, and we get about 40 or 50 concerts音乐会 a day.
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他们开放授权,这样平均每天我们就有40到50场音乐会
14:48
We have about 40,000 concerts音乐会, everything the Grateful感激 Dead ever did,
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我们现在有大约4万场音乐会,包括GratefulDeal乐队曾经演出过的
14:51
up on the Net, so that people can see it and listen to this material材料.
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发布到了网上,这样人们就可以看到并可以去听这些演唱会
14:57
So audio音频 is possible可能 to put up, but the rights权利 issues问题 are really pretty漂亮 thorny多刺的.
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因此,音频文件是可行的,但是就是版权问题太棘手
15:01
We've我们已经 got a lot of collections集合 now --
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我们现在已经收集了很多资料
15:03
a couple一对 hundred thousand items项目 -- and it's growing生长 over time.
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有上万个条目,并且它还在一直增长
15:07
Moving移动 images图片: if you think of theatrical戏剧 releases发布,
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影片:如果你想到的商业电影
15:09
there are not that many许多 of them.
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商业电影并不多
15:11
As best最好 we can tell, there are about 150,000 to 200,000 movies电影 ever
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据我们所知最多也大约只有15万到20万部电影
15:15
that are really meant意味着 for a large-scale大规模 theatrical戏剧 distribution分配. It's just not that many许多.
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他们是商业发行电影。只是数量并不多
15:20
But half of those were Indian印度人.
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其中的一半来自印度
15:22
But anyway无论如何, it's doable可行,
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无论如何,这是可行的
15:24
but we've我们已经 only found发现 about a thousand of these things that --
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我们仅仅发现了其中的一千部左右
15:27
to be out of copyright版权.
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是不受版权保护的
15:29
So we've我们已经 digitized数字化 those and made制作 those available可得到.
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我们将其数字化处理,并发布到网上
15:31
But we've我们已经 found发现 that there's lots of other types类型 of movies电影
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同时,我们发现了很多其他类型的电影
15:33
that haven't没有 really seen看到 the light of day -- archival档案 films影片.
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还有一些尚未发行的档案电影(纪录片)
15:36
We've我们已经 found发现, also, a lot of political政治 films影片, a lot of amateur业余 films影片,
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我们找到了很多政治电影,业余电影
15:41
all sorts排序 of things that are basically基本上 needing需要 a home, a permanent常驻 home.
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各类电影基本上需要一个家,一个永久的家
15:46
So we've我们已经 been starting开始 to make these available可得到 and it's grown长大的 to be very popular流行.
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因此我们已开始让他们流通,受到了欢迎
15:50
We're not quite相当 a YouTubeYouTube的.
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我们不是在模仿YouTube
15:52
We tended往往 towards longer-term长期 things
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我们更偏向于有一定长度的影像资料
15:54
and also things that people can reuse重用 and make into new movies电影,
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人们可以重新编辑,并可以添加到新电影中
15:58
which哪一个 has just been great fun开玩笑.
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这样做会非常有趣
16:01
Television电视 comes quite相当 a bit larger.
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电视资讯的内容很多
16:03
We started开始 recording记录 20 channels渠道 of television电视 24 hours小时 a day.
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我们已经开始了对20个频道一天24小时的记录
16:06
It's sort分类 of the biggest最大 TiVoTiVo公司 box you've ever seen看到.
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这可能是你见到的最大的TiVo盒(TiVo是一种数字录象设备,它能帮助人们非常方便地录下和筛选电视上播放过的节目)
16:10
It's about a petabyte拍字节, so far, of worldwide全世界 television电视 --
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这一切都将是PB级的(1PB=1024TB),因为有来自世界各个地区和国家的电视节目
16:13
Russian俄语, Chinese中文, Japanese日本, Iraqi伊拉克人, Al Jazeera半岛电视台, BBCBBC, CNNCNN, ABCABC, CBSCBS, NBCNBC --
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里面有俄语,汉语,日语,伊拉克语,包括半岛电视台,BBC,CNN,ABC,CBS,NBC等等
16:18
24 hours小时 a day.
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全天24小时不停的记录
16:20
We only put one week up,
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我们只是记录了一周的内容
16:22
which哪一个 is mostly大多 for cost成本 reasons原因, which哪一个 is the 9/11,
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主要还是成本的原因,当然也有911事件的因素
16:27
sort分类 of from 9/11/2001. For one week, what did the world世界 see?
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从2001/9/11开始:一周内,全世界如何看这件事?
16:31
CNNCNN was saying that Palestinians巴勒斯坦人 were dancing跳舞 in the streets街道.
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CNN电视台说,巴勒斯坦人在大街上跳舞
16:35
Were they? Let's look at the Palestinian巴勒斯坦的 television电视 and find out.
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是这样吗?让我们查看巴勒斯坦播出的电视节目,从中寻找答案
16:38
How can we have critical危急 thinking思维 without being存在 able能够 to quote引用
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不去引用和对比之前发生过的事情
16:42
and being存在 able能够 to compare比较 what happened发生 in the past过去?
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我们如何才能有判断性的思考呢?
16:45
And television电视 is dreadfully可怕 unrecorded未记录 and unquotable不能引用,
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之前电视节目是很少被记录和引用的
16:49
except by Jon乔恩 Stewart斯图尔特, who does a fabulous极好 job工作.
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直至JonStewart的出现,他的工作让我们受益匪浅
16:53
So anyway无论如何, television电视 is, I would suggest建议, within our grasp把握.
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我认为电视内容我们掌控的很好
16:57
So 15 dollars美元 per video视频 hour小时, and also about 100 dollars美元 to 150 dollars美元 per celluloid赛璐珞 hour小时,
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每小时的影片需要15美元,每小时的电影约需要100到150美元
17:02
we're able能够 to go and get materials物料 online线上 very inexpensively廉价
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我们可以低价收集到这些材料
17:06
and have them up on the Net.
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并把它们发布到网上
17:08
And we've我们已经 got, now, a lot of these materials物料.
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我们现在已经收集了很多这样的资料
17:10
So we've我们已经 got about 100,000 pieces up there.
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大约有近10万份左右
17:13
So books图书, music音乐, video视频, software软件. There's only 50,000 titles标题 of it.
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图书,音乐,影片,软体 - 只有五万个标题
17:18
Mostly大多 the issues问题 there are legal法律 issues问题 and breaking破坏 copy复制 protections保护.
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存在的问题主要是法律问题,打破版权(防拷贝)保护
17:24
But we've我们已经 worked工作 through通过 some of those,
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尽管,我们已经克服了一些问题
17:26
but we've我们已经 still got real真实 problems问题 in Washington华盛顿.
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但我们在华盛顿仍然存在一些实际问题
17:28
Well, we're best最好 known已知 as the World世界 Wide Web卷筒纸.
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我们国家最为有名的是万维网
17:31
We've我们已经 been archiving归档 the World世界 Wide Web卷筒纸 since以来 1996.
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自从1996年以来,我们就着手于万维网的归档
17:33
We take a snapshot快照 of every一切 website网站 and all of the pages网页 on it, every一切 two months个月.
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平均每两个月,我们就会采集每个网站的所有网页的快照
17:39
And actually其实, it's really been pioneered首创 by AlexaAlexa的 Internet互联网,
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事实上,做这件事情的先驱是AlexaInternet公司
17:43
which哪一个 donates捐赠 this collection采集 to the Internet互联网 Archive档案.
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AlexaInternet公司把他们收集的资料捐赠给了互联网档案馆
17:47
And it's been growing生长 along沿 for the last 11 years年份, and it's a fantastic奇妙 resource资源.
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这些档案在之前的11年里一直在增加,已经是个了不起的资源
17:53
And we've我们已经 made制作 a Wayback韦巴克 Machine
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我们做了一个“历史回顾机”
17:55
that you can then go and see old websites网站 kind of the way they were.
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你可以看到网站以往的页面
17:59
If you go and search搜索 on something -- this is Google谷歌.comCOM,
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如果你想查询一些资料,比如到Google上
18:03
the different不同 versions版本 of it that we have,
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它看起来不同于我们现在使用的版本
18:05
this is what it looks容貌 like when it was an alphaα release发布,
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这是Google发布的测试版
18:07
and this is what it looked看着 like at Stanford斯坦福.
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这是在斯坦福大学中被使用的Google版本
18:09
So anyway无论如何, you've got basically基本上 an idea理念 of where things came来了 from.
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所以无论如何,你就会知道这些东西是来自哪里的
18:13
Mostly大多, people want to see their old stuff东东 out of this.
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大部分人是希望看到他们以往的页面
18:16
If there's one thing that we want to learn学习 from the Library图书馆 of Alexandria亚历山大 version one,
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如果我们能从最早的那个亚历山大图书馆得出些教训的话
18:20
which哪一个 is probably大概 best最好 known已知 for burning燃烧,
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就是曾经被大火焚烧的图书馆
18:24
is, don't just have one copy复制.
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不可只有一个备份
18:26
So we've我们已经 started开始 to -- we've我们已经 made制作 another另一个 copy复制 of all of this
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我们已经制作了另一个副本
18:32
and we actually其实 put it back in the Library图书馆 of Alexandria亚历山大.
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然后我们把这些资料再放回亚历山大图书馆
18:35
So this is a picture图片 of the Internet互联网 Archive档案 at the Library图书馆 of Alexandria亚历山大.
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这是亚历山大图书馆中互联网档案馆的一张照片
18:38
And we now have also another另一个 copy复制 building建造 up in Amsterdam阿姆斯特丹.
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并且我们在阿姆斯特丹也建立了一个相同的档案中心
18:42
So, we should put it in the San Andreas安德烈亚斯 Fault故障 Line线 in San Francisco弗朗西斯科,
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在旧金山的圣安地列斯断层线我们也应该建立一个
18:46
flood洪水 zone in Amsterdam阿姆斯特丹 and in the Middle中间 East. Right, so anyway无论如何 ...
325
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阿姆斯特丹的洪水区,包括中东地区。不管怎么说
18:51
so we're hedging对冲 our bets赌注 here.
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我们在押赌注
18:54
If we go and put it in a couple一对 more places地方, I think we'll be in good shape形状.
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如果能将之存放在更多的地方,它将会越安全
18:59
There's a political政治 and social社会 question out of this.
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此时就会出现一个政治和社会问题
19:01
Is all of this, as we go digital数字, is it going to be public上市 or private私人的?
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那就是:当我们把这一切数字化后,这些资料是为公众还是私人服务?
19:05
There's some large companies公司 that have seen看到 this vision视力,
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一些大的公司已经预见到了这个场景
19:07
that are doing large-scale大规模 digitization数字化,
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他们在做大规模的数字化
19:09
but they're locking锁定 up the public上市 domain.
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但是他们已经开始锁定公共领域了
19:11
The question is, is that the world世界 that we really want to live生活 in?
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问题是:这是我们所期望生存的未来世界吗?
19:14
What's the role角色 of the public上市 versus the private私人的 as things go forward前锋?
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随着时代的发展,如何限定公共与私人的角色?
19:18
How do we go and have a world世界 where we both have libraries图书馆
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在未来如何使图书馆和出版社
19:22
and publishing出版 in the future未来, just as we basically基本上 benefited受益 as we were growing生长 up?
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协调发展,使得双方都能成长起来,并从中受益?
19:27
So universal普遍 access访问 to all knowledge知识 --
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全部知识的普世近用
19:30
I think it can be one of the greatest最大 achievements成就 of humankind人类,
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我认为这将成为人类最伟大的成就之一
19:33
like the man on the moon月亮, or the Gutenberg古滕贝格 Bible圣经, or the Library图书馆 of Alexandria亚历山大.
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就像人类登月,古腾堡圣经,亚历山大图书馆
19:37
It could be something that we're remembered记得 for,
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这是值得我们怀念的
19:39
for millennia千年, for having achieved实现.
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人类千年发展史中的一些事情
19:42
And as I said before, I'll end结束 with something
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我之前说过,我会以刻在卡内基图书馆
19:44
that's carved above以上 the door of the Carnegie卡内基 Library图书馆.
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门上的一句话来结束我的演讲
19:47
Carnegie卡内基 -- one of the great capitalists资本家 of this country国家 --
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卡内基——这个国家的一个伟大的资本家——
19:49
carved above以上 his legacy遗产, "Free自由 to the People."
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在他的遗产上刻着:“对所有人免费。”
19:53
Thank you very much.
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谢谢。
Translated by dayu Vong
Reviewed by Jenny Yang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brewster Kahle - Digital librarian
Brewster Kahle is an inventor, philanthropist and digital librarian. His Internet Archive offers 85 billion pieces of deep Web geology -- a fascinating look at the formation of the Internet over the years, and a challenge to those who would keep knowledge buried.

Why you should listen

Brewster Kahle's stated goal is "Universal access to all knowledge," and his catalog of inventions and institutions created for this purpose read like a Web's Greatest Hits list. In 1982 he helped start Thinking Machines, a supercomputer company specializing in text searching, and would go on to invent the Internet's first publishing and distributed search system, WAIS, whose customers included the New York Times and the United States Senate.

But most notably, perhaps, Kahle is founder and director of the Internet Archive, a free service which steadfastly archives World Wide Web documents, even as they are plowed over by breakneck trends in commerce, culture and politics. (On his Wayback Machine, you can view pages as they appeared in web antiquity -- say, Yahoo! in 1996.) As a member of the Board of Directors of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, he works to keep such information free and reachable.

Kahle is a key supporter of the Open Content Alliance and has been elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He and his wife operate a nonprofit organization, the Kahle/Austin Foundation, which funds the Internet Archive.

More profile about the speaker
Brewster Kahle | Speaker | TED.com