ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tom Wujec - Designer
Tom Wujec studies how we share and absorb information. He's an innovative practitioner of business visualization -- using design and technology to help groups solve problems and understand ideas. He is a Fellow at Autodesk.

Why you should listen

Tom Wujec is a Fellow at Autodesk, the makers of design software for engineers, filmmakers, designers. At Autodesk, he has worked on software including SketchBook Pro, PortfolioWall and Maya (which won an Academy Award for its contribution to the film industry). As a Fellow, he helps companies work in the emerging field of business visualization, the art of using images, sketches and infographics to help teams solve complex problems as a group.

He's the author of several books, including Five-Star Mind: Games and Puzzles to Stimulate Your Creativity and Imagination.

More profile about the speaker
Tom Wujec | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2009

Tom Wujec: Learn to use the 13th-century astrolabe

汤姆·伍耶克(Tom Wujec):演示十三世纪星盘

Filmed:
834,534 views

与其展示一些更为先进的技术,汤姆·伍耶克为我们展示了人类最早拥有的一件精巧仪器-星盘。星盘具有上千种用途,如告知时间及描绘夜空。此项古老的技术提醒我们旧事物不一定不如新事物。
- Designer
Tom Wujec studies how we share and absorb information. He's an innovative practitioner of business visualization -- using design and technology to help groups solve problems and understand ideas. He is a Fellow at Autodesk. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
As technology技术 progresses进展,
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当科技不断
00:18
and as it advances进步,
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进步之时,
00:20
many许多 of us assume承担 that these advances进步
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我们之中的大多数人都会断言这些演进
00:22
make us more intelligent智能,
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将使我们更为聪慧
00:24
make us smarter聪明 and more connected连接的 to the world世界.
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以及与世界更为紧密相连。
00:26
And what I'd like to argue争论
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不过,我却想说明
00:28
is that that's not necessarily一定 the case案件,
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进步不单单只是“进步”,
00:30
as progress进展 is simply只是 a word for change更改,
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进步的过程不能单用变化一词来形容,
00:33
and with change更改 you gain获得 something,
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当变革发生之时,
00:35
but you also lose失去 something.
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我们既有得亦有失。
00:37
And to really illustrate说明 this point, what I'd like to do
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为了证明我的观点,我将会告诉你们
00:39
is to show显示 you how technology技术 has dealt处理 with
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科学技术是如何解决
00:42
a very simple简单, a very common共同, an everyday每天 question.
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一个简单、大众的问题。
00:47
And that question is this.
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这个问题则是这样的。
00:49
What time is it? What time is it?
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什么是时间?什么是时间?
00:52
If you glance一瞥 at your iPhone苹果手机, it's so simple简单 to tell the time.
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假如你扫一眼你的iPhone,它可以很简单地告诉你现在是什么时间。
00:55
But, I'd like to ask you, how would you tell the time
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但是,我想问你们,假若你没有iPhone,
00:57
if you didn't have an iPhone苹果手机?
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你会如何知道现在是什么时间?
00:59
How would you tell the time, say, 600 years年份 ago?
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或者说600年前,你将怎么知道时间?
01:02
How would you do it?
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你如何去获取此项信息?
01:04
Well, the way you would do it is by using运用 a device设备
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有一项物品将会有助于获取时间信息,
01:07
that's called an astrolabe星盘.
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这件物品就是星盘。
01:11
So, an astrolabe星盘 is relatively相对 unknown未知 in today's今天的 world世界.
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在当今时间,星盘的存在已鲜为人知了。
01:15
But, at the time, in the 13th century世纪,
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不过于13世纪时,
01:17
it was the gadget小工具 of the day.
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星盘是当时的日常用品。
01:19
It was the world's世界 first popular流行 computer电脑.
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星盘是当时最为盛行的工具。
01:23
And it was a device设备 that, in fact事实, is a model模型 of the sky天空.
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星盘是一件天文仪器,上面刻画着星图。
01:27
So, the different不同 parts部分 of the astrolabe星盘, in this particular特定 type类型,
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因此,星盘的网环是与
01:29
the reterete网 corresponds对应 to the positions位置 of the stars明星.
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天上的一部分星星相照应。
01:32
The plate盘子 corresponds对应 to a coordinate坐标 system系统.
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这件圆盘则与地平坐标系相照应。
01:35
And the mater母校 has some scales and puts看跌期权 it all together一起.
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而星盘的主体圆形铜盘则有一些刻度以供使用及将盛放其它部件。
01:39
If you were an educated博学 child儿童,
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假如你是一名受过教育的儿童,
01:41
you would know how to not only use the astrolabe星盘,
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你应懂得如何使用一件星盘,
01:43
you would also know how to make an astrolabe星盘.
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同时也应懂得如何制作星盘。
01:46
And we know this because the first treatise论文 on the astrolabe星盘,
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因为第一份有关星盘的著作,
01:49
the first technical技术 manual手册 in the English英语 language语言,
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第一份用英语写成的说明手册,
01:51
was written书面 by Geoffrey杰弗里 Chaucer乔叟.
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是由杰弗雷·乔叟(注:英国诗歌之父)写成的。
01:53
Yes, that Geoffrey杰弗里 Chaucer乔叟, in 1391,
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没错,就是那位杰弗雷·乔叟,写于1391年,
01:56
to his little Lewis刘易斯, his 11-year-old-岁 son儿子.
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写给他的儿子,他11岁大的儿子路易斯。
02:00
And in this book, little Lewis刘易斯 would know the big idea理念.
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于这本书里,小路易斯可以从中学到构建星盘的主要方法。
02:05
And the central中央 idea理念 that makes品牌 this computer电脑 work
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构建星盘的核心技术
02:07
is this thing called stereographic立体 projection投影.
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就是赤平投影。
02:10
And basically基本上, the concept概念 is,
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一般来说,赤平投影就是
02:12
how do you represent代表 the three-dimensional三维 image图片
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将夜空的三维影像
02:15
of the night sky天空 that surrounds围绕着 us
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投射至一个
02:17
onto a flat平面, portable手提, two-dimensional二维 surface表面.
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平滑、可移动的二维表面。
02:20
The idea理念 is actually其实 relatively相对 simple简单.
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这个构思是相对较为简单的。
02:22
Imagine想像 that that Earth地球 is at the center中央 of the universe宇宙,
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想象一下地球是宇宙的中心,
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and surrounding周围 it is the sky天空 projected预计 onto a sphere领域.
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而环绕这个地球的天空都被投射至一个球体上。
02:28
Each point on the surface表面 of the sphere领域
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球体上的每一点都通过
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is mapped映射 through通过 the bottom底部 pole,
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此球体的极点
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onto a flat平面 surface表面, where it is then recorded记录.
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投射至一平面,而这些资料就因此被记录。
02:35
So the North Star corresponds对应 to the center中央 of the device设备.
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因此北极星就位于星盘的中央。
02:39
The ecliptic黄道, which哪一个 is the path路径 of the sun太阳, moon月亮, and planets行星
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而黄道将被投射至一偏离中心的圆上,
02:42
correspond对应 to an offset抵消 circle.
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黄道就是日、月和星体的轨迹。
02:44
The bright stars明星 correspond对应 to little daggers匕首 on the reterete网.
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而那些闪亮的星星则会与星盘网环上的星标相对应。
02:48
And the altitude高度 corresponds对应 to the plate盘子 system系统.
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地平纬度则与整个盘子的体系相照应。
02:51
Now, the real真实 genius天才 of the astrolabe星盘 is not just the projection投影.
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真正吸引人的不是星盘的投影功能。
02:54
The real真实 genius天才 is that it brings带来 together一起 two coordinate坐标 systems系统
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而是它将两种截然不同的坐标系统
02:58
so they fit适合 perfectly完美.
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完美地糅合在一起。
03:00
There is the position位置 of the sun太阳, moon月亮 and planets行星 on the movable活动 reterete网.
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这是太阳、月亮和星球于这个可移动网环上的位置。
03:03
And then there is their location位置 on the sky天空
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他们于天空上的位置
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as seen看到 from a certain某些 latitude纬度 on the back plate盘子. Okay?
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则是通过观察盘子背后的纬度测出。
03:10
So how would you use this device设备?
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因此我们因如何使用这件器具?
03:15
Well, let me first back up for a moment时刻.
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请诸位稍等一会儿。
03:21
This is an astrolabe星盘. Pretty漂亮 impressive有声有色, isn't it?
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这是一件星盘。很漂亮,不是么?
03:26
And so, this astrolabe星盘 is on loan贷款 from us
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牛津大学历史博物馆
03:29
from the Oxford牛津 School学校 of -- Museum博物馆 of History历史.
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是可出租这件星盘的。
03:32
And you can see the different不同 components组件.
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你可以清晰地观察到星盘的不同部位。
03:35
This is the mater母校, the scales on the back.
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这是星盘的主体圆形铜盘,背面则是刻度。
03:37
This is the reterete网. Okay. Do you see that?
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这是网环。看到了吗?
03:39
That's the movable活动 part部分 of the sky天空.
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这就是可移动的部分。
03:42
And in the back you can see
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而于星盘的内部,
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a spider蜘蛛 web卷筒纸 pattern模式.
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则是一蛛网图案。
03:46
And that spider蜘蛛 web卷筒纸 pattern模式 corresponds对应 to the local本地 coordinates坐标 in the sky天空.
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而此蛛网图案则与当地的天球坐标系相照应。
03:50
This is a rule规则 device设备. And on the back
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这是一条标杆。而在盘子的背面
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are some other devices设备, measuring测量 tools工具
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则是一些其它的设备,有一条窥管
03:55
and scales, to be able能够 to make some calculations计算. Okay?
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和一些刻度,它们可以帮助进行计算。
04:01
You know, I've always wanted one of these.
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其实我很想得到一件星盘。
04:03
For my thesis论文 I actually其实 built内置 one of these out of paper.
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我的毕业作品就是一件纸质星盘。
04:08
And this one, this is a replica复制品
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这件星盘则是一份仿制品,
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from a 15th-centuryTH-世纪 device设备.
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是仿制一件15世纪的星盘。
04:13
And it's worth价值 probably大概 about three MacBook的MacBook Pros优点.
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这件仿制品大概与三本Macbook Pro等值。
04:16
But a real真实 one would cost成本 about as much as my house,
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但真品却比我的房子还贵,
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and the house next下一个 to it, and actually其实 every一切 house on the block,
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还要加上我旁边的房子,
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on both sides双方 of the street,
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应该是整条街的房子加起来都没真品贵重,
04:24
maybe a school学校 thrown抛出 in, and some -- you know, a church教会.
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或许还得附加一间学校,以及一些--教堂。
04:26
They are just incredibly令人难以置信 expensive昂贵.
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它们价值连城。
04:28
But let me show显示 you how to work this device设备.
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让我来向你们演示下这件星盘是如何使用的。
04:30
So let's go to step one.
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先从第一步开始。
04:33
First thing that you do is you select选择 a star
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第一件事是你首先得从夜空中
04:35
in the night sky天空, if you're telling告诉 time at night.
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选择一颗星星,当然只是在夜晚使用星盘时才这样做。
04:38
So, tonight今晚, if it's clear明确 you'll你会 be able能够 to see the summer夏季 triangle三角形.
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今晚,你可以很清楚地察看到夏季大三角。
04:41
And there is a bright star called Deneb天津四. So let's select选择 Deneb天津四.
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哪里有一颗极明的星星,它叫做天津四。我们就选择天津四吧。
04:44
Second第二, is you measure测量 the altitude高度 of Deneb天津四.
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第二步,你应测量天津四的地平纬度。
04:47
So, step two, I hold保持 the device设备 up,
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举起星盘,
04:50
and then I sight视力 its altitude高度 there
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然后用目光测准它的高度,
04:53
so I can see it clearly明确地 now.
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我可以很清晰地观测到它。
04:55
And then I measure测量 its altitude高度.
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好,让我们记录下它的高度。
04:58
So, it's about 26 degrees. You can't see it from over there.
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大概是26度。你们是看不到的。
05:01
Step three is identify鉴定 the star on the front面前 of the device设备.
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第三步,于星盘的正面辨别此颗星星的位置。
05:06
Deneb天津四 is there. I can tell.
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天津四是在这里。
05:08
Step four is I then move移动 the reterete网,
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第四步则是移动网环,
05:11
move移动 the sky天空, so the altitude高度 of the star
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这就好譬如移动整个天空,从而使星体的地平纬度
05:14
corresponds对应 to the scale规模 on the back.
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与后面的刻度相对应。
05:17
Okay, so when that happens发生
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当一切
05:20
everything lines线 up.
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准备就绪时,
05:22
I have here a model模型 of the sky天空
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一个栩栩如生的天空模型
05:24
that corresponds对应 to the real真实 sky天空. Okay?
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就此出现了。
05:27
So, it is, in a sense,
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在某种程度上来说,
05:29
holding保持 a model模型 of the universe宇宙 in my hands.
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我是将宇宙的模型置于吾之手中。
05:32
And then finally最后, I take a rule规则,
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最后一步,就是使用标杆,
05:35
and move移动 the rule规则 to a date日期 line线
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将标杆移至日期刻度线上,
05:37
which哪一个 then tells告诉 me the time here.
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从这我们可以得知现在是什么时间。
05:40
Right. So, that's how the device设备 is used.
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这就是如何使用这件设备。
05:43
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:44
So, I know what you're thinking思维:
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我知道你们在想什么。
05:46
"That's a lot of work, isn't it? Isn't it a ton of work to be able能够 to tell the time?"
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“这不是很麻烦么?我们不是得需要做很多准备工作以来得知时间么?”
05:50
as you glance一瞥 at your iPodiPod的 to just check out the time.
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与扫一眼iPod相比,使用星盘得耗费更多的时间。
05:54
But there is a difference区别 between之间 the two, because with your iPodiPod的
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但这两者之间是稍有区分的,当你使用iPod或iPhone时,
05:56
you can tell -- or your iPhone苹果手机, you can tell exactly究竟
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你只能得知时间,
05:59
what the time is, with precision精确.
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得知精准的时分秒。
06:01
The way little Lewis刘易斯 would tell the time
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而小路易斯则是通过观察天空
06:03
is by a picture图片 of the sky天空.
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以来得知时间的。
06:05
He would know where things would fit适合 in the sky天空.
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而且他同时也将知道天空是怎么样的。
06:08
He would not only know what time it was,
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从中小路易斯将不仅仅得知时间是什么,
06:11
he would also know where the sun太阳 would rise上升,
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同时他也可知晓日昇于何处
06:13
and how it would move移动 across横过 the sky天空.
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以及太阳的运动轨迹。
06:16
He would know what time the sun太阳 would rise上升, and what time it would set.
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他亦将知道日昇、日落之时。
06:20
And he would know that for essentially实质上 every一切 celestial天上 object目的
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最终他将知晓天空中所有物件的
06:22
in the heavens.
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位置。
06:24
So, in computer电脑 graphics图像
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于电脑图像
06:26
and computer电脑 user用户 interface接口 design设计,
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及电脑用户界面设计中
06:29
there is a term术语 called affordances启示.
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有一专业术语名为“功能可见性”。
06:32
So, affordances启示 are the qualities气质 of an object目的
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意即当使用者拿起这件物件时,
06:35
that allow允许 us to perform演出 an action行动 with it.
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它将会知道这件物品的那些特质。
06:38
And what the astrolabe星盘 does is it allows允许 us,
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而星盘则允许我们
06:40
it affords得到 us, to connect to the night sky天空,
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与夜空相连,
06:43
to look up into the night sky天空 and be much more --
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它可以使我们观察夜空
06:46
to see the visible可见 and the invisible无形 together一起.
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从而将无形和有形的东西糅合在一起。
06:49
So, that's just one use. Incredible难以置信,
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这仅仅是一种功能。
06:53
there is probably大概 350, 400 uses使用.
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令人惊讶的是星盘大概有350,400种用途,
06:56
In fact事实, there is a text文本, and that has over a thousand uses使用
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这些仅是从文本中得知,而一般的实际用途
06:58
of this first computer电脑.
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则已逾千种。
07:00
On the back there is scales and measurements测量
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星盘的背后是刻度和测量仪器,
07:02
for terrestrial陆生 navigation导航.
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他们具有定位的功能。
07:04
You can survey调查 with it. The city of Baghdad巴格达 was surveyed调查 with it.
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你可以发起一场调查。古巴格达城就进行过类似的调查。
07:07
It can be used for calculating计算 mathematical数学的 equations方程 of all different不同 types类型.
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同时星盘也可以用来运算各种数学方程。
07:11
And it would take a full充分 university大学 course课程 to illustrate说明 it.
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大学是值得专门为星盘研究开设课程。
07:14
Astrolabes星盘 have an incredible难以置信 history历史.
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星盘拥有悠久的历史。
07:16
They are over 2,000 years年份 old.
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它已逾两千岁了。
07:18
The concept概念 of stereographic立体 projection投影
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赤平投影的理论大约是形成于
07:21
originated起源 in 330 B.C.
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公元前330年。
07:23
And the astrolabes星盘 come in many许多 different不同
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星盘有各种各样的
07:25
sizes大小 and shapes形状 and forms形式.
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形状和结构。
07:27
There is portable手提 ones那些. There is large display显示 ones那些.
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这是可携带的,那个则是展示所用的。
07:30
And I think what is common共同 to all astrolabes星盘
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我认为星盘的共通点则是
07:32
is that they are beautiful美丽 works作品 of art艺术.
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它们都是艺术的结晶。
07:34
There is a quality质量 of craftsmanship手艺 and precision精确
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从星盘中显示的技艺和精准度
07:37
that is just astonishing惊人 and remarkable卓越.
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是令人为之动容的。
07:40
Astrolabes星盘, like every一切 technology技术, do evolve发展 over time.
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星盘也会如当今科技一般进化。
07:43
So, the earliest最早 retesretes, for example, were very simple简单 and primitive原始.
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最早的网环是非常原始和简陋的。
07:47
And advancing前进 retesretes became成为 cultural文化 emblems徽记.
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而更为先进的网环则成为了文化的象征。
07:49
This is one from Oxford牛津.
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这只星盘是来自牛津大学。
07:52
And I find this one really extraordinary非凡 because the reterete网 pattern模式
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我认为这只星盘是独此一家的,因为它的网环形状
07:54
is completely全然 symmetrical对称,
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是完全对称的,
07:56
and it accurately准确 maps地图 a completely全然 asymmetrical不对称, or random随机 sky天空.
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然而它所描绘的则是缤纷四呈的天空。
08:00
How cool is that? This is just amazing惊人.
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言语已无法形容其之神奇。
08:02
So, would little Lewis刘易斯 have an astrolabe星盘?
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那么,小路易斯能拥有他自己的星盘么?
08:05
Probably大概 not one made制作 of brass黄铜. He would have one made制作 out of wood,
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他拥有的大概不是黄铜制星盘。他有可能用木头或纸来制作
08:08
or paper. And the vast广大 majority多数 of this first computer电脑
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星盘。当时大部分星盘
08:11
was a portable手提 device设备
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皆是便携设备
08:13
that you could keep in the back of your pocket口袋.
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它们一般可以存放于你的荷包中。
08:16
So, what does the astrolabe星盘 inspire启发?
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因此星盘给予了我什么启迪?
08:19
Well, I think the first thing is that
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第一,它提醒了我,
08:21
it reminds提醒 us just how resourceful足智多谋 people were,
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我们祖先的
08:25
our forebears祖先 were, years年份 and years年份 ago.
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智慧并不输于今人。
08:27
It's just an incredible难以置信 device设备.
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这是一件惊人的设备。
08:30
Every一切 technology技术 advances进步.
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所有的技术都会进步。
08:32
Every一切 technology技术 is transformed改造 and moved移动 by others其他.
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而每项技术之间都是相互关联、相互影响的
08:35
And what we gain获得 with a new technology技术, of course课程,
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如今的技术使我们获得了
08:37
is precision精确 and accuracy准确性.
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精准度。
08:39
But what we lose失去, I think, is
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同时,我认为
08:41
an accurate准确 -- a felt sense
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我们失去了
08:44
of the sky天空, a sense of context上下文.
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对天空的感知。
08:47
Knowing会心 the sky天空, knowing会心 your relationship关系 with the sky天空,
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了解天空,了解天空与我们之间的联系
08:51
is the center中央 of the real真实 answer回答
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应是“时间是什么”的
08:55
to knowing会心 what time it is.
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真正答案。
08:57
So, it's -- I think astrolabes星盘 are just remarkable卓越 devices设备.
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我认为星盘是一件非凡的器具。
09:01
And so, what can you learn学习 from these devices设备?
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因此,我们从中可以学得什么?
09:04
Well, primarily主要 that there is a subtle微妙 knowledge知识
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基本上来说,我们可以从中学得我们
09:07
that we can connect with the world世界.
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与世界之间的微妙联系。
09:09
And astrolabes星盘 return返回 us to this subtle微妙 sense
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了解星盘,可以使我们得回这种感觉,
09:12
of how things all fit适合 together一起,
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得回物与物之间是如何联系的感觉,
09:15
and also how we connect to the world世界.
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以及我们是如何与世界相连的感觉。
09:17
Thanks谢谢 very much.
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非常感谢。
09:19
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Chaoran Yu
Reviewed by Zachary Lin Zhao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Tom Wujec - Designer
Tom Wujec studies how we share and absorb information. He's an innovative practitioner of business visualization -- using design and technology to help groups solve problems and understand ideas. He is a Fellow at Autodesk.

Why you should listen

Tom Wujec is a Fellow at Autodesk, the makers of design software for engineers, filmmakers, designers. At Autodesk, he has worked on software including SketchBook Pro, PortfolioWall and Maya (which won an Academy Award for its contribution to the film industry). As a Fellow, he helps companies work in the emerging field of business visualization, the art of using images, sketches and infographics to help teams solve complex problems as a group.

He's the author of several books, including Five-Star Mind: Games and Puzzles to Stimulate Your Creativity and Imagination.

More profile about the speaker
Tom Wujec | Speaker | TED.com