TED2009
Bill Gates: Mosquitos, malaria and education
比尔盖兹隐退
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Readability: 3.3
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比尔盖兹希望通过一种新的慈善方式来解决全球最重要的问题。在18分钟充满了激情的，当然也是非常有趣的演讲里，他请我们思考并回答两个提问。
Bill Gates - Philanthropist
A passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation. Full bio
A passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I wrote a letter last week talking about the work of the foundation,
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上周我写了一封信，讨论基金会的工作事宜
00:18
sharing some of the problems.
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也分享了一些问题
00:21
And Warren Buffet had recommended I do that --
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Warren Buffet 建议我
00:24
being honest about what was going well, what wasn't,
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直言不讳的评价他们工作中好的或不足的地方
00:27
and making it kind of an annual thing.
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并且把这种讨论作成年会的形式
00:30
A goal I had there was to draw more people in to work on those problems,
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我也期望能吸引更多人参与到解决这些问题的工作中来
00:33
because I think there are some very important problems
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因为我认为这些问题都是非常重要的
00:36
that don't get worked on naturally.
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而且离不开大家的共同参与
00:39
That is, the market does not drive the scientists,
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换句话说，市场不能指导科学家、
00:44
the communicators, the thinkers, the governments
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交际家、思想家和官员们
00:47
to do the right things.
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去做正确的事情
00:50
And only by paying attention to these things
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只有关注这些事情
00:53
and having brilliant people who care and draw other people in
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有关心此事的英才，和不断加入到这一队伍的人们
00:57
can we make as much progress as we need to.
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我们真的能够取得我们所期望的进展吗？
00:59
So this morning I'm going to share two of these problems
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这个早晨我将与大家分享其中两个问题
01:02
and talk about where they stand.
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并讨论他们的现状
01:05
But before I dive into those I want to admit that I am an optimist.
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但在我开始前，我要声明我是个乐天派
01:09
Any tough problem, I think it can be solved.
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我相信任何棘手的问题都是可以解决的
01:13
And part of the reason I feel that way is looking at the past.
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这个论点有一部分来源于对历史的回顾
01:16
Over the past century, average lifespan has more than doubled.
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在过去的一个世纪里，人们的平均寿命翻了一倍多。
01:21
Another statistic, perhaps my favorite,
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另外的一个统计 （大概是我最喜欢的）
01:24
is to look at childhood deaths.
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儿童死亡的数据
01:27
As recently as 1960, 110 million children were born,
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近至1960年，那一年总共有1.1亿儿童出生
01:33
and 20 million of those died before the age of five.
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其中2千万儿童还未满5岁就夭折了
01:37
Five years ago, 135 million children were born -- so, more --
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五年前，有1.35亿儿童出生，比过去更多
01:41
and less than 10 million of them died before the age of five.
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然而5岁前夭折的儿童不到1千万
01:47
So that's a factor of two reduction of the childhood death rate.
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从这2点我们可以看到儿童死亡率的降低
01:52
It's a phenomenal thing.
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这只是个表面的现象
01:54
Each one of those lives matters a lot.
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任何一个被挽救的生命都颇具意义
01:57
And the key reason we were able to it was not only rising incomes
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这其中的关键因素不仅是收入的提高
02:02
but also a few key breakthroughs:
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同时还有核心的技术突破
02:05
vaccines that were used more widely.
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就是我们使用疫苗的范围更广了
02:08
For example, measles was four million of the deaths
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例如，在不远的1990年就有400万人
02:11
back as recently as 1990
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因为感染麻疹而死亡
02:13
and now is under 400,000.
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今天这个数字减少到40万
02:16
So we really can make changes.
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所以我们真的能实现更多的改变
02:18
The next breakthrough is to cut that 10 million in half again.
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下一次突破会把1千万夭折的儿童数量再减半
02:22
And I think that's doable in well under 20 years.
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我认为那是在以后不到20年所要打的持久战
02:26
Why? Well there's only a few diseases
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为什么？因为仅有少数几种疾病
02:30
that account for the vast majority of those deaths:
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是导致那些儿童夭折的主要病因
02:33
diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria.
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腹泻，肺炎和疟疾
02:39
So that brings us to the first problem that I'll raise this morning,
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这就引出我今天早上要讲的第一个问题
02:44
which is how do we stop a deadly disease that's spread by mosquitos?
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我们如何阻断由蚊子传播的致命疾病？
02:51
Well, what's the history of this disease?
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这种疾病的历史是怎样的呢？
02:53
It's been a severe disease for thousands of years.
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作为一种重疾，它已经存在上千年了
02:56
In fact, if we look at the genetic code,
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事实上，如果我们看一下遗传基因
02:59
it's the only disease we can see
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它是唯一引起基因改变的疾病
03:02
that people who lived in Africa
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住在非洲的人们
03:04
actually evolved several things to avoid malarial deaths.
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为避免疟疾导致的死亡，已出现几种基因的进化
03:08
Deaths actually peaked at a bit over five million in the 1930s.
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20世纪30年代，死亡率最高时曾超过5百万
03:14
So it was absolutely gigantic.
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真的是一个很大的数字
03:17
And the disease was all over the world.
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此病遍布全球
03:20
A terrible disease. It was in the United States. It was in Europe.
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这个可怕的疾病，一直存在于美国和欧洲
03:23
People didn't know what caused it until the early 1900s,
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但20世纪之前，没有人知道它的病因
03:26
when a British military man figured out that it was mosquitos.
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直到一个英国士兵发现了蚊子才是元凶
03:32
So it was everywhere.
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所以它无处不在
03:34
And two tools helped bring the death rate down.
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有2样工具能帮助降低死亡率
03:38
One was killing the mosquitos with DDT.
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一个是用DDT消灭蚊子
03:41
The other was treating the patients with quinine, or quinine derivatives.
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另一个是用奎宁或者类奎宁来治疗患者
03:46
And so that's why the death rate did come down.
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这就是死亡率下降的原因
03:50
Now, ironically, what happened was
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讽刺的是，在温带地区
03:53
it was eliminated from all the temperate zones,
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疟疾已被消灭
03:56
which is where the rich countries are.
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那些都是富国
03:57
So we can see: 1900, it's everywhere.
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1900年全世界都受疟疾的困扰
03:59
1945, it's still most places.
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1945年，它仍肆虐大多数地方
04:03
1970, the U.S. and most of Europe have gotten rid of it.
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1970年，美国和大部分欧洲已经摆脱了疟疾
04:06
1990, you've gotten most of the northern areas.
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1990年北半球大部分都已安全了
04:09
And more recently you can see it's just around the equator.
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今天大家看到疟疾仅存在于赤道附近
04:15
And so this leads to the paradox that
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这个结果可以导出一项悖论
04:19
because the disease is only in the poorer countries,
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由于疟疾仅困扰穷国
04:21
it doesn't get much investment.
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所以它得不到像样的投资
04:25
For example, there's more money put into baldness drugs
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比方说，治疗脱发的药物的研发资金
04:29
than are put into malaria.
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就要超过疟疾
04:32
Now, baldness, it's a terrible thing.
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当然，脱发很可怕
04:35
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:38
And rich men are afflicted.
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富人们倍受折磨
04:41
And so that's why that priority has been set.
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这就是疟疾被撂在一边的原因
04:47
But, malaria --
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但是，疟疾这个
04:49
even the million deaths a year caused by malaria
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每年夺走上百万生命的疾病
04:51
greatly understate its impact.
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其影响还不止这些
04:53
Over 200 million people at any one time are suffering from it.
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超过2亿人每时每刻都在被疟疾困扰着
04:56
It means that you can't get the economies in these areas going
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所以在疟疾流行区域，经济不可能得到发展
05:01
because it just holds things back so much.
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它实在太碍事了
05:04
Now, malaria is of course transmitted by mosquitos.
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当然，疟疾是由蚊子传播的
05:08
I brought some here, just so you could experience this.
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我带了一些到现场，就是希望大家也体验一下子
05:13
We'll let those roam around the auditorium a little bit.
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在会场里面也可以听一下它们的嗡嗡声
05:17
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:20
There's no reason only poor people should have the experience.
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没有理由只让穷人们体验这种感觉
05:23
(Laughter) (Applause)
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（笑声，掌声）
05:30
Those mosquitos are not infected.
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放心，这些蚊子没有疟疾
05:35
So we've come up with a few new things. We've got bed nets.
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我们已经有一些新办法，比如蚊帐
05:39
And bed nets are a great tool.
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蚊帐很好用
05:42
What it means is the mother and child stay under the bed net at night,
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母亲和孩子可以晚上呆在蚊帐里
05:45
so the mosquitos that bite late at night can't get at them.
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那么晚上叮人的蚊子就没辙了
05:50
And when you use indoor spraying with DDT
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如果加上室内喷洒DDT
05:55
and those nets
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和蚊帐一起用
05:56
you can cut deaths by over 50 percent.
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死亡率可以降低超过一半
05:59
And that's happened now in a number of countries.
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有几个国家已经做到了
06:02
It's great to see.
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真是太棒了
06:04
But we have to be careful because malaria --
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但我们仍然要小心对付疟疾
06:07
the parasite evolves and the mosquito evolves.
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因为寄生虫和蚊子都会进化
06:12
So every tool that we've ever had in the past has eventually become ineffective.
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我们过去对付疟疾的各类工具后来都失效了
06:16
And so you end up with two choices.
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最后你只有2个选择
06:19
If you go into a country with the right tools and the right way,
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如果你带着正确的工具和正确的方法去到一个国家
06:23
you do it vigorously,
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并激情满怀的去工作
06:26
you can actually get a local eradication.
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你可以做到局部的根除
06:29
And that's where we saw the malaria map shrinking.
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也就是疟疾流行地图在缩小的地方
06:31
Or, if you go in kind of half-heartedly,
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或者，如果你是半推半就的去工作的
06:34
for a period of time you'll reduce the disease burden,
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一段时间内你可以降低人们的疾病负担
06:37
but eventually those tools will become ineffective,
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但最终那些工具会失效
06:41
and the death rate will soar back up again.
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而死亡率将会再次暴增
06:44
And the world has gone through this where it paid attention and then didn't pay attention.
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这2种结局都曾在世界上真实地发生过
06:49
Now we're on the upswing.
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现在我们在上升期
06:51
Bed net funding is up.
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蚊帐的资助在增多
06:54
There's new drug discovery going on.
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新药研发正在进行中
06:57
Our foundation has backed a vaccine that's going into phase three trial
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我们的基金会支持了一项已进入3期试验的疫苗
07:01
that starts in a couple months.
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2个月内就将开始应用
07:02
And that should save over two thirds of the lives if it's effective.
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如果有效的话这将能挽救超过2/3的生命
07:05
So we're going to have these new tools.
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所以我们即将拥有这些新的工具
07:08
But that alone doesn't give us the road map.
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但这些还不足以给出明确的路线图
07:11
Because the road map to get rid of this disease
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通向消灭疟疾之路的地图
07:14
involves many things.
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包含很多东西
07:16
It involves communicators to keep the funding high,
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需要交际家们来确保充足的投资
07:19
to keep the visibility high,
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达到很高的透明度
07:21
to tell the success stories.
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并协助传播成功的故事
07:23
It involves social scientists,
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还需要社会科学家
07:25
so we know how to get not just 70 percent of the people to use the bed nets,
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协助我们去指导90%的人使用蚊帐
07:28
but 90 percent.
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而不是70%
07:30
We need mathematicians to come in and simulate this,
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我们需要数学家来帮助建立虚拟模型
07:33
to do Monte Carlo things to understand how these tools combine and work together.
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比如 Monte Carlo，让我们更好的理解各种工具如何相互配合与发挥作用
07:39
Of course we need drug companies to give us their expertise.
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当然我们需要制药厂的专业协助
07:42
We need rich-world governments to be very generous in providing aid for these things.
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我们需要富国的政府能慷慨的资助这些事情
07:47
And so as these elements come together,
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当这些条件都具备的时候
07:50
I'm quite optimistic
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我就非常乐观了
07:53
that we will be able to eradicate malaria.
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因为我们能够根除疟疾了
07:57
Now let me turn to a second question,
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现在让我们转到第二个问题
08:00
a fairly different question, but I'd say equally important.
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这和前一个问题毫无联系，但同样很重要
08:04
And this is: How do you make a teacher great?
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这就是：如何打造伟大的老师
08:07
It seems like the kind of question that people would spend a lot of time on,
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似乎这个问题是那种很费时间去考虑
08:12
and we'd understand very well.
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但是答案很易于理解的问题
08:15
And the answer is, really, that we don't.
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但事实上，我们并不理解这个问题本身
08:19
Let's start with why this is important.
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首先说说为什么这个问题重要
08:22
Well, all of us here, I'll bet, had some great teachers.
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我敢说在座的各位，都曾受教于伟大的老师
08:26
We all had a wonderful education.
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我们都受过优秀的教育
08:29
That's part of the reason we're here today,
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这也是我们今天能够在这里的部分原因
08:32
part of the reason we're successful.
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是我们成功的部分原因
08:34
I can say that, even though I'm a college drop-out.
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我作为一个大学辍学生
08:37
I had great teachers.
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仍然有过很棒的老师
08:40
In fact, in the United States, the teaching system has worked fairly well.
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事实上，在美国，教育系统运作的很不错
08:45
There are fairly effective teachers in a narrow set of places.
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在为数不多的地方聚集了很有影响力的老师们
08:50
So the top 20 percent of students have gotten a good education.
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所以排名前20%的学生得到了好的教育
08:53
And those top 20 percent have been the best in the world,
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而那20%已经成为世界上的精英
08:57
if you measure them against the other top 20 percent.
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与其他学生相比，这20%的精英
09:00
And they've gone on to create the revolutions in software and biotechnology
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引领了软件和生物科技的革命
09:05
and keep the U.S. at the forefront.
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使美国保持在世界的前沿
09:09
Now, the strength for those top 20 percent
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现在这20%精英们的能量
09:12
is starting to fade on a relative basis,
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相对来说已经开始渐渐衰减
09:15
but even more concerning is the education that the balance of people are getting.
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但更令人关注的是人们得到的教育的平衡性
09:21
Not only has that been weak. it's getting weaker.
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而这种平衡性的减弱，要比教育整体的减弱更厉害
09:26
And if you look at the economy, it really is only providing opportunities now
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比如经济领域，现在只有受过良好教育的人
09:30
to people with a better education.
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才有机会进入该领域
09:33
And we have to change this.
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这亟需改变
09:36
We have to change it so that people have equal opportunity.
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通过改变让所有人拥有平等的机会
09:39
We have to change it so that the country is strong
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通过改变让国家变得更强大
09:42
and stays at the forefront
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并在高等教育相关的
09:44
of things that are driven by advanced education,
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各项领域中都保持在前沿
09:47
like science and mathematics.
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例如科学和数学
09:49
When I first learned the statistics,
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当我第一次看到统计数据的时候
09:52
I was pretty stunned at how bad things are.
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糟糕的现状令我惊愕
09:55
Over 30 percent of kids never finish high school.
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超过30%的学生无法念完高中
09:58
And that had been covered up for a long time
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而这个数据还是被低估的
10:01
because they always took the dropout rate as the number
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因为算辍学率的时候
10:04
who started in senior year and compared it to the number who finished senior year.
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只是对比当年开始上高中3年级的和完成高3毕业的学生数
10:09
Because they weren't tracking where the kids were before that.
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不会记录上高3之前的情况
10:11
But most of the dropouts had taken place before that.
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而大多数的辍学都发生在高3以前
10:14
They had to raise the stated dropout rate
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辍学率被大大低估了
10:17
as soon as that tracking was done
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如果高3前辍学也得到记录
10:19
to over 30 percent.
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辍学率远不止30%
10:21
For minority kids, it's over 50 percent.
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少数民族的孩子，辍学率甚至超过一半
10:25
And even if you graduate from high school,
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即使读完了高中
10:28
if you're low-income,
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如果来自低收入家庭
10:31
you have less than a 25 percent chance of ever completing a college degree.
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你只有不到25%的机会能念完大学
10:35
If you're low-income in the United States,
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如果你是美国的低收入者
10:40
you have a higher chance of going to jail
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你进监狱的机会反而高于
10:44
than you do of getting a four-year degree.
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获得大学学位
10:46
And that doesn't seem entirely fair.
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这完全不公平
10:49
So, how do you make education better?
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如何改善我们的教育呢？
10:52
Now, our foundation, for the last nine years, has invested in this.
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过去的9年中，我们的基金会一直投资于这一事业
10:56
There's many people working on it.
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很多人在为此而努力工作着
10:59
We've worked on small schools,
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我们做小型学校
11:02
we've funded scholarships,
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我们提供奖学金
11:04
we've done things in libraries.
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我们帮助修建图书馆
11:06
A lot of these things had a good effect.
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诸多此类事情的效果都不错
11:08
But the more we looked at it, the more we realized that having great teachers
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但随着认识的深入，我们越发意识到
11:11
was the very key thing.
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伟大的老师的重要性
11:14
And we hooked up with some people studying
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我们曾联系过一些
11:17
how much variation is there between teachers,
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致力于研究老师间差异的人
11:20
between, say, the top quartile -- the very best --
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比如说顶尖的1/4的老师
11:23
and the bottom quartile.
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和最差的1/4之间的差异
11:25
How much variation is there within a school or between schools?
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以及同一学校内或学校之间老师的差异
11:28
And the answer is that these variations are absolutely unbelievable.
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结论是这些差异大得难以置信
11:33
A top quartile teacher will increase the performance of their class --
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顶尖那1/4的老师将提高他们班的教育水准
11:38
based on test scores --
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以测试分数作标准
11:41
by over 10 percent in a single year.
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短短1年就可以提高10%
11:43
What does that mean?
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这意味着什么呢？
11:44
That means that if the entire U.S., for two years,
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如果全美国在2年内
11:47
had top quartile teachers,
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全部由这顶尖的1/4的老师上课
11:50
the entire difference between us and Asia would go away.
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美国与亚洲的教育水平的差距将不复存在
11:54
Within four years we would be blowing everyone in the world away.
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4年之内，我们的教育将超过其他任何一个国家
12:00
So, it's simple. All you need are those top quartile teachers.
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很简单，我们唯一需要的就是这1/4的顶尖老师
12:05
And so you'd say, "Wow, we should reward those people.
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大家会说：“哦，我们应该奖励这些人，
12:09
We should retain those people.
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我们要留住这些人，
12:12
We should find out what they're doing and transfer that skill to other people."
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我们要研究他们的教学技巧并传授给其他人。”
12:15
But I can tell you that absolutely is not happening today.
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可惜这些事情一件也没有发生
12:20
What are the characteristics of this top quartile?
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这顶尖1/4的老师具有什么样的个性呢？
12:23
What do they look like?
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他们是什么样的人？
12:25
You might think these must be very senior teachers.
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你一定以为这些都是很资深的老师
12:28
And the answer is no.
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可惜你错了
12:30
Once somebody has taught for three years
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经过了最初3年的执教之后
12:33
their teaching quality does not change thereafter.
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老师们的教学水准就不会有多大改变了
12:38
The variation is very, very small.
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即使有，这种改变也非常的小
12:41
You might think these are people with master's degrees.
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你或许以为这些老师都有硕士学位
12:46
They've gone back and they've gotten their Master's of Education.
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他们都曾回到大学拿了教育学的硕士学位
12:49
This chart takes four different factors
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这个图包含了4个不同的因素
12:52
and says how much do they explain teaching quality.
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并解释了其各自与教学水准的相关程度
12:55
That bottom thing, which says there's no effect at all,
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最下面这一条，基本上和教育水准无关的
12:58
is a master's degree.
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就是硕士学位
13:02
Now, the way the pay system works is there's two things that are rewarded.
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今天的工资激励系统奖励2件事情
13:06
One is seniority.
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一是资历
13:08
Because your pay goes up and you vest into your pension.
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因为你需要把涨的工资放进你的养老金户头
13:11
The second is giving extra money to people who get their master's degree.
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另一个是用额外的钱鼓励员工去读硕士学位
13:14
But it in no way is associated with being a better teacher.
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但这些奖励和成为更好的老师之间没有任何联系
13:17
Teach for America: slight effect.
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教授美洲文化的老师，由激励产生的影响很微弱
13:20
For math teachers majoring in math there's a measurable effect.
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主修数学的数学老师，这种影响较明显
13:24
But, overwhelmingly, it's your past performance.
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但真正具有压倒性的影响力的，还是你过去的表现
13:29
There are some people who are very good at this.
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有些人很擅长于这种自我激励
13:32
And we've done almost nothing
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但我们至今仍然没能够
13:35
to study what that is
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研究这种自身激励的本质
13:38
and to draw it in and to replicate it,
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并复制和推广它
13:41
to raise the average capability --
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从而提高整体的教学实力
13:44
or to encourage the people with it to stay in the system.
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或者鼓励具有这种能力的人们留在教学领域
13:47
You might say, "Do the good teachers stay and the bad teacher's leave?"
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你可能会问：“是不是好老师留下来了，而不好的离开了？”
13:50
The answer is, on average, the slightly better teachers leave the system.
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答案是，比平均水准略高的老师们离开了
13:53
And it's a system with very high turnover.
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而且教育系统本身有很高的人员流动率
13:57
Now, there are a few places -- very few -- where great teachers are being made.
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现在只有很少数的几个地方，在打造伟大的教师
14:03
A good example of one is a set of charter schools called KIPP.
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其中有一个特许学校，名为KIPP
14:08
KIPP means Knowledge Is Power.
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“知识就是力量”的缩写
14:11
It's an unbelievable thing.
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真是难以置信
14:14
They have 66 schools -- mostly middle schools, some high schools --
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他们有66所学校，大多数是初中，有一些高中
14:17
and what goes on is great teaching.
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在里面进行着伟大的教学活动
14:21
They take the poorest kids,
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他们招收最贫困的学生
14:24
and over 96 percent of their high school graduates go to four-year colleges.
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那里毕业的96%的学生后来拿到了大学学位
14:28
And the whole spirit and attitude in those schools
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而且这些学校里的教学氛围
14:31
is very different than in the normal public schools.
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和普通的公立学校大不相同
14:34
They're team teaching. They're constantly improving their teachers.
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这些学校采用团队教学的模式，可以持续的提高教师水平
14:38
They're taking data, the test scores,
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而且收集数据，也就是测试结果
14:41
and saying to a teacher, "Hey, you caused this amount of increase."
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然后告诉老师 “哇，你让学生的成绩提高了这么多。”
14:44
They're deeply engaged in making teaching better.
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这些学校在全力以赴的提高教师水平
14:48
When you actually go and sit in one of these classrooms,
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如果你亲身去这些教室体验一下子
14:51
at first it's very bizarre.
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刚开始你会觉得很奇妙
14:54
I sat down and I thought, "What is going on?"
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我那会儿就坐着想“发生了什么事？”
14:57
The teacher was running around, and the energy level was high.
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老师在教室里跑来跑去，现场气氛很high
15:00
I thought, "I'm in the sports rally or something.
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我想“这里上的是体育课吧，
15:03
What's going on?"
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到底发生了什么？”
15:05
And the teacher was constantly scanning to see which kids weren't paying attention,
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那名老师不断的扫视学生们，寻找有谁开小差了
15:08
which kids were bored,
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有谁觉得无聊了
15:10
and calling kids rapidly, putting things up on the board.
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而且很快速的喊学生们上黑板写东西
15:13
It was a very dynamic environment,
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这种环境非常充满活力
15:15
because particularly in those middle school years -- fifth through eighth grade --
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因为在读中学的时候，特别是5到8年级
15:18
keeping people engaged and setting the tone
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这种氛围能让学生全身心的投入课堂的学习中
15:21
that everybody in the classroom needs to pay attention,
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并且所有人都能跟得上老师的教学
15:24
nobody gets to make fun of it or have the position of the kid who doesn't want to be there.
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没有谁会被取笑，也没有学生产生厌学情绪
15:30
Everybody needs to be involved.
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所有人都参与到这个活动里面
15:32
And so KIPP is doing it.
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这就是KIPP正在做的事情
15:35
How does that compare to a normal school?
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那普通学校是如何做得呢？
15:38
Well, in a normal school, teachers aren't told how good they are.
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普通学校里，没人会去赞扬老师们说他们有多棒
15:42
The data isn't gathered.
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没人收集测验的分数
15:45
In the teacher's contract,
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老师的工作合同里
15:47
it will limit the number of times the principal can come into the classroom --
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明文限定了校长进入教室的次数
15:51
sometimes to once per year.
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有时这仅有一年一次
15:53
And they need advanced notice to do that.
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而且还要提前通知
15:56
So imagine running a factory where you've got these workers,
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想象一下子在你的工厂里有这么一群员工
15:59
some of them just making crap
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其中有些人只是在生产废品
16:02
and the management is told, "Hey, you can only come down here once a year,
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而经理被告知“喂，你一年只许来车间看一次
16:06
but you need to let us know, because we might actually fool you,
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但你必须提前让我们知道，因为我们很可能会糊弄你
16:08
and try and do a good job in that one brief moment."
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在你来的那一刻，我们会把工作干得很出色。”
16:12
Even a teacher who wants to improve doesn't have the tools to do it.
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即使老师们自己想提高教学水平，也缺乏工具
16:17
They don't have the test scores,
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他们没法收集到测验分数
16:19
and there's a whole thing of trying to block the data.
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有一整个系统可以屏蔽这些数据
16:22
For example, New York passed a law
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例如，纽约通过了一项法案
16:25
that said that the teacher improvement data could not be made available and used
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用于提升教学水平的数据在决定该教师是否能留任时
16:30
in the tenure decision for the teachers.
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不能被获取和使用
16:34
And so that's sort of working in the opposite direction.
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可见，整个系统都走错了方向
16:37
But I'm optimistic about this,
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但是我还是很乐观的
16:39
I think there are some clear things we can do.
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有些事情我认为是明确的应该做得
16:43
First of all, there's a lot more testing going on,
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首先，还有很多测试正在进行中
16:47
and that's given us the picture of where we are.
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而这些能帮助我们认清自己的处境
16:50
And that allows us to understand who's doing it well,
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让我们了解到谁干的好
16:54
and call them out, and find out what those techniques are.
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把他们找出来，并分析他们的教学技巧
16:57
Of course, digital video is cheap now.
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当然，数字摄影机现在很便宜
17:00
Putting a few cameras in the classroom
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在教室里面放一两个
17:02
and saying that things are being recorded on an ongoing basis
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并告诉老师这个摄影机在持续的录像
17:08
is very practical in all public schools.
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这个可以在所有公立学校得到实施
17:10
And so every few weeks teachers could sit down
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然后每过几个星期就可以让老师们坐下来看录像
17:13
and say, "OK, here's a little clip of something I thought I did well.
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他们会说“OK，这里我觉得讲得不错
17:16
Here's a little clip of something I think I did poorly.
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这里我觉得讲得烂了点儿
17:19
Advise me -- when this kid acted up, how should I have dealt with that?"
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给我点建议，如果这个学生再闹事，怎么对付呢？”
17:22
And they could all sit and work together on those problems.
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然后大家可以一起想出解决问题的办法
17:26
You can take the very best teachers and kind of annotate it,
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然后就可以打造最好的老师，并且给他们加上“角标”
17:30
have it so everyone sees who is the very best at teaching this stuff.
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让所有人都知道谁最擅长于教学
17:34
You can take those great courses and make them available
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还可以把优秀的课程的录像制成易于传播的格式
17:36
so that a kid could go out and watch the physics course, learn from that.
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学生就可以在外出的时候看物理课录像来学习
17:41
If you have a kid who's behind,
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如果有学生暂时落后了
17:43
you would know you could assign them that video to watch and review the concept.
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你可以把录像资料给他们进行复习
17:47
And in fact, these free courses could not only be available just on the Internet,
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事实上，这些免费的课程资料不仅可以在互联网上传播
17:51
but you could make it so that DVDs were always available,
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还可以制成DVD光盘
17:55
and so anybody who has access to a DVD player can have the very best teachers.
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人们只需要买一台DVD机就可以拥有最好的老师了
18:02
And so by thinking of this as a personnel system,
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如果把这看作是（教师或者学生的）个人系统
18:07
we can do it much better.
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我们可以做得更好
18:09
Now there's a book actually, about KIPP --
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现在KIPP的故事被写成了一本书
18:11
the place that this is going on --
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在这些故事发生的地方
18:13
that Jay Matthews, a news reporter, wrote -- called, "Work Hard, Be Nice."
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Jay Matthews 这名记者写道“努力学习，友好待人”
18:18
And I thought it was so fantastic.
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我觉得这个观点很美妙
18:20
It gave you a sense of what a good teacher does.
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这给人一种优秀教师的感觉
18:24
I'm going to send everyone here a free copy of this book.
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我会给在座的各位每人一本
18:27
(Applause)
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（掌声）
18:32
Now, we put a lot of money into education,
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今天我们在教学领域投入了大量资金
18:35
and I really think that education is the most important thing to get right
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因为我坚信教育是最重要的，是非作好不可的
18:41
for the country to have as strong a future as it should have.
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这样国家的未来才有了保障
18:46
In fact we have in the stimulus bill -- it's interesting --
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但是我很乐观
18:48
the House version actually had money in it for these data systems,
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我认为人们已开始认识到教育的重要性
18:51
and it was taken out in the Senate
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而且只要方法得当，数百万人的生活将被改写
18:53
because there are people who are threatened by these things.
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时间只允许我讲2个问题
18:56
But I -- I'm optimistic.
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还有其他很多类似的问题
18:58
I think people are beginning to recognize how important this is,
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艾滋病，肺炎，已经有些人开始兴奋起来了
19:02
and it really can make a difference for millions of lives, if we get it right.
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当我提到这些名字的时候
19:09
I only had time to frame those two problems.
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但处理这些问题所需要的措施很广泛
19:12
There's a lot more problems like that --
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今天的系统还不能顺利的帮我们实现改变
19:14
AIDS, pneumonia -- I can just see you're getting excited,
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政府并没有自然的选择正确的方法来处理这些事情
19:18
just at the very name of these things.
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私有企业也没有主动的把资源投入解决这些事情
19:21
And the skill sets required to tackle these things are very broad.
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所以就需要像各位一样的英才们
19:26
You know, the system doesn't naturally make it happen.
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来研究这些事情，吸引更多人加入进来
19:29
Governments don't naturally pick these things in the right way.
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大家一起找出解决问题的办法
19:34
The private sector doesn't naturally put its resources into these things.
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我相信通过这样的努力，将来一定会有伟大的回报！
19:38
So it's going to take brilliant people like you
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非常感谢！
19:41
to study these things, get other people involved --
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（掌声）
19:44
and you're helping to come up with solutions.
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19:47
And with that, I think there's some great things that will come out of it.
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19:50
Thank you.
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19:52
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bill Gates - PhilanthropistA passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation.
Why you should listen
Bill Gates is the founder and former CEO of Microsoft. A geek icon, tech visionary and business trailblazer, Gates' leadership -- fueled by his long-held dream that millions might realize their potential through great software -- made Microsoft a personal computing powerhouse and a trendsetter in the Internet dawn. Whether you're a suit, chef, quant, artist, media maven, nurse or gamer, you've probably used a Microsoft product today.
In summer of 2008, Gates left his day-to-day role with Microsoft to focus on philanthropy. Holding that all lives have equal value (no matter where they're being lived), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has now donated staggering sums to HIV/AIDS programs, libraries, agriculture research and disaster relief -- and offered vital guidance and creative funding to programs in global health and education. Gates believes his tech-centric strategy for giving will prove the killer app of planet Earth's next big upgrade.
Read a collection of Bill and Melinda Gates' annual letters, where they take stock of the Gates Foundation and the world. And follow his ongoing thinking on his personal website, The Gates Notes. His new paper, "The Next Epidemic," is published by the New England Journal of Medicine.
Bill Gates | Speaker | TED.com