ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Zittrain - Net watchdog
Jonathan Zittrain wants to make sure the electronic frontier stays open -- and he's looking to the Internet's millions of users for its salvation.

Why you should listen

The increasing proliferation of "tethered" devices, from iPhones to Xboxes, is only one of countless threats to the freewheeling Internet as we know it. There's also spam, malware, misguided legislation and a drift away from what Internet law expert Jonathan Zittrain calls "generativity" -- a system's receptivity to unanticipated (and innovative) change instigated by myriad users.

Harvard law professor Zittrain, as an investigator for the OpenNet initiative and co-founder of Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Society, has long studied the legal, technological and world-shaking aspects of quickly morphing virtual terrains. He performed the first large-scale tests of Internet filtering in China and Saudi Arabia in 2002. His initiatives include projects to fight malware (StopBadware) and ChillingEffects, a site designed to support open content by tracking legal threats to individual users.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Zittrain | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2009

Jonathan Zittrain: The Web as random acts of kindness

乔纳森·兹特瑞:网络中的随机善良行为

Filmed:
934,500 views

大家是不是觉得世界似乎变得不太友好了?社会理论学家乔纳森·兹特瑞却并不苟同。他认为,网络中就有很多无私奉献的行为,充满好奇与信任。
- Net watchdog
Jonathan Zittrain wants to make sure the electronic frontier stays open -- and he's looking to the Internet's millions of users for its salvation. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
My name名称 is Jonathan乔纳森 Zittrain斯特兰,
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我叫乔纳森•兹特瑞
00:14
and in my recent最近 work I've been a bit of a pessimist悲观主义者.
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在最近工作的时候,我总是有一点悲观主义。
00:17
So I thought this morning早上 I would try to be the optimist乐天派,
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所以今天早晨我觉得我应该尝试变成一个乐观主义者。
00:21
and give reason原因 to hope希望
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并且根据互联的现状
00:23
for the future未来 of the Internet互联网
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给大家足够的理由去憧憬
00:25
by drawing画画 upon its present当下.
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互联网的未来
00:28
Now, it may可能 seem似乎 like there is less hope希望 today今天 than there was before.
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现在,希望似乎比从前要少。
00:32
People are less kind. There is less trust相信 around.
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人们越来越不友好,我们周围的信任少了。
00:34
I don't know. As a simple简单 example,
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但我不这么认为。举个简单的例子。
00:38
we could run a test测试 here.
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我们可以在这里做一个测试。
00:40
How many许多 people have ever hitchhiked搭便车?
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请问在座的各位有多少人曾搭过便车?
00:47
I know. How many许多 people have hitchhiked搭便车
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好,我知道了。多少人在过去的10年内
00:50
within the past过去 10 years年份?
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曾搭过便车?
00:55
Right. So what has changed?
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好。那么,什么改变了?
00:58
It's not better public上市 transportation运输.
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看来公交交通并没有更发达
01:01
So that's one reason原因 to think that we might威力 be
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所以这个例子证明我们可能是
01:04
declensionistsdeclensionists, going in the wrong错误 direction方向.
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走向错误方向的变革主义者。
01:07
But I want to give you three examples例子
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但是我想给你们举三个例子,
01:10
to try to say that the trend趋势 line线
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试着说明这个趋势
01:13
is in fact事实 in the other direction方向,
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实际上是往相反方向的。
01:15
and it's the Internet互联网 helping帮助 it along沿.
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而且是互联网在推波助澜。
01:18
So example number one: the Internet互联网 itself本身.
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那么,举例一,互联网本身。
01:21
These are three of the founders创始人 of the Internet互联网.
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这是互联网的三位创始人
01:25
They were actually其实 high school学校 classmates同学 together一起
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他们实际上是中学同学。
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at the same相同 high school学校 in suburban郊区的 Los洛杉矶 Angles in the 1960s.
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20世纪60年代他们在洛杉矶郊区的同一所中学上学。
01:31
You might威力 have had a French法国 club俱乐部 or a Debate辩论 club俱乐部.
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你们也许曾创办过法国社或辩论社,
01:34
They had a "Let's build建立 a global全球 network网络" club俱乐部,
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他们却创建了名为“让我们来建一个世界网络”的社团,
01:36
and it worked工作 out very well.
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而且运行得很顺利。
01:39
They are pictured合照 here for their 25th anniversary周年
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这是他们在
01:42
Newsweek新闻周刊 retrospective回顾 on the Internet互联网.
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新闻周刊回顾网络历史25周年的照片
01:45
And as you can tell,
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正如你们所见,
01:47
they are basically基本上 goof混日子 balls.
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他们基本上都是傻蛋。
01:50
They had one great limitation局限性
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他们有一个很大的限制,
01:53
and one great freedom自由
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也有一个很棒的自由,
01:55
as they tried试着 to conceive构想 of a global全球 network网络.
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当他们试图设想一个全球网络的时候。
01:58
The limitation局限性 was that they didn't have any money.
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限制在于,他们没有一丁点钱,
02:02
No particular特定 amount of capital首都 to invest投资,
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没有特定规模的资金来投资。
02:05
of the sort分类 that for a physical物理 network网络
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对于一个实体的网络来说,
02:07
you might威力 need for trucks卡车 and people
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你可能需要卡车、人力
02:09
and a hub枢纽 to move移动 packages around overnight过夜.
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和交换器去整夜运送包裹。
02:12
They had none没有 of that.
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他们没有这些。
02:14
But they had an amazing惊人 freedom自由,
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但是他们有一个惊人的自由,
02:16
which哪一个 was they didn't have to make any money from it.
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那就是,他们不需要从中赚钱。
02:20
The Internet互联网 has no business商业 plan计划, never did.
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这个网络没有,也从来没有商业计划。
02:24
No CEOCEO,
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没有首席执行官,
02:26
no firm公司 responsible主管, singly, for building建造 it.
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没有一个公司负责任地、单独地去建设它。
02:30
Instead代替, it's folks乡亲 getting得到 together一起
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取而代之,它是几个家伙凑在一起,
02:32
to do something for fun开玩笑,
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去做一些好玩的事,
02:35
rather than because they were told to,
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而不是被人指使,
02:37
or because they were expecting期待 to make a mint薄荷 off of it.
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也不是想要从中牟取哪怕一点点利益。
02:41
That ethos社会思潮 led to a network网络 architecture建筑,
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那种风气酝酿出了一种网络架构,
02:44
a structure结构体 that was unlike不像
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一种前无古人后无来者的
02:46
other digital数字 networks网络 then or since以来.
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数字网络架构。
02:50
So unusual异常, in fact事实,
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所以,不寻常的是,事实上,
02:52
that it was said that it's not clear明确 the Internet互联网 could work.
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据说搞不清楚这个网络是否能运作。
02:56
As late晚了 as 1992, IBMIBM was known已知 to say
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直到1992年,IBM表示,
02:59
you couldn't不能 possibly或者 build建立 a corporate企业 network网络
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不可能用互联网协议
03:02
using运用 Internet互联网 Protocol协议.
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去建一个企业网络。
03:05
And even some Internet互联网 engineers工程师 today今天 say
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甚至时至今日,一些网络工程师仍说,
03:07
the whole整个 thing is a pilot飞行员 project项目 and the jury陪审团 is still out.
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这整个东西是一个试点工程,陪审团还没到位。
03:11
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑)
03:12
That's why the mascot吉祥物 of Internet互联网 engineering工程,
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这就是为什么网络工程的吉祥物,
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if it had one, is said to be the bumblebee熊蜂.
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如果有的话,据说是一只大黄蜂。
03:19
Because the fur-to-wingspan毛皮到翼展 ratio of the bumblebee熊蜂
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是因为大黄蜂的皮和翼展比实在是太大了,
03:22
is far too large for it to be able能够 to fly.
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大到不能飞。
03:24
And yet然而, mysteriously神秘, somehow不知何故 the bee蜜蜂 flies苍蝇.
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但是,奇怪的是,无论如何黄蜂飞起来了。
03:29
I'm pleased满意 to say that, thanks谢谢 to massive大规模的 government政府 funding资金,
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我很高兴地说,多亏了巨额政府基金,
03:32
about three years年份 ago we finally最后 figured想通 out
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大约在三年前我们终于弄明白
03:35
how bees蜜蜂 fly.
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黄蜂是怎么飞的了。
03:37
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑)
03:39
It's very complicated复杂, but it turns out they
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原理非常复杂,但是结果是
03:41
flap拍打 their wings翅膀 very quickly很快.
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他们非常快速地拍打翅膀。
03:44
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑)
03:47
So what is this bizarre奇异的 architecture建筑 configuration组态
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那么,这个使网络运行起来且变得如此不同寻常的
03:51
that makes品牌 the network网络 sing and be so unusual异常?
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奇异的结构配置是什么呢?
03:54
Well, to move移动 data数据 around
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要把数据从一个地方传输到另一个地方,
03:56
from one place地点 to another另一个 -- again, it's not like a package courier信使.
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——再次声明,不是类似快递员那样
03:59
It's more like a mosh狂舞 pit.
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它更像是“狂舞区”(摇滚表演时舞台下方疯狂混乱的人群)。
04:02
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑)
04:03
Imagine想像, you being存在 part部分 of a network网络
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想象你自己是网络的一部分,
04:05
where, you're maybe at a sporting运动的 event事件,
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在那里你也许正在参加一个体育盛会,
04:08
and you're sitting坐在 in rows like this,
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你像这样坐在队伍里,
04:10
and somebody asks for a beer啤酒,
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有人要啤酒,
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and it gets得到 handed at the aisle走道.
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啤酒从过道被传递过来。
04:15
And your neighborly睦邻的 duty义务
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你作为邻座的义务
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is to pass通过 the beer啤酒 along沿,
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就是把啤酒传递下去,
04:19
at risk风险 to your own拥有 trousers长裤,
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冒着自己裤子被弄脏的风险,
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to get it to the destination目的地.
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把它传递到那个人。™
04:24
No one pays支付 you to do this.
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没有人付钱让你做这些。
04:26
It's just part部分 of your neighborly睦邻的 duty义务.
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它只是你作为邻座的义务而已。
04:29
And, in a way, that's exactly究竟 how packets move移动 around the Internet互联网,
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某种程度上,那恰恰是信息包在互联网中传送的方式。
04:33
sometimes有时 in as many许多 as 25 or 30 hops酒花,
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有时候要跳25或30个节点,
04:35
with the intervening介入 entities实体
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借助那种将数据到处传递的
04:37
that are passing通过 the data数据 around
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干预进来的实体,
04:39
having no particular特定 contractual合同 or legal法律 obligation义务
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对原始发送者或者接受者
04:43
to the original原版的 sender寄件人
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没有具体的合同
04:45
or to the receiver接收器.
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或法律责任。
04:48
Now, of course课程, in a mosh狂舞 pit it's hard to specify指定 a destination目的地.
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当然,现在很难在“狂舞区”里指定一个终点。
04:52
You need a lot of trust相信,
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你需要很多信任,
04:54
but it's not like, "I'm trying to get to Pensacola彭萨科拉, please."
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但它不像是“麻烦您我想去彭萨科拉”。
04:57
So the Internet互联网 needs需求 addressing解决 and directions方向.
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所以互联网需要地址和方向。
05:01
It turns out there is no one overall总体 map地图 of the Internet互联网.
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互联网变成了没有整体的地图。
05:05
Instead代替, again, it is as if we are all sitting坐在 together一起 in a theater剧院,
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而是,好像我们又一次都坐在剧场里,
05:08
but we can only see amidst烟雨 the fog多雾路段
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但我们只能在雾中看到
05:11
the people immediately立即 around us.
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当下在我们身边的人。
05:13
So what do we do to figure数字 out who is where?
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那么我们怎么样去弄清楚谁在哪里呢?
05:16
We turn to the person on the right,
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我们转向右边的人,
05:18
and we tell that person what we see on our left,
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告诉他我们在左边看到什么,
05:21
and vice versa反之亦然.
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反之亦然。
05:23
And they can lather泡沫, rinse冲洗, repeat重复. And before you know it,
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他们可以传递下去,在你能意识到之前,
05:25
you have a general一般 sense of where everything is.
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你已经对所以东西在哪有了个大致的印象。
05:28
This is how Internet互联网 addressing解决 and routing路由 actually其实 work.
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这就是网络寻址和路由实际上的工作原理。
05:33
This is a system系统 that relies依赖 on kindness善良 and trust相信,
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这是一个依赖美德和信任的系统,
05:37
which哪一个 also makes品牌 it very delicate精巧 and vulnerable弱势.
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但美德和信赖也使它变得微妙而脆弱。
05:40
In rare罕见 but striking引人注目 instances实例,
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举个罕见但突出的例子,
05:42
a single lie谎言 told by just one entity实体
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在这个网络中某一个人说了
05:45
in this honeycomb蜂窝
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一个谎话,
05:47
can lead to real真实 trouble麻烦.
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可以导致真正的麻烦。
05:49
So, for example, last year,
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所以,比如说,去年,
05:52
the government政府 of Pakistan巴基斯坦
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巴基斯坦政府
05:54
asked its Internet互联网 service服务 providers供应商 there
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要求国内的网络服务提供商
05:57
to prevent避免 citizens公民 of Pakistan巴基斯坦 from seeing眼看 YouTubeYouTube的.
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屏蔽巴基斯坦市民看You Tube。
06:01
There was a video视频 there that the government政府 did not like
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那上面有政府不喜欢的一个视频,
06:03
and they wanted to make sure it was blocked受阻.
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他们想要确保它被屏蔽了。
06:05
This is a common共同 occurrence发生. Governments政府 everywhere到处
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这是一个常见的现象。
06:07
are often经常 trying to block
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各国政府都经常试图屏蔽,
06:09
and filter过滤 and censor审查 content内容 on the Internet互联网.
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过滤和审查网络上的内容。
06:12
Well this one ISPISP in Pakistan巴基斯坦
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但这个巴基斯坦网络服务提供商
06:14
chose选择 to effectuate招致 the block for its subscribers用户
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用一种不寻常的方式
06:17
in a rather unusual异常 way.
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来屏蔽他的用户。
06:20
It advertised广告 --
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它宣称——
06:22
the way that you might威力 be asked, if you were part部分 of the Internet互联网,
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如果你懂网络,别人可能会要求你
06:25
to declare宣布 what you see near you -- it advertised广告
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告知你在周围看到了什么——它宣称——
06:27
that near it, in fact事实, it had suddenly突然 awakened惊醒 to find
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在它旁边的,事实上,它猛然发现是
06:32
that it was YouTubeYouTube的.
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You Tube
06:34
"That's right," it said, "I am YouTubeYouTube的."
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“对!”它说,“我是You Tube。”
06:37
Which哪一个 meant意味着 that packets of data数据
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也就是说,从用户向You Tube
06:39
from subscribers用户 going to YouTubeYouTube的
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发送的信息包
06:41
stopped停止 at the ISPISP, since以来 they thought they were already已经 there,
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在网络服务提供商那里被截了下来,然而用户以为数据已经被传送到了youtube。
06:44
and the ISPISP threw them away unopened未开封
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事实是网络服务提供商将它们悄悄扔掉,
06:46
because the point was to block it.
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因为重点就是屏蔽它。
06:48
But it didn't stop there.
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但是,它没有就此打住。
06:50
You see, that announcement公告
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你们看,那个公告,
06:52
went one click点击 out,
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点一下就出来
06:54
which哪一个 got reverberated回荡, one click点击 out.
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它不断回荡,点一下
06:57
And it turns out that as you look
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然后它就变成了你看到的样子。
06:59
at the postmortem事后 of this event事件,
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后果是,
07:01
you have at one moment时刻
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你的You Tube在短时间内
07:03
perfectly完美 working加工 YouTubeYouTube的.
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显得很正常
07:05
Then, at moment时刻 number two,
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然后,过一会,
07:07
you have the fake announcement公告 go out.
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假公告出来了。
07:10
And within two minutes分钟,
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然后,两分钟以内,
07:12
it reverberates宛转 around
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它在四周回荡开,
07:14
and YouTubeYouTube的 is blocked受阻 everywhere到处 in the world世界.
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然后Youtube就在全世界都被屏蔽了。
07:17
If you were sitting坐在 in Oxford牛津, England英国, trying to get to YouTubeYouTube的,
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如果你在英国牛津,试图上You Tube,
07:20
your packets were going to Pakistan巴基斯坦
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你的信息包去向了巴基斯坦,
07:22
and they weren't coming未来 back.
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再也回不来了。
07:25
Now just think about that.
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大家想,
07:27
One of the most popular流行 websites网站 in the world世界,
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作为世界上最有影响力的公司经营的
07:29
run by the most powerful强大 company公司 in the world世界,
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世界上最有名的网站之一,
07:31
and there was nothing that YouTubeYouTube的 or Google谷歌
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Youtube和Google
07:35
were particularly尤其 privileged特权 to do about it.
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却没有有效的特权去解决这个问题。
07:38
And yet然而, somehow不知何故, within about two hours小时,
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但是,不知何故,两小时之内,
07:42
the problem问题 was fixed固定.
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这个问题就解决了。
07:44
How did this happen发生?
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为什么会这样?
07:46
Well, for a big clue线索, we turn to NANOGNANOG.
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一个重要的线索来自NANOG,
07:49
The North American美国 Network网络 Operators运营商 Group,
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北美网络运营商组织,
07:52
a group of people who,
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这群人
07:54
on a beautiful美丽 day outside,
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他们在阳光明媚的天气里,
07:56
enter输入 into a windowless无窗 room房间,
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进到一个没有窗子的房间,
07:58
at their terminals终端
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来到他们的终端前,
08:00
reading email电子邮件 and messages消息
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阅读邮件和信息,
08:03
in fixed固定 proportion比例 font字形, like this,
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用一种固定比例的字体,就像这个。
08:07
and they talk about networks网络.
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他们在谈论网络,
08:09
And some of them are mid-level中级 employees雇员 at Internet互联网 service服务 providers供应商
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他们其中的一些人是全世界网络服务提供商的
08:11
around the world世界.
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中层雇员。
08:13
And here is the message信息 where one of them says,
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其中一个人说,
08:15
"Looks容貌 like we've我们已经 got a live生活 one. We have a hijacking劫持 of YouTubeYouTube的!
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“看来我们抓到现形了,Youtube被劫持了!
08:18
This is not a drill钻头. It's not just the cluelessness稀里糊涂
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这不是演习,也不是Youtube工程师的无能
08:21
of YouTubeYouTube的 engineers工程师. I promise诺言.
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我发誓。
08:23
Something is up in Pakistan巴基斯坦."
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在巴基斯坦出事了。”
08:25
And they came来了 together一起 to help find the problem问题 and fix固定 it.
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然后他们就一起帮助寻找问题然后解决它。
08:29
So it's kind of like if your house catches渔获 on fire.
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所以这有点像你家房子着火了,
08:32
The bad news新闻 is there is no fire brigade.
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坏消息是,没有消防队。
08:36
The good news新闻 is random随机 people apparate幻影 from nowhere无处,
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好消息是,不知从哪里冒出来的路人,
08:39
put out the fire and leave离开 without expecting期待 payment付款 or praise赞美.
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把火扑灭了,然后离开,不期待你付钱或表扬。
08:43
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
08:48
I was trying to think of the right model模型 to describe描述
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我试图想出一种合适的模型来描述
08:50
this form形成 of random随机 acts行为 of kindness善良
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这种“讨厌的陌生人随机善良行为”
08:52
by geeky令人讨厌 strangers陌生人.
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的模式,
08:54
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑)
08:59
You know, it's just like the hail冰雹 goes out
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你知道,就像下冰雹的时候,
09:02
and people are ready准备 to help.
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人们已经准备好伸出援手。
09:04
And it turns out this model模型 is everywhere到处, once一旦 you start开始 looking for it.
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原来当你开始寻找这种模型的时候,才发现它在世界的每个角落。
09:08
Example number two: Wikipedia维基百科.
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第二个例子:维基百科
09:11
If a man named命名 Jimbo神保 came来了 up to you in 2001
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如果2001年,一个叫金博的人找到你,
09:14
and said, "I've got a great idea理念! We start开始 with seven articles用品
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说,“我有一个好主意!我们从七篇文章开始,
09:17
that anybody任何人 can edit编辑 anything, at any time,
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任何人任何时候都可以编辑它们,
09:19
and we'll get a great encyclopedia百科全书! Eh?"
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那么我们就能获得一本很棒的百科全书!是吧?”
09:22
Right. Dumbest最愚蠢 idea理念 ever.
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对。有史以来最愚蠢的想法。
09:26
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑)
09:27
In fact事实, Wikipedia维基百科 is an idea理念 so profoundly深深 stupid
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事实上,维基百科是一个金博从来没有过的,
09:32
that even Jimbo神保 never had it.
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愚蠢又深刻的点子。
09:35
Jimbo's吉博的 idea理念 was for NupediaNupedia.
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金博的点子其实是Nupedia
09:37
It was going to be totally完全 traditional传统. He would pay工资 people money
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它会变得完全传统。他会付给人们钱,
09:39
because he was feeling感觉 like a good guy,
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因为他感觉好像是个好人。
09:41
and the money would go to the people
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钱会付给人们,
09:43
and they would write the articles用品.
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然后他们来写文章。
09:45
The wiki维基 was introduced介绍
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维基应运而生,
09:47
so others其他 could make suggestions建议 on edits编辑 --
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别人可以为修改提出意见——
09:49
as almost几乎 an afterthought事后, a back room房间.
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好像事后修补,相当于后屋。
09:51
And then it turns out the back room房间 grew成长
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然后后屋越建越大,
09:54
to encompass环绕 the entire整个 project项目.
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扩展成了整个项目。
09:56
And today今天, Wikipedia维基百科 is so ubiquitous普及
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时至今日,维基百科无处不在,
09:59
that you can now find it on Chinese中文 restaurant餐厅 menus菜单.
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以至于你可以在中餐馆的菜单里看见它。
10:03
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑)
10:09
I am not making制造 this up.
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我没有编造。
10:11
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑)
10:13
I have a theory理论 I can explain说明 later后来.
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我有个理论,我可以迟些解释。
10:16
Suffice满足 it to say for now that I prefer比较喜欢 my Wikipedia维基百科
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一言以蔽之,目前我更喜欢我的维基百科
10:18
stir-fried煸炒 with pimentos甘椒.
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和香果一起炒。
10:20
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑)
10:22
But now, Wikipedia维基百科 doesn't just spontaneously自发 work.
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但是现在,维基百科并不只是自发地运作着
10:25
How does it really work? It turns out
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它实际上是怎样运作的呢?
10:27
there is a back room房间 that is kind of windowless无窗,
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原来有一个没有窗的后屋,
10:29
metaphorically比喻 speaking请讲.
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打个比方,
10:31
And there are a bunch of people who, on a sunny晴朗 day,
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有一群人,在阳光明媚的一天,
10:33
would rather be inside
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宁愿呆在屋内,
10:36
and monitoring监控 this, the administrator's管理员 notice注意 board,
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修改这个管理者公告板,
10:38
itself本身 a wiki维基 page that anyone任何人 can edit编辑.
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它本身就是个谁都可以编辑的维基页。
10:41
And you just bring带来 your problems问题 to the page.
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于是你把你的问题放到这页上来,
10:44
It's reminiscent让人联想起 of the description描述 of history历史
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这使人想起了历史的描述,
10:47
as "one damn该死的 thing after another另一个," right?
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“糟糕的事一件接一件”,对吗?
10:50
Number one: "Tendentious倾向性的 editing编辑 by user用户 AndyvphilAndyvphil."
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第一:“由用户安迪•弗菲尔编辑的有倾向性内容。”
10:54
Apologies道歉, AndyvphilAndyvphil, if you're here today今天.
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安迪•弗菲尔,如果你今天在这儿,对不起。
10:57
I'm not taking服用 sides双方.
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我没有在偏袒。
10:59
"Anon不久 attacking进攻 me for reverting回复."
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“阿尼翁为了报复而攻击我。”
11:02
Here is my favorite喜爱: "A long story故事."
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这是我最喜欢的:“说来话长。”
11:04
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑)
11:05
It turns out there are more people checking检查 this page for problems问题
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之后越来越多的人来到这个页面挖掘问题
11:09
and wanting希望 to solve解决 them
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并解决这些问题
11:11
than there are problems问题 arising产生 on the page.
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现在有更多的问题在这个页面上出现了。
11:14
And that's what keeps保持 Wikipedia维基百科 afloat浮着.
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这就是使维基百科传播下去的东西。
11:17
At all times, Wikipedia维基百科 is approximately
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任何时候,维基百科都面临着45分钟后
11:20
45 minutes分钟 away from utter说出 destruction毁坏. Right?
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就彻底崩溃的危险,对吧?
11:25
There are spambots反垃圾邮件插件 crawling爬行 it, trying to turn every一切 article文章
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有垃圾邮件程序在上面爬行,
11:27
into an ad广告 for a Rolex劳力士 watch.
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试图把每一篇文章都变成劳力士手表广告
11:29
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑)
11:30
It's this thin geeky令人讨厌 line线
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正是这条细细的让人讨厌的线
11:33
that keeps保持 it going.
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维持它的运行
11:35
Not because it's a job工作,
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不是因为它是个工作,
11:37
not because it's a career事业,
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不是因为它是份职业,
11:39
but because it's a calling调用.
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而是因为它是个感召,
11:41
It's something they feel impelled推动 to do
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是一件他们认为必须去做的事。
11:44
because they care关心 about it.
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因为他们在乎它。
11:46
They even gather收集 together一起 in such这样 groups
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他们甚至在这种群组里聚在一起,
11:48
as the Counter-Vandalism反恶意破坏 Unit单元 --
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作为“反破坏行为租”——
11:50
"Civility礼貌, Maturity到期, Responsibility责任" --
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“文明,成熟,责任”——
11:53
to just clean清洁 up the pages网页.
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来清理这些页面。
11:55
It does make you wonder奇迹 if there were, for instance,
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确实令你想弄明白,举个例子,是不是
11:58
a massive大规模的, extremely非常 popular流行 Star Trek跋涉 convention惯例 one weekend周末,
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每周末都有冗长而普遍的“星际迷航”公约
12:02
who would be minding自扫门前雪 the store商店?
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那谁会来看店?
12:04
(Laughter笑声)
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12:09
So what we see --
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所以我们所看到的
12:11
(Laughter笑声)
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12:14
what we see in this phenomenon现象
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我们所看到的这个现象
12:18
is something that the crazed疯狂, late晚了 traffic交通 engineer工程师
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是疯狂的交通工程师
12:22
Hans汉斯 MondermanMonderman discovered发现 in the Netherlands荷兰,
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汉斯 蒙德曼在荷兰的发明
12:24
and here in South Kensington肯辛顿, that sometimes有时
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在南肯辛通
12:26
if you remove去掉 some of the external外部 rules规则 and signs迹象 and everything else其他,
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如果你去除一些多余的规则和道路标识以及其他的相关事物
12:31
you can actually其实 end结束 up
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你最终会生活在
12:33
with a safer更安全 environment环境 in which哪一个 people can function功能,
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一个由人来发挥作用的更安全的环境
12:36
and one in which哪一个 they are more human人的 with each other.
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并且是一个更人性化的环境
12:39
They're realizing实现 that they
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他们意识到他们
12:41
have to take responsibility责任 for what they do.
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必须为他们所做的负责
12:43
And Wikipedia维基百科 has embraced拥抱 this.
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而维基百科就拥有这种精神
12:46
Some of you may可能 remember记得 Star Wars战争 Kid小子,
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你们可能还记得那位星际男孩
12:49
the poor较差的 teenager青少年 who filmed拍摄 himself他自己 with a golf高尔夫球 ball retriever猎犬,
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那位拍摄自己拿着高尔夫球杆
12:53
acting演戏 as if it were a light saber军刀.
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就好像自己拿着光剑一样的穷小孩
12:55
The film电影, without his permission允许 or even knowledge知识 at first,
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这个视频,未经他的允许,甚至在他不知道的情况下
12:58
found发现 its way onto the Internet互联网.
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在网上传播开来
13:00
Hugely巨大 viral病毒 video视频. Extremely非常 popular流行.
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并成为携带严重病毒的视频,因为它非常受欢迎
13:03
Totally完全 mortifying屈辱 to him.
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这让星际男孩非常苦恼
13:06
Now, it being存在 encyclopedic广博的 and all,
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如今,这事已广为人知
13:08
Wikipedia维基百科 had to do an article文章 about Star Wars战争 Kid小子.
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所以维基百科应该写篇关于星际男孩的文章
13:11
Every一切 article文章 on Wikipedia维基百科 has a corresponding相应 discussion讨论 page,
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维基百科上的文章都有相应的讨论页面
13:13
and on the discussion讨论 page
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在这个讨论页面上
13:15
they had extensive广泛 argument论据 among其中 the Wikipedians维基
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维基百科人对是否要在文章中标注
13:18
as to whether是否 to have his real真实 name名称
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星际男孩的真实姓名
13:22
featured精选 in the article文章.
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进行了广泛的争论
13:24
You could see arguments参数 on both sides双方.
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你可以看到双方的争论观点
13:26
Here is just a snapshot快照 of some of them.
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当然这只是其中一部分
13:28
They eventually终于 decided决定 --
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但他们最终决定
13:30
not unanimously一致 by any means手段 --
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并不是一致同意
13:32
not to include包括 his real真实 name名称,
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不标注真实姓名
13:34
despite尽管 the fact事实 that nearly几乎 all media媒体 reports报告 did.
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即使几乎所有的媒体在报导中写明了真实姓名
13:37
They just didn't think it was the right thing to do.
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维基百科人就认为这是不对的
13:40
It was an act法案 of kindness善良.
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这是一种充满善意的行为
13:42
And to this day, the page for Star Wars战争 Kid小子
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至今,关于星际男孩的网页
13:44
has a warning警告 right at the top最佳
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右上方有个警告提示
13:46
that says you are not to put his real真实 name名称 on the page.
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说星际男孩的真实姓名是不允许标注的
13:49
If you do, it will be removed去除 immediately立即,
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如果你标注了,你的文章将被立即删除
13:51
removed去除 by people who may可能 have disagreed不同意 with the original原版的 decision决定,
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被不同意最初决定
13:55
but respect尊重 the outcome结果
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但尊重这个决定
13:58
and work to make it stay
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并让这个决定运作的人删除
14:00
because they believe in something bigger than their own拥有 opinion意见.
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因为他们相信与他们的观点相比,有些事更重要
14:04
As a lawyer律师, I've got to say these guys are inventing发明了 the law
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作为一名法律工作者,我得说这此家伙在创造法律
14:07
and stare decisis先例 and stuff东东 like that as they go along沿.
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和先例,一些他们要遵守的东西
14:11
Now, this isn't just limited有限 to Wikipedia维基百科.
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现在,这不仅限于维基百科
14:14
We see it on blogs博客 all over the place地点.
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我们随处都可以在博客上看到
14:16
I mean, this is a 2005 Business商业 Week cover.
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这是一张2005年商业周刊的封面
14:19
Wow. Blogs博客 are going to change更改 your business商业.
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哇,博客正在改变着你们的商业模式
14:21
I know they look silly愚蠢. And sure they look silly愚蠢.
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我知道他们看起来很傻,确实他们很傻
14:24
They start开始 off on all sorts排序 of goofy高飞 projects项目.
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他们创建各种各样的愚蠢的项目
14:26
This is my favorite喜爱 goofy高飞 blog博客:
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这是我最喜欢的傻瓜博客
14:28
CatsthatlooklikehitlerCatsthatlooklikehitler.comCOM.
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(一只像希特勒的猫)
14:31
(Laughter笑声)
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14:32
You send发送 in a picture图片 of your cat
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你把你的猫的照片传上去
14:35
if it looks容貌 like Hitler希特勒.
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如果它看起来像希特勒
14:37
(Laughter笑声)
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14:44
Yeah, I know. Number four, it's like, can you imagine想像
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哈哈我知道,第四张非常像,你能想像
14:46
coming未来 home to that cat everyday每天?
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每天回家就看到那只猫吗
14:48
(Laughter笑声)
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14:49
But then, you can see the same相同 kind of whimsy怪念头
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但是,你可以看到很多类似的怪想法
14:53
applied应用的 to people.
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用在人类身上
14:55
So this is a blog博客 devoted忠诚 to unfortunate不幸的 portraiture画像.
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这是一个全是不幸的肖像照片的博客
14:59
This one says, "Bucolic牧歌 meadow草地 with split-rail分轨 fence篱笆.
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这张照片的标题是:有栅栏的牧场
15:02
Is that an animal动物 carcass胴体 behind背后 her?"
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是不是有个动物尸体在她身后
15:04
(Laughter笑声)
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15:05
You're like, "You know? I think that's an animal动物 carcass胴体
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你就可能会说:你知道吗,我觉得她身后
15:07
behind背后 her."
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有个动物尸体
15:09
And it's one after the other.
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这是后面一个
15:11
But then you hit击中 this one. Image图片 removed去除 at request请求 of owner所有者.
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但你点击这张图片时显示:经图片所有人要求,此图片已删除
15:15
That's it. Image图片 removed去除 at request请求 of owner所有者.
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看到了吧,经图片所有人要求,此图片已删除
15:17
It turns out that somebody lampooned嘲讽 here
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这是有人在嘲讽
15:19
wrote to the snarky令人感到讽刺的 guy that does the site现场,
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无礼的博主
15:22
not with a legal法律 threat威胁, not with an offer提供 of payment付款,
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不用法律去威胁也不要求博主支付罚款
15:25
but just said, "Hey, would you mind心神?"
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而只是说:嗨,你介意吗
15:27
The person said, "No, that's fine."
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那人说:没关系
15:29
I believe we can build建立 architectures架构 online线上
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我相信我们可以在网上创建这样的架构
15:33
to make such这样 human人的 requests要求
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去提出人性化的要求
15:36
that much easier更轻松 to do,
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这更容易实施
15:38
to make it possible可能 for all of us to see
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也更可能让我们都了解
15:40
that the data数据 we encounter遭遇 online线上
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我们在网上遇到的数据
15:42
is just stuff东东 on which哪一个 to click点击 and paste and copy复制 and forward前锋
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只是我们要点击,粘贴和转发的东西
15:46
that actually其实 represents代表 human人的 emotion情感
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而这些东西代表了人类的情感
15:49
and endeavor努力 and impact碰撞,
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努力和影响力
15:51
and to be able能够 to have an ethical合乎道德的 moment时刻
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人类可以表现得有道德
15:53
where we decide决定 how we want to treat对待 it.
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当我们决定怎么去对待道德
15:56
I even think it can go into the real真实 world世界.
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我甚至觉得这些都可以在现实世界中实现
15:59
We can end结束 up, as we get in a world世界 with more censors检查员 --
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我们可以结束这些现象,当我们处在审查越来越普遍的世界
16:02
everywhere到处 there is something filming拍戏 you, maybe putting it online线上 --
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在各个地方你可能会被摄影,可能摄影的照片被放到网上
16:05
to be able能够 to have a little clip you could wear穿
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可以有一小段里面你穿着写有
16:07
that says, "You know, I'd rather not."
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“你知道,我宁愿不。。。”的衣服
16:09
And then have technology技术
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然后有这样的一种科技
16:12
that the person taking服用 the photo照片 will know later后来,
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拍照的人知道
16:14
this person requested要求 to be contacted联系
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他被要求与照片上的人联系
16:16
before this goes anywhere随地 big,
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在这张照片还没有广泛传播以前
16:18
if you don't mind心神.
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如果你不介意
16:20
And that person taking服用 the photo照片 can make a decision决定
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那个拍照的人可以自己作决定
16:22
about how and whether是否 to respect尊重 it.
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怎么或是否去尊重照片上的人
16:26
In the real真实 world世界, we see filtering滤波 of this sort分类
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在现实世界中,我们看到与巴基斯坦
16:28
taking服用 place地点 in Pakistan巴基斯坦.
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类似的过滤行为
16:30
And we now have means手段 that we can build建立, like this system系统,
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并且我们现在有方法来创建这样一个系统
16:34
so that people can report报告 the filtering滤波 as they encounter遭遇 it.
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在这个系统中人们可以报告他们遇到的过滤行为
16:37
And it's no longer just a "I don't know. I couldn't不能 get there. I guess猜测 I'll move移动 on,"
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而不再是“我不知道,我没法登录,我想我要继续下去”
16:41
but suddenly突然 a collective集体 consciousness意识
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但突然之间,对于网络
16:43
about what is blocked受阻 and censored审查
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屏蔽和审查
16:46
where online线上.
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有了集体性的反省
16:48
In fact事实, talk about technology技术 imitating冒充 life
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其实,谈到科技模仿生活
16:52
imitating冒充 tech高科技, or maybe it's the other way around.
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或叫做模仿科技,或可能有其他的叫法
16:55
An NYUNYU researcher研究员 here took little cardboard纸板 robots机器人
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一位纽约大学的研究人员发明了小的纸板机器人
16:58
with smiley笑脸 faces面孔 on them,
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并在机器人上画有笑脸
17:00
and a motor发动机 that just drove开车 them forward前锋
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用马达推动机器人前进
17:03
and a flag sticking症结 out the back
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机器人的背面有面旗子
17:05
with a desired期望 destination目的地.
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写有想要到达的目的地
17:07
It said, "Can you help me get there?"
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同时也写着:你能把我带到那边吗?
17:09
Released发布 it on the streets街道 of Manhattan曼哈顿.
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那位研究人员竟然把机器人放在曼哈顿的街道上
17:13
(Laughter笑声)
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17:15
They'll他们会 fund基金 anything these days.
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看来如今任何事都可能被资助
17:18
Here is the chart图表 of over 43 people
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这是一张图表,关于43人
17:20
helping帮助 to steer驾驶 the robot机器人 that could not steer驾驶
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帮助迷路的机器人找到方向
17:23
and get it on its way, from one corner
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让机器人顺着路
17:25
from one corner of Washington华盛顿 Square广场 Park公园
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华盛顿公园的一角到
17:27
to another另一个.
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另一角
17:29
That leads引线 to example number three: hitchhiking搭便车.
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那我们就可以谈谈第三个例子了:搭便车
17:33
I'm not so sure hitchhiking搭便车 is dead.
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我不清楚搭便车是否已经不流行了
17:36
Why? There is the CraigslistCraigslist的 rideshare顺风车 board.
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为什么呢?因为这个克雷格列表(网站名)的共享车辆的公告板
17:40
If it were called the CraigslistCraigslist的 hitchhiking搭便车 board,
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如果这个排名被叫作克雷格列表的搭便车公告板
17:43
tumbleweeds风滚草 would be blowing through通过 it.
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那风野草(一种植物)就会把它吹掉
17:45
But it's the rideshare顺风车 board, and it's basically基本上 the same相同 thing.
390
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但这是共享车辆的公告板,这基本上是同样一回事
17:48
Now why are people using运用 it?
391
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现在为什么人们要用这个词呢
17:50
I don't know. Maybe they think that, uh, killers杀手 don't plan计划 ahead?
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我不知道,可能是因为他们认识杀手不会先下手为强?
17:53
(Laughter笑声)
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17:59
No. I think the actual实际 answer回答 is
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不,我认为真正的答案是
18:01
that once一旦 you reframe重构 it,
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一旦你重新构建它
18:03
once一旦 you get out of one set of stale陈旧 expectations期望
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3000
一旦你不再寄希望于
18:06
from a failed失败 project项目 that had its day,
397
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成功过
18:09
but now, for whatever随你 reason原因, is tarnished玷污,
398
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但现在出于某种原因失败的陈腐项目
18:11
you can actually其实 rekindle重燃 the kind of human人的 kindness善良 and sharing分享
399
1079000
4000
事实上你可以重新唤起人类内心的道德和共享意识
18:15
that something like this on CraigslistCraigslist的 represents代表.
400
1083000
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就像克雷格列表上展现的一样
18:18
And then you can highlight突出 it
401
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然后你就可以
18:20
into something like,
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在一些类似的网站上倡导一下
18:22
yes, CouchSurfingCouchSurfing.org组织.
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对,这是像CouchSurfing这个网站
18:25
CouchSurfingCouchSurfing: one guy's家伙 idea理念
404
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CouchSurfing是某个家伙出于这样的想法而创建
18:28
to, at last, put together一起 people who are going somewhere某处 far away
405
1096000
3000
他把那些要去很远地方的
18:31
and would like to sleep睡觉 on a stranger's陌生人 couch长椅 for free自由,
406
1099000
5000
并想免费睡在陌生人家沙发上的人
18:36
with people who live生活 far away,
407
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2000
和那些在远方的
18:38
and would like someone有人 they don't know to sleep睡觉 on their couch长椅 for free自由.
408
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4000
并愿意让陌生人免费睡在他们的沙发上的人联系在一起
18:42
It's a brilliant辉煌 idea理念.
409
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4000
这是很聪明的想法
18:46
It's a bee蜜蜂 that, yes, flies苍蝇.
410
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而且也成功了
18:48
Amazing惊人 how many许多 successful成功 couch长椅 surfingssurfings there have been.
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很不可思议,有那么多人通过CouchSurfing联系在一起
18:51
And if you're wondering想知道, no, there have been no known已知 fatalities死亡
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你们是否想知道有没有不幸发生?在所知范围内完全没有
18:55
associated相关 with CouchSurfingCouchSurfing.
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关于CouchSurfing的不幸
18:57
Although虽然, to be sure, the reputation声誉 system系统, at the moment时刻,
414
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虽然我可以肯定,之所以现在有那么好的声誉
19:00
works作品 that you leave离开 your report报告 after the couch长椅 surfing冲浪 experience经验,
415
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是因为报告都是在事情发生之后的
19:03
so there may可能 be some selection选择 bias偏压 there.
416
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所以可能在选择上动过手脚
19:06
(Laughter笑声)
417
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19:10
So, my urging, my thought,
418
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所以,我强烈建议,我的想法是
19:14
is that the Internet互联网 isn't just a pile of information信息.
419
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网络不只是一堆信息
19:17
It's not a noun名词. It's a verb动词.
420
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它不是一个名词,而是一个动词
19:20
And when you go on it,
421
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当你在网上时
19:22
if you listen and see carefully小心 and closely密切 enough足够,
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如果你足够仔细地听和看
19:26
what you will discover发现
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你就会发现
19:28
is that that information信息
424
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信息
19:30
is saying something to you.
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在向你诉说着什么
19:32
What it's saying to you is what we heard听说 yesterday昨天,
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它所说的就是我们昨天听到的
19:34
Demosthenes德摩斯梯尼 was saying to us.
427
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德摩斯梯尼(古希腊雄辩家)告诉我们
19:37
It's saying, "Let's march游行." Thank you very much.
428
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“让我们向前进”。谢谢大家
19:41
(Applause掌声)
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掌声
Translated by Bin Xie
Reviewed by Bo Wang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Zittrain - Net watchdog
Jonathan Zittrain wants to make sure the electronic frontier stays open -- and he's looking to the Internet's millions of users for its salvation.

Why you should listen

The increasing proliferation of "tethered" devices, from iPhones to Xboxes, is only one of countless threats to the freewheeling Internet as we know it. There's also spam, malware, misguided legislation and a drift away from what Internet law expert Jonathan Zittrain calls "generativity" -- a system's receptivity to unanticipated (and innovative) change instigated by myriad users.

Harvard law professor Zittrain, as an investigator for the OpenNet initiative and co-founder of Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Society, has long studied the legal, technological and world-shaking aspects of quickly morphing virtual terrains. He performed the first large-scale tests of Internet filtering in China and Saudi Arabia in 2002. His initiatives include projects to fight malware (StopBadware) and ChillingEffects, a site designed to support open content by tracking legal threats to individual users.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Zittrain | Speaker | TED.com