ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul MacCready - Engineer
Paul MacCready, an aircraft designer and environmentalist, is a pioneer of human-powered flight, alternative energy for transportation, and environmentally responsible design.

Why you should listen

Through his life, Paul MacCready turned his mind, energy and heart toward his two passions: flight and the Earth. His early training as a fighter and glider pilot (glider pilots still use the "MacCready speed ring" he developed after World War II) led him to explore nontraditional flight and nontraditional energy sources.

In the 1970s, he and his company, AeroVironment, designed and built two record-breaking human-powered planes: the Gossamer Condor, the first human-powered aircraft to complete a one-mile course set by the Kremer Prize, and the Gossamer Albatross, the first to cross the English Channel. The planes' avian names reveal the deep insight that MacCready brought to the challenge -- that large birds, in their wing shape and flying style, possess an elegant secret of flight.

He then turned his wide-ranging mind toward environmentally responsible design, informed by his belief that human expansion poses a grave threat to the natural world. His team at AeroVironment prototyped an electric car that became General Motors' pioneering EV-1. They explored alternative energy sources, including building-top wind turbines. And they developed a fleet of fascinating aircraft -- including his Helios solar-powered glider, built to fly in the very top 2 percent of Earth's atmosphere, and the 2005 Global Observer, the first unmanned plane powered by hydrogen cells.

 

More profile about the speaker
Paul MacCready | Speaker | TED.com
TED1998

Paul MacCready: Nature vs. humans

Paul MacCready 谈自然与人

Filmed:
227,903 views

1998年,飞行器设计师Paul MacCready面对一个人类全面统治自然的星球,讨论我们可以做些什么来维持自然的平衡。他的贡献:太阳能飞机,超高效滑翔机和电动汽车。
- Engineer
Paul MacCready, an aircraft designer and environmentalist, is a pioneer of human-powered flight, alternative energy for transportation, and environmentally responsible design. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:18
You hear that this is the era时代 of environment环境 -- or biology生物学, or information信息 technology技术 ...
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这是一个以环境,生态,或者信息技术为主导的时代--
00:25
Well, it's the era时代 of a lot of different不同 things
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呃,一个关于很多不同事物的年代
00:27
that we're in right now. But one thing for sure:
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但有一件事情是肯定的:
00:29
it's the era时代 of change更改. There's more change更改 going on
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这是一个变化的时代。现在正在发生的改变比
00:32
than ever has occurred发生 in the history历史 of human人的 life on earth地球.
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地球人类生活历史上发生过的都要多。
00:38
And you all sort分类 of know it, but it's hard to get it
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大家都好像知道,但要表达出来
00:41
so that you really understand理解 it.
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让人真正理解却又很难。
00:43
And I've tried试着 to put together一起 something that's a good start开始 for this.
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我一直试着整理出一些东西来开个好头。
00:48
I've tried试着 to show显示 in this -- though虽然 the color颜色 doesn't come out --
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我试着用这个来表现,虽然这里看不出颜色。
00:52
that what I'm concerned关心 with is the little 50-year-年 time bubble泡沫
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我关注的是一个人所处的一个50年长的时间小泡沫。
00:56
that you are in. You tend趋向 to be interested有兴趣 in a generation past过去,
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人一般感兴趣的是过去的一代,
01:00
a generation future未来 -- your parents父母, your kids孩子, things you can change更改
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未来的一代;你的父母,你的孩子,在接下来
01:04
over the next下一个 few少数 decades几十年 -- and this 50-year-年 time bubble泡沫
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几十年里你可以改变的东西,这就是你所经历的一个
01:06
you kind of move移动 along沿 in. And in that 50 years年份,
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50年时间泡沫。在那50年里,
01:10
if you look at the population人口 curve曲线, you find the population人口 of humans人类
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如果你看一下这条人口曲线,你可以发现地球的人口数
01:14
on the earth地球 more than doubles双打 and we're up three-and-a-half三和半 times
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已经增加了不止一倍,自从我出生以来,我们已经是
01:19
since以来 I was born天生. When you have a new baby宝宝,
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原来的3.5倍了。当你有一个初生儿,
01:22
by the time that kid孩子 gets得到 out of high school学校
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到孩子高中毕业的时候
01:26
more people will be added添加 than existed存在 on earth地球 when I was born天生.
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增加的人口数要比我出生时的总人口还要多--
01:30
This is unprecedented史无前例, and it's big.
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这是前所未有的,这是巨大的数量。
01:33
Where it goes in the future未来 is questioned质疑. So that's the human人的 part部分.
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我们要问的是它将何去何从。这是关于人类的部分。
01:37
Now, the human人的 part部分 related有关 to animals动物: look at the left side of that.
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现在来看看人类和动物们的关系:请看图的左边。
01:42
What I call the human人的 portion一部分 -- humans人类 and their livestock家畜 and pets宠物 --
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我称之为人类部分--人类和他们的牲畜和宠物--
01:45
versus the natural自然 portion一部分 -- all the other wild野生 animals动物 and just --
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相对于自然部分--所有其他的野生动物而且只有--
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these are vertebrates脊椎动物 and all the birds鸟类, etc等等.,
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这些是脊椎动物和所有的鸟类,等等。
01:53
in the land土地 and air空气, not in the water. How does it balance平衡?
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陆上的和空中的,不包括水生的。它是如何平衡的呢?
01:57
Certainly当然, 10,000 years年份 ago, the civilization's文明的 beginning开始,
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呃,当然一万年前,文明之初,
02:02
the human人的 portion一部分 was less than one tenth第十 of one percent百分. Let's look at it now.
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人类部分不足千分之一。让我们看看现在。
02:07
You follow跟随 this curve曲线 and you see the whiter spot in the middle中间 --
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你沿着这条曲线可以看到中间的白点--
02:11
that's your 50-year-年 time bubble泡沫. Humans人类, livestock家畜 and pets宠物
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这是你的50年时间泡沫。人,牲畜和宠物
02:16
are now 97 percent百分 of that integrated集成 total mass on earth地球
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现在是整个地球群体的百分之九十七
02:20
and all wild野生 nature性质 is three percent百分. We have won韩元. The next下一个 generation
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而整个野生自然是百分之三。我们赢了。我们的下一代
02:24
doesn't even have to worry担心 about this game游戏 -- it is over.
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根本不要去担心这场比赛--它已经结束了。
02:27
And the biggest最大 problem问题 came来了 in the last 25 years年份:
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而过去25年里最大的问题来了:
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it went from 25 percent百分 up to that 97 percent百分.
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我们从百分之二十五上升到了百分之九十七。
02:34
And this really is a sobering发人深省 picture图片 upon realizing实现 that we, humans人类,
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这张图让我们清醒地认识到我们,人类,
02:40
are in charge收费 of life on earth地球; we're like the capricious任性 Gods
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要对地球的生命负责,我们像希腊神话中反复无常的众神
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of old Greek希腊语 myths神话, kind of playing播放 with life --
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有点像在拿地球的生命开玩笑,
02:49
and not a great deal合同 of wisdom智慧 injected注射 into it.
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而没有倾注过多的智慧。
02:53
Now, the third第三 curve曲线 is information信息 technology技术.
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现在,这第三条曲线是信息技术。
02:57
This is Moore's摩尔定律 Law plotted绘制 here, which哪一个 relates涉及 to density密度
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这里标绘了摩尔定律,它和信息的密度有关
03:01
of information信息, but it has been pretty漂亮 good for showing展示
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它也很好地展示了
03:04
a lot of other things about information信息 technology技术 --
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关于信息技术的其他事物:
03:07
computers电脑, their use, Internet互联网, etc等等. And what's important重要
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计算机,计算机应用,互联网,等。重要的是
03:11
is it just goes straight直行 up through通过 the top最佳 of the curve曲线,
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曲线在上端笔直上升
03:14
and has no real真实 limits范围 to it. Now try and contrast对比 these.
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它没有真正的界限。而把这些对照过来
03:20
This is the size尺寸 of the earth地球 going through通过 that same相同 --
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地球的尺寸标线也是一样的走向
03:22
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
03:24
-- frame. And to make it really clear明确, I've put all four on one graph图形.
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为了让它很明白,我把四张图放在一张里--
03:30
There's no need to see the little detailed详细 words on it.
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不用去看里面具体的小字
03:33
That first one is humans-versus-nature人类抗性质;
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第一张是人类和自然的比较。
03:38
we've我们已经 won韩元, there's no more gain获得. Human人的 population人口.
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我们已经赢了,没有更多可以索取。人类人口。
03:41
And so if you're looking for growth发展 industries行业 to get into,
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所以如果你寻求进入增长型行业的话,
03:43
that's not a good one -- protecting保护 natural自然 creatures生物. Human人的 population人口
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保护自然生物--前景可不太好。人类人口
03:48
is going up; it's going to continue继续 for quite相当 a while.
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正在增长;它还将持续很长一段时间。
03:51
Good business商业 in obstetricians产科医生, morticians殡葬业, and farming农业, housing住房, etc等等. --
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产科医生,殡仪业者,还有农业,房产业等的业务看好--
03:57
they all deal合同 with human人的 bodies身体, which哪一个 require要求 being存在 fed美联储,
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它们都和人的身体打交道--需要被喂养,
04:02
transported, housed安置 and so on. And the information信息 technology技术,
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运输,和庇护等等。而信息技术,
04:07
which哪一个 connects所连接 to our brains大脑, has no limit限制 -- now, that is a wonderful精彩
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它连接我们的大脑,不受限制--是一个可以参与的
04:11
field领域 to be in. You're looking for growth发展 opportunity机会?
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绝佳领域。你寻找增长机会的话--
04:13
It's just going up through通过 the roof屋顶.
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它正一飞冲天。
04:16
And then, the size尺寸 of the Earth地球. Somehow不知何故 making制造 these all compatible兼容
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而地球大小本身的限制,从某种程度上使那些扩大地球兼容能力
04:19
with the Earth地球 looks容貌 like a pretty漂亮 bad industry行业 to be involved参与 with.
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的行业让人望而却步。
04:24
So, that's the stage阶段 out of all this. I find,
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所以,这就是所有这些的现状。我发现,
04:28
for reasons原因 I don't understand理解, I really do have a goal目标.
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很多原因让我不理解,我确实有个目标。
04:31
And the goal目标 is that the world世界 be desirable合意 and sustainable可持续发展
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目标就是当我的孩子到了我这个年纪
04:35
when my kids孩子 reach达到 my age年龄 -- and I think that's -- in other words,
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世界变得可爱和可持续的。而且我觉得那是-换句话说,
04:39
the next下一个 generation. I think that's a goal目标 that we probably大概 all share分享.
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是我们的下一代。我觉得这大概是我们大家共有的目标。
04:42
I think it's a hopeless绝望 goal目标. Technologically技术上, it's achievable实现;
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我觉得它是一个没什么希望的目标。技术上说它是可实现的,
04:45
economically经济, it's achievable实现; politically政治上,
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经济上它是可实现的,政治上说它是--
04:48
it means手段 sort分类 of the habits习惯, institutions机构 of people -- it's impossible不可能.
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它代表了某种习惯,人们的惯例,它是不可能的。
04:53
The institutions机构 of the past过去 with all their inertia惯性
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过去的惯例和所有的惰性
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are just irrelevant不相干 for the future未来, except they're there
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看来和未来毫不相关,除了他们是真实存在的
04:59
and we have to deal合同 with them. I spend about 15 percent百分 of my time
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而我们必须处理他们。我花了15%的时间
05:05
trying to save保存 the world世界, the other 85 percent百分, the usual通常 --
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试图拯救世界,其他的85%做些平常的事... ...
05:08
and whatever随你 else其他 we devote奉献 ourselves我们自己 to.
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任何我们致力于的事情。
05:11
And in that 15 percent百分, the main主要 focus焦点 is on human人的 mind心神, thinking思维 skills技能,
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在那15%中,主要关注的是人类的思维-思考的技巧,
05:17
somehow不知何故 trying to unleash发挥 kids孩子 from the straightjacket紧身衣 of school学校,
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试着把孩子从学校的束缚中解放出来
05:20
which哪一个 is putting information信息 and dogma教条 into them,
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学校只是把信息和教条灌输给他们。
05:23
get them so they really think, ask tough强硬 questions问题, argue争论
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让他们能真正地思考,问尖锐的问题,辩论
05:26
about serious严重 subjects主题, don't believe everything that's in the book,
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严肃的话题,不照本宣科。
05:30
think broadly宽广地 or creative创作的. They can be.
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广泛地或创造性地思考。他们可以这样。
05:33
Our school学校 systems系统 are very flawed有缺陷 and do not reward奖励 you
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我们的学校系统有很多缺陷,不鼓励你做
05:37
for the things that are important重要 in life
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对生活来说重要的事情
05:39
or for the survival生存 of civilization文明; they reward奖励 you
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或者做延续文明的事情。
05:41
for a lot of learning学习 and sopping浑身湿透 up stuff东东.
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他们鼓励很多学习和吸收事物。
05:46
We can't go into that today今天 because there isn't time --
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我们今天由于时间关系就无法详说了--
05:50
it's a broad广阔 subject学科. One thing for sure, in the future未来
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它是一个广泛的主题。可以确定的一件事是,
05:53
there is an essential必要 feature特征 -- necessary必要, but not sufficient足够 --
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未来有一个最根本的特征--必要的,但不是充分方面--
06:00
which哪一个 is doing more with less. We've我们已经 got to be doing things
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就是用更少做更多。我们必须做事情
06:04
with more efficiency效率 using运用 less energy能源, less material材料.
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更有效率,使用更少的能源,更少的材料。
06:06
Your great-great很棒很棒 grandparents祖父母 got by on muscle肌肉 power功率,
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你们的曾曾祖父靠肌肉力量生存
06:10
and yet然而 we all think there's this huge巨大 power功率 that's essential必要
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而我们都认为我们的生活方式主要是靠着某种巨大的力量支持。
06:14
for our lifestyle生活方式. And with all the wonderful精彩 technology技术 we have
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依靠我们所有的这些神奇的技术
06:18
we can do things that are much more efficient高效: conserve养护, recycle回收, etc等等.
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我们可以做更有效的事情:生态保护,循环利用等。
06:26
Let me just rush very quickly很快 through通过 things that we've我们已经 doneDONE.
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让我快速地过一遍我们完成的事情。
06:29
Human-powered人力驱动 airplane飞机 -- Gossamer游丝 Condor秃鹰 sort分类 of started开始 me
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人体动力飞机--1976,77年的“游丝秃鹫”算是
06:32
in this direction方向 in 1976 and 77,
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开始了我在这个方向的工作,
06:38
winning胜利 the Kremer克雷默 prize in aviation航空 history历史,
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它赢得了飞行历史上的Kremer奖,
06:40
followed其次 by the Albatross信天翁. And we began开始
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第二个叫“信天翁”。接着我们开始
06:43
making制造 various各个 odd planes飞机 and creatures生物.
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制作各种各样古怪的飞机和作品。
06:46
Here's这里的 a giant巨人 flying飞行 replica复制品 of a pterosaur翼龙 that has no tail尾巴.
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这是仿制了一个大型的无尾翼龙。
06:51
Trying to have it fly straight直行 is like trying to shoot射击 an arrow箭头
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让它直线飞行就像射一支羽毛端
06:54
with the feathered羽毛 end结束 forward前锋. It was a tough强硬 job工作,
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朝前的箭。难度很大。
06:57
and boy男孩 it made制作 me have a lot of respect尊重 for nature性质.
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好家伙!其间让我对自然产生了很大的尊敬。
07:00
This was the full充分 size尺寸 of the original原版的 creature生物.
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这是全尺寸的原始作品。
07:04
We did things on land土地, in the air空气, on water --
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我们有在陆上,空中和水上
07:07
vehicles汽车 of all different不同 kinds, usually平时 with some electronics电子产品
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制作各种交通工具,通常上面带有电子或者
07:11
or electric电动 power功率 systems系统 in them. I find they're all the same相同,
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电力动能系统。我发现他们都是一样的。
07:14
whether是否 its land土地, air空气 or water.
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我不管是陆上,空中还是水上的。
07:18
I'll be focusing调焦 on the air空气 here. This is a solar-powered太阳能 airplane飞机 --
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我在这里将关注的是空中的。这是一架太阳能飞机--
07:22
165 miles英里 carrying携带 a person from France法国 to England英国
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运载一人从法国到英国飞行了165英里
07:25
as a symbol符号 that solar太阳能 power功率 is going to be an important重要 part部分
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标志着太阳能在我们的未来将担当重要角色。
07:29
of our future未来. Then we did the solar太阳能 car汽车 for General一般 Motors汽车 --
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然后我们为通用公司制作了太阳能汽车--
07:32
the SunracerSunracer -- that won韩元 the race种族 in Australia澳大利亚.
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“太阳赛跑者”,它赢得了在澳大利亚的比赛。
07:36
We got a lot of people thinking思维 about electric电动 cars汽车,
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我们有很多人在思考电动车,
07:38
what you could do with them. A few少数 years年份 later后来, when we suggested建议 to GMGM that
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我们可以用它来干嘛。几年后,当我们建议通用
07:41
now is the time and we could do a thing called the Impact碰撞,
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时机已经成熟,我们可以做一个叫“影响力”的东西时,
07:44
they sponsored赞助 it, and here's这里的 the Impact碰撞 that we developed发达 with them
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他们提供了赞助,而这是我们和他们项目开发的“影响力”。
07:47
on their programs程式. This is the demonstrator示威者. And they put huge巨大 effort功夫
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这是示范版。他们尽了巨大的努力
07:51
into turning车削 it into a commercial广告 product产品.
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把它变成商业产品。
07:54
With that preamble前言, let's show显示 the first two-minute两分钟 videotape录影带,
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开场白结束,让我们来看第一段两分钟的视频录像
07:59
which哪一个 shows节目 a little airplane飞机 for surveillance监控
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它展示了一架小型监察飞机
08:02
and moving移动 to a giant巨人 airplane飞机.
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变成一架巨型机。
08:06
Narrator旁白: A tiny airplane飞机, the AVAV Pointer指针 serves供应 for surveillance监控 --
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一架小飞机,“AV 指针”是起监察作用的:
08:10
in effect影响, a pair of roving漫游 eyeglasses眼镜. A cutting-edge前沿 example
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实际上是一对粗纱镜片。一个尖端的例子
08:14
of where miniaturization微型化 can lead if the operator操作者 is remote远程
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显示了当操作员远程控制时小型化设备能
08:17
from the vehicle车辆. It is convenient方便 to carry携带, assemble集合
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起到先导的作用。它便于携带,装配
08:20
and launch发射 by hand. Battery-powered电池供电, it is silent无声 and rarely很少 noticed注意到.
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和手工发动。它使用电池,很安静,几乎难以察觉。
08:26
It sends发送 high-resolution高分辨率 video视频 pictures图片 back to the operator操作者.
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它将高分辨率的视频图片传送回操作员。
08:29
With onboard在船上 GPS全球定位系统, it can navigate导航 autonomously自主,
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利用随身携带的GPS,它可以自动驾驶,
08:33
and it is rugged崎岖 enough足够 to self-land自土地 without damage损伤.
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它足够粗旷,可以无损坏自动着陆。
08:38
The modern现代 sailplane滑翔机的一种 is superbly华丽 efficient高效.
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现代的滑翔机超级的高效。
08:41
Some can glide滑行 as flat平面 as 60 feet forward前锋 for every一切 foot脚丫子 of descent降落.
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有些可以每下降一英尺向前平滑60英尺。
08:46
They are powered动力 only by the energy能源
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他们仅通过从大气中
08:47
they can extract提取 from the atmosphere大气层 --
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可以吸取的能量来产生动能--
08:50
an atmosphere大气层 nature性质 stirs up by solar太阳能 energy能源.
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一个被太阳能激起的自然大气。
08:53
Humans人类 and soaring冲天 birds鸟类 have found发现 nature性质 to be generous慷慨
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人类和飞鸟已经发现大自然在
08:56
in providing提供 replenishable可补充 energy能源. Sailplanes滑翔机 have flown飞行
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提供持续能力方面是非常慷慨的。滑翔机飞行了
09:00
over 1,000 miles英里, and the altitude高度 record记录 is over 50,000 feet.
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超过1,000英里,海拔记录超过50,000英尺。
09:04
(Music音乐)
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(音乐)
09:09
The Solar太阳能 Challenger挑战者 was made制作 to serve服务 as a symbol符号
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制作“太阳挑战者”标志着
09:12
that photovoltaic光伏 cells细胞 can produce生产 real真实 power功率
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硒电池能产生真正的能量
09:15
and will be part部分 of the world's世界 energy能源 future未来.
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将成为世界能源未来的一部分。
09:18
In 1981, it flew 163 miles英里 from Paris巴黎 to England英国,
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1981年,它从巴黎到英国飞行了163英里
09:22
solely独自 on the power功率 of sunbeams阳光,
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单单靠阳光动能,
09:24
and established既定 a basis基础 for the Pathfinder开创者.
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为“探路者”打下了一个基础。
09:27
(Music音乐)
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(音乐)
09:30
The message信息 from all these vehicles汽车 is that ideas思路 and technology技术
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所有这些交通工具中包含的信息是:想法和技术
09:34
can be harnessed驾驭 to produce生产 remarkable卓越 gains收益 in doing more with less --
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可以用来生产出事半功倍的非凡收益;
09:39
gains收益 that can help us attain达到 a desirable合意 balance平衡
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这些收益可以帮助我们达到
09:42
between之间 technology技术 and nature性质. The stakes赌注 are high
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技术和自然的理想平衡。当我们加速向一个
09:45
as we speed速度 toward a challenging具有挑战性的 future未来.
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充满挑战的未来前进的时,风险是高的。
09:49
Buckminster巴克明斯特 Fuller富勒 said it clearly明确地: "there are no passengers乘客
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Buckminster Fuller清楚地说过:在地球这架
09:52
on spaceship飞船 Earth地球, only crew船员. We, the crew船员,
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太空船上没有乘客,只有船员。我们,就是船员,
09:56
can and must必须 do more with less -- much less."
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可以而且必须以更少,少得多做到更多。
10:02
Paul保罗 MacCready麦克格雷迪: If we could have the second第二 video视频, the one-minute等一下,
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如果我们有第二个视频,一分钟的,
10:05
put in as quickly很快 as you can, which哪一个 -- this will show显示
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尽快地放进去,这个-这个将展示
10:09
the Pathfinder开创者 airplane飞机 in some flights航班 this past过去 year in Hawaii夏威夷,
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“探路者”飞机去年在夏威夷的几次飞行,
10:18
and will show显示 a sequence序列 of some of the beauty美女 behind背后 it
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还展示在它完成飞行71,530英尺之后
10:22
after it had just flown飞行 to 71,530 feet --
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一系列背后的美妙之处--
10:27
higher更高 than any propeller螺旋桨 airplane飞机 has ever flown飞行.
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比任何螺旋桨飞机飞得都要高。
10:30
It's amazing惊人: just on the puny弱小 power功率 of the sun太阳 --
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它很神奇,仅仅依靠太阳的微弱能量-
10:33
by having a super lightweight轻量级 plane平面, you're able能够 to get it up there.
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通过一架超轻量飞机,你可以让它飞起来。
10:38
It's part部分 of a long-term长期 program程序 NASANASA sponsored赞助.
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这是一项NASA支持的长期项目的一部分。
10:41
And we worked工作 very closely密切 with the whole整个 thing being存在 a team球队 effort功夫,
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我们整个项目团结合作,通过团队的努力
10:47
and with wonderful精彩 results结果 like that flight飞行.
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得到像那次飞行一样的很棒的结果。
10:52
And we're working加工 on a bigger plane平面 -- 220-foot-脚丫子 span跨度 --
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而我们正在做一架更大的的飞机--跨度220英尺--
10:55
and an intermediate-size中间尺寸的, one with a regenerative再生 fuel汽油 cell细胞
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和一架带再生燃料电池的中型飞机
10:58
that can store商店 excess过量 energy能源 during the day, feed饲料 it back at night,
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它可以在白天储存过多的能量,在夜间把它输回去,
11:01
and stay up 65,000 feet for months个月 at a time.
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每次可以几个月昼夜停留在65,000的高度。
11:05
(Music音乐)
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(音乐)
11:10
Ray射线 Morgan's摩根 voice语音 will come in here.
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这里会出现Ray Morgan的声音。
11:12
There he's the project项目 manager经理. Anything they do
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他是项目经理。他们所作的一切
11:14
is certainly当然 a team球队 effort功夫. He ran this program程序. Here's这里的 ...
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无疑是团队协作的结果。他管理这个项目。这里
11:21
some things he showed显示 as a celebration庆典 at the very end结束.
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他展示了一个最终的庆典仪式。
11:25
Ray射线 Morgan摩根: We'd星期三 just ended结束 a seven-month七个月 deployment部署 of Hawaii夏威夷.
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我们刚在夏威夷结束了一个七个月长的部署。
11:29
For those who live生活 on the mainland大陆, it was tough强硬 being存在 away from home.
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对于住在大陆的人来说,远离家人是比较艰苦的。
11:35
The friendly友善 support支持, the quiet安静 confidence置信度, congenial相投 hospitality待客
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我们夏威夷的朋友和军队主办方表示了友好的支持,
11:39
shown显示 by our Hawaiian夏威夷 and military军事 hosts主机 --
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无声的信心,适宜的款待--
11:41
(Music音乐)
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(音乐)
11:44
this is starting开始 --
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这是开始了--
11:45
made制作 the experience经验 enjoyable其乐融融 and unforgettable难忘.
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让我们的经历很愉快和难忘。
11:48
PM下午: We have real-time即时的 IRIR scans扫描 going out through通过 the Internet互联网
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当飞机在飞行时,我们有通过互联网传出的
11:52
while the plane平面 is flying飞行. And it's exploring探索
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实时的红外线扫描图像。它探测时
11:55
without polluting污染 the stratosphere平流层. That's its goal目标: the stratosphere平流层,
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不会污染平流层。那是它的目标:平流层,
11:58
the blanket that really controls控制 the radiation辐射 of the earth地球
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是真正控制地球辐射的毯子,
12:02
and permits许可证 life on earth地球 to be the success成功 that it is --
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它允许了地球上的生命如此兴旺。
12:06
probing探测 that is very important重要. And also we consider考虑 it
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对那儿的探索是很重要的。同时我们把它
12:11
as a sort分类 of poor较差的 man's男人的 stationary静止的 satellite卫星,
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叫做可怜人的同步卫星,
12:15
because it can stay right overhead高架 for months个月 at a time,
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因为它可以每次在正头顶上停留数个月--
12:19
2,000 times closer接近 than the real真实 GFCGFC synchronous同步 satellite卫星.
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比真正的GFC同步卫星近2,000倍。
12:24
We couldn't不能 bring带来 one here to fly it and show显示 you.
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我们没法带一个到现场来飞给你们看。
12:28
But now let's look at the other end结束.
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但现在让我看看另一端。好。我展示了-
12:32
In the video视频 you saw that nine-pound九磅 or eight-pound八磅 Pointer指针 airplane飞机
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在视频里你看到了那个八九英镑的“探路者”
12:36
surveillance监控 drone无人驾驶飞机 that Keenan基南 has developed发达
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Keenan开发的无人驾驶监察机
12:41
and just doneDONE a remarkable卓越 job工作. Where some have servos舵机
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干得很漂亮。有些飞机的的伺服系统
12:44
that have gotten得到 down to, oh, 18 or 25 grams,
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已经降到了,呃,18或25克,
12:47
his weigh称重 one-third三分之一 of a gram公克. And what he's going to bring带来 out here
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他的只重三分之一克。他将在这里拿出来的
12:52
is a surveillance监控 drone无人驾驶飞机 that weighs about 2 ounces盎司 --
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是一架只有2盎司重的无人驾驶监察机--
12:56
that includes包括 the video视频 camera相机, the batteries电池 that run it,
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那还包括了摄像头,给它动力的电池,
12:59
the telemetry遥测, the receiver接收器 and so on. And we'll fly it, we hope希望,
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遥测器,接收器和其它。我们会让它飞一下,我们希望,
13:06
with the same相同 success成功 that we had last night when we did the practice实践.
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和昨天晚上试飞的时候一样成功。
13:10
So Matt马特 Keenan基南, just any time you're --
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来Matt Keenan,只要你--
13:13
all right
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好了
13:14
-- ready准备 to let her go. But first, we're going to make sure
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--准备好让她飞了。但是首先,我们要确保
13:18
that it's appearing出现 on the screen屏幕, so you see what it sees看到.
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它将在屏幕上出现,你会看到它看到的,
13:22
You can imagine想像 yourself你自己 being存在 a mouse老鼠 or fly inside of it,
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你可以把自己想象成一只老鼠,或者在它里面飞行
13:26
looking out of its camera相机.
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透过它的镜头往外看。
13:33
Matt马特 Keenan基南: It's switched交换的 on.
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它被接通了。
13:35
PM下午: But now we're trying to get the video视频. There we go.
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但现在我们试一下影像。好了。
13:41
MKMK: Can you bring带来 up the house lights灯火?
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你能打亮观众席的灯吗?
13:43
PM下午: Yeah, the house lights灯火 and we'll see you all better
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好,灯亮了,我们可以更好地看到你们
13:46
and be able能够 to fly the plane平面 better.
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还能更好地飞这架飞机。
13:48
MKMK: All right, we'll try to do a few少数 laps around and bring带来 it back in.
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行,我们将试着绕几个圈然后把它飞回来。
13:54
Here we go.
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开始了。
14:00
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
14:08
PM下午: The video视频 worked工作 right for the first few少数 and I don't know why it --
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录像开始一会儿工作正常,我不知道为什么它--
14:14
there it goes.
218
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好了。
14:21
Oh, that was only a minute分钟, but I think you'd be safe安全
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哦,那才只有一分钟,可我想
14:25
to have that near the end结束 of the flight飞行, perhaps也许.
220
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到飞行快结束时碰到它你将是安全的,也许。
14:30
We get to do the classic经典.
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我们得做经典的。
14:35
All right.
222
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好。
14:36
If this hits点击 you, it will not hurt伤害 you.
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假如这个撞到你,它不会伤害你。
14:38
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
14:41
OK.
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OK。
14:42
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
14:58
Thank you very much. Thank you.
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非常感谢,谢谢。
14:59
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
15:06
But now, as they say in infomercials电视购物节目,
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但是现在,就像他们在信息广告里说的,
15:09
we have something much better for you, which哪一个 we're working加工 on:
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我们为你准备了还要好得多的东西,我们正在做的:
15:13
planes飞机 that are only six inches英寸 -- 15 centimeters公分 -- in size尺寸.
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只有6英寸的飞机-15厘米-大小。
15:18
And Matt's马特的 plane平面 was on the cover of Popular流行 Science科学 last month,
232
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Matt的飞机上个月登上了《流行科学》的封面,
15:24
showing展示 what this can lead to. And in a while, something this size尺寸
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展示了这个可以引导的未来。待会儿,这个大小的东西
15:28
will have GPS全球定位系统 and a video视频 camera相机 in it. We've我们已经 had one of these fly
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将带有GPS和摄像头。我们用其中的一个
15:34
nine miles英里 through通过 the air空气 at 35 miles英里 an hour小时
235
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在空中以35英里每小时的速度飞行了9英里
15:37
with just a little battery电池 in it.
236
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它里面只带了一点电池。
15:39
But there's a lot of technology技术 going.
237
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但是背后运用了大量的技术。
15:40
There are just milestones里程碑 along沿 the way of some remarkable卓越 things.
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这只是一系列非凡事物中的几个里程碑。
15:45
This one doesn't have the video视频 in it,
239
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这个没有内置摄像头,
15:48
but you get a little feel from what it can do.
240
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但是你会从它能做的事情中有所感触。
15:52
OK, here we go.
241
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好,我们开始了。
15:58
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
16:04
MKMK: Sorry.
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对不起。
16:05
OK.
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好。
16:06
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
16:10
PM下午: If you can pass通过 it down when you're doneDONE. Yeah, I think --
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你好以后请传一下下去。是的,我觉得--
16:14
I lost丢失 a little orientation方向; I looked看着 up into this light.
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我有点失去方向了。我向上面的灯看,但是
16:18
It hit击中 the building建造. And the building建造 was poorly不好 placed放置, actually其实.
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它碰到的是房子。而房子的位子摆的不是很好,事实上。
16:22
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
16:24
But you're beginning开始 to see what can be doneDONE.
250
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但你正开始理解我们可以做到什么。
16:28
We're working加工 on projects项目 now -- even wing-flapping翼扇动 things
251
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我们现在在做项目,甚至是拍打翅膀的东西
16:30
the size尺寸 of hawk moths飞蛾 -- DARPADARPA contracts合同, working加工 with Caltech加州理工学院, UCLA加州大学洛杉矶分校.
252
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天蛾的大小,DARPA合同,跟UCLA的加州科技合作。
16:36
Where all this leads引线, I don't know. Is it practical实际的? I don't know.
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这将引向何方,我不知道。它实用吗?我不知道。
16:39
But like any basic基本 research研究, when you're really forced被迫 to do things
254
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但是就像任何基础研究,当你真的被迫去做
16:43
that are way beyond existing现有 technology技术,
255
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已经远远超过现有技术的事情时,
16:45
you can get there with micro-technology微技术, nanotechnology纳米技术.
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你可以通过微技术,纳米技术来达成。
16:49
You can do amazing惊人 things when you realize实现
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当你意识到自然一直在做什么时,
16:51
what nature性质 has been doing all along沿. As you get to these small scales,
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你可以做成一些神奇的事情。当你处在这些小衡量范围时,
16:54
you realize实现 we have a lot to learn学习 from nature性质 -- not with 747s --
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你意识到我们可以向自然学到很多--不是通过747--
16:58
but when you get down to the nature's大自然 realm领域,
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但是当你来到自然的领域,
17:01
nature性质 has 200 million百万 years年份 of experience经验.
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自然有两亿年的经验,
17:04
It never makes品牌 a mistake错误. Because if you make a mistake错误,
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它从来没有犯过一个错误。因为你一旦犯错误,
17:07
you don't leave离开 any progeny子孙.
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你不会留下任何后裔。
17:09
We should have nothing but success成功 stories故事 from nature性质,
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我们除了自然的成功故事没有别的,
17:12
for you or for birds鸟类, and we're learning学习 a lot
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对于你或对于鸟类,我们正在
17:16
from its fascinating迷人 subjects主题.
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这个令人着迷的课题中学到很多。
17:18
In concluding结论, I want to get back to the big picture图片
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总结一下,我想回到大屏幕
17:24
and I have just two final最后 slides幻灯片 to try and put it in perspective透视.
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我试着用最后两张幻灯片来分析问题。
17:31
The first I'll just read. At last, I put in three sentences句子
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第一张,我就读一下了。最后我把我想说的
17:35
and had it say what I wanted.
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总结为三个句子。
17:37
Over billions数十亿 of years年份 on a unique独特 sphere领域, chance机会 has painted
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在几亿多年里,在一个特殊的球体上,机遇描绘了
17:40
a thin covering覆盖 of life -- complex复杂, improbable难以置信, wonderful精彩
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一层薄薄的生命图:复杂的,意想不到的,美好的
17:44
and fragile脆弱. Suddenly突然, we humans人类 -- a recently最近 arrived到达 species种类,
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并且脆弱的。突然,我们人类,一个降临不久的物种,
17:47
no longer subject学科 to the checks检查 and balances结余 inherent固有 in nature性质 --
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不再遵从自然内固有的相互制衡,
17:51
have grown长大的 in population人口, technology技术 and intelligence情报
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人口,科技和智力不断增长
17:55
to a position位置 of terrible可怕 power功率. We now wield the paintbrush画笔.
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到达了一个拥有可怕能力的地位。我们现在挥舞着画笔,
17:59
And that's serious严重: we're not very bright. We're short on wisdom智慧;
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这是严肃的。我们不是很聪明。我们智慧不足;
18:03
we're high on technology技术. Where's哪里 it going to lead?
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我们科技很强。它将走向何方?
18:07
Well, inspired启发 by the sentences句子, I decided决定 to wield the paintbrush画笔.
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好,从这些句子中得到灵感,我觉定挥动这个画笔。
18:11
Every一切 25 years年份 I do a picture图片. Here's这里的 the one --
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我每25年画一张图。这是一张--
18:14
tries尝试 to show显示 that the world世界 isn't getting得到 any bigger.
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试图展示这个世界是不再变大的。
18:17
Sort分类 of a timeline时间线, very non-linear非线性 scale规模, nature性质 rates利率
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可以说是一条时间轴,很非线性的刻度,自然比率
18:21
and trilobites三叶虫 and dinosaurs恐龙, and eventually终于 we saw some humans人类
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三叶虫和恐龙,最后我们看到人类
18:25
with caves洞穴 ... Birds鸟类 were flying飞行 overhead高架, after pterosaurs翼龙.
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和山洞...翼龙之后鸟类在头上飞翔。
18:30
And then we get to the civilization文明 above以上 the little TV电视 set
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然后我们来到了上面有个小电视机和一把枪的
18:33
with a gun on it. Then traffic交通 jams果酱, and power功率 systems系统,
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文明世界。然后交通阻塞,能量系统,
18:37
and some dots for digital数字. Where it's going to lead -- I have no idea理念.
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和一些点代表数字-它将走向何处,我不知道。
18:42
And so I just put robotic机器人 and natural自然 cockroaches蟑螂 out there,
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所以我就在那儿放了机器和普通的蟑螂,
18:46
but you can fill in whatever随你 you want. This is not a forecast预测.
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但是你可以填上任何你想的东西。这不是一个预测。
18:49
This is a warning警告, and we have to think seriously认真地 about it.
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这是一个警告,我们必须对它进行认真的思考。
18:53
And that time when this is happening事件 is not 100 years年份 or 500 years年份.
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而它将发生的时间不是在100年或500年后。
18:57
Things are going on this decade, next下一个 decade;
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这个十年,下个十年一切正在发生。
19:03
it's a very short time that we have to decide决定 what we are going to do.
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我们必须做出未来做什么的决定,时间很紧迫。
19:08
And if we can get some agreement协议 on where we want the world世界 to be --
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假如我们在世界未来的问题上达成一些共识--
19:12
desirable合意, sustainable可持续发展 when your kids孩子 reach达到 your age年龄 --
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理想的,当你的孩子到你的年龄时还是可持续的--
19:15
I think we actually其实 can reach达到 it. Now, I said this was a warning警告,
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我想我们实际上是可以做到的。我说了这是一个警告
19:19
not a forecast预测. That was before --
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不是一个预言。那是以前了--
19:21
I painted this before we started开始 in on making制造 robotic机器人 versions版本
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我画了这个之后开始制作机器版的
19:26
of hawk moths飞蛾 and cockroaches蟑螂, and now I'm beginning开始 to wonder奇迹
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天蛾和蟑螂,现在我开始认真地思考
19:30
seriously认真地 -- was this more of a forecast预测 than I wanted?
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这是不是比我想的还更是一个预言呢?
19:32
I personally亲自 think the surviving幸存 intelligent智能 life form形成 on earth地球
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我个人觉得在地球上生存的智能生命形态
19:35
is not going to be carbon-based碳基; it's going to be silicon-based基于硅的.
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将来不会是以碳为主的;而将是以硅为主。
19:39
And so where it all goes, I don't know.
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那么未来会是怎样,我不知道。
19:45
The one final最后 bit of sparkle火花 we'll put in at the very end结束 here
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我们最后要在这里呈现的最后一点灵感火花
19:51
is an utterly完全 impractical不切实际的 flight飞行 vehicle车辆,
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是一个彻底不切实际的飞行器,
19:55
which哪一个 is a little ornithopter扑翼机 wing-flapping翼扇动 device设备 that --
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这是一个小的扑翼飞行装置--
20:02
rubber-band橡皮筋 powered动力 -- that we'll show显示 you.
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用橡皮筋提供能量--我们会给你看的。
20:12
MKMK: 32 gram公克. Sorry, one gram公克.
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32克。不好意思,1克。
20:24
PM下午: Last night we gave it a few少数 too many许多 turns
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不超过1克。昨晚我们发条多转了好几圈
20:27
and it tried试着 to bash庆典 the roof屋顶 out also. It's about a gram公克.
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它试图冲出房顶。它大概重一克。
20:32
The tube there's hollow空洞, about paper-thin薄如纸.
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管子中空,大约纸张一样薄。
20:38
And if this lands土地 on you, I assure保证 you it will not hurt伤害 you.
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如果它落在你身上,我保证你不会受伤。
20:41
But if you reach达到 out to grab it or hold保持 it, you will destroy破坏 it.
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但如果你伸手去抓它或握它,你会毁了它。
20:44
So, be gentle温和, just act法案 like a wooden Indian印度人 or something.
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所以,温柔一点,请小心翼翼对待。
20:49
And when it comes down -- and we'll see how it goes.
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它飞下来的时候--我们会看到效果怎样。
20:55
We consider考虑 this to be sort分类 of the spirit精神 of TEDTED.
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我们把这看做TED精神的一种。
21:00
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
21:05
And you wonder奇迹, is it practical实际的? And it turns out if I had not been --
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你会想说,它有实际用途吗?原来我没有--
21:09
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
21:15
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
21:21
Unfortunately不幸, we have some light bulb灯泡 changes变化.
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很不幸,我们要换几个灯泡。
21:24
We can probably大概 get it down,
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我们也许可以把它拿下来,
21:25
but it's possible可能 it's gone走了 up to a greater更大 destiny命运 up there --
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但也可能它在那上面有更好的归宿--
21:28
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
21:29
-- than it ever had. And I wanted to make --
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--比起它以前有过的归宿。我想--
21:32
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
21:35
just --
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-就-
21:36
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
21:37
But I want to make just two points. One is, you think it's frivolous轻浮;
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但是我想说就两点。一个是,你觉得它无足轻重;
21:43
there's nothing to it. And yet然而 if I had not been making制造 ornithopters扑翼
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不带任何东西。如果我没有一直从事制作扑翼飞机
21:46
like that, a little bit cruder较粗略的, in 1939 -- a long, long time ago --
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像那个一样,稍微再简陋些,1939年--很久很久以前--
21:52
there wouldn't不会 have been a Gossamer游丝 Condor秃鹰,
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就不会有后来的“游丝秃鹫“,
21:54
there wouldn't不会 have been an Albatross信天翁, a Solar太阳能 Challenger挑战者,
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就不会有后来的”信天翁”,太阳挑战者”,
21:56
there wouldn't不会 be an Impact碰撞 car汽车, there wouldn't不会 be a mandate要求
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就不会有“影响力”汽车,在加州就不会
21:58
on zero-emission零排放 vehicles汽车 in California加州.
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有交通工具零排放的规定。
22:01
A lot of these things -- or similar类似 -- would have happened发生 some time,
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很多这类事情--相似的事情--有可能要以后才能发生,
22:03
probably大概 a decade later后来. I didn't realize实现 at the time
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可能十年以后。我在和团队
22:06
I was doing inquiry-based探究式, hands-on动手 things with teams球队,
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做调查和实践的时候没有意识到,
22:10
like they're trying to get in education教育 systems系统.
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像他们在教育系统探索一样。
22:13
So I think that, as a symbol符号, it's important重要.
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所以我想那标志了它很重要。
22:16
And I believe that also is important重要. You can think of it
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而且我相信那确实重要。你可以把它看做
22:19
as a sort分类 of a symbol符号 for learning学习 and TEDTED
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一种[不清楚]和TED的标志。
22:26
that somehow不知何故 gets得到 you thinking思维 of technology技术 and nature性质,
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像TED让人思考技术和自然,
22:31
and puts看跌期权 it all together一起 in things that are --
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把它融入了所有--
22:34
that make this conference会议, I think, more important重要 than any
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创造出这个大会的事物当中。我认为,比这个十年
22:36
that's taken采取 place地点 in this country国家 in this decade.
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在这个国家发生的任何事情都重要。
22:39
Thank you. (Applause掌声)
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谢谢。
Translated by Jiping Ma
Reviewed by Tony Yet

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul MacCready - Engineer
Paul MacCready, an aircraft designer and environmentalist, is a pioneer of human-powered flight, alternative energy for transportation, and environmentally responsible design.

Why you should listen

Through his life, Paul MacCready turned his mind, energy and heart toward his two passions: flight and the Earth. His early training as a fighter and glider pilot (glider pilots still use the "MacCready speed ring" he developed after World War II) led him to explore nontraditional flight and nontraditional energy sources.

In the 1970s, he and his company, AeroVironment, designed and built two record-breaking human-powered planes: the Gossamer Condor, the first human-powered aircraft to complete a one-mile course set by the Kremer Prize, and the Gossamer Albatross, the first to cross the English Channel. The planes' avian names reveal the deep insight that MacCready brought to the challenge -- that large birds, in their wing shape and flying style, possess an elegant secret of flight.

He then turned his wide-ranging mind toward environmentally responsible design, informed by his belief that human expansion poses a grave threat to the natural world. His team at AeroVironment prototyped an electric car that became General Motors' pioneering EV-1. They explored alternative energy sources, including building-top wind turbines. And they developed a fleet of fascinating aircraft -- including his Helios solar-powered glider, built to fly in the very top 2 percent of Earth's atmosphere, and the 2005 Global Observer, the first unmanned plane powered by hydrogen cells.

 

More profile about the speaker
Paul MacCready | Speaker | TED.com