ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Anderson - Marine biologist
Charles Anderson studies marine life in the Maldives, a nation of coral atolls in the Indian ocean.

Why you should listen

Since 1983, Charles Anderson has lived and worked in the Maldives, a group of more than 1,000 coral islands that is the world's lowest-lying country. Marine life here is rich and fascinating, and Anderson has been instrumental in identifying it and promoting its preservation. This year, the Maldives became the first nation to ban shark fishing, after recognizing that the decline in live sharks was impacting the lucrative tourist trade.

Anderson has discovered several new species of fish, and was awarded the President of Maldives Award for Service to Fisheries in 1995, the only non-Maldivian ever to receive this honor. He and his wife, Susan, run several whale-watching trips each year where tourists take part in a national survey of cetaceans (whales and dolphins). recently, Anderson has identified the world's longest insect migration: the 18,000 km flight of tiny Pantala flavescens dragonflies back and forth across the Indian Ocean. He has found that the migration begins in India and proceeds via the Maldives (a mystifying stopover, because freshwater is scarce on these low-lying atolls) and the Seychelles -- and then all the way to East Africa.

More profile about the speaker
Charles Anderson | Speaker | TED.com
TEDIndia 2009

Charles Anderson: Dragonflies that fly across oceans

查尔斯 安得森(Charles Anderson)发现了飞越大洋的蜻蜓

Filmed:
622,203 views

当海洋生物学家查尔斯 安得森在马尔代夫生活和工作期间,他注意到在每年的特定时候,大量的蜻蜓就会突然出现。他讲述了他是如何仔细跟踪一种名叫全球点水蜻蜓的很不起眼的蜻蜓的行迹,却不料发现它是世界上所有昆虫中迁徙旅程最长的。
- Marine biologist
Charles Anderson studies marine life in the Maldives, a nation of coral atolls in the Indian ocean. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
Actually其实, I come from Britain英国,
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实际上我是从英国来,
00:18
but I've been living活的 in Maldives马尔代夫 for 26 years年份 now.
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但是我已经在马尔代夫住了26年了。
00:21
So, that's home really.
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所以那里是我真正的家。
00:23
The Maldives马尔代夫, as I'm sure you're aware知道的, are a chain of islands岛屿
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你们肯定都知道,马尔代夫是群岛
00:25
off the southwest西南 coast of India印度 here.
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位于印度的西南面。
00:27
Capital首都, Malé, where I live生活.
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首都是马累,我就住在那里。
00:29
Actually其实, sitting坐在 here today今天 in Mysore迈索尔,
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其实,我们所在的这个地方迈索尔,
00:32
we're closer接近 to Malé than we are to Delhi新德里, for example.
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离马累要比离德里更近一些。
00:36
If you're in IT, India印度, obviously明显, is the place地点 to be at the moment时刻.
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如果你在信息技术行业,印度很显然是现在最好的所在。
00:39
But if you're a marine海洋 biologist生物学家, Maldives马尔代夫 is not such这样 a bad place地点 to be.
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但是如果你是海洋生物学家,马尔代夫是一个不错的地方。
00:42
And it has been my home these years年份.
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正是如此,这些年她就成了我的家。
00:44
For those of you who've谁一直 been there, fantastic奇妙 coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁,
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如果你到过那里,就知道那里有超棒的珊瑚礁,
00:46
fantastic奇妙 diving潜水, fantastic奇妙 snorkeling浮潜.
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超棒的潜水,超棒的浮潜。
00:48
I spend as much of my time as possible可能
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我全部精力都用来
00:50
investigating调查 the marine海洋 life.
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研究海洋生物。
00:52
I study研究 fish,
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我研究鱼类,
00:54
also the bigger things, whales鲸鱼 and dolphins海豚.
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也研究更大的动物,像鲸和海豚。
00:57
This is a blue蓝色 whale. We have blue蓝色 whales鲸鱼
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这是只蓝鲸。 蓝鲸出现在
00:59
in the waters水域 around here, off Maldives马尔代夫,
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马尔代夫周围的水域,
01:02
around the waters水域 of India印度. You can see them off Kerala喀拉拉邦.
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和印度周围的水域。 你可以在Kerala附近看到它们。
01:04
And, in fact事实, we're very lucky幸运 in this region地区.
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是的,我们在这个地区确实是很幸运。
01:06
One of the best最好 places地方 in the world世界 to see blue蓝色 whales鲸鱼
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在全球观看蓝鲸最好的地方中,
01:08
is here in this region地区.
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这个地区就是其中之一。
01:10
In Sri斯里兰卡 Lanka斯里兰卡, if you go down to the south coast of Sri斯里兰卡 Lanka斯里兰卡,
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在斯里兰卡,如果你在东北季候风季节
01:13
during the northeast东北 monsoon雨季 season季节,
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去斯里兰卡的南部海岸的话,
01:15
you can see blue蓝色 whales鲸鱼 very, very easily容易.
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你很容易就会看到蓝鲸。
01:17
It's probably大概 the best最好 place地点 in the world世界 to see them.
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那里可能是世界上最容易看到蓝鲸的地方。
01:19
Now, when I talk about the northeast东北 monsoon雨季 season季节,
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好,当我说到东北季候风的时候,
01:22
I'm sure many许多 of you here know exactly究竟 what I mean,
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你们很多人肯定很清楚我指的是什么,
01:24
but perhaps也许 some of you are not quite相当 so sure.
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但是也可能一些人不太清楚。
01:27
I need to explain说明 a little bit about monsoons季风.
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我需要稍微解释一下季候风是怎么回事。
01:29
Now, monsoon雨季, the root of the word "monsoon雨季"
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好,”季候风“这个词的字根
01:31
comes from the word "season季节."
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是从“季节”这个词而来。
01:33
So, it's just a season季节. And there are two seasons季节 in most of South Asia亚洲.
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所以,它只是一个季节。而在大多数南亚地区,有两个季节。
01:38
And in the summer夏季 India印度 heats预赛 up, gets得到 very hot.
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夏天时印度渐渐热起来,直到变得很热。
01:40
Hot air空气 rises上升, and air空气 is drawn in off the sea to replace更换 it.
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热空气上升,所以海洋上空的空气就被吸过来补充。
01:45
And the way it works作品 is, it comes from the southwest西南.
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按理来说,它是从西南方向来。
01:47
It comes off the ocean海洋 here and is drawn up towards India印度.
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它是从这里的洋面,被吸引到印度。
01:50
So it comes from the southwest西南. It's a southwest西南 monsoon雨季.
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所以它是从西南方向来。称为西南季候风。
01:53
Picks精选 up moisture湿气 as it crosses十字架 the ocean海洋.
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空气流过洋面,吸收水汽
01:55
That's what brings带来 the monsoon雨季 rain.
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就带来了季候雨。
01:57
And then in the winter冬季 things cool down.
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然后到冬天时,气候变冷,
01:59
High pressure压力 builds建立 over India印度.
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高气压在印度上空积聚,
02:01
And the whole整个 system系统 goes into reverse相反.
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使整个系统反转过来
02:04
So, the wind is now coming未来 from the northeast东北
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于是,风就从东北方向吹过来
02:06
out of India印度, across横过 the Indian印度人 Ocean海洋,
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从印度大陆吹过印度洋
02:08
this way towards Africa非洲.
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沿这个方向吹向非洲。
02:11
Keep that in mind心神.
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记住这一点。
02:13
Now, I'm a marine海洋 biologist生物学家, but I'm actually其实
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好,我是海洋生物学家。可我实际上
02:15
a bit of an old fashioned老式 naturalist博物, I suppose假设.
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觉得我有点像个老式的自然学家。
02:17
I'm interested有兴趣 in all sorts排序 of things, almost几乎 everything that moves移动,
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我对各种各样的事情都感兴趣,包括差不多所有动的东西,
02:19
including包含 dragonflies蜻蜓. And I'm actually其实
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也包括蜻蜓。今天下午
02:21
going to talk, this afternoon下午, about dragonflies蜻蜓.
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我就要跟你们谈谈蜻蜓。
02:23
This is a very beautiful美丽 species种类, it's called the Oriental东方的 Scarlet猩红.
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这是一个非常美丽的品种,它叫做东方猩红蜻蜓。
02:26
And one thing you need to know about dragonflies蜻蜓,
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你们需要知道关于蜻蜓的一件事,
02:28
one important重要 thing,
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一件很重要的事,
02:30
is that they lay铺设 their eggs in fresh新鲜 water.
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是它们在淡水中产卵。
02:32
They need fresh新鲜 water to breed品种.
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它们需要淡水来繁殖。
02:34
They lay铺设 the eggs into fresh新鲜 water.
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它们把卵产在淡水中,
02:36
Little larvae幼虫 hatch孵化 out in fresh新鲜 water.
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小小的幼虫在淡水中孵化出来,
02:38
They feed饲料 on other little things. They feed饲料 on mosquito蚊子 larvae幼虫.
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它们捕食其它小动物,包括蚊子的幼虫
02:41
So, they're very important重要.
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所以它们非常重要。
02:43
They control控制 mosquito蚊子 larvae幼虫, among其中 other things.
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除了别的,它们还控制蚊子的幼虫。
02:45
And they grow增长 and grow增长 by stages阶段. And they climb out
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它们在生长了几个阶段之后,从水里爬出来,
02:48
of the water, burst爆裂 out, as the adult成人 which哪一个 we see.
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蜕皮而出,成为我们看到的成虫。
02:50
And typically一般, there is a lot of variation变异,
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当然,不同种类间的差异各种各样,
02:52
but if you have a dragonfly蜻蜓 with, say, a one year life cycle周期,
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但是如果你有一种蜻蜓,生命周期为一年,
02:55
which哪一个 is quite相当 typical典型, the larva幼虫, living活的 in the fresh新鲜 water,
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这样一个很典型的周期,它的幼虫,会在淡水中生活
02:58
lives生活 for 10 or 11 months个月.
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10或11个月。
03:01
And then the adult成人, which哪一个 comes after, lives生活 for one or two months个月.
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而它的成虫,随后出来,再活一或两个月。
03:04
So it's essentially实质上 a freshwater淡水 animal动物.
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因此它实质上是一种淡水动物。
03:06
It really does need fresh新鲜 water.
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它真的需要淡水才能生存。
03:09
Now, the particular特定 species种类 of dragonfly蜻蜓
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好了,我要讲到的一种很特别的蜻蜓
03:11
I want to talk about is this one,
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就是这种,
03:13
because most dragonflies蜻蜓, like the one we've我们已经 just seen看到,
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因为大多数的蜻蜓,像我们刚刚看到的那种,
03:16
when the adult成人 is there for its brief简要 one or two months个月 of life,
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在它短暂的一两个月的成虫期,
03:18
it doesn't go very far. It can't travel旅行 very far.
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并不会飞很远。它不能走很远。
03:21
A few少数 kilometers公里, maybe, is quite相当 typical典型.
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典型的大概就是几公里。
03:23
They are very good fliers传单, but they don't go too far.
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它们非常善于飞行,但是它们不会飞很远。
03:26
But this guy is an exception例外.
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但这个家伙是个例外。
03:28
And this is called the Globe地球 Skimmer笊篱,
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它的名字叫做全球点水蜻蜓,
03:30
or Wandering流浪 Glider滑翔机.
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或者叫漫游滑翔蜻蜓。
03:32
And, as the name名称 might威力 suggest建议, it is found发现 pretty漂亮 much around the world世界.
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所以就像它的名字一样,在世界各地都能找到它。
03:35
It lives生活 throughout始终 the tropics热带, the Americas美洲,
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它的分布遍及热带地区,美洲地区,
03:37
Africa非洲, Asia亚洲, Australia澳大利亚, into the Pacific和平的.
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非洲,亚洲,澳大利亚,直到太平洋地区。
03:40
And it wanders漫步 far and wide. We know that much about it.
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所以它漫游得非常广泛。我们对它就知道那么多。
03:43
But it really hasn't有没有 been studied研究 very much.
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但是它并没有被好好研究过,
03:45
It's a rather mediocre平庸 looking dragonfly蜻蜓.
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因为它的长相实在是很一般。
03:49
If you're going to study研究 dragonflies蜻蜓, you want to study研究 those really bright beautiful美丽 ones那些,
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如果你要去研究蜻蜓的话,你会想去研究那些颜色很鲜亮美丽的,
03:52
like that red one. Or the really rare罕见 ones那些, the endemic流行 endangered濒危 ones那些.
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像那只红的,或者那些很稀有的,本地濒危种类。
03:55
This is, it seems似乎 a bit dull平淡 you know.
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这个嘛,看起来很不起眼
03:58
It's sort分类 of dull-colored沉闷的颜色. And it's fairly相当 common共同.
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它的颜色有点暗淡,并且相当常见。
04:01
And it occurs发生 everywhere到处 -- you know, why bother?
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任何地方都可以看到 -- 你就会想,干嘛费那个劲?
04:04
But if you take that attitude态度, you're actually其实 missing失踪 something rather special特别.
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但是如果你有那种态度的话,你就会错过一个非常特别的发现。
04:07
Because this dragonfly蜻蜓 has a rather amazing惊人 story故事 to tell.
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因为这种蜻蜓有一个非比寻常的故事。
04:10
And I feel very privileged特权 to have stumbled迷迷糊糊 across横过 it
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是我住在马尔代夫时,
04:13
living活的 in the Maldives马尔代夫.
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非常荣幸地偶然发现的
04:15
When I first went to the Maldives马尔代夫,
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我第一次到马尔代夫的时候,
04:17
dead keen敏锐 on diving潜水, spent花费 as much of my time
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醉心于潜水,所有的时间
04:20
as I could in and under the water.
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都花在水里和水下,
04:22
Didn't notice注意 any dragonflies蜻蜓; maybe they were there, maybe they weren't.
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并没有注意到任何的蜻蜓;可能有,可能没有,
04:24
Didn't notice注意 them.
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我都没注意。
04:26
But after some time, after some months个月, one day
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但是过了一段时间,几个月之后,有一天
04:28
as I was going out and about,
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我在外面走的时候,
04:30
suddenly突然 I noticed注意到 hundreds数以百计 of dragonflies蜻蜓, hundreds数以百计 of dragonflies蜻蜓.
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我突然注意到上百只的蜻蜓,几百只的蜻蜓,
04:34
Something like this, these are all this species种类 Globe地球 Skimmer笊篱.
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就像这样,这些都是全球点水蜻蜓一个品种
04:37
I didn't know at the time, but I know now,
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我那时候不知道,可我现在知道了
04:39
they're Globe地球 Skimmers撇油器, hundreds数以百计 of them.
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它们是全球点水蜻蜓,有好几百只。
04:41
And they were there for some time. And then they were gone走了.
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它们在那里呆一段时间,然后就不见了。
04:43
And I didn't think anything more of it until直到
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我也没去多想,等到
04:45
the following以下 year, when it happened发生 again,
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第二年,同样的事又发生了,
04:47
and then the year after that, and then the year after that.
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这样又一年,这样又一年。
04:50
And I was a bit slow, I didn't really take too much notice注意.
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我反应又比较慢,没有真正好好注意,
04:53
But I asked some Maldivian马尔代夫 friends朋友 and colleagues同事, and yes they come every一切 year.
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但是我问过一些马尔代夫的朋友和同事,答复是是的,它们每年都来。
04:55
And I asked people about them and yes,
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我也同样问过一些人,答复也是是的,
04:57
they knew知道, but they didn't know anything,
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他们知道是那回事,但是他们不知道为什么,
04:59
where they came来了 from, or anything.
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它们从哪里来,或者别的什么。
05:01
And again I didn't think too much of it.
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这次我又没有去多想。
05:04
But slowly慢慢地 it began开始 to dawn黎明 on me that something
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但是慢慢地我突然意识到,有一件
05:06
rather special特别 was happening事件.
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很特别的事情在发生。
05:08
Because dragonflies蜻蜓 need fresh新鲜 water to breed品种.
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因为蜻蜓需要淡水来繁殖,
05:11
And the Maldives马尔代夫, and I'm sure some of you have been there --
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可是马尔代夫,我肯定你们有些人到过那里--
05:14
so here is home.
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好这里就是家,
05:16
So, Maldives马尔代夫, beautiful美丽 place地点.
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好,马尔代夫,美丽的地方
05:18
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:20
It's built内置 entirely完全 of coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁.
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它完全是由珊瑚礁建成的。
05:22
And on top最佳 of the coral珊瑚 reefs珊瑚礁 are sand banks银行.
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珊瑚礁上面是沙洲,
05:24
Average平均 height高度, about that much above以上 sea level水平.
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它的平均高度,大约只有那么一点点高过海平面。
05:27
So, global全球 warming变暖, sea level水平 rise上升, it's a real真实 serious严重 issue问题.
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因此,全球变暖,海平面上升,是个很严重的问题。
05:30
But I'm not going to talk about that.
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但那不是我今天的话题。
05:32
Another另一个 important重要 point of these sand banks银行
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这些沙洲的另外一个特点是,
05:34
is that when it rains降雨,
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下雨的时候,
05:36
the rainwater雨水 soaks浸泡 down into the soil. So, it's gone走了.
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雨水渗透到下面的土壤,就没有了。
05:38
So, it stays入住 under the soil.
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所以,雨水留在土壤下面,
05:40
The trees树木 can put their roots into it.
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树可以用根来吸收,
05:42
Humans人类 can dig holes and make a well.
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人可以挖坑凿井,
05:44
But dragonflies蜻蜓 -- a bit tricky狡猾.
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可是蜻蜓--就不好办了。
05:47
There is no surface表面 fresh新鲜 water.
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没有地表的淡水,
05:49
There are no ponds池塘, streams, rivers河流, lakes湖泊,
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没有池塘,小溪,河流,湖泊,
05:51
nothing like that.
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什么都没有,
05:53
So, why is it that every一切 year
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那么为什么每年
05:55
millions百万 of dragonflies蜻蜓, millions百万,
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成百万只的蜻蜓,百万
05:57
millions百万 of dragonflies蜻蜓 turn up?
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百万的蜻蜓会出现呢?
05:59
I got a little bit curious好奇. In fact事实 I'll stop here,
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我变得很好奇。在这里我想暂停一下
06:01
because I want to ask, and there is a lot of people who,
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因为我想问个问题,我们这里当然有很多人
06:04
from India印度 of course课程, people who grew成长 up spending开支 your childhood童年 here.
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是从印度来,在这里长大,度过你们的童年,
06:07
Those of you who are Indian印度人 or spent花费 your childhood童年 here,
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如果你是印度人,或者在这里长大,
06:11
let me have a show显示 of hands, who of you --
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请举一下手,有谁 --
06:13
not yet然而, not yet然而!
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还没完,还没完!
06:15
You're too keen敏锐. You're too keen敏锐. No. Hang on. Hang on.
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你们太积极了,太积极了。 不,稍等,稍等
06:17
Wait for the go. I'll say go.
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等我说开始, 我会说开始的。
06:21
Those of you who grew成长 up in India印度,
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你们如果在印度长大,
06:24
do you remember记得 in your childhood童年, dragonflies蜻蜓,
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记不记得小时候看见蜻蜓,
06:26
swarms成群 of dragonflies蜻蜓? Maybe at school学校,
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大群的蜻蜓?可能在学校,
06:28
maybe tying搭售 little bits of string onto them?
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可能给它们系上一节细绳?
06:30
Maybe pulling bits off? I'm not asking about that.
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可能把它们扯碎?我不想问你们那个。
06:32
You've only got to say, do you remember记得 seeing眼看 lots of dragonflies蜻蜓.
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你只要告诉我,是不是记得看见过很多的蜻蜓。
06:36
Any hands? Any hands? Yes. Thank you. Thank you.
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请举手, 请举手?好,谢谢,谢谢。
06:39
It's a widespread广泛 phenomenon现象
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那是在整个南亚,包括马尔代夫
06:41
throughout始终 South Asia亚洲, including包含 the Maldives马尔代夫.
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随处可见的现象。
06:45
And I got a bit curious好奇 about it.
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所以我就很好奇。
06:47
In the Maldives马尔代夫 -- now, in India印度 there is plenty丰富 of water,
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在马尔代夫,当然在印度有很多水
06:49
so, dragonflies蜻蜓, yeah, of course课程. Why not?
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自然会有很多蜻蜓, 对吧,当然啦。
06:51
But in Maldives马尔代夫, no fresh新鲜 water. So, what on Earth地球 is going on?
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但是在马尔代夫,并没有淡水。那,到底是怎么一回事呢?
06:54
And the first thing I did was started开始 recording记录
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于是我做的第一件事就是开始记录
06:57
when they turned转身 up in the Maldives马尔代夫.
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它们在马尔代夫出现的时间。
06:59
And there is the answer回答, 21stST of October十月.
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而答案是十月二十一日。
07:01
Not every一切 year, that's the average平均 date日期.
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不是每年都在同一天,那是平均日期。
07:03
So, I've been writing写作 it down for 15 years年份 now.
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那样,我已经记录了15年了。
07:05
You'd think they're coming未来 from India印度. It's the closest最近的 place地点.
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你会想它们是从印度来,那是最近的地方。
07:07
But in October十月, remember记得, we're still in southwest西南 monsoon雨季,
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但在十月份的时候,记住,仍然是西南季候风,
07:10
Maldives马尔代夫 is still in the southwest西南 monsoon雨季.
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马尔代夫仍然是西南季候风。
07:12
But wind is, invariably不变地, every一切 time, is from the west西.
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因此风总是每回都从西边来。
07:15
It's going towards India印度, not from India印度.
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它是吹向印度,不是从印度来。
07:17
So, are these things, how are these things getting得到 here?
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那么,这些家伙,它们是怎样到这里的呢?
07:19
Are they coming未来 from India印度 against反对 the wind?
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它们是逆风从印度飞过来的吗?
07:21
Seemed似乎 a bit unlikely不会.
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有点不太可能。
07:23
So, next下一个 thing I did is I got on the phone电话.
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所以,我接下来开始打电话。
07:25
Maldives马尔代夫 is a long archipelago群岛.
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马尔代夫是一串很长的群岛,
07:27
It stretches舒展 about 500 miles英里, of course课程 it's India印度 here.
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延伸大约500英里,当然,直到这里。
07:29
I got on the phone电话 and emailed电子邮件 to friends朋友 and colleagues同事.
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我给我的朋友和同事打电话,发电邮,
07:31
When do you see the dragonflies蜻蜓 appear出现?
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问他们什么时候看到蜻蜓出现?
07:34
And pretty漂亮 soon不久, a picture图片 started开始 emerging新兴.
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很快地,情况开始明了了
07:36
In Bangalore班加罗尔, a colleague同事 there sent发送 me
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在班加罗尔,一个同事送给我
07:38
information信息 for three years年份, average平均,
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三年的信息,平均日期是
07:40
24th of September九月, so late晚了 September九月.
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九月二十四日,大概九月下旬。
07:42
Down in Trivandrum特里凡得琅, a bit later后来.
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在往下的 Trivandrum 市, 就迟一点。
07:44
Far north of Maldives马尔代夫, a bit later后来.
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在马尔代夫最北端,又迟一点。
07:46
Then Malé, then further进一步 south.
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然后马累,然后更南面,
07:48
And then the southernmost最南端 Maldives马尔代夫.
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然后是马尔代夫的最南端。
07:50
It's pretty漂亮 obvious明显, they're coming未来 from India印度.
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很明显,它们是从印度来。
07:53
But they are coming未来 400 miles英里 across横过 the ocean海洋, against反对 the wind.
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但是他们从400英里外飞越大洋过来,并且是逆风,
07:56
How on Earth地球 are they doing that?
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它们怎么可能做到呢?
07:58
I didn't know.
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我当时并不知道。
08:00
The next下一个 thing I did was I started开始 counting数数 dragonflies蜻蜓.
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我做的下一件事情就是开始数蜻蜓的数目。
08:02
I wanted to know about their seasonality季节性,
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我想知道它们的季节性,
08:04
what time of year, this is when they first arrive到达,
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我们知道他们每年开始出现的时间,
08:06
but how long are they around for? Does that give any clues线索?
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但是它们会呆多久?它们的数目会不会提供一点线索?
08:08
So, I started开始 a very rigorous严格 scientific科学 process处理.
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于是,我开始了一个很严谨的科研过程。
08:11
I had a rigorous严格 scientific科学 transect.
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我有一种很严谨的科研交通工具,
08:13
I got on my bicycle自行车,
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我骑上我的自行车,
08:15
and I cycled循环 around the island of Malé.
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围着马累岛转,
08:17
It's about five kilometers公里 around,
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一圈大概有五公里,
08:19
counting数数 the dragonflies蜻蜓 as I go,
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一边骑,一边数蜻蜓,
08:21
trying not to bump磕碰 into people as I'm looking in the trees树木.
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向周围的树上看,同时又尽量避免撞到行人。
08:24
And they're here for a very short time,
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我发现它们在这里只呆一段很短的时间,
08:28
October十月, November十一月, December十二月. That's it.
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十月,十一月,十二月,就没有了。
08:30
And then they tail尾巴 off, there's a few少数, but that's it.
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它们数量减少,会剩下少许几只,但基本上就没有了。
08:32
October十月, November十一月, December十二月. That is not the northeast东北 monsoon雨季 season季节.
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十月,十一月,十二月。 那不是东北季候风季节,
08:34
That's not the southwest西南 season季节.
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也不是西南季候风季节,
08:36
That's the inter-monsoon跨季,
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那是季候风之间的时期,
08:38
the time when the monsoon雨季 changes变化.
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季候风变换的时期。
08:40
Now, what I said was, you get the southwest西南 monsoon雨季 going one way,
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好了,我刚才说的是,这里西南季候风向这个方向吹,
08:43
and then it changes变化 and you get the northeast东北 monsoon雨季 going the other way.
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然后它变了,变成东北季候风向相反方向吹。
08:47
And that sort分类 of gives the impression印象 you've got one air空气 mass
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那可能给你一个印象,就是有一个气团
08:49
going up and down, up and down. It doesn't work like that.
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在吹上来,吹下去,上来,下去。实际上并不是如此。
08:51
What happens发生, actually其实, is there is two air空气 masses群众.
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实际上,那里有两个气团。
08:53
And there is a front面前 between之间 them, and the front面前 moves移动.
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气团之间有个锋面,锋面在移动。
08:56
So, if you've got India印度 here,
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所以,如果这里是印度,
08:58
when the front面前 is up above以上 India印度 you're into the southwest西南 monsoon雨季.
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当锋面在印度上空时,印度就进入西南季候风。
09:00
Then the front面前 moves移动 into the northeast东北 monsoon雨季.
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然后锋面移走,就进入东北季候风。
09:04
And that front面前 in the middle中间 is not vertical垂直,
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而且那之间的锋面并不是垂直的,
09:06
it's at an angle角度.
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它有一个角度。
09:08
So, as it comes over towards Malé
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所以,当它向马累这边过来的时候,
09:10
I'm standing常设 in Malé underneath the front面前.
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我站在马累,在锋面之下,
09:13
I can be in the southwest西南 monsoon雨季.
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我就会在西南季候风里。
09:15
But the wind above以上 is from the northeast东北 monsoon雨季.
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但是这上面的风是从东北季候风来的。
09:17
So, the dragonflies蜻蜓 are actually其实 coming未来 from India印度 on the northeast东北 monsoon雨季,
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所以,这些蜻蜓实际上是搭着东北季候风从印度来的。
09:20
but at an altitude高度 at 1,000 to 2,000 meters up in the air空气. Incredible难以置信.
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但是是在空中1000到2000米的高度。真不可思议
09:26
These little insects昆虫, it's the same相同 ones那些 we see out here [in India印度],
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这些小小的昆虫,和我们在外面[印度]看到的一样,
09:29
two inches英寸 long, five centimeters公分 long,
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两英寸长,五厘米长,
09:31
flying飞行 in their millions百万, 400 miles英里 across横过 the ocean海洋,
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百万只地飞行,飞越400英里的海洋,
09:35
at 2,000 meters up. Quite相当 incredible难以置信.
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在2000米的高空。相当难以置信
09:39
So, I was quite相当 pleased满意 with myself. I thought wow, I've tracked追踪 this one,
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因此,我对我自己相当满意。我想,哇,我跟踪到了这个,
09:42
I know how they come here. Then I scratched划伤 my head a bit,
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我知道它们是怎样到这里的。然后我抓了抓我的头,
09:44
and that's okay,
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是不错,
09:46
I know how they come here, but why do they come here?
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我知道它们怎样到这里,但是为什么它们要来这里呢?
09:49
What are millions百万 of dragonflies蜻蜓 doing, flying飞行 out over the ocean海洋 every一切 year
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这百万只的蜻蜓是在做什么呢?它们每年飞到这海洋上空
09:54
to their apparent明显的 doom厄运?
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就是为了来送死吗?
09:56
It doesn't make sense. There is nothing for them in Maldives马尔代夫.
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没有道理嘛。在马尔代夫没有它们需要的任何东西。
09:58
What on Earth地球 are they doing?
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它们到底在做什么?
10:00
Well, to cut a long story故事 short,
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好吧,长话短说,
10:03
they're actually其实 flying飞行 right across横过 the ocean海洋.
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它们其实是要飞越海洋,
10:06
They're making制造 it all the way across横过 to East Africa非洲.
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一直要飞到东非去。
10:09
I know that because I have friends朋友 who work on fisheries'渔业 research研究 vessels船只
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我知道是那回事,因为我有朋友在渔场的考察船工作,
10:12
who have sent发送 to me reports报告 from boats out in the ocean海洋.
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他们从出海的船上送报告给我,
10:14
I know because we have reports报告 from Seychelles塞舌尔,
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我知道是因为我们有从塞瑟尔来的报告
10:16
which哪一个 fit适合 in as well, down here.
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也很吻合,在这里。
10:18
And I know because
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并且我知道是因为
10:21
when you look at the rainfall雨量,
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考虑到降雨的因素,
10:23
these particular特定 insects昆虫, these Globe地球 Skimmers撇油器
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这些特别的昆虫,这些全球点水蜻蜓,
10:25
breed品种 in temporary临时 rain water pools.
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是在临时的雨水塘里繁殖的。
10:29
Okay, they lay铺设 their eggs where the seasonal时令的 rains降雨 are,
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是的,它们产卵的地方,就是有季节性雨的地方,
10:31
the monsoon雨季 rains降雨.
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也就是季候风雨。
10:33
The larvae幼虫 have to develop发展 very quickly很快.
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它的幼虫必须很快地发育,
10:36
They only take six weeks. Instead代替 of 11 months个月, they're six weeks.
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它们只需要六个星期,而不是11个月。六个星期后,
10:38
They're up, and they're off.
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它们就出来,飞走了。
10:40
Now, here we have, in case案件 you can't read at the back,
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好,我们来看看,如果你在后排,看不清楚的话,
10:42
the top最佳 is rainfall雨量 for India印度.
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这上面是印度的降雨分布。
10:44
And we're starting开始 in June六月. So this is the monsoon雨季 rain.
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是从六月开始。这些是季候风雨,
10:47
By September九月, October十月, it's drying烘干 out.
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到九月,十月的时候,就干掉了。
10:49
Nothing for these dragonflies蜻蜓. There is no more seasonal时令的 rain.
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这些蜻蜓就没有雨了,没有季节性雨水了。
10:51
They've他们已经 got to go hunting狩猎 for seasonal时令的 rain.
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它们需要去寻找季节性的雨水。
10:54
And they fly south. As the monsoon雨季 withdraws撤销 to the south
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所以它们向南飞,跟着向南退却的季候风
10:57
they come down through通过 Karnataka卡纳塔克邦, into Kerala喀拉拉邦.
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它们向下经过Karatka, 进到Kerala,
11:00
And then they run out of land土地.
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然后就到了陆地的尽头。
11:02
But they are incredibly令人难以置信 good fliers传单. This particular特定 species种类,
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但是它们非常善于飞行。这种特别的种类,
11:04
it can fly for thousands数千 of kilometers公里.
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可以飞行上千公里。
11:06
And it just keeps保持 going. And the wind, the northeast东北 wind
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所以它就一直向前飞。而风,东北风,
11:08
swooshes标志设计 it around and carries携带 it off across横过 the ocean海洋 to Africa非洲,
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把它卷起来,又带着它穿越大洋直到非洲,
11:12
where it's raining下雨.
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而那里正在下雨。
11:15
And they are breeding配种 in the rains降雨 of Africa非洲.
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然后它们在非洲的雨水中繁殖。
11:17
Now, this is southeast东南 Africa非洲. It makes品牌 it look like there are sort分类 of
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好,这是东南非洲。这个图使得我们觉得好像有
11:19
two breeding配种 periods here. It's slightly more complicated复杂 than that.
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两个繁殖季节。实际上要稍微复杂一点。
11:23
What's happening事件 is they are breeding配种 in the monsoon雨季 rains降雨 here.
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我们看到它们在这里的季候风雨中繁殖,
11:26
And the dragonflies蜻蜓 you can see today今天
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就像你们今天看到的蜻蜓
11:29
outside here, on the campus校园,
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在外面校园里的这些,
11:31
are the young年轻 of this generation.
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是这一代的后代。
11:34
They hatched孵化 out in India印度.
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它们在印度孵化出来,
11:36
They're looking for somewhere某处 to breed品种. If it rains降雨 here they'll他们会 breed品种.
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正在寻找地方繁殖。如果这里下雨,它们就会繁殖。
11:39
But most of them are going to carry携带 on. And next下一个 stop,
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但是它们中的多数都会继续向前飞。那下一站,
11:41
perhaps也许 only four or five days away is going to be East Africa非洲.
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可能仅仅四五天的距离,就是东非。
11:44
The wind will swoosh旋风 them out across横过 here.
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风会带着它们过到这里。
11:46
If they pass通过 the Maldives马尔代夫 they might威力 go and have a look,
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如果它们路过马尔代夫,它们可能去看一看,
11:49
nothing there, they'll他们会 carry携带 on.
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找不到什么的话,它们就继续。
11:51
Here, here, Kenya肯尼亚, East Africa非洲,
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这里,这里,肯尼亚,东非
11:56
they've他们已经 actually其实 just come out of a long drought干旱.
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他们刚刚经历了很长时间的干旱,
11:58
Just last week the rains降雨 broke打破. The short rains降雨 broke打破
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直到上周才开始下雨。下了几场阵雨,
12:01
and it's raining下雨 there now.
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现在还在下。
12:03
And the dragonflies蜻蜓 are there. I have reports报告 from my various各个 contacts往来.
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而蜻蜓正在那里。我从我好几个联系人那里得到报告,
12:06
The dragonflies蜻蜓 are here now. They're breeding配种 there.
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说蜻蜓来了,正在那里繁殖。
12:08
When those guys, they'll他们会 lay铺设 their eggs now.
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所以这些家伙,它们正在产卵。
12:11
They'll他们会 hatch孵化 out in six weeks. By that time
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六个星期后它们就会飞出来。那时候
12:13
the seasonal时令的 rains降雨 have moved移动 on. It's not there, it's down here.
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季节性雨已经向前移动了。不在那里,是在这下面。
12:15
They'll他们会 fly down here. And the clever聪明 thing is
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它们会飞下来。而很奇妙的一件事是
12:17
the wind is always converging收敛 to where the rain is.
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风总是汇聚到下雨的地方。
12:20
The rain occurs发生, these are summer夏季 rains降雨.
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雨下下来,这些都是夏天的雨。
12:22
This is a summer夏季 monsoon雨季.
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这是夏天的季候风。
12:24
The sun太阳 is overhead高架 there. Summer夏季 rains降雨 in southern南部的 Africa非洲.
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太阳在那里当头照着。在南非夏天降雨时,
12:27
The sun太阳 is overhead高架, maximum最大值 heating加热,
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太阳正当头,加热最强烈,
12:29
maximum最大值 evaporation蒸发, maximum最大值 clouds,
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蒸发最强烈,云最多,
12:31
maximum最大值 rainfall雨量,
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雨最多,
12:33
maximum最大值 opportunities机会 for reproduction再生产.
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给繁殖提供最多的机会。
12:35
Not only that, because you have this convection对流,
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不仅如此,因为有空气对流,
12:39
you have this rising升起 of the air空气
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在热的地方有空气的上升,
12:41
where it's hot, air空气 is drawn in.
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空气就被吸过来。
12:43
There's a convergence收敛. So, wherever哪里 the rain is falling落下,
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形成一种汇聚效应。所以,无论是在哪里下雨,
12:46
the air空气 is drawn towards it to replace更换 the air空气 that's rising升起.
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空气就被吸到那里去补充上升的空气,
12:49
So, the little fellow同伴 that hatches舱口 out here,
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所以,在那里孵化出来的小家伙,
12:52
he gets得到 up into the air空气, he is automatically自动 carried携带的
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它飞到空中,被自动地带到
12:54
to where the rain is falling落下.
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正在下雨的地方。
12:56
Lay铺设 their eggs, next下一个 generation, they come up,
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在那里产卵,下一代又出来,
12:59
automatically自动 carried携带的 to where the rain is falling落下.
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被自动地带到正在下雨的地方。
13:01
It's now back there. They come out, it's time to come back.
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现在已经回那里了。它们出来,就到了回去的时候了。
13:04
So, in four generations, one, two, three,
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所以,四代之后,一,二,三,
13:06
four and then back.
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四,它们就回来了。
13:08
A complete完成 circuit电路 of the Indian印度人 Ocean海洋.
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一个完整的跨印度洋的循环。
13:11
This is a circuit电路 of about 16,000 kilometers公里.
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这个循环大概有16,000公里。
13:16
16,000 kilometers公里, four generations, mind心神 you,
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16,000公里,四代,请注意,
13:20
for a two inch英寸 long insect昆虫. It's quite相当 incredible难以置信.
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对一种两英寸长的昆虫来说,是非常不可思议的。
13:22
Those of you from North America美国
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如果你从北美来,
13:24
will be familiar with the Monarch君主 butterfly蝴蝶.
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你会对帝王蝶很熟悉,
13:27
Which哪一个, up until直到 now has had the longest最长 known已知 insect昆虫 migration移民.
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它是迄今为止所知的迁徙距离最长的昆虫。
13:30
It's only half the length长度 of this one.
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但只有这个距离的一半。
13:32
And this crossing路口 here, of the ocean海洋,
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而且这个跨越大洋的飞行,
13:34
is the only truly regular定期 transoceanic跨洋 crossing路口
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是在所有昆虫中唯一真正有规律的
13:39
of any insect昆虫.
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越洋飞行,
13:41
A quite相当 incredible难以置信 feat功绩.
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一个非常了不起的壮举。
13:43
And I only stumbled迷迷糊糊 on this because I was living活的 in Malé,
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我是因为住在马累才偶然发现了这点的,
13:45
in Maldives马尔代夫 for long enough足够
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在马尔代夫住了很长时间之后,
13:47
for it to percolate过滤 into my brain
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我才慢慢地意识到
13:49
that something rather special特别 was going on.
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有一些很特别的事情正在发生。
13:53
But dragonflies蜻蜓 are not the only creatures生物 that make the crossing路口.
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但是蜻蜓并不是完成这个飞越唯一的动物,
13:55
There is more to the story故事.
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这个故事还没完。
13:57
I'm also interested有兴趣 in birds鸟类. And I'm familiar
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我对鸟也感兴趣。我也很熟悉
13:59
with this fellow同伴. This is a rather special特别 bird.
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这个家伙。这是种很特别的鸟。
14:01
It's a falcon. It's called the eastern red-footed红脚 falcon, obviously明显.
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这是一只隼,叫做东方红脚隼,很显然。
14:04
But it's also called the Amur阿穆尔 Falcon.
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但它也叫做阿穆尔隼。
14:06
And it's called the Amur阿穆尔 Falcon
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把它叫做阿穆尔隼的原因是它
14:08
because it breeds品种 in AmurlandAmurland.
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在阿穆尔地繁殖。
14:11
Which哪一个 is an area along沿 the Amur阿穆尔 River, which哪一个 is up here.
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是阿穆尔河流经的区域,在这上面。
14:13
It's the border边境, much of it is the border边境
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很长一段是中国和俄国的边界
14:15
between之间 China中国 and Russia俄国, up here in the far east.
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在远东这里
14:18
So, Siberia西伯利亚, Manchuria满洲.
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所以,西伯利亚,黑龙江,
14:20
And that's where it breeds品种.
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就是它们繁殖的地方。
14:22
And if you're a falcon it's quite相当 a nice不错 place地点 to be in the summer夏季.
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如果你是只隼的话,在夏天那里是一个很不错的地方,
14:24
But it's a pretty漂亮 miserable place地点 to be in the winter冬季.
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但是在冬天是一个很难捱的地方。
14:26
It's, well, you can imagine想像.
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你很容易想象出来。
14:28
So, as any sensible明智 bird would do,
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所以就像任何明智的鸟儿一样,
14:32
he moves移动 south. They move移动 south. The whole整个 population人口 moves移动 south.
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它就向南飞,它们向南飞,整个种群都向南飞。
14:35
But then the being存在 sensible明智 stopped停止.
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可是后来好像变得不明智了。
14:37
So, now they don't stop here, or even down here.
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因为它们并不停在这里,或甚至这里,
14:39
No, they turn across横过 here.
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不,它们从这里转过来,
14:41
They have a little refueling加油 stop in northeastern东北方 India印度.
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在印度的东北部稍微停留补充一下,
14:45
They come to the latitude纬度 of about Mumbai孟买 or Goa果阿.
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再到孟买或者果阿这个纬度休息,
14:48
And then they strike罢工 out across横过 the ocean海洋, down to Kenya肯尼亚.
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然后猛地飞过印度洋,到了肯尼亚。
14:50
And down here, and they winter冬季 down here [in southern南部的 Africa非洲].
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在这下面,它们就在这里越冬【在南非】。
14:53
Incredible难以置信. This is the most extraordinary非凡 migration移民
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不可思议。这是在所有猛禽中
14:56
of any bird of prey猎物. A quite相当 incredible难以置信 migration移民.
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最特别的迁徙,非常不可思议。
14:59
And they are not the only one that makes品牌 the crossing路口.
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然而,它们并不是唯一飞越大洋的鸟类。
15:01
They have the most incredible难以置信 journey旅程, but several一些 make the crossing路口 from India印度
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它们的旅程是最了不起的,但是其他好几种鸟也从印度越洋飞到
15:04
to Africa非洲. Includes包括 this one, the hobby爱好.
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非洲去。包括这种鸟,燕隼。
15:06
This fellow同伴 is a very nice不错 bird, this is the Pied斑驳的 cuckoo布谷鸟.
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这是只很漂亮的鸟,叫做斑翅凤头鹃。
15:08
Those of you from northern北方 India印度 will be familiar with this.
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你们从印度北部来的让对它会很熟悉。
15:10
It comes with the monsoons季风.
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它和季候风一起到来。
15:12
This time of year they cross交叉 back to Africa非洲.
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每年的这个时候他们就飞回非洲去。
15:15
And this guy, the roller滚筒, a rather beautiful美丽 bird.
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还有这个家伙,三宝鸟,一种相当漂亮的鸟。
15:17
It's known已知 as the Eurasian欧亚 Roller滚筒. In India印度 it occurs发生 in the northwest西北,
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它也叫做欧亚三宝鸟。在印度西北部出现时,
15:20
so it's known已知 as the Kashmir克什米尔 Roller滚筒.
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人们叫它克什米尔三宝鸟。
15:23
And these birds鸟类, what I've doneDONE is I've complied编译过 all the records记录,
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所有这些鸟,我所作的就是整理了所有我能找到的
15:25
all the available可得到 records记录 of these birds鸟类,
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关于这些鸟儿的资料,
15:27
put them together一起, and found发现 out they migrate迁移 at exactly究竟 the same相同 time
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把它们放在一起,就发现它们沿着和蜻蜓完全一样的路线
15:29
as the dragonflies蜻蜓.
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迁徙。
15:31
They make use of exactly究竟 the same相同 winds.
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它们利用同样的风。
15:33
They travel旅行 at exactly究竟 the same相同 time with the same相同 winds
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它们在完全一样的时间,利用同样的风飞行,
15:35
to make the crossing路口. I know they travel旅行 at the same相同 altitude高度.
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来飞越大洋。我知道他们在同一个高度飞行,
15:38
It's known已知 about the Amur阿穆尔 Falcon. This guy, unfortunately不幸,
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我们已经知道阿穆尔隼是这样的。这个家伙,很不幸地,
15:40
one of these met会见 an unfortunate不幸的 end结束.
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有一只这种鸟的结局很不幸,
15:42
He was flying飞行 off the coast of Goa果阿,
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它在离果阿海岸不远的地方飞,
15:45
21 years年份 ago, 1988. October十月, 1988.
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在21年前,1998年十月,
15:48
An Indian印度人 Navy海军 jet喷射 was flying飞行 off Goa果阿,
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一架印度海军喷气机正在离果阿海岸不远的地方飞,
15:50
bang! In the middle中间 of the night. Fortunately幸好, a two engine发动机 jet喷射
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嘭的一声,半夜的时候,幸好是一架双引擎飞机,
15:53
got back to base基础, and they pulled the remains遗迹 of one of these [Eurasian欧亚 Rollers压路机] out.
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飞会基地后,他们取出了一只这种鸟【欧亚三宝鸟】的残骸。
15:56
Flying飞行 at night over the Indian印度人 Ocean海洋 2,424 meters.
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它在半夜在印度洋上2424米的高空飞行,
16:00
Same相同 height高度 as the dragonflies蜻蜓 go.
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和蜻蜓飞的高度一样。
16:02
So, they are using运用 the same相同 winds.
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所以它们利用的是同样的风。
16:04
And the other thing, the other important重要 factor因子
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还有另外一点,另外一个很重要的因素是
16:06
for all these birds鸟类, all medium sized大小 fellows研究员,
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所有的这些鸟都是中等大小的家伙,
16:09
and this includes包括 the next下一个 slide滑动 as well, which哪一个 is a bee-eater蜂虎.
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这也包括在下面一张投影片上的鸟,这是一只食蜂鸟.
16:12
Bee-eaters蜂虎 eat bees蜜蜂. This one has a nice不错 blue蓝色 cheek脸颊.
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食蜂鸟捕食蜜蜂。这种鸟有漂亮的蓝色脸颊,
16:14
It's a Blue-cheeked蓝颊 Bee-eater蜂虎.
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所以叫做蓝颊食蜂鸟。
16:17
And every一切 one of these birds鸟类 that makes品牌 the crossing路口
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而且所有这些从印度飞越大洋到达东非的
16:19
from India印度 to East Africa非洲
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鸟类
16:21
eats insects昆虫, large insects昆虫,
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都捕食昆虫,大型昆虫,
16:24
the size尺寸 of dragonflies蜻蜓. Thank you very much.
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像蜻蜓那样大的。谢谢你们。
16:27
(Applause掌声)
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掌声
Translated by An Li
Reviewed by Zachary Lin Zhao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Anderson - Marine biologist
Charles Anderson studies marine life in the Maldives, a nation of coral atolls in the Indian ocean.

Why you should listen

Since 1983, Charles Anderson has lived and worked in the Maldives, a group of more than 1,000 coral islands that is the world's lowest-lying country. Marine life here is rich and fascinating, and Anderson has been instrumental in identifying it and promoting its preservation. This year, the Maldives became the first nation to ban shark fishing, after recognizing that the decline in live sharks was impacting the lucrative tourist trade.

Anderson has discovered several new species of fish, and was awarded the President of Maldives Award for Service to Fisheries in 1995, the only non-Maldivian ever to receive this honor. He and his wife, Susan, run several whale-watching trips each year where tourists take part in a national survey of cetaceans (whales and dolphins). recently, Anderson has identified the world's longest insect migration: the 18,000 km flight of tiny Pantala flavescens dragonflies back and forth across the Indian Ocean. He has found that the migration begins in India and proceeds via the Maldives (a mystifying stopover, because freshwater is scarce on these low-lying atolls) and the Seychelles -- and then all the way to East Africa.

More profile about the speaker
Charles Anderson | Speaker | TED.com