ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Gilbert - Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness.

Why you should listen

Dan Gilbert believes that, in our ardent, lifelong pursuit of happiness, most of us have the wrong map. In the same way that optical illusions fool our eyes -- and fool everyone's eyes in the same way -- Gilbert argues that our brains systematically misjudge what will make us happy. And these quirks in our cognition make humans very poor predictors of our own bliss.

The premise of his current research -- that our assumptions about what will make us happy are often wrong -- is supported with clinical research drawn from psychology and neuroscience. But his delivery is what sets him apart. His engaging -- and often hilarious -- style pokes fun at typical human behavior and invokes pop-culture references everyone can relate to. This winning style translates also to Gilbert's writing, which is lucid, approachable and laugh-out-loud funny. The immensely readable Stumbling on Happiness, published in 2006, became a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 20 languages.

In fact, the title of his book could be drawn from his own life. At 19, he was a high school dropout with dreams of writing science fiction. When a creative writing class at his community college was full, he enrolled in the only available course: psychology. He found his passion there, earned a doctorate in social psychology in 1985 at Princeton, and has since won a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa teaching prize for his work at Harvard. He has written essays and articles for The New York Times, Time and even Starbucks, while continuing his research into happiness at his Hedonic Psychology Laboratory.

More profile about the speaker
Dan Gilbert | Speaker | TED.com
TED2004

Dan Gilbert: The surprising science of happiness

丹·吉尔伯特: 我们为什么快乐?

Filmed:
18,394,509 views

《撞上快乐》的作者丹·吉尔伯特挑战不快乐是因为我们没有得到我们想要的东西的观点。我们的“心理免疫系统”能让我们感到正真的快乐,就算是事情并不如我们所愿。
- Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
When you have 21 minutes分钟 to speak说话,
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相对二十一分钟的演讲来说,
00:17
two million百万 years年份 seems似乎 like a really long time.
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两百万年显得非常漫长。
00:20
But evolutionarily进化, two million百万 years年份 is nothing.
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但是从进化的角度来看,两百万年只是一瞬间。
00:23
And yet然而 in two million百万 years年份 the human人的 brain has nearly几乎 tripled三倍 in mass,
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在两百万年中,
00:29
going from the one-and-a-quarter一和一季度 pound brain of our ancestor祖先 here, Habilis能人,
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大脑脑容量从我们祖先能人的1.25磅,
00:32
to the almost几乎 three-pound3磅重 meatloaf肉饼 that everybody每个人 here has between之间 their ears耳朵.
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增大了近三倍成了现在的3磅。
00:38
What is it about a big brain that nature性质 was so eager急于 for every一切 one of us to have one?
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自然给予我们的大脑有什么特别之处呢?
00:45
Well, it turns out when brains大脑 triple三倍 in size尺寸,
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当我们的脑量扩大三倍的时候,
00:48
they don't just get three times bigger; they gain获得 new structures结构.
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大脑不仅仅在体积上有了改变,它在结构上也发生了变化。
00:52
And one of the main主要 reasons原因 our brain got so big is because it got a new part部分,
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我们大脑变大的最大原因就是它有了新的一部分,叫做
00:56
called the "frontal前面的 lobe." And particularly尤其, a part部分 called the "pre-frontal前额叶 cortex皮质."
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额叶。其中尤为重要的是前额叶外皮。
01:00
Now what does a pre-frontal前额叶 cortex皮质 do for you that should justify辩解
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是什么让前额叶外皮成
01:04
the entire整个 architectural建筑的 overhaul翻修 of the human人的 skull头骨 in the blink of evolutionary发展的 time?
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人脑中如此重要的一部分?
01:09
Well, it turns out the pre-frontal前额叶 cortex皮质 does lots of things,
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脑前额叶外皮有很多功能,
01:12
but one of the most important重要 things it does
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其中最重要的是
01:14
is it is an experience经验 simulator模拟器.
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它拥有一种创造模拟经验的功能。
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Flight飞行 pilots飞行员 practice实践 in flight飞行 simulators模拟器
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飞行员利用在飞行模拟器中的训练
01:22
so that they don't make real真实 mistakes错误 in planes飞机.
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来防止在真实飞行中产生失误。
01:24
Human人的 beings众生 have this marvelous奇妙 adaptation适应
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人类有惊人的适应性,
01:27
that they can actually其实 have experiences经验 in their heads
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他们可以在大脑中体验
01:31
before they try them out in real真实 life.
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未曾真实经历的东西。
01:33
This is a trick that none没有 of our ancestors祖先 could do,
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这个技巧是我们的祖先们都不会的,
01:36
and that no other animal动物 can do quite相当 like we can. It's a marvelous奇妙 adaptation适应.
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也没有任何动物会。 这种适应性真不可思议!
01:41
It's up there with opposable对抗性 thumbs大拇指 and standing常设 upright直立 and language语言
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这一特征和对生拇指,直立行走以及语言
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as one of the things that got our species种类 out of the trees树木
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使我们从树上
01:48
and into the shopping购物 mall购物中心.
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进化到了购物中心。
01:50
Now -- (Laughter笑声) -- all of you have doneDONE this.
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现在-(笑声)-我们大家都能做这些。
01:53
I mean, you know,
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我的意思是,比如
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Ben and Jerry's杰里的 doesn't have liver-and-onion肝脏和洋葱 ice cream奶油,
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Ben and Jerry's (一个冰激凌连锁店)没有肝和洋葱口味的冰激淋。
01:58
and it's not because they whipped鞭打 some up, tried试着 it and went, "Yuck."
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并不是因为他们试做了一下,尝了尝,而后“Yuck” (表示恶心)。
02:01
It's because, without leaving离开 your armchair扶手椅,
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而是因为你坐在椅子上
02:04
you can simulate模拟 that flavor味道 and say "yuck" before you make it.
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就可以想象肝和洋葱的口味的冰激淋是怎样恶心了。
02:08
Let's see how your experience经验 simulators模拟器 are working加工.
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让我们来看看经验模拟器是如何工作的。
02:13
Let's just run a quick diagnostic诊断
before I proceed继续 with the rest休息 of the talk.
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在我继续我的演说之前让我们来做一个简短的试验。
02:17
Here's这里的 two different不同 futures期货 that I invite邀请 you to contemplate沉思,
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这里有两个不同的未来,我想邀请你们一起来参与。
02:21
and you can try to simulate模拟 them and tell me which哪一个 one you think you might威力 prefer比较喜欢.
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你可以幻想这两种未来,看看你更喜欢哪一种。
02:25
One of them is winning胜利 the lottery抽奖. This is about 314 million百万 dollars美元.
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第一种未来是赢了价值3.14亿美元的彩票。
02:30
And the other is becoming变得 paraplegic截瘫.
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第二种是截瘫。
02:33
So, just give it a moment时刻 of thought.
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我给你们几分钟考虑一下。
02:36
You probably大概 don't feel like you need a moment时刻 of thought.
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你也许觉得根本不用考虑。
02:39
Interestingly有趣的是, there are data数据 on these two groups of people,
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这里有一些很有趣的数据。这些数据显示了这两组人
02:43
data数据 on how happy快乐 they are.
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到底有多快乐。
02:45
And this is exactly究竟 what you expected预期, isn't it?
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是不是这正如你们所料?
02:48
But these aren't the data数据. I made制作 these up!
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可其实这是我胡诌的数据。
02:51
These are the data数据. You failed失败 the pop流行的 quiz测验, and you're hardly几乎不 five minutes分钟 into the lecture演讲.
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这才是真正的数据。你们都没有通过突击测试。这堂课开始还不到5分钟呢。
02:56
Because the fact事实 is that a year after losing失去 the use of their legs,
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事实是,在失去双腿一年之后,
03:00
and a year after winning胜利 the lotto乐透, lottery抽奖 winners获奖者 and paraplegics截瘫患者
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和在赢了彩票一年之后,中彩票的人和截瘫患者
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are equally一样 happy快乐 with their lives生活.
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的快乐程度几乎相同。
03:07
Now, don't feel too bad about failing失败 the first pop流行的 quiz测验,
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现在,不要为没有通过突击测试而沮丧了。
03:10
because everybody每个人 fails失败 all of the pop流行的 quizzes测验 all of the time.
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因为几乎没有人能通过这项突击测试。
03:13
The research研究 that my laboratory实验室 has been doing,
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我实验室所做的研究,
03:16
that economists经济学家 and psychologists心理学家 around the country国家 have been doing,
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还有全国的经济学家和心理学家所做的研究
03:19
have revealed透露 something really quite相当 startling触目惊心 to us,
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显示了一种让人吃惊的东西。
03:22
something we call the "impact碰撞 bias偏压,"
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我们称它为影响偏差。
03:25
which哪一个 is the tendency趋势 for the simulator模拟器 to work badly.
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这是指人脑的模拟功能有犯错误的倾向。
03:28
For the simulator模拟器 to make you believe that different不同 outcomes结果
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模拟器会夸大事物的不同结果
03:32
are more different不同 than in fact事实 they really are.
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而这些结果实际上未必有多么的不同。
03:35
From field领域 studies学习 to laboratory实验室 studies学习,
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现场研究和实验室研究都显示
03:37
we see that winning胜利 or losing失去 an election选举, gaining取得 or losing失去 a romantic浪漫 partner伙伴,
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选举的输赢,伴侣的得失,
03:41
getting得到 or not getting得到 a promotion提升, passing通过 or not passing通过 a college学院 test测试,
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提升与否,考试成败等等,
03:46
on and on, have far less impact碰撞, less intensity强度 and much less duration持续时间
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对我们的影响及影响的时间长短
03:51
than people expect期望 them to have.
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都比人们想象的少。
03:54
In fact事实, a recent最近 study研究 -- this almost几乎 floors地板 me --
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事实上,最新的研究几乎让我都迷惑了。
03:57
a recent最近 study研究 showing展示 how major重大的 life traumas创伤 affect影响 people
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最新的研究显示,发生在三个月以前的
04:02
suggests提示 that if it happened发生 over three months个月 ago,
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重大的创伤,
04:05
with only a few少数 exceptions例外,
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除了少数个别例子
04:06
it has no impact碰撞 whatsoever任何 on your happiness幸福.
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对你今日的快乐几乎没有影响。
04:09
Why?
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这是为什么?
04:12
Because happiness幸福 can be synthesized综合.
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因为快乐是可以人工合成的。
04:16
Sir先生 Thomas托马斯 Brown棕色 wrote in 1642, "I am the happiest最幸福 man alive.
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托马斯·布朗在1642年写到:“我是世界上最快乐的人。
04:20
I have that in me that can convert兑换 poverty贫穷 to riches富有, adversity逆境 to prosperity繁荣.
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我可以将贫穷变为富有,将逆境变为顺境。
04:26
I am more invulnerable无懈可击 than Achilles阿喀琉斯; fortune幸运 hath哈斯 not one place地点 to hit击中 me."
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我比阿奇里斯(Achilles)更无懈可击,我用不着幸运的眷顾。”
04:30
What kind of remarkable卓越 machinery机械 does this guy have in his head?
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是什么力量让他如此强大?
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Well, it turns out it's precisely恰恰 the same相同 remarkable卓越 machinery机械 that all off us have.
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这种力量是我们每个人都有。
04:39
Human人的 beings众生 have something that we might威力 think of as a "psychological心理 immune免疫的 system系统."
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人类具有一种心理免疫系统。
04:45
A system系统 of cognitive认知 processes流程, largely大部分 non-conscious不自觉的 cognitive认知 processes流程,
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这个系统通是一个认知过程,基本上是无意识的认知过程,
04:50
that help them change更改 their views意见 of the world世界,
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这种认知可以改变人们对世界的认识,
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so that they can feel better about the worlds世界 in which哪一个 they find themselves他们自己.
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让人们感到自己的生活美好。
04:58
Like Sir先生 Thomas托马斯, you have this machine.
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像托马斯爵士一样,你也具有这样的能力。
05:00
Unlike不像 Sir先生 Thomas托马斯, you seem似乎 not to know it. (Laughter笑声)
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与托马斯爵士不同的是,你还没有意识到你有这种能力。
05:04
We synthesize合成 happiness幸福, but we think happiness幸福 is a thing to be found发现.
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我们都可以自己制造快乐,尽管我们一直以为快乐是一种需要苦苦追寻的东西。
05:10
Now, you don't need me to give you too many许多 examples例子 of people synthesizing合成 happiness幸福,
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现在,我想你不用我举太多人们自己合成快乐的例子,
05:15
I suspect疑似. Though虽然 I'm going to show显示 you some experimental试验 evidence证据,
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不过我还是想给你们看一下一些实验证据,
05:18
you don't have to look very far for evidence证据.
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你并不用太费劲地寻求证据。
05:21
As a challenge挑战 to myself, since以来 I say this once一旦 in a while in lectures讲座,
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我上课时说过要自我挑战,
05:24
I took a copy复制 of the New York纽约 Times and tried试着 to find some instances实例 of people synthesizing合成 happiness幸福.
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因此我随便拿了一份纽约时报,试着从中寻找人们人工合成快乐的例子。
05:28
And here are three guys synthesizing合成 happiness幸福.
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这里有三个例子。
05:30
"I am so much better off physically物理, financially经济, emotionally感情上, mentally精神上
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“我现在在心理上,经济上,感情上和精神上各方面都比以前好。”
05:33
and almost几乎 every一切 other way." "I don't have one minute's分钟 regret后悔.
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“我没有一分钟后悔过。”
05:37
It was a glorious辉煌 experience经验." "I believe it turned转身 out for the best最好."
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“这个经历太荣耀了。”“我相信事情向最好的方向发展。”
05:40
Who are these characters人物 who are so damn该死的 happy快乐?
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谁如此快乐?
05:42
Well, the first one is Jim吉姆 Wright赖特.
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第一位是吉姆·莱特(Jim Wright)。
05:44
Some of you are old enough足够 to remember记得: he was the chairman主席 of the House of Representatives代表
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年纪大一点的人可能记得:他是众议院主席。
05:48
and he resigned辞职 in disgrace耻辱 when this young年轻 Republican共和党人 named命名 Newt蝾螈 Gingrich金里奇
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因为一个名叫牛特·金瑞奇(Newt Gingrich)的年轻共和党党员
05:52
found发现 out about a shady阴凉 book deal合同 he had doneDONE.
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发现了他的一桩黑幕交易事件, 莱特被迫辞职。
05:55
He lost丢失 everything. The most powerful强大 Democrat民主党人 in the country国家,
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他失去了一切。这个在美国最有权的民主党党员
05:57
he lost丢失 everything.
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失去了一切。
05:58
He lost丢失 his money; he lost丢失 his power功率.
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他失去了金钱,权利。
06:01
What does he have to say all these years年份 later后来 about it?
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这么多年后,他是怎么看待这些的?
06:03
"I am so much better off physically物理, financially经济, mentally精神上
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“我现在在心理上,经济上,感情上和精神上等
06:06
and in almost几乎 every一切 other way."
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各方面都比以前好。”
06:08
What other way would there be to be better off?
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最好还能好成怎样?
06:10
VegetablyVegetably? MinerallyMinerally? AnimallyAnimally? He's pretty漂亮 much covered覆盖 them there.
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植物上?矿物上?动物上?他基本上都包括了。
06:14
MoreeseMoreese BickhamBickham is somebody you've never heard听说 of.
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你可能从来没有听说过莫里斯·比克汉(Moreese Bickham)。
06:16
MoreeseMoreese BickhamBickham uttered发话 these words upon being存在 released发布.
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莫里斯·比克汉出狱后说了这样的话。
06:20
He was 78 years年份 old. He spent花费 37 years年份
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他七十八岁了。
他因为一项错误的判决在路易斯安那监狱坐了三十七年牢。
06:22
in a Louisiana路易斯安那州 State Penitentiary教养所
for a crime犯罪 he didn't commit承诺.
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他最终在七十八岁时通过了DNA测验确认无罪
06:25
[He was ultimately最终
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released发布 for good behavior行为
halfway through通过 his sentence句子.]
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才被释放。
06:30
And what did he have to say about his experience经验?
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他是这样描绘他的这些经历的呢?
06:32
"I don't have one minute's分钟 regret后悔. It was a glorious辉煌 experience经验."
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“我从来没有一分钟后悔。这个经历太荣耀了。”
06:34
Glorious辉煌! This guy is not saying,
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荣耀!这个人不是在说:
06:36
"Well, you know, there were some nice不错 guys. They had a gym健身房."
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“监狱里有些人还是不错的。那里还有一个健身房。”
06:38
It's "glorious辉煌,"
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他说的是“荣耀!”
06:39
a word we usually平时 reserve保留 for something like a religious宗教 experience经验.
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我们通常专门用这个词语来形容跟宗教相关的经历。
06:43
Harry掠夺 S. LangermanLangerman uttered发话 these words, and he's somebody you might威力 have known已知
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哈里·朗格曼(Harry S Langerman)说了这些。他本可以成为一个家喻户晓的人物。
06:47
but didn't, because in 1949 he read a little article文章 in the paper
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在1949年,他在报上看到一篇
06:50
about a hamburger汉堡包 stand owned拥有的 by these two brothers兄弟 named命名 McDonalds麦当劳.
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关于麦当劳兄弟拥有的一家汉堡小摊的报道。
06:54
And he thought, "That's a really neat整齐 idea理念!"
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他立马想到“这是一个好主意!”
06:56
So he went to find them. They said,
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他找到了麦当劳兄弟。他们同意道:
06:58
"We can give you a franchise专营权 on this for 3,000 bucks雄鹿."
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“给我们$3000, 我们就让你开连锁店。”
07:00
Harry掠夺 went back to New York纽约, asked his brother哥哥 who's谁是 an investment投资 banker银行家
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哈里回到纽约,向他在投行工作的哥哥
07:04
to loan贷款 him the 3,000 dollars美元,
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借$3000。
07:05
and his brother's兄弟 immortal不朽 words were,
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他哥哥劝慰道:
07:07
"You idiot白痴, nobody没有人 eats hamburgers汉堡包."
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“你真是一个傻瓜。没人会吃汉堡的。”
07:08
He wouldn't不会 lend him the money, and of course课程 six months个月 later后来
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他没有借到钱。
07:11
Ray射线 Croc鳄鱼 had exactly究竟 the same相同 idea理念.
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6个月之后,瑞·克罗克(Ray Croc)也有了同样的想法。
07:13
It turns out people do eat hamburgers汉堡包,
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结果是人们喜欢吃汉堡,
07:15
and Ray射线 Croc鳄鱼, for a while, became成为 the richest首富 man in America美国.
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瑞·克罗克一时成为巨富。
07:20
And then finally最后 -- you know, the best最好 of all possible可能 worlds世界 --
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最后,
07:22
some of you recognize认识 this young年轻 photo照片 of Pete皮特 Best最好,
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你们也许会认出年轻的比特·贝斯特(Pete Best),
07:27
who was the original原版的 drummer鼓手 for the Beatles披头士乐队,
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他是甲壳虫乐队早期的一位鼓手。
07:29
until直到 they, you know, sent发送 him out on an errand使命 and snuck偷传 away
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他们借故丢下了他,
07:32
and picked采摘的 up Ringo林戈 on a tour游览.
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让林格(Ringo)入伙。
07:35
Well, in 1994, when Pete皮特 Best最好 was interviewed采访
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1994年比特·贝斯特接受采访的时候,
07:37
-- yes, he's still a drummer鼓手; yes, he's a studio工作室 musician音乐家 --
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-是的,他还是一名鼓手;是的,他还是一名音乐家 --
07:40
he had this to say: "I'm happier幸福 than I would have been with the Beatles披头士乐队."
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他说到:“要是留在甲壳虫乐队,我不会这么快乐。”
07:43
Okay. There's something important重要 to be learned学到了 from these people,
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好了。我们可以从这些人身上学到很重要的东西。
07:46
and it is the secret秘密 of happiness幸福.
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那是快乐的秘诀。
07:48
Here it is, finally最后 to be revealed透露.
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让我们总结一下。
07:50
First: accrue累积 wealth财富, power功率, and prestige声望,
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一:积聚财富,权利和威望,
07:53
then lose失去 it. (Laughter笑声)
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然后失去这些东西。(笑声)
07:56
Second第二: spend as much of your life in prison监狱 as you possibly或者 can.
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二:把牢底坐穿。
07:59
(Laughter笑声) Third第三: make somebody else其他 really, really rich丰富. (Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)三:让他人成为巨富。(笑声)
08:04
And finally最后: never ever join加入 the Beatles披头士乐队. (Laughter笑声)
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最后:千万别加入甲壳虫乐队。(笑声)
08:08
OK. Now I, like Ze Frank坦率, can predict预测 your next下一个 thought,
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我像泽.法兰克(Ze Frank)一样可以猜想到你会想什么。
08:13
which哪一个 is, "Yeah, right." Because when
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你们在想“哦,是吧。”
08:15
people synthesize合成 happiness幸福, as these gentlemen绅士 seem似乎 to have doneDONE,
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因为当人们像以上例举的人一样去合成快乐时,
08:19
we all smile微笑 at them, but we kind of roll our eyes眼睛 and say,
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我们会冲他们微笑,同时会转动着眼睛说:
08:23
"Yeah right, you never really wanted the job工作."
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“哦,是吧。你从来没有真正想要那份工作。”
08:26
"Oh yeah, right. You really didn't
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“哦,是的,你本来就
08:27
have that much in common共同 with her,
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和她没有什么共同点,
08:30
and you figured想通 that out just about the time
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你知道这点时,她也差不多要
08:32
she threw the engagement订婚 ring in your face面对."
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把订婚戒指取下来扔给你。”
08:34
We smirk傻笑 because we believe that synthetic合成的 happiness幸福
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我们假笑是因为我们相信合成的快乐
08:38
is not of the same相同 quality质量 as what we might威力 call "natural自然 happiness幸福."
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比不上天然的快乐。
08:41
What are these terms条款?
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什么是天然的快乐和人工合成的快乐?
08:42
Natural自然 happiness幸福 is what we get when we get what we wanted,
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天然的快乐是得到我们渴求的东西。
08:46
and synthetic合成的 happiness幸福 is what we make when we don't get what we wanted.
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人工合成的快乐则是在得不到我们渴求的东西时,自己制造出来的东西。
08:51
And in our society社会, we have a strong强大 belief信仰
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现在这个社会坚信
08:54
that synthetic合成的 happiness幸福 is of an inferior kind.
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人工合成的快乐是次品。
08:57
Why do we have that belief信仰?
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为什么人们有这样的观点?
08:59
Well, it's very simple简单. What kind of economic经济 engine发动机
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那很简单。
09:03
would keep churning翻腾
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如果我们都相信得到或得不到自己想要的东西都能一样快乐,
09:04
if we believed相信 that not getting得到 what we want could make us just as happy快乐 as getting得到 it?
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那经济引擎还如何高速运转?
09:10
With all apologies道歉 to my friend朋友 Matthieu马蒂厄 Ricard里卡德,
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先让我向马修·理查德(Matthieu Ricard)表示歉意,
09:14
a shopping购物 mall购物中心 full充分 of Zen monks和尚
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要是光顾商场的都是和尚,
09:16
is not going to be particularly尤其 profitable有利可图
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那么这些商场岂不是都不赚钱了?
09:18
because they don't want stuff东东 enough足够.
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因为和尚通常都没有什么物质需求。
09:22
I want to suggest建议 to you that synthetic合成的 happiness幸福
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我想告诉你们的是,人工合成的快乐
09:25
is every一切 bit as real真实 and enduring持久
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是真实而持久的。
09:28
as the kind of happiness幸福 you stumble绊倒 upon
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它和那种因为得到我们渴求的东西
09:31
when you get exactly究竟 what you were aiming瞄准 for.
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而感受到的快乐一样。
09:34
Now, I'm a scientist科学家, so I'm going to do this not with rhetoric修辞,
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我是一个科学家。我不光是说一些好听的结论,
09:35
but by marinating腌制 you in a little bit of data数据.
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我还要向你们提供一些数据。
09:38
Let me first show显示 you an experimental试验 paradigm范例 that is used
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第一个试验证据
09:40
to demonstrate演示 the synthesis合成 of happiness幸福
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显示了普通人的人工合成的快乐。
09:44
among其中 regular定期 old folks乡亲. And this isn't mine.
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这不是我的试验。
09:46
This is a 50-year-old-岁 paradigm范例 called the "free自由 choice选择 paradigm范例."
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这个50年前做的实验叫做自由选择。
09:49
It's very simple简单.
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它很简单。
09:51
You bring带来 in, say, six objects对象,
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你有6件物品。
09:54
and you ask a subject学科 to rank them from the most to the least最小 liked喜欢.
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你让受试者把这6件物品按照他们的喜爱程度排序。
09:56
In this case案件, because the experiment实验 I'm going to tell you about uses使用 them,
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在这个实验中
09:59
these are Monet莫奈 prints版画.
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我们用6幅莫奈的画。
10:01
So, everybody每个人 can rank these Monet莫奈 prints版画
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每个人都把画
10:03
from the one they like the most, to the one they like the least最小.
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按照他们最喜欢的到最不喜欢的排列。
10:05
Now we give you a choice选择:
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现在我们给你一个选择。
10:07
"We happen发生 to have some extra额外 prints版画 in the closet壁橱.
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“我们正好有一些多余的画。
10:10
We're going to give you one as your prize to take home.
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我们将把画作为奖品给你。
10:12
We happen发生 to have number three and number four,"
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我们正好有三号和四号画。”
10:15
we tell the subject学科. This is a bit of a difficult choice选择,
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这个选择有点困难,
10:18
because neither也不 one is preferred首选 strongly非常 to the other,
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因为受试者对两幅画的喜爱程度相当。
10:21
but naturally自然, people tend趋向 to pick number three
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很自然,人们都倾向于选择三号。
10:24
because they liked喜欢 it a little better than number four.
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因为他们更喜欢三号。
10:27
Sometime某时 later后来 -- it could be 15 minutes分钟; it could be 15 days --
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过了一段时间之后 - 这可能是15分钟,也可能是15天。
10:30
the same相同 stimuli刺激 are put before the subject学科,
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对同样的画,
10:33
and the subject学科 is asked to re-rank重新排名 the stimuli刺激.
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我们叫受试者对同样的画再一次排序。
10:35
"Tell us how much you like them now."
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“告诉我们你现在有多喜欢这些画了?”
10:37
What happens发生? Watch as happiness幸福 is synthesized综合.
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结果怎样?快乐被人工合成了。
10:40
This is the result结果 that has been replicated复制 over and over again.
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我们反复进行了同样的实验。
10:44
You're watching观看 happiness幸福 be synthesized综合.
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你看到快乐被合成了吧!
10:45
Would you like to see it again? Happiness幸福!
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你还想看一下吗?快乐!
10:50
"The one I got is really better than I thought!
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“我有的这张比我预想的还要好。
10:52
That other one I didn't get sucks!"
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我得不到的那张,其实不怎么样。”
10:54
(Laughter笑声) That's the synthesis合成 of happiness幸福.
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(笑声)这就是人工合成的快乐。
10:56
Now what's the right response响应 to that? "Yeah, right!"
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现在你怎么想呢?“哦,是吧!”
11:02
Now, here's这里的 the experiment实验 we did,
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这是我们做的实验。
11:05
and I would hope希望 this is going to convince说服 you that
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我希望这个实验能够让你相信
11:06
"Yeah, right!" was not the right response响应.
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“哦,是吗!”不是正确的答案。
11:09
We did this experiment实验 with a group of patients耐心
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我们跟患有健忘症的病人
11:11
who had anterograde顺行 amnesia健忘症. These are hospitalized住院 patients耐心.
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做了同样的实验。这些都是住院病人。
11:14
Most of them have Korsakoff's科尔萨科夫 syndrome综合征,
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大多数人都患有柯萨可夫(korsakoff)综合征,
11:16
a polyneuriticpolyneuritic psychosis精神病 that -- they drank way too much,
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这是一种由于饮酒过度而造成的多发神经炎精神症。
11:21
and they can't make new memories回忆.
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患者记不住新发生的事情。
11:23
OK? They remember记得 their childhood童年, but if you walk步行 in and introduce介绍 yourself你自己,
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明白吗?他们能记得他们的童年,但是如果你自我介绍,
11:27
and then leave离开 the room房间,
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然后离开房间,
11:28
when you come back, they don't know who you are.
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当你很快回到他们身边时,他们不会记得你是谁。
11:31
We took our Monet莫奈 prints版画 to the hospital醫院.
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我们把莫奈的画拿到医院去。
11:34
And we asked these patients耐心 to rank them
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让病人们来对他们
11:38
from the one they liked喜欢 the most to the one they liked喜欢 the least最小.
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按照喜爱的程度排序。
11:41
We then gave them the choice选择 between之间 number three and number four.
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然后我们让他们选择三号或者四号画。
11:45
Like everybody每个人 else其他, they said,
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像很多人一样,他们说:
11:47
"Gee啧啧, thanks谢谢 Doc文件! That's great! I could use a new print打印.
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“哇,真太好了! 谢谢你。 我有一幅新的画了。
11:49
I'll take number three."
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我要三号。”
11:51
We explained解释 we would have number three mailed邮寄 to them.
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我们解释说,我们会把三号邮寄给他们。
11:55
We gathered云集 up our materials物料 and we went out of the room房间,
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然后我们收起东西,离开了病人的房间。
11:58
and counted to a half hour小时.
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半个小时后,
12:00
Back into the room房间, we say, "Hi你好, we're back."
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我们回去:“嘿,我们回来了。”
12:03
The patients耐心, bless保佑 them, say, "Ah, Doc文件, I'm sorry,
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病人们说:“啊,医生,非常抱歉,
12:07
I've got a memory记忆 problem问题; that's why I'm here.
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我有一点记忆的毛病,所以才住院的。
12:09
If I've met会见 you before, I don't remember记得."
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如果我们见过面,我恐怕不能记得了。”
12:11
"Really, Jim吉姆, you don't remember记得? I was just here with the Monet莫奈 prints版画?"
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“哦,是吗,吉姆,你不记得了?我刚刚带了几幅莫奈的画到这儿来的。”
12:14
"Sorry, Doc文件, I just don't have a clue线索."
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“对不起,医生,我真的不记得了。”
12:17
"No problem问题, Jim吉姆. All I want you to do is rank these for me
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“没关系,吉姆。我只是想让你把这些画
12:20
from the one you like the most to the one you like the least最小."
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按照你喜爱的程度排序。”
12:25
What do they do? Well, let's first check and make sure
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他们怎么做了?先让我们确认
12:27
they're really amnesiac失忆. We ask these
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他们是真的患有健忘症。我们
12:29
amnesiac失忆 patients耐心 to tell us which哪一个 one they own拥有,
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让这些病人告诉我们他们有哪幅画,
12:33
which哪一个 one they chose选择 last time, which哪一个 one is theirs他们的.
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他们上次选了哪幅画,哪幅是他们的。
12:36
And what we find is amnesiac失忆 patients耐心 just guess猜测.
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我们发现健忘症病人纯粹在猜。
12:40
These are normal正常 controls控制, where if I did this with you,
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如果是正常对照者,如果我这样问你
12:42
all of you would know which哪一个 print打印 you chose选择.
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你们都记得你选择了那幅画。
12:44
But if I do this with amnesiac失忆 patients耐心,
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但是这些健忘症病人,
12:46
they don't have a clue线索. They can't pick their print打印 out of a lineup排队.
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他们一点都不记得了。他们不能从一堆画中选出我送他们的那张。
12:52
Here's这里的 what normal正常 controls控制 do: they synthesize合成 happiness幸福.
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这是一般人做的:他们人工合成快乐。
12:56
Right? This is the change更改 in liking喜欢 score得分了,
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是吧?这是喜爱程度的变化。
12:58
the change更改 from the first time they ranked排名 to the second第二 time they ranked排名.
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第一次排序到第二次排序的变化。
13:01
Normal正常 controls控制 show显示
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平常人的数据显示
13:02
-- that was the magic魔法 I showed显示 you;
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这正是我要向你们展示的‘魔法’
13:04
now I'm showing展示 it to you in graphical图形 form形成 --
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现在我们用图形来显示这个变化。
13:07
"The one I own拥有 is better than I thought. The one I didn't own拥有,
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“我有的比我想的还好。我没拥有的,
13:10
the one I left behind背后, is not as good as I thought."
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其实并不怎么样。”
13:13
Amnesiacs健忘症患者 do exactly究竟 the same相同 thing. Think about this result结果.
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健忘症病人也做了同样的事。想想这个结果。
13:18
These people like better the one they own拥有,
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这些病人更喜欢他们有的,
13:21
but they don't know they own拥有 it.
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虽然他们并不知道自己拥有这个。
13:25
"Yeah, right" is not the right response响应!
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“哦,真的吗?”-你对此表示不屑?
13:29
What these people did when they synthesized综合 happiness幸福
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当人们合成快乐时,
13:32
is they really, truly changed
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他们真正的,真实的
13:35
their affective情感, hedonic享乐, aesthetic审美 reactions反应 to that poster海报.
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从感情上和审美角度上改变了对那幅画的看法。
13:40
They're not just saying it because they own拥有 it,
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他们这么说不仅仅是因为他们拥有这幅画,
13:43
because they don't know they own拥有 it.
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他们其实并不记得自己有那幅画。
13:47
Now, when psychologists心理学家 show显示 you bars酒吧,
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现在,当心理学家给你们看这些图形,
13:50
you know that they are showing展示 you averages均线 of lots of people.
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你知道他们是在显示平均数据。
13:53
And yet然而, all of us have this psychological心理 immune免疫的 system系统,
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我们大家都有这个心理免疫系统,
13:57
this capacity容量 to synthesize合成 happiness幸福,
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和人工合成快乐的能力。
13:59
but some of us do this trick better than others其他.
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但是我们中的一些人比另外一些人对这样的窍门掌握的更好。
14:02
And some situations情况 allow允许 anybody任何人 to do it more effectively有效
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同时,人们的心理免疫系统在某些特定环境下能
14:06
than other situations情况 do.
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比在其他情况下运行的更有效。
14:10
It turns out that freedom自由
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自由,
14:14
-- the ability能力 to make up your mind心神 and change更改 your mind心神 --
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决断力和改变决定的能力
14:17
is the friend朋友 of natural自然 happiness幸福, because it allows允许 you to choose选择
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是帮助我们获得天然快乐的朋友。它能让你
14:20
among其中 all those delicious美味的 futures期货 and find the one that you would most enjoy请享用.
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从各种可能情况中选择你最喜欢的那种。
14:25
But freedom自由 to choose选择
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但是自由选择
14:27
-- to change更改 and make up your mind心神 -- is the enemy敌人 of synthetic合成的 happiness幸福.
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决断力和改变决定的能力-是人工合成快乐的敌人。
14:31
And I'm going to show显示 you why.
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我来解释这是为什么。
14:33
Dilbert迪尔伯特 already已经 knows知道, of course课程.
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当然,呆伯特(Dilbert)已经知道了。
14:34
You're reading the cartoon动画片 as I'm talking.
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你一边看卡通,一边听我说。
14:36
"Dogbert'sDogbert的 tech高科技 support支持. How may可能 I abuse滥用 you?"
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“Dogbert技术支持中心。我该怎么说你?”
14:38
"My printer打印机 prints版画 a blank空白 page after every一切 document文件."
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“我的打印机在每个文件打印完毕后都会出一张白纸。”
14:41
"Why would you complain抱怨 about getting得到 free自由 paper?"
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“你为什么要抱怨得到免费的纸呢?”
14:43
"Free自由? Aren't是不是 you just giving me my own拥有 paper?"
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“免费的?这本来就是我的纸啊?”
14:45
"Egad扯扯, man! Look at the quality质量 of the free自由 paper
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“哎,老兄,看看这些免费的纸的质量和
14:47
compared相比 to your lousy糟糕 regular定期 paper!
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那些普通的纸!
14:48
Only a fool傻子 or a liar说谎者 would say that they look the same相同!"
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只有傻子和骗子才会说它们是一样的。”
14:51
"Ah! Now that you mention提到 it, it does seem似乎 a little silkier乌骨鸡!"
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“啊!在你说了之后,这些纸看上去是要光滑一些。”
14:54
"What are you doing?"
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“你在干什么?”
14:56
"I'm helping帮助 people accept接受 the things they cannot不能 change更改." Indeed确实.
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“我在帮助这些人接受他们不能改变的现实。”的确是这样。
14:59
The psychological心理 immune免疫的 system系统 works作品 best最好
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心理免疫系统在
15:02
when we are totally完全 stuck卡住, when we are trapped被困.
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我们没有其他选择时最有效。
15:06
This is the difference区别 between之间 dating约会 and marriage婚姻, right?
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这就是约会和婚姻的区别,是吧?
15:08
I mean, you go out on a date日期 with a guy,
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你出去和一个男人约会,
15:10
and he picks精选 his nose鼻子; you don't go out on another另一个 date日期.
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他扣扣鼻孔,你就不会跟他在约会了。
15:12
You're married已婚 to a guy and he picks精选 his nose鼻子?
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如果你们结婚了,他扣扣鼻孔。
15:14
Yeah, he has a heart of gold;
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嗯, 他有金子一般的心。
15:15
don't touch触摸 the fruitcake水果蛋糕. Right? (Laughter笑声)
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别动那个水果蛋糕。是吧?(笑声)
15:17
You find a way to be happy快乐 with what's happened发生.
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你自我开导,满于现状。
15:21
Now what I want to show显示 you is that
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现在我告诉你,
15:24
people don't know this about themselves他们自己,
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如果人们不了解自己,
15:27
and not knowing会心 this can work to our supreme最高 disadvantage坏处.
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不知道他们有这个心理免疫系统,他们可能做一些很错误的决定。
15:30
Here's这里的 an experiment实验 we did at Harvard哈佛.
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这是我们在哈佛大学做的一个实验。
15:32
We created创建 a photography摄影 course课程, a black-and-white黑与白 photography摄影 course课程,
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我们开设了黑白摄影课程。
15:35
and we allowed允许 students学生们 to come in and learn学习 how to use a darkroom暗室.
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学生们来学习如何使用暗室。
15:39
So we gave them cameras相机; they went around campus校园;
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我们给他们相机。他们在校园中采景。
15:41
they took 12 pictures图片 of their favorite喜爱 professors教授 and their dorm宿舍 room房间 and their dog,
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每人能拍12张照片。他们拍了他们最喜欢的教授,寝室,他们的狗等等。
15:46
and all the other things they wanted to have Harvard哈佛 memories回忆 of.
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任何留给他们哈佛回忆的东西,都可以拍。
15:48
They bring带来 us the camera相机; we make up a contact联系 sheet;
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然后他们把相机给我们。我们做了一个胶片印出的小样。
15:51
they figure数字 out which哪一个 are the two best最好 pictures图片;
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他们选出最好的两张。
15:53
and we now spend six hours小时 teaching教学 them about darkrooms暗室.
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然后我们用了6个小时教他们如何使用暗室。
15:55
And they blow打击 two of them up,
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他们自己把两张照片映出来。
15:57
and they have two gorgeous华丽 eight-by-八逐10 glossiesglossies of
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他们有了两张极有纪念意义的
15:59
meaningful富有意义的 things to them, and we say,
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8*10的照片。我们问
16:01
"Which哪一个 one would you like to give up?"
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“哪一张你不要?”
16:04
They say, "I have to give one up?"
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他们问:“我不能两张都要吗?”
16:05
"Oh, yes. We need one as evidence证据 of the class project项目.
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“噢,不能。我们需要一张来留底。
16:08
So you have to give me one. You have to make a choice选择.
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因此你必须放弃一张。你一定要做一个决定。
16:11
You get to keep one, and I get to keep one."
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你留一张,我留一张。”
16:14
Now, there are two conditions条件 in this experiment实验.
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现在,这个实验又分为两种。
16:17
In one case案件, the students学生们 are told, "But you know,
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第一种情况,学生们被告知,“你知道,
16:20
if you want to change更改 your mind心神, I'll always have the other one here,
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如果你改变了主意,另外一张还在我这里。
16:23
and in the next下一个 four days, before I actually其实 mail邮件 it to headquarters司令部,
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我要四天以后才把这些照片寄到总部去。
16:27
I'll be glad高兴 to" -- (Laughter笑声) -- yeah, "headquarters司令部" --
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我很乐意。是的,“总部”。
16:30
"I'll be glad高兴 to swap交换 it out with you. In fact事实,
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我很乐意跟你换。事实上,
16:33
I'll come to your dorm宿舍 room房间 and give
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我会把照片送到你的寝室来换,
16:34
-- just give me an email电子邮件. Better yet然而, I'll check with you.
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只要发电邮给我就行了。或者我会联系你。
16:37
You ever want to change更改 your mind心神, it's totally完全 returnable可回收."
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只要你改变了主意,我们可以换照片。”
16:40
The other half of the students学生们 are told exactly究竟 the opposite对面:
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其他的学生被告知的正好相反:
16:43
"Make your choice选择. And by the way,
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“选一张照片。顺便说一下,
16:45
the mail邮件 is going out, gosh天哪, in two minutes分钟, to England英国.
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另外一张照片马上就要寄到英国去。
16:48
Your picture图片 will be winging蒙冤 its way over the Atlantic大西洋.
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你的照片要漂洋过海。
16:50
You will never see it again."
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你再也见不到它了。”
16:52
Now, half of the students学生们 in each of these conditions条件
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然后, 我们让每组中一半的学生
16:55
are asked to make predictions预测 about how much
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来预测
16:57
they're going to come to like the picture图片 that they keep
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他们对留下的照片
17:00
and the picture图片 they leave离开 behind背后.
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和送走的照片的喜爱程度会如何。
17:02
Other students学生们 are just sent发送 back to their little dorm宿舍 rooms客房
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其他的学生回到他们的寝室。
17:05
and they are measured测量 over the next下一个 three to six days
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我们测量了在后来的三到六天之中,
17:10
on their liking喜欢, satisfaction满意 with the pictures图片.
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他们对照片的喜爱和满意程度。
17:12
And look at what we find.
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看看我们发现了什么。
17:13
First of all, here's这里的 what students学生们 think is going to happen发生.
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首先,这里是学生们觉得事情会怎样。
17:16
They think they're going to maybe come to like the picture图片 they chose选择
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他们想他们可能会更喜欢他们选择的照片,
17:20
a little more than the one they left behind背后,
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而不是留给我们的那一张。
17:23
but these are not statistically统计学 significant重大 differences分歧.
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但是这算不上是统计上的显著差异。
17:27
It's a very small increase增加, and it doesn't much matter
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差异很小,
17:29
whether是否 they were in the reversible可逆 or irreversible不可逆转 condition条件.
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能不能换照片影响并不大。
17:32
Wrong-o错误-O. Bad simulators模拟器. Because here's这里的 what's really happening事件.
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错啦!这一次模拟器工作得很不好!实际上,
17:37
Both right before the swap交换 and five days later后来,
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在交换以前和5天后,
17:40
people who are stuck卡住 with that picture图片,
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那些没有交换权,
17:42
who have no choice选择,
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不能选择,
17:43
who can never change更改 their mind心神, like it a lot!
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不能更改决定的学生,非常喜欢他们的照片。
17:48
And people who are deliberating审议 -- "Should I return返回 it?
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另外的学生则在深思熟虑。“我应该换照片吗?
17:51
Have I gotten得到 the right one? Maybe this isn't the good one?
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我选了好的那张吗?也许这张并不好?
17:53
Maybe I left the good one?" -- have killed杀害 themselves他们自己.
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交给老师的那张或许更好?”这些问题简直折磨人。
17:55
They don't like their picture图片, and in fact事实
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他们不喜欢他们的照片。事实上,
17:57
even after the opportunity机会 to swap交换 has expired过期,
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甚至在交换期结束后,
17:59
they still don't like their picture图片. Why?
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他们还是不喜欢自己的照片。为什么?
18:05
Because the reversible可逆 condition条件 is not conducive有利于
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因为可逆转的选择不利于
18:08
to the synthesis合成 of happiness幸福.
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人工合成的快乐。
18:10
So here's这里的 the final最后 piece of this experiment实验.
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这里是这个实验的最后一部分。
18:13
We bring带来 in a whole整个 new group of naive幼稚 Harvard哈佛 students学生们
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我们找了新的一批天真的哈佛学生。
18:17
and we say, "You know, we're doing a photography摄影 course课程,
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我们告诉他们:“我们将开设摄影课程,
18:20
and we can do it one of two ways方法.
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我们有两种方案。
18:22
We could do it so that when you take the two pictures图片,
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一是你拍两张照片,
18:25
you'd have four days to change更改 your mind心神,
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然后有四天来选择保留哪张照片。
18:27
or we're doing another另一个 course课程 where you take the two pictures图片
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另外一种是你拍摄两张照片,
18:29
and you make up your mind心神 right away
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然后当机立断做选择。
18:31
and you can never change更改 it. Which哪一个 course课程 would you like to be in?"
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一但做了选择,你就不能更改。你愿意选择那种方式?
18:33
Duh! 66 percent百分 of the students学生们, two-thirds三分之二,
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”啊! 66%的学生,差不多三分之二
18:38
prefer比较喜欢 to be in the course课程 where they have the opportunity机会 to change更改 their mind心神.
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更愿意加入那个可以改变选择的。
18:42
Hello你好? 66 percent百分 of the students学生们 choose选择 to be in the course课程 in which哪一个 they will
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喂!66%的学生选择了那个让他们
18:46
ultimately最终 be deeply dissatisfied不满意 with the picture图片.
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最终将非常不满意照片的方案。
18:50
Because they do not know the conditions条件 under which哪一个 synthetic合成的 happiness幸福 grows成长.
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因为他们不知道在什么条件下,人工合成快乐有效。
18:56
The Bard诗人 said everything best最好, of course课程, and he's making制造 my point here
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莎士比亚说的正好反映了我的看法。
19:01
but he's making制造 it hyperbolically双曲线:
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他说的有点夸张。
19:04
"'Tis“提斯 nothing good or bad / But thinking思维 makes品牌 it so."
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“事无善恶.思想使然。”
19:07
It's nice不错 poetry诗歌, but that can't exactly究竟 be right.
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这是美丽的诗句,但是并不一定全对。
19:10
Is there really nothing good or bad?
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事真的无善恶之分吗?
19:13
Is it really the case案件 that gall bladder膀胱 surgery手术 and a trip to Paris巴黎
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胆囊手术真的和到巴黎旅行
19:16
are just the same相同 thing? That seems似乎 like a one-question一个问题 IQ智商 test测试.
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一样吗?这听上去想一个IQ测试题。
19:23
They can't be exactly究竟 the same相同.
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他们并不完全一样。
19:25
In more turgid华而不实 prose散文, but closer接近 to the truth真相,
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现代资本主义之父,亚当·斯密(Adam Smith), 用浮华却更贴近事实的语言
19:28
was the father父亲 of modern现代 capitalism资本主义, Adam亚当 Smith工匠, and he said this.
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阐述如下。
19:31
This is worth价值 contemplating考虑:
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这是值得思考的。
19:33
"The great source资源 of both the misery苦难 and disorders障碍 of human人的 life
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“人生中的悲剧与无序之源,
19:37
seems似乎 to arise出现 from overrating高估 the difference区别
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似乎皆来源于人们
19:40
between之间 one permanent常驻 situation情况 and another另一个 ...
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过高地评估某种时局,
19:43
Some of these situations情况 may可能, no doubt怀疑, deserve值得 to be preferred首选 to others其他,
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诚然,某些时局确实值得人们追求,
19:48
but none没有 of them can deserve值得 to be pursued追求的
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但是,不管这种追求有多大的合理性,
19:54
with that passionate多情 ardor热情 which哪一个 drives驱动器 us to violate违反 the rules规则
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我们都不可因这种痴情的追求而打破
19:58
either of prudence谨慎 or of justice正义, or to corrupt腐败 the future未来 tranquility宁静 of our minds头脑,
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谨慎、公正的法则,亦不可破坏我们未来的心境。
20:03
either by shame耻辱 from the remembrance纪念 of our own拥有 folly蠢事,
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因为假如我们真的那么做,我们必有一天会忆及当日的愚昧,
20:07
or by remorse悔恨 for the horror恐怖 of our own拥有 injustice不公正."
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或者是因为自己曾经的偏私而感到后悔。”
20:11
In other words: yes, some things are better than others其他.
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用另一句话说:没错,生活中确实存在某些事物比别的事物更有价值,
20:16
We should have preferences优先 that lead us into one future未来 over another另一个.
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我们确实应该追求价值更高的东西。
20:21
But when those preferences优先 drive驾驶 us too hard and too fast快速
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但是,假如我们过分看重不同选择之间的差异,
20:25
because we have overrated被高估 the difference区别 between之间 these futures期货,
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因而拼命的追求我们想要的东西时,
20:29
we are at risk风险.
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我们就可能面临危险。
20:32
When our ambition志向 is bounded, it leads引线 us to work joyfully欣然.
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当我们的追求不是无节制的时候,我们可以生活的快乐。
20:35
When our ambition志向 is unbounded无界, it leads引线 us to lie谎言, to cheat作弊, to steal, to hurt伤害 others其他,
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当我们的追求不受节制的时候,我们会生活得很痛苦,甚至会去欺诈,偷窃,伤害他人,
20:41
to sacrifice牺牲 things of real真实 value. When our fears恐惧 are bounded,
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更甚至是牺牲真正有价值的东西。当我们畏惧受控制时,
20:45
we're prudent谨慎; we're cautious谨慎; we're thoughtful周到.
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我们会行事谨慎、三思而后行。
20:49
When our fears恐惧 are unbounded无界 and overblown夸大,
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当我们的畏惧失去节制并无限膨胀的时候,
20:52
we're reckless鲁莽, and we're cowardly胆小.
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我们会变得鲁莽大意,或者胆小如鼠。
20:55
The lesson I want to leave离开 you with from these data数据
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最后用一句话来概括我们从这些数据中学到的东西:
20:58
is that our longings渴望 and our worries are both to some degree overblown夸大,
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我们每个人的期望与担忧在一定程度上都被夸大了,
21:03
because we have within us the capacity容量 to manufacture制造 the very commodity商品
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通过选择感受,我们自己可以生产出
21:09
we are constantly经常 chasing when we choose选择 experience经验.
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我们所不懈追求的那样东西。
21:13
Thank you.
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谢谢。
Translated by Jing Xu
Reviewed by Angelia King

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Gilbert - Psychologist; happiness expert
Harvard psychologist Dan Gilbert says our beliefs about what will make us happy are often wrong -- a premise he supports with intriguing research, and explains in his accessible and unexpectedly funny book, Stumbling on Happiness.

Why you should listen

Dan Gilbert believes that, in our ardent, lifelong pursuit of happiness, most of us have the wrong map. In the same way that optical illusions fool our eyes -- and fool everyone's eyes in the same way -- Gilbert argues that our brains systematically misjudge what will make us happy. And these quirks in our cognition make humans very poor predictors of our own bliss.

The premise of his current research -- that our assumptions about what will make us happy are often wrong -- is supported with clinical research drawn from psychology and neuroscience. But his delivery is what sets him apart. His engaging -- and often hilarious -- style pokes fun at typical human behavior and invokes pop-culture references everyone can relate to. This winning style translates also to Gilbert's writing, which is lucid, approachable and laugh-out-loud funny. The immensely readable Stumbling on Happiness, published in 2006, became a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 20 languages.

In fact, the title of his book could be drawn from his own life. At 19, he was a high school dropout with dreams of writing science fiction. When a creative writing class at his community college was full, he enrolled in the only available course: psychology. He found his passion there, earned a doctorate in social psychology in 1985 at Princeton, and has since won a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Phi Beta Kappa teaching prize for his work at Harvard. He has written essays and articles for The New York Times, Time and even Starbucks, while continuing his research into happiness at his Hedonic Psychology Laboratory.

More profile about the speaker
Dan Gilbert | Speaker | TED.com