ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Full - Biologist
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering.

Why you should listen

UC Berkeley biologist Robert Full is fascinated by the motion of creatures like cockroaches, crabs and geckos having many legs, unusual feet or talented tails. He has led an effort to demonstrate the value of learning from Nature by the creating interdisciplinary collaborations of biologists, engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists from academia and industry. He founded CiBER, the Center for interdisciplinary Bio-inspiration in Education and Research, and the Poly-PEDAL Laboratory, which studies the Performance, Energetics and Dynamics of Animal Locomotion (PEDAL) in many-footed creatures (Poly).

His research shows how studying a diversity of animals leads to the discovery of general principles which inspire the design of novel circuits, artificial muscles, exoskeletons, versatile scampering legged search-and-rescue robots and synthetic self-cleaning dry adhesives based on gecko feet. He is passionate about discovery-based education leading to innovation -- and he even helped Pixar’s insect animations in the film A Bug's Life.

More profile about the speaker
Robert Full | Speaker | TED.com
TED2009

Robert Full: Learning from the gecko's tail

Robert Full:壁虎尾巴的学问

Filmed:
722,710 views

生物学家Robert Full曾致力于研究壁虎具有吸附力的脚趾及其超强的攀爬能力。但是近日获取的高速摄像影片却展现了壁虎在其尾巴的使用上也有着惊人的才能。
- Biologist
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:18
Let me share分享 with you today今天 an original原版的 discovery发现.
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今天,我将与你们分享一个独立发现的故事。
00:23
But I want to tell it to you the way it really happened发生 --
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我想告诉你们这个发现究竟是如何发生的。
00:26
not the way I present当下 it in a scientific科学 meeting会议,
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而不像科学会议,
00:28
or the way you'd read it in a scientific科学 paper.
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或是文献中介绍的故事。
00:31
It's a story故事 about beyond biomimetics仿生,
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这个发现的领域超越了传统的仿生学,
00:34
to something I'm calling调用 biomutualismbiomutualism.
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我把它称作Biomutualism。
00:37
I define确定 that as an association协会 between之间 biology生物学 and another另一个 discipline学科,
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它是生物学与另一门学科
00:40
where each discipline学科 reciprocally相互 advances进步 the other,
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相互促进、发现的科研方法。
00:44
but where the collective集体 discoveries发现 that emerge出现 are beyond any single field领域.
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其共同研究的成果非任何单一学科所能及。
00:48
Now, in terms条款 of biomimetics仿生,
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就仿生学来说,
00:50
as human人的 technologies技术 take on more of the characteristics特点 of nature性质,
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在人类科技不断学习、仿制自然的过程中,
00:53
nature性质 becomes a much more useful有用 teacher老师.
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大自然成为了一个越来越有益的老师。
00:56
Engineering工程 can be inspired启发 by biology生物学
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比如工程师常在生物学中寻找启发,
00:58
by using运用 its principles原则 and analogies类比 when they're advantageous有利,
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借鉴自然中实用的原理和相似的现象。
01:01
but then integrating整合 that with the best最好 human人的 engineering工程,
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他们将这些启发与最好的工程方法相结合,
01:04
ultimately最终 to make something actually其实 better than nature性质.
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才得以设计出超越自然界灵感来源本身的产品。
01:09
Now, being存在 a biologist生物学家, I was very curious好奇 about this.
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作为生物学家,我对这样一个过程很好奇。
01:12
These are gecko壁虎 toes脚趾.
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这是壁虎的脚趾。
01:14
And we wondered想知道 how they use these bizarre奇异的 toes脚趾
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我们很想知道壁虎是如何用这些奇怪的脚趾来
01:16
to climb up a wall so quickly很快.
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飞快地爬墙。
01:18
We discovered发现 it. And what we found发现 was
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我们已经找到了答案。
01:21
that they have leaf-like叶状 structures结构 on their toes脚趾,
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它们趾上有许多这样叶状的结构
01:23
with millions百万 of tiny hairs that look like a rug地毯,
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每一片上有上百万这样非常小的刚毛。
01:26
and each of those hairs has the worst最差 case案件 of split-ends分裂结束 possible可能:
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每一条刚毛还被最大可能的分叉,
01:29
about 100 to 1000 split分裂 ends结束 that are nano-size纳米尺寸.
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大约100至1000个这样纳米级的分叉。
01:33
And the individual个人 has 2 billion十亿 of these nano-size纳米尺寸 split分裂 ends结束.
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这条壁虎有20亿左右这样的刚毛端。
01:37
They don't stick by Velcro尼龙搭扣 or suction吸力 or glue.
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它们并不是用于吸力、粘力或是尼龙搭扣的摩擦力。
01:39
They actually其实 stick by intermolecular forces军队 alone单独,
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它们的吸附能力仅仅依靠分子间的作用力,
01:42
van面包车 derDER Waals瓦尔斯 forces军队.
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也叫做范德华力。
01:44
And I'm really pleased满意 to report报告 to you today今天
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今天我很高兴地告诉大家
01:46
that the first synthetic合成的 self-cleaning自洁, dry adhesive胶粘剂 has been made制作.
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利用这个原理设计的自洁式干性黏结材料已经制成。
01:51
From the simplest简单 version in nature性质, one branch,
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从刚毛分叉这个简单的自然现象,
01:54
my engineering工程 collaborator合作者, Ron罗恩 Fearing由于担心, at Berkeley伯克利,
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我在伯克利的工程合作伙伴Ron Fearing
01:57
had made制作 the first synthetic合成的 version.
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发明了壁虎趾的合成版本。
02:00
And so has my other incredible难以置信 collaborator合作者,
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另一个出色的合作伙伴也发明了相似的材料,
02:02
Mark标记 CutkoskyCutkosky, at Stanford斯坦福 --
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他是斯坦福大学的Mark Cutkosky。
02:04
he made制作 much larger hairs than the gecko壁虎,
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尽管他用了比壁虎更大的刚毛
02:06
but used the same相同 general一般 principles原则.
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但是工作原理却没有变。
02:09
And here is its first test测试.
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这是第一次测试。
02:11
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:12
That's KellarKellar Autumn秋季, my former前任的 Ph博士.D. student学生,
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这位是我曾指导过的博士Kellar Autumn,
02:14
professor教授 now at Lewis刘易斯 and Clark克拉克,
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现任路易斯-克拉克大学教授,
02:16
literally按照字面 giving his first-born第一胎 child儿童 up for this test测试.
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为了测试甘愿牺牲自己的长女。
02:20
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:21
More recently最近, this happened发生.
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这是最近的一次试验。
02:23
Man: This the first time someone有人 has actually其实 climbed爬上 with it.
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采访对象:这是这种材料第一次被用于攀墙。
02:26
Narrator旁白: Lynn林恩 VerinskyVerinsky, a professional专业的 climber登山者,
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解说:这位是专业攀登选手Lynn Verinsky
02:28
who appeared出现 to be brimming充满 with confidence置信度.
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她充满了信心。
02:30
Lynn林恩 VerinskyVerinsky: Honestly老老实实, it's going to be perfectly完美 safe安全. It will be perfectly完美 safe安全.
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Lynn Verinsky:老实说,这将是一次非常安全的试验。
02:33
Man: How do you know?
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记者:你怎么知道?
02:35
Lynn林恩 VerinskyVerinsky: Because of liability责任 insurance保险. (Laughter笑声)
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Lynn Verinsky:因为我买了保险。
02:37
Narrator旁白: With a mattress床垫 below下面 and attached to a safety安全 rope,
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解说:在墙下放好床垫并系上安全绳,
02:39
Lynn林恩 began开始 her 60-foot-脚丫子 ascent上升.
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Lynn开始了60英尺的攀登。
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Lynn林恩 made制作 it to the top最佳 in a perfect完善 pairing配对
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Lynn在好莱坞与科学完美的结合下
02:45
of Hollywood好莱坞 and science科学.
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成功到达了顶端。
02:48
Man: So you're the first human人的 being存在 to officially正式 emulate仿真 a gecko壁虎.
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记者:你是第一个成功模仿壁虎的人。
02:51
Lynn林恩 VerinskyVerinsky: Ha! Wow. And what a privilege特权 that has been.
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Lynn Verinsky:哈!喔。这让我觉得很特别。
02:57
Robert罗伯特 Full充分: That's what she did on rough surfaces.
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Robert Full:这次试验是在粗糙墙壁上进行的。
02:59
But she actually其实 used these on smooth光滑 surfaces --
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她在光滑表面
03:01
two of them -- to climb up, and pull herself她自己 up.
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也用这两个爬到过顶。
03:03
And you can try this in the lobby前厅,
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会后大家可以在大厅中自己尝试,
03:05
and look at the gecko-inspired壁虎启发 material材料.
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看看这些仿壁虎材料。
03:09
Now the problem问题 with the robots机器人 doing this
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要让机器人这么做有个问题
03:11
is that they can't get unstuck脱胶,
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它们用这种材料粘上了以后
03:13
with the material材料.
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松不开。
03:15
This is the gecko's壁虎 solution. They actually其实 peel their toes脚趾 away
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这是壁虎的解决方法。它们在爬墙时
03:18
from the surface表面, at high rates利率,
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很快地从接触面
03:20
as they run up the wall.
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把趾剥开。
03:22
Well I'm really excited兴奋 today今天 to show显示 you
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今天我很兴奋地展示给你们
03:25
the newest最新 version of a robot机器人, StickybotStickybot,
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一个崭新的机器人,Stickeybot。
03:28
using运用 a new hierarchical分级 dry adhesive胶粘剂.
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它配备有仿壁虎的干性黏结材料。
03:31
Here is the actual实际 robot机器人.
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这就是我说的机器人。
03:37
And here is what it does.
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它是这样工作的。
03:45
And if you look,
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请看,
03:47
you can see that it uses使用
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它可以
03:50
the toe脚趾 peeling去皮,
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剥开趾尖,
03:52
just like the gecko壁虎 does.
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和壁虎一样。
03:56
If we can show显示 some of the video视频, you can see it climbing攀登 up the wall.
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看它在录像中攀墙。
03:59
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
04:01
There it is.
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看。
04:03
And now it can go on other surfaces because of the new adhesive胶粘剂
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它适用与各种表面。
04:06
that the Stanford斯坦福 group was able能够 to do
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因为斯坦福研究组发明的新型黏结材料
04:09
in designing设计 this incredible难以置信 robot机器人.
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用在了它的设计上。
04:12
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
04:15
Oh. One thing I want to point out is, look at StickybotStickybot.
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哦。还有一点要指出的,Stickybot
04:18
You see something on it. It's not just to look like a gecko壁虎.
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它身上还有一样东西,不只是为了让它看起来像壁虎。
04:22
It has a tail尾巴. And just when you think you've figured想通 out nature性质,
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它有一条尾巴。当你刚自以为了解了自然,
04:25
this kind of thing happens发生.
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新的问题又来了。
04:27
The engineers工程师 told us, for the climbing攀登 robots机器人,
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设计它的工程师们告诉我们,用于攀登的机器人
04:29
that, if they don't have a tail尾巴,
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如果没有尾巴
04:31
they fall秋季 off the wall.
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一定会从墙上摔下来。
04:33
So what they did was they asked us
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他们向我们提出了一个
04:35
an important重要 question.
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重要的问题。
04:37
They said, "Well, it kind of looks容貌 like a tail尾巴."
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他们说:“这个看起来像一个尾巴。”
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Even though虽然 we put a passive被动 bar酒吧 there.
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尽管这只是一个不能运动的塑料杆。
04:43
"Do animals动物 use their tails尾巴 when they climb up walls墙壁?"
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“动物们在攀登中也用尾巴么?”
04:46
What they were doing was returning回国 the favor偏爱,
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这些工程师做的叫做“礼尚往来”,
04:48
by giving us a hypothesis假设 to test测试,
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还给我们一个可以测试的假设,
04:51
in biology生物学, that we wouldn't不会 have thought of.
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而这个假设并没有在生物学界被考虑过。
04:54
So of course课程, in reality现实, we were then panicked惊慌失措,
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当时,我们自然的很紧张,
04:57
being存在 the biologists生物学家, and we should know this already已经.
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作为生物学家,我们应该知道问题的答案。
04:59
We said, "Well, what do tails尾巴 do?"
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所以我们自问:“尾巴有什么用?”
05:01
Well we know that tails尾巴 store商店 fat脂肪, for example.
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我们知道尾巴被用来储存脂肪,
05:04
We know that you can grab onto things with them.
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用作附肢。
05:07
And perhaps也许 it is most well known已知
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可能最为大家所知的
05:09
that they provide提供 static静态的 balance平衡.
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是尾巴在保持静态平衡上的作用。
05:12
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:13
It can also act法案 as a counterbalance抗衡.
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它也可以被用作配重。
05:16
So watch this kangaroo袋鼠.
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看这只袋鼠。
05:19
See that tail尾巴? That's incredible难以置信!
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看那条尾巴,多么惊人!
05:21
Marc渣子 RaibertRaibert built内置 a UnirooUniroo hopping跃迁 robot机器人.
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Marc Raibert设计了一个跳跃机器人Uniroo。
05:25
And it was unstable不稳定 without its tail尾巴.
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在没有尾巴的情况下,它无法保持平衡。
05:31
Now mostly大多 tails尾巴 limit限制 maneuverability机动性,
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但另一个方面,尾巴限制了机动性。
05:33
like this human人的 inside this dinosaur恐龙 suit适合.
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像这个穿恐龙服的人。
05:37
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:38
My colleagues同事 actually其实 went on to test测试 this limitation局限性,
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我的同事还专门测试了这个限制。
05:42
by increasing增加 the moment时刻 of inertia惯性 of a student学生, so they had a tail尾巴,
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通过增加一位学生的转动惯量,模拟尾巴的影响。
05:46
and running赛跑 them through通过 and obstacle障碍 course课程,
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学生在障碍跑时
05:48
and found发现 a decrement减量 in performance性能,
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机动性明显地降低了。
05:50
like you'd predict预测.
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正如你所预料的。
05:53
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:54
But of course课程, this is a passive被动 tail尾巴.
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但这是一个不能动的被动尾巴。
05:57
And you can also have active活性 tails尾巴.
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你也可以有一条能动的主动尾巴。
05:59
And when I went back to research研究 this, I realized实现
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我回去思考这个问题时,突然想到
06:01
that one of the great TEDTED moments瞬间 in the past过去,
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在此前TED上
06:03
from Nathan弥敦道,
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我与Nanthan
06:05
we've我们已经 talked about an active活性 tail尾巴.
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讨论过能动的尾巴。
06:07
Video视频: Myhrvold梅尔沃德 thinks tail-cracking尾裂化 dinosaurs恐龙
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录像:Myhrvold认为有长尾巴的恐龙
06:09
were interested有兴趣 in love, not war战争.
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兴趣在于交配,而非打斗。
06:14
Robert罗伯特 Full充分: He talked about the tail尾巴 being存在 a whip鞭子 for communication通讯.
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Robert Full:他(Nanthan)介绍尾巴被当作鞭子用于交流。
06:17
It can also be used in defense防御.
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用于自卫。
06:21
Pretty漂亮 powerful强大.
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很有力。
06:23
So we then went back and looked看着 at the animal动物.
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回到实验室,我们开始观察壁虎。
06:25
And we ran it up a surface表面.
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让它攀登一个垂直表面。
06:27
But this time what we did is we put a slippery patch补丁
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但在表面上端有一节是会打滑的,
06:29
that you see in yellow黄色 there.
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也就是录像中黄色部分。
06:31
And watch on the right what the animal动物 is doing with its tail尾巴
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再看右边,看它打滑后
06:35
when it slips卡瓦. This is slowed放缓 down 10 times.
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是如何用它的尾巴的。这是放慢10倍后。
06:37
So here is normal正常 speed速度.
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这是正常速度。
06:39
And watch it now slip,
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看它打滑,
06:41
and see what it does with its tail尾巴.
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看它的尾巴。
06:46
It has an active活性 tail尾巴 that functions功能 as a fifth第五 leg,
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它的主动尾巴被用作第五条腿。
06:48
and it contributes有助于 to stability稳定性.
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帮助保持平衡。
06:50
If you make it slip a huge巨大 amount, this is what we discovered发现.
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如果让壁虎打滑得更多的话,我们就会看到这样。
06:57
This is incredible难以置信.
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真是难以置信。
06:59
The engineers工程师 had a really good idea理念.
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可见工程师们想了一个很好的主意。
07:02
And then of course课程 we wondered想知道,
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之后我们想:
07:04
okay, they have an active活性 tail尾巴, but let's picture图片 them.
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行,它们有一条能动的尾巴,让我们想像一下。
07:06
They're climbing攀登 up a wall, or a tree.
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壁虎在爬墙,或是树。
07:09
And they get to the top最佳 and let's say there's some leaves树叶 there.
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到了顶上,我们假设那里有一些叶子。
07:12
And what would happen发生 if they climbed爬上 on the underside下侧 of that leaf,
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当它们爬到了叶子的反面
07:15
and there was some wind, or we shook震撼 it?
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如果刚好有风,或者我在摇树会怎样?
07:18
And we did that experiment实验, that you see here.
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可以看到,我们做了这样的试验。
07:21
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
07:22
And this is what we discovered发现.
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这是我们的发现。
07:24
Now that's real真实 time. You can't see anything.
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正常速度,什么也看不到。
07:26
But there it is slowed放缓 down.
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但是减速之后
07:30
What we discovered发现 was the world's世界 fastest最快的 air-righting空气扶正 response响应.
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我们发现了世界上最快的空中姿势矫正反应。
07:33
For those of you who remember记得 your physics物理, that's a zero-angular-momentum零角动量
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还记得物理的听众知道这是一个零角动量的
07:35
righting扶正 response响应. But it's like a cat.
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姿势矫正。像猫一样。
07:37
You know, cats falling落下. Cats do this. They twist their bodies身体.
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猫在自由落体的时候,做相似的动作。它们扭转躯干。
07:40
But geckos壁虎 do it better.
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但壁虎做的更好。
07:42
And they do it with their tail尾巴.
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它们利用尾巴。
07:45
So they do it with this active活性 tail尾巴 as they swing摇摆 around.
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在尾巴转圈的同事纠正姿势。
07:48
And then they always land土地 in the sort分类 of superman超人 skydiving跳伞 posture姿势.
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所以它们总是依像超人一样空中飞人的姿势落地。
07:54
Okay, now we wondered想知道, if we were right,
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我们进一步想到,如果这是真确的,
07:56
we should be able能够 to test测试 this in a physical物理 model模型, in a robot机器人.
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应该可以用在机器人上。
07:59
So for TEDTED we actually其实 built内置 a robot机器人,
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我们特地为TED制作了一个机器人,
08:01
over there, a prototype原型, with the tail尾巴.
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在那边,一个有尾巴的机器人原型。
08:04
And we're going to attempt尝试 the first air-righting空气扶正 response响应
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我们将在这里尝试在机器人上的第一次
08:06
in a tail尾巴, with a robot机器人.
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空中姿势矫正试验。
08:08
If we could have the lights灯火 on it.
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给灯光。
08:10
Okay, there it goes.
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开始⋯⋯
08:15
And show显示 the video视频.
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放录像。
08:20
There it is.
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看。
08:22
And it works作品 just like it does in the animal动物.
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和壁虎尾巴的原理一样。
08:25
So all you need is a swing摇摆 of the tail尾巴 to right yourself你自己.
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只要甩动尾巴就可以纠正自己的姿势。
08:29
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
08:31
Now, of course课程, we were normally一般 frightened受惊
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当然,我们对此非常吃惊
08:33
because the animal动物 has no gliding滑翔 adaptations改编,
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因为壁虎没有滑翔的能力,
08:35
so we thought, "Oh that's okay. We'll put it in a vertical垂直 wind tunnel隧道.
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所以我们想:“没问题,把壁虎放在垂直的风洞中。”
08:39
We'll blow打击 the air空气 up, we'll give it a landing降落 target目标, a tree trunk树干,
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向上吹风,在风洞边放一根树干作为目的地,
08:42
just outside the plexi-glass有机玻璃 enclosure附件, and see what it does.
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看它怎么办。
08:46
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
08:47
So we did. And here is what it does.
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我们就这么做了。看壁虎如何应对。
08:50
So the wind is coming未来 from the bottom底部. This is slowed放缓 down 10 times.
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风从下往上吹。放慢10倍。
08:55
It does an equilibrium平衡 glide滑行. Highly高度 controlled受控.
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它在水平滑翔。控制得非常好。
08:59
This is sort分类 of incredible难以置信. But actually其实 it's quite相当 beautiful美丽,
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令人难以置信。在照片上,
09:02
when you take a picture图片 of it.
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也很优美。
09:05
And it's better than that, it -- just in the slide滑动 -- maneuvers演习 in mid-air半空.
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还有更有趣的,它还可以在空中机动。
09:10
And the way it does it, is it takes its tail尾巴
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用它的尾巴,
09:12
and it swings波动 it one way to yaw偏航 left, and it swings波动 its other way to yaw偏航 right.
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向一边甩动转向左,向另一边甩动,转向右。
09:16
So we can maneuver演习 this way.
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可以这样机动。
09:18
And then -- we had to film电影 this several一些 times to believe this --
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我们拍摄了很多次,才相信眼前所见。
09:21
it also does this. Watch this.
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看,它还可以这样。
09:24
It oscillates振荡 its tail尾巴 up and down like a dolphin海豚.
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像海豚一样上下摆动尾巴。
09:26
It can actually其实 swim游泳 through通过 the air空气.
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在空中游动。
09:29
But watch its front面前 legs. Can you see what they are doing?
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但注意它的前腿。看的出来它在做什么么?
09:34
What does that mean for the origin起源 of flapping flight飞行?
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联想这个动作对于研究飞行起源的意义。
09:37
Maybe it's evolved进化 from coming未来 down from trees树木,
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也许飞行是动物从树上坠落,
09:40
and trying to control控制 a glide滑行.
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试图控制滑翔而进化而来的。
09:42
Stay tuned调整 for that.
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这个问题值得关注。
09:44
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
09:46
So then we wondered想知道, "Can they actually其实 maneuver演习 with this?"
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我们又想:“壁虎真的能靠尾巴这样机动么?”
09:49
So there is the landing降落 target目标. Could they steer驾驶 towards it
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这是叶子做的目的地。它们有没有能力滑翔过去呢?
09:52
with these capabilities功能? Here it is in the wind tunnel隧道.
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在风洞里。
09:54
And it certainly当然 looks容貌 like it.
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貌似可以。
09:56
You can see it even better from down on top最佳.
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从上往下的角度更清楚。
09:59
Watch the animal动物.
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看它。
10:02
Definitely无疑 moving移动 towards the landing降落 target目标.
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绝对是向目的地在机动。
10:04
Watch the whip鞭子 of its tail尾巴 as it does it. Look at that.
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看它的尾巴。
10:08
It's unbelievable难以置信的.
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难以置信。
10:10
So now we were really confused困惑,
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我们被弄糊涂了。
10:12
because there are no reports报告 of it gliding滑翔.
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因为文献中并未记录壁虎拥有滑翔的能力。
10:14
So we went, "Oh my god, we have to go to the field领域,
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所以我们决定,一定要去野外
10:16
and see if it actually其实 does this."
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看是否如此。
10:18
Completely全然 opposite对面 of the way you'd see it on a nature性质 film电影, of course课程.
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这个自然和大家在自然纪录片中看到的顺序截然相反。
10:21
We wondered想知道, "Do they actually其实 glide滑行 in nature性质?"
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我们想:“自然界中,这种壁虎是否滑翔。”
10:24
Well we went to the forests森林 of Singapore新加坡 and Southeast东南 Asia亚洲.
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我们前往东南亚新加坡的森林中。
10:26
And the next下一个 video视频 you see is the first time we've我们已经 showed显示 this.
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下一个短片是我们第一次展示。
10:28
This is the actual实际 video视频 -- not staged上演, a real真实 research研究 video视频 --
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这个短片没用道具,没有作假,是第一手的科研数据。
10:31
of animal动物 gliding滑翔 down. There is a red trajectory弹道 line线.
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红色是它的滑翔轨迹。
10:34
Look at the end结束 to see the animal动物.
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结尾可以更清楚的看到壁虎。
10:36
But then as it gets得到 closer接近 to the tree,
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当它接近树干时,
10:38
look at the close-up特写. And see if you can see it land土地.
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看放大部分。能不能看到它着陆。
10:42
So there it comes down. There is a gecko壁虎 at the end结束 of that trajectory弹道 line线.
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这是它在下降。轨迹末端可以看到一只壁虎。
10:45
You see it there? There? Watch it come down.
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看到没有?看它滑落。
10:47
Now watch up there and you can see the landing降落. Did you see it hit击中?
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现在注意看着陆,看到没有?
10:50
It actually其实 uses使用 its tail尾巴 too,
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它确实用上了尾巴。
10:52
just like we saw in the lab实验室.
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和我们实验室里看到的一样。
10:55
So now we can continue继续 this mutualism共生
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继续一开始和工程师的互助互利,
10:59
by suggesting提示 that they can make an active活性 tail尾巴.
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建议他们设计一条能动的尾巴。
11:02
And here is the first active活性 tail尾巴, in the robot机器人,
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这是机器人上第一条能动的尾巴,
11:07
made制作 by Boston波士顿 Dynamics动力学.
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由波士顿动力公司研制。
11:10
So to conclude得出结论, I think we need to build建立 biomutualismsbiomutualisms, like I showed显示,
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总结来说,我认为要进一步像我所介绍的这样,增强生物与其他学科的互动,
11:14
that will increase增加 the pace步伐 of basic基本 discovery发现 in their application应用.
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加快基础科学的研究与应用。
11:17
To do this though虽然, we need to redesign重新设计 education教育 in a major重大的 way,
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要做到这点,我们需要从根本上从新设计我们的教育,
11:20
to balance平衡 depth深度 with interdisciplinary跨学科 communication通讯,
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在深度与跨学科交互两个方面做到平衡。
11:23
and explicitly明确地 train培养 people how to contribute有助于 to, and benefit效益 from other disciplines学科.
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专门训练能在多学科获利并贡献的人才。
11:28
And of course课程 you need the organisms生物 and the environment环境 to do it.
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当然,同时还需要良好的生态与环境。
11:32
That is, whether是否 you care关心 about security安全, search搜索 and rescue拯救 or health健康,
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无论你关心国防、搜寻与救护还是医疗,
11:35
we must必须 preserve保留 nature's大自然 designs设计,
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我们要保护自然,
11:37
otherwise除此以外 these secrets秘密 will be lost丢失 forever永远.
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不然自然界的秘密将被永远埋没。
11:40
And from what I heard听说 from our new president主席,
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就我们新总统的态度来看,
11:44
I'm very optimistic乐观. Thank you.
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我很乐观。谢谢。
11:46
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Peiran Gao
Reviewed by An Li

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Full - Biologist
Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build tomorrow's robots, based on evolution's ancient engineering.

Why you should listen

UC Berkeley biologist Robert Full is fascinated by the motion of creatures like cockroaches, crabs and geckos having many legs, unusual feet or talented tails. He has led an effort to demonstrate the value of learning from Nature by the creating interdisciplinary collaborations of biologists, engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists from academia and industry. He founded CiBER, the Center for interdisciplinary Bio-inspiration in Education and Research, and the Poly-PEDAL Laboratory, which studies the Performance, Energetics and Dynamics of Animal Locomotion (PEDAL) in many-footed creatures (Poly).

His research shows how studying a diversity of animals leads to the discovery of general principles which inspire the design of novel circuits, artificial muscles, exoskeletons, versatile scampering legged search-and-rescue robots and synthetic self-cleaning dry adhesives based on gecko feet. He is passionate about discovery-based education leading to innovation -- and he even helped Pixar’s insect animations in the film A Bug's Life.

More profile about the speaker
Robert Full | Speaker | TED.com