ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh - Primate authority
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh has made startling breakthroughs in her lifelong work with chimpanzees and bonobos, showing the animals to be adept in picking up language and other "intelligent" behaviors.

Why you should listen

Into the great debate over intelligence and instinct -- over what makes us human -- Susan Savage-Rumbaugh has thrown a monkey wrench. Her work with apes has forced a new way of looking at what traits are truly and distinctly human, and new questions about whether some abilities we attribute to "species" are in fact due to an animal's social environment. She believes culture and tradition, in many cases more than biology, can account for differences between humans and other primates.

Her bonobo apes, including a superstar named Kanzi, understand spoken English, interact, and have learned to execute tasks once believed limited to humans -- such as starting and controlling a fire. They aren't trained in classic human-animal fashion. Like human children, the apes learn by watching. "Parents really don't know how they teach their children language," she has said. "Why should I have to know how I teach Kanzi language? I just act normal around him, and he learns it."

Her latest book is Kanzi's Primal Language: The Cultural Initiation of Primates into Language.

Also, in 2011, she was named one of TIME's 100 Most Influential People


 

More profile about the speaker
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh | Speaker | TED.com
TED2004

Susan Savage-Rumbaugh: The gentle genius of bonobos

Susan Savage-Rumbaugh:猿类也会写字

Filmed:
2,759,598 views

Savage-Rumbaugh以研究矮黑猩猩(Bonobo)为生。它们的语言和模仿能力让听众们不得不重新思考一个物种的习性多少由先天决定,多少又由环境、文化决定。
- Primate authority
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh has made startling breakthroughs in her lifelong work with chimpanzees and bonobos, showing the animals to be adept in picking up language and other "intelligent" behaviors. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:25
I work with a species种类 called "Bonobo倭黑猩猩."
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我以研究一种叫做矮黑猩猩(Bonobo)的动物为生。
00:28
And I'm happy快乐 most of the time,
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多数时候我很快乐,
00:30
because I think this is the happiest最幸福 species种类 on the planet行星.
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因为我觉得它们是地球上最幸福的物种。
00:33
It's kind of a well-kept保存良好 secret秘密.
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一个不为人知的秘密。
00:36
This species种类 lives生活 only in the Congo刚果.
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它们仅生活在刚果。
00:38
And they're not in too many许多 zoos动物园, because of their sexual有性 behavior行为.
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由于它们特殊的性行为,往往不被动物园饲养。
00:44
Their sexual有性 behavior行为 is too human-like类人
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因为(性行为)太像人了
00:46
for most of us to be comfortable自在 with.
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大多数人难以接受。
00:48
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
00:49
But --
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但是⋯⋯
00:50
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
00:51
actually其实, we have a lot to learn学习 from them, because they're a very
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它们有很多值得我们学习的地方,
00:56
egalitarian平均主义 society社会 and they're a very empathetic感情移入的 society社会.
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矮黑猩猩的社会是平等和相互关心的。
01:00
And sexual有性 behavior行为 is not confined受限 to one aspect方面 of their life
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性行为不仅限于
01:04
that they sort分类 of set aside在旁边.
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生活的一部分。
01:07
It permeates渗透 their entire整个 life.
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在各个方面(性行为)都有影响。
01:09
And it's used for communication通讯.
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可以用来交流,
01:12
And it's used for conflict冲突 resolution解析度.
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和解决争端。
01:14
And I think perhaps也许 somewhere某处 in our history历史 we sort分类 of,
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也许在人类历史的某个阶段,
01:18
divided分为 our lives生活 up into lots of parts部分.
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我们逐渐把生活分成不通的部分。
01:21
We divided分为 our world世界 up with lots of categories类别.
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我们将世界分门别类。
01:25
And so everything sort分类 of has a place地点 that it has to fit适合.
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任何事物有其特定的位置。
01:28
But I don't think that we were that way initially原来.
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但我不认为人类从来就是如此。
01:32
There are many许多 people who think that the animal动物 world世界 is hard-wired硬连线
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很多人认为动物的世界(行为)是由基因决定的,
01:36
and that there's something very, very special特别 about man.
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而我们人类是非常特别的。
01:40
Maybe it's his ability能力 to have causal因果 thought.
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也许是我们的逻辑思维能力。
01:44
Maybe it's something special特别 in his brain
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也许因为(人类)大脑的与众不同
01:47
that allows允许 him to have language语言.
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他们才有了语言能力。
01:49
Maybe it's something special特别 in his brain
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因为(人类)大脑的与众不同
01:52
that allows允许 him to make tools工具 or to have mathematics数学.
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他们才发明了工具和数学。
01:57
Well, I don't know. There were Tasmanians塔斯马尼亚 who were discovered发现
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我并不认同,塔斯马尼亚人(澳洲土人)
02:03
around the 1600s and they had no fire.
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到了17世纪仍不会使用火。
02:07
They had no stone tools工具.
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他们没有石器。
02:10
To our knowledge知识 they had no music音乐.
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据我所知,他们也没有音乐。
02:14
So when you compare比较 them to the Bonobo倭黑猩猩,
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把他们与矮黑猩猩相比,
02:19
the Bonobo倭黑猩猩 is a little hairier多毛.
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矮黑猩猩毛更多一些。
02:21
He doesn't stand quite相当 as upright直立.
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(矮黑猩猩)还没完全直立。
02:26
But there are a lot of similarities相似之处.
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但是却有很多相似之处。
02:29
And I think that as we look at culture文化,
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看看我们的文化,
02:33
we kind of come to understand理解
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我们大概理解
02:36
how we got to where we are.
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我们是如何走到今天的。
02:38
And I don't really think it's in our biology生物学;
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我不认为这是生物学决定的,
02:41
I think we've我们已经 attributed由于 it to our biology生物学,
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尽管大多数人是这么想的,
02:43
but I don't really think it's there.
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但我不认同。
02:46
So what I want to do now is introduce介绍 you
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所以在这里,我向你介绍
02:48
to a species种类 called the Bonobo倭黑猩猩.
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一种叫做矮黑猩猩的动物。
02:52
This is Kanzi坎兹.
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它是Kanzi。
02:54
He's a Bonobo倭黑猩猩.
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它是一只矮黑猩猩。
02:56
Right now, he's in a forest森林 in Georgia格鲁吉亚.
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它现在生活在乔治亚州的森林里。
02:59
His mother母亲 originally本来 came来了 from a forest森林 in Africa非洲.
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它的母亲来自非洲丛林。
03:03
And she came来了 to us when she was just at puberty青春期,
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它(Tanzi的母亲)大约在青春期来到(乔治亚),
03:07
about six or seven years年份 of age年龄.
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六七岁左右。
03:10
Now this shows节目 a Bonobo倭黑猩猩 on your right,
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右边是一只矮黑猩猩,
03:12
and a chimpanzee黑猩猩 on your left.
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左边是一只黑猩猩。
03:14
Clearly明确地, the chimpanzee黑猩猩 has a little bit harder更难 time of walking步行.
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很显然,黑猩猩直立行走起来更困难一些。
03:18
The Bonobo倭黑猩猩, although虽然 shorter than us and their arms武器 still longer,
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尽管矮黑猩猩比我们矮,手臂也更长,
03:22
is more upright直立, just as we are.
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但和我们一样站得更直。
03:26
This shows节目 the Bonobo倭黑猩猩 compared相比 to an australopithecine南方古猿 like Lucy露西.
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这是矮黑猩猩和类人猿的比较。
03:31
As you can see, there's not a lot of difference区别
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你可以看到,它们没什么区别,
03:34
between之间 the way a Bonobo倭黑猩猩 walks散步
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矮黑猩猩的姿势,
03:36
and the way an early australopithecine南方古猿 would have walked.
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和类人猿的姿势。
03:40
As they turn toward us you'll你会 see
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它们转向我们,可以看到
03:42
that the pelvic盆腔 area of early australopithecines古猿 is a little flatter奉承
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类人猿的骨盆更平滑
03:47
and doesn't have to rotate回转 quite相当 so much from side to side.
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不用那么左右旋转。
03:51
So the -- the bipedal双足 gait步态 is a little easier更轻松.
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所以两足行走更方便。
03:53
And now we see all four.
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它(他)们四个在一起。
03:56
Video视频: Narrator旁白: The wild野生 Bonobo倭黑猩猩 lives生活 in central中央 Africa非洲, in the jungle丛林
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记录片:野生矮黑猩猩生活在中非
04:00
encircled包围 by the Congo刚果 River.
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被刚果河环绕的丛林中。
04:05
Canopied天篷 trees树木 as tall as 40 meters, 130 feet,
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40米高的热带植物
04:09
grow增长 densely密地 in the area.
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密集地生长在这个地区。
04:13
It was a Japanese日本 scientist科学家
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一位日本科学家
04:16
who first undertook承诺 serious严重 field领域 studies学习 of the Bonobo倭黑猩猩,
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最先在野外仔细地观察和学习矮黑猩猩。
04:20
almost几乎 three decades几十年 ago.
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这是30年前了。
04:26
Bonobos倭黑猩猩 are built内置 slightly smaller than the chimpanzee黑猩猩.
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矮黑猩猩比黑猩猩略小。
04:30
Slim-bodied修身浓郁, Bonobos倭黑猩猩 are by nature性质 very gentle温和 creatures生物.
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苗条的矮黑猩猩是天生温和的生物。
04:36
Long and careful小心 studies学习 have reported报道 many许多 new findings发现 on them.
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长期、细致的研究(科学家)对它们的发现越来越多。
04:43
One discovery发现 was that wild野生 Bonobos倭黑猩猩 often经常 walk步行 bidpedallybidpedally.
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矮黑猩猩常常直立行走是发现之一。
04:55
What's more, they are able能够 to walk步行 upright直立 for long distances距离.
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更重要的是它们能够在远距离行走中保持直立。
05:07
Susan苏珊 Savage-Rumbaugh野人鲁博 (video视频): Let's go say hello你好 to Austin奥斯汀 first and then go to the A frame.
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我们先去给Austin打个招呼,然后去A frame。
05:11
SSSS: This is Kanzi坎兹 and I, in the forest森林.
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Susan Savage-Rumbaugh: Kanzi和我在树林里。
05:13
None没有 of the things you will see in this particular特定 video视频 are trained熟练.
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你在这里看到的都不是训练而来的。
05:17
None没有 of them are tricks技巧.
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没有任何作假。
05:19
They all happened发生 to be captured捕获 on film电影 spontaneously自发,
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都是自然发生的情景被日本NHK电视台
05:22
by NHKNHK of Japan日本.
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用胶片记录下来。
05:25
We have eight Bonobos倭黑猩猩.
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我们有8只矮黑猩猩。
05:27
Video视频: Look at all this stuff东东 that's here for our campfire营火.
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记录片:看看这都是给我们营火准备的。
05:30
SSSS: An entire整个 family家庭 at our research研究 centre中央.
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Susan:我们的研究中心是一整个家庭。
05:38
Video视频: You going to help get some sticks?
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记录片:去帮忙找些柴火?
05:42
Good.
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好。
05:47
We need more sticks, too.
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我们还要更多的柴火。
05:56
I have a lighter打火机 in my pocket口袋 if you need one.
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你要的话,我口袋里有个打火机。
05:59
That's a wasps'黄蜂 nest.
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那是个马蜂窝。
06:01
You can get it out.
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你可以拿出来。
06:05
I hope希望 I have a lighter打火机.
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但愿我是有个打火机。
06:08
You can use the lighter打火机 to start开始 the fire.
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你可以用打火机点火。
06:12
SSSS: So Kanzi坎兹 is very interested有兴趣 in fire.
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Susan:Kanzi对火很感兴趣。
06:14
He doesn't do it yet然而 without a lighter打火机,
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没有打火机,它还不能点火,
06:17
but I think if he saw someone有人 do it, he might威力 be able能够 to do --
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但我觉得它要是看到别人做,也许会学会
06:21
make a fire without a lighter打火机.
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不依靠打火机生活。
06:25
He's learning学习 about how to keep a fire going.
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它在学如何不让火灭掉。
06:28
He's learning学习 the uses使用 for a fire,
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它在学怎么用火,
06:31
just by watching观看 what we do with fire.
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通过观察我们用火做什么。
06:34
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)(烤棉花糖是美国人野营必须的项目)
06:43
This is a smile微笑 on the face面对 of a Bonobo倭黑猩猩.
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这是矮黑猩猩的笑脸。
06:45
These are happy快乐 vocalizations发声.
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这是它们高兴时发出的声音。
06:47
Video视频: You're happy快乐.
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记录片:你很开心
06:49
You're very happy快乐 about this part部分.
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你更喜欢这部分。
06:51
You've got to put some water on the fire. You see the water?
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你得把水浇在火上。看到水没有?
07:00
Good job工作.
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做的好。
07:03
SSSS: Forgot忘记 to zip压缩 up the back half of his backpack背包.
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Susan:忘了把背包背面关上了。
07:07
But he likes喜欢 to carry携带 things from place地点 to place地点.
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它喜欢把东西背来背去。
07:10
Video视频: Austin奥斯汀, I hear you saying "Austin奥斯汀."
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记录片:Austin,我听到你说Austin。
07:12
SSSS: He talks会谈 to other Bonobos倭黑猩猩 at the lab实验室, long-distance远距离,
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Susan:它可以远距离和其他矮黑猩猩交流,
07:15
farther更远 than we can hear.
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超过我们的听觉距离。
07:18
This is his sister妹妹.
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这是它的妹妹。
07:20
This is her first time to try to drive驾驶 a golf高尔夫球 cart大车.
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它第一次试着开高尔夫车。
07:25
Video视频: Goodbye再见.
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记录片:再见。
07:27
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
07:29
SSSS: She's got the pedals踏板 down, but not the wheel.
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Susan:它会用油门、刹车,但还不会打方向盘。
07:37
She switches开关 from reverse相反 to forward前锋
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它由倒车改为前进,
07:40
and she holds持有 onto the wheel, rather than turns it.
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死抓着方向盘,而不是转动它。
07:42
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
07:45
Like us, she knows知道 that that individual个人 in the mirror镜子 is her.
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和我们一样,它知道镜子里是它自己。
07:50
(Music音乐)
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(音乐)
07:54
Video视频: Narrator旁白: By raising提高 Bonobos倭黑猩猩 in a culture文化 that is both Bonobo倭黑猩猩 and human人的,
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记录片:让矮黑猩猩在人和矮黑猩猩共同的环境下长大,
07:59
and documenting文档化 their development发展 across横过 two decades几十年,
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同时记录它们二十年来的成长,
08:03
scientists科学家们 are exploring探索 how cultural文化 forces军队
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科学家在研究成长环境
08:06
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
08:07
may可能 have operated操作 during human人的 evolution演化.
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是否在人类进化过程中起了重要作用。
08:12
His name名称 is NyotaNyota.
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它的名字是Nyota。
08:14
It means手段 "star" in Swahili斯瓦希里.
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在斯瓦希里语里是猩猩的意思。
08:16
(Music音乐)
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(音乐)
08:26
PanbanishaPanbanisha is trying to give NyotaNyota a haircut理发 with a pair of scissors剪刀.
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Panbanisha试着用剪刀给Nyota理发。
08:32
In the wild野生, the parent Bonobo倭黑猩猩 is known已知 to groom马夫 its offspring子孙.
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野外成年的矮黑猩猩常常给它们的后代理毛。
08:37
Here PanbanishaPanbanisha uses使用 scissors剪刀, instead代替 of her hands,
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Panbanish在用剪刀,而不是手
08:41
to groom马夫 NyotaNyota.
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给Nyota理毛。
08:45
Very impressive有声有色.
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很了不起。
08:51
Subtle微妙 maneuvering机动 of the hands is required需要
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这样仔细的工作,
08:54
to perform演出 delicate精巧 tasks任务 like this.
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需要对手细微得控制。
09:06
NyotaNyota tries尝试 to imitate模拟 PanbanishaPanbanisha by using运用 the scissors剪刀 himself他自己.
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Nyota想学Panbanisha用剪刀。
09:13
Realizing实现 that NyotaNyota might威力 get hurt伤害,
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想到Nyota可能会伤到自己,
09:16
PanbanishaPanbanisha, like any human人的 mother母亲,
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Panbanish,像任何人类的母亲,
09:18
carefully小心 tugs拖船 to get the scissors剪刀 back.
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小心翼翼地把剪刀拿走。
09:37
He can now cut through通过 tough强硬 animal动物 hide隐藏.
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它现在可以打开坚韧的兽皮。
09:41
SSSS: Kanzi's坎兹的 learned学到了 to make stone tools工具.
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Susan:Kanzi学会了使用石器。
09:43
Video视频: Kanzi坎兹 now makes品牌 his tools工具,
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记录片:Kanzi正在给自己做工具,
09:44
just as our ancestors祖先 may可能 have made制作 them,
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就像我们的祖先
09:46
two-and-a-half两个半 million百万 years年份 ago --
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250万年前一样-
09:48
by holding保持 the rocks岩石 in both hands, to strike罢工 one against反对 the other.
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两手拿着石头互相敲击。
09:53
He has learned学到了 that by using运用 both hands
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它学会了用两只手
09:56
and aiming瞄准 his glancing一眼 blows打击,
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瞄准了砸,
09:58
he can make much larger, sharper更清晰 flakes.
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它可以做出更大、更锋利的锋刃。
10:02
Kanzi坎兹 chooses a flake薄片 he thinks is sharp尖锐 enough足够.
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Kanzi选了一块它认为锋利的石器。
10:10
The tough强硬 hide隐藏 is difficult to cut, even with a knife.
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即使用刀,坚韧的兽皮也很难划开。
10:14
The rock that Kanzi坎兹 is using运用 is extremely非常 hard
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Kanzi用的石头非常坚硬
10:17
and ideal理想 for stone tool工具 making制造, but difficult to handle处理,
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适用与制造石器,但不易于操作,
10:21
requiring要求 great skill技能.
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需要较高的技巧。
10:23
Kanzi's坎兹的 rock is from Gona戈纳, Ethiopia埃塞俄比亚
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Kanzi用的石头来自埃塞俄比亚的Gona
10:25
and is identical相同 to that used by our African非洲人 ancestors祖先
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和我们非洲祖先使用的一模一样。
10:29
two-and-a-half两个半 million百万 years年份 ago.
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250万年前。
10:34
These are the rocks岩石 Kanzi坎兹 used
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这些是Kanzi用的石头
10:37
and these are the flakes he made制作.
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和制作的石器。
10:39
The flat平面 sharp尖锐 edges边缘 are like knife blades叶片.
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平滑的锋刃和刀刃一样。
10:44
Compare比较 them to the tools工具 our ancestors祖先 used;
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和我们祖先所使用的石器相比,
10:47
they bear a striking引人注目 resemblance相似 to Kanzi's坎兹的.
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Kanzi的和它们非常相像。
11:00
PanbanishaPanbanisha is longing渴望 to go for a walk步行 in the woods树木.
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Panbanisha很想去树林散步。
11:03
She keeps保持 staring凝视 out the window窗口.
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它不停地向窗外望着。
11:08
SSSS: This is -- let me show显示 you something we didn't think they would do.
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Susan:当初我们并不认为它们(矮黑猩猩)能做到。
11:11
Video视频: For several一些 days now, PanbanishaPanbanisha has not been outside.
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记录片:Panbanisha已经没有外出很多天了。
11:17
SSSS: I normally一般 talk about language语言.
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Susan:我一般会介绍(它们的)语言。
11:19
Video视频: Then PanbanishaPanbanisha does something unexpected意外.
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记录片:Panbanisha做了件我们没有预想到的。
11:22
SSSS: But since以来 I'm advised建议 not to do what I normally一般 do,
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Susan:但因为我被告知不能像往常按部就班,
11:25
I haven't没有 told you that these apes类人猿 have language语言.
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我还没告诉你这些猿类有语言文字。
11:27
It's a geometric几何 language语言.
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象形文字。
11:29
Video视频: She takes a piece of chalk粉笔
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记录片:它拿起一根粉笔
11:30
and begins开始 writing写作 something on the floor地板.
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开始在地上笔画。
11:32
What is she writing写作?
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它在写什么?
11:40
SSSS: She's also saying the name名称 of that, with her voice语音.
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Susan:它同时还用它的嗓子发出对应的声音。
11:44
Video视频: Now she comes up to Dr博士. Sue起诉 and starts启动 writing写作 again.
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记录片:它走到Susan面前又开始写。
11:47
SSSS: These are her symbols符号 on her keyboard键盘.
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Susan:这是它键盘上的符号。
11:50
(Music音乐)
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(音乐)
11:51
They speak说话 when she touches触摸 them.
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它按键盘时会发出声音
11:53
Video视频: PanbanishaPanbanisha is communicating通信 to Dr博士. Sue起诉 where she wants to go.
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记录片:Panbanisha在告诉Susan它想去哪儿。
11:56
"A frame" represents代表 a hut棚屋 in the woods树木.
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A型框代表树林里的小屋。
12:00
Compare比较 the chalk粉笔 writing写作 with the lexigramlexigram on the keyboard键盘.
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比较一下粉笔笔迹和键盘上的符号。
12:14
PanbanishaPanbanisha began开始 writing写作 the lexigramslexigrams on the forest森林 floor地板.
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Panbanisha开始在林地上笔画。
12:20
SSSS (video视频): Very nice不错. Beautiful美丽, PanbanishaPanbanisha.
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很好、很漂亮Panbanisha。
12:24
SSSS: At first we didn't really realize实现 what she was doing,
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Susan:开始我们并不知道它在做什么,
12:27
until直到 we stood站在 back and looked看着 at it and rotated旋转 it.
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直到我们站在远处转过来看。
12:30
Video视频: This lexigramlexigram also refers to a place地点 in the woods树木.
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记录片:这个符号代表树林里的一个地方。
12:32
The curved弯曲 line线 is very similar类似 to the lexigramlexigram.
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这条曲线和键盘上的符号很像。
12:39
The next下一个 symbol符号 PanbanishaPanbanisha writes represents代表 "collar."
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接着Panbanisha写的下一个符号代表颈圈。
12:43
It indicates指示 the collar that PanbanishaPanbanisha must必须 wear穿 when she goes out.
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它(符号)代表Panbanisha外出必须戴上颈圈。
12:47
SSSS: That's an institutional制度 requirement需求.
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Susan:这是研究机构要求的。
12:50
Video视频: This symbol符号 is not as clear明确 as the others其他,
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记录片:这个符号并不像别的明显,
12:53
but one can see PanbanishaPanbanisha is trying to produce生产 a curved弯曲 line线
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但可以看出Panbanisha试图画一道曲线
12:58
and several一些 straight直行 lines线.
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和几条直线。
13:00
Researchers研究人员 began开始 to record记录 what PanbanishaPanbanisha said,
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研究人员在Panbanisha说话时
13:04
by writing写作 lexigramslexigrams on the floor地板 with chalk粉笔.
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用粉笔写下对应的符号。
13:08
PanbanishaPanbanisha watched看着.
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Panbinisha观察着。
13:10
Soon不久 she began开始 to write as well.
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很快它也开始笔画。
13:14
The Bonobo's倭黑猩猩的 abilities能力 have stunned目瞪口呆 scientists科学家们 around the world世界.
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矮黑猩猩的能力震惊了全世界的科学家。
13:18
How did they develop发展?
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它们(能力)是如何发展的?
13:20
SSSS (video视频): We found发现 that the most important重要 thing
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Susan:我们发现
13:22
for permitting允许 Bonobos倭黑猩猩 to acquire获得 language语言 is not to teach them.
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让矮黑猩猩学会语言最重要的不是教它们。
13:27
It's simply只是 to use language语言 around them,
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而是在它们周围使用语言。
13:30
because the driving主动 force in language语言 acquisition获得
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因为推进语言发展的
13:33
is to understand理解 what others其他, that are important重要 to you, are saying to you.
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最重要的是理解身边相关的人在说些什么。
13:38
Once一旦 you have that capacity容量,
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当你有了这样的能力,
13:40
the ability能力 to produce生产 language语言
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语言
13:43
comes rather naturally自然 and rather freely自如.
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就自然而然的产生了。
13:47
So we want to create创建 an environment环境 in which哪一个 Bonobos倭黑猩猩,
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所以我们希望创造一个环境让矮黑猩猩
13:50
like all of the individuals个人 with whom they are interacting互动 --
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喜爱所有和它们有关的人。
13:54
we want to create创建 an environment环境 in which哪一个 they have fun开玩笑,
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我们想要建立一个环境让它们觉得有趣,
13:57
and an environment环境 in which哪一个 the others其他
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让每一个工作人员
13:59
are meaningful富有意义的 individuals个人 for them.
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都是对它们有意义的人。
14:04
Narrator旁白: This environment环境 brings带来 out unexpected意外 potential潜在
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这样的环境让意料不到潜能
14:07
in Kanzi坎兹 and PanbanishaPanbanisha.
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在Kanzi和Panbanisha身上充分发挥。
14:17
PanbanishaPanbanisha is enjoying享受 playing播放 her harmonica口琴,
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Panbanisha很喜欢吹它的口琴,
14:21
until直到 NyotaNyota, now one year old, steals抢断 it.
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直到一岁的Nyota把口琴抢走。
14:25
Then he peers同行 eagerly眼巴巴 into his mother's母亲 mouth.
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它很好奇地看着母亲的嘴里。
14:29
Is he looking for where the sound声音 came来了 from?
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它是不是在找(口琴的)声音是从哪儿来得呢?
14:32
Dr博士. Sue起诉 thinks it's important重要 to allow允许 such这样 curiosity好奇心 to flourish繁荣.
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Susan认为这样的好奇心应得到充分的发展。
14:47
This time PanbanishaPanbanisha is playing播放 the electric电动 piano钢琴.
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这次Panbanisha在弹电子琴。
14:50
She wasn't forced被迫 to learn学习 the piano钢琴;
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它不是被逼着学的,
14:53
she saw a researcher研究员 play the instrument仪器 and took an interest利益.
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而是看到研究员弹琴后而来的兴致。
15:25
Researcher研究员: Go ahead. Go ahead. I'm listening.
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继续。继续。我在听。
15:29
Do that real真实 fast快速 part部分 that you did. Yeah, that part部分.
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弹你刚刚弹得很快的那一段。对,就是那段。
15:36
Narrator旁白: Kanzi坎兹 plays播放 the xylophone木琴;
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Kanzi在弹木琴,
15:38
using运用 both hands he enthusiastically踊跃 accompanies相伴 Dr博士. Sue's苏的 singing唱歌.
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(它)用两只手热心地配合Susan的歌词。
15:44
Kanzi坎兹 and PanbanishaPanbanisha
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Kanzi和Panbanisha
15:45
are stimulated刺激 by this fun-filled充满乐趣 environment环境,
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受到这样充满乐趣的环境的鼓励,
15:48
which哪一个 promotes促进 the emergence紧急情况 of these cultural文化 capabilities功能.
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渐渐发展出这些文化能力。
15:56
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
16:06
Researcher研究员: OK, now get the monsters怪物. Get them.
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OK,现在去吃怪物。抓住它们。
16:09
Take the cherries樱桃 too.
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别忘了吃樱桃。
16:12
Now watch out, stay away from them now.
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现在小心,离怪物远点儿。
16:16
Now you can chase them again. Time to chase them.
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又可以吃怪物了。快追。
16:23
Now you have to stay away. Get away.
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现在得逃。快逃。
16:26
Run away. Run.
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快跑,跑。
16:29
Now we can chase them again. Go get them.
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又可以吃它们了。追。
16:35
Oh no!
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哦不!
16:37
Good Kanzi坎兹. Very good. Thank you so much.
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做的好Kanzi。谢谢你。
16:44
Narrator旁白: None没有 of us, Bonobo倭黑猩猩 or human人的, can possibly或者 even imagine想像?
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无论是矮黑猩猩还是人类都无法想像这些。
16:57
SSSS: So we have a bi-species双种 environment环境, we call it a "panhomoculturepanhomoculture."
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Susan:我们有一个双物种的环境,叫做“泛猿类文化”
17:04
We're learning学习 how to become成为 like them.
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我们学习如何更像它们。
17:06
We're learning学习 how to communicate通信 with them,
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学习如何与它们交流,
17:08
in really high-pitched高亢 tones.
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用很高的音调。
17:10
We're learning学习 that they probably大概 have a language语言 in the wild野生.
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我们发现野生矮黑猩猩应该是有语言能力的。
17:14
And they're learning学习 to become成为 like us.
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同时,它们在学习成为我们(人类)。
17:16
Because we believe that it's not biology生物学; it's culture文化.
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我们认为这并不是天生的,而是文化(环境)。
17:19
So we're sharing分享 tools工具 and technology技术 and language语言
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所以我们分享工具、科技和语言,
17:23
with another另一个 species种类.
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和另一个物种。
17:25
Thank you.
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谢谢。
Translated by Peiran Gao
Reviewed by Tony Yet

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh - Primate authority
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh has made startling breakthroughs in her lifelong work with chimpanzees and bonobos, showing the animals to be adept in picking up language and other "intelligent" behaviors.

Why you should listen

Into the great debate over intelligence and instinct -- over what makes us human -- Susan Savage-Rumbaugh has thrown a monkey wrench. Her work with apes has forced a new way of looking at what traits are truly and distinctly human, and new questions about whether some abilities we attribute to "species" are in fact due to an animal's social environment. She believes culture and tradition, in many cases more than biology, can account for differences between humans and other primates.

Her bonobo apes, including a superstar named Kanzi, understand spoken English, interact, and have learned to execute tasks once believed limited to humans -- such as starting and controlling a fire. They aren't trained in classic human-animal fashion. Like human children, the apes learn by watching. "Parents really don't know how they teach their children language," she has said. "Why should I have to know how I teach Kanzi language? I just act normal around him, and he learns it."

Her latest book is Kanzi's Primal Language: The Cultural Initiation of Primates into Language.

Also, in 2011, she was named one of TIME's 100 Most Influential People


 

More profile about the speaker
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh | Speaker | TED.com