TEDxPeachtree
Paul Root Wolpe: It's time to question bio-engineering
Paul Root Wolpe:現在是討論生物工程(基因工程)時候了.
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在TEDxPeachtree，生物倫理學家 Paul Root Wolpe 介紹了一連串近期令人目瞪口呆的生物工程實驗，從雜交寵物到小鼠長人耳的研究。他提出質疑：是不是應該設置一些基本規則來規範這些基因生物工程的時候了？
Paul Root Wolpe - Ethicist
Paul Root Wolpe examines the ethical implications of new science -- genetic modification, neuroscience and other breakthroughs that stretch our current philosophy to the breaking point. He's the chief bioethicist at NASA, among other appointments. Full bio
Paul Root Wolpe examines the ethical implications of new science -- genetic modification, neuroscience and other breakthroughs that stretch our current philosophy to the breaking point. He's the chief bioethicist at NASA, among other appointments. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Today I want to talk about design,
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今天我想談談設計，
00:17
but not design as we usually think about it.
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但不是我們通常以為的設計。
00:20
I want to talk about what is happening now
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我想談談現在我們的
00:22
in our scientific, biotechnological culture,
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科學,生物技術文化領域上所發展的事件
00:25
where, for really the first time in history,
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在這些領域裡，第一次在歷史上，
00:28
we have the power to design bodies,
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我們有能力能設計身體，
00:30
to design animal bodies,
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設計動物身體，
00:32
to design human bodies.
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設計人的身體。
00:35
In the history of our planet,
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在這個星球的歷史上，
00:39
there have been three great waves of evolution.
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出現了三波大進化潮流。
00:42
The first wave of evolution
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第一波的進化
00:44
is what we think of as Darwinian evolution.
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是所謂的達爾文的進化論。
00:47
So, as you all know,
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嗯,就如大家知道的，
00:49
species lived in particular ecological niches
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物種生活在特定生態裡
00:51
and particular environments,
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特殊環境下
00:53
and the pressures of those environments
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還有在環境所造成壓力下,
00:55
selected which changes,
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透過隨機突變，
00:57
through random mutation in species,
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有些突變就
00:59
were going to be preserved.
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被選擇保留。
01:01
Then human beings stepped out
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然後,人類走出
01:04
of the Darwinian flow of evolutionary history
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達爾文的進化論歷史的潮流,
01:07
and created the second great wave of evolution,
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並且創造了第二次大潮流的演變，
01:11
which was we changed the environment
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也就是我們改變了我們
01:14
in which we evolved.
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進化所處的環境。
01:16
We altered our ecological niche
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通過創建文明,
01:19
by creating civilization.
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我們改變了我們的生態立場.
01:21
And that has been the second great --
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那就是第二次大進化-
01:23
couple 100,000 years, 150,000 years --
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大約二十萬年前,十五萬年前 -
01:26
flow of our evolution.
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大量的進化演進.
01:28
By changing our environment,
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由於改變我們的環境，
01:30
we put new pressures
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也為我們的身體創造了
01:32
on our bodies to evolve.
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新的壓力去演化來適應新環境。
01:34
Whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities,
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無論是從建立農業社區
01:37
all the way through modern medicine,
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一路到日新月異的現代醫學，
01:40
we have changed our own evolution.
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我們改變了我們自己的進化。
01:43
Now we're entering a third great wave
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現在我們正邁向第三個
01:46
of evolutionary history,
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歷史大進化中，
01:48
which has been called many things:
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這次的進化有很多別號：
01:50
"intentional evolution,"
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處心積慮的進化，
01:52
"evolution by design" --
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設計過的演變-
01:54
very different than intelligent design --
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非常不同於聰明設計-
01:56
whereby we are actually now
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即現在我們實際上是
01:59
intentionally designing and altering
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對於居住在我們的星球的生物
02:03
the physiological forms that inhabit our planet.
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故意設計和改變他們生理的形式。
02:06
So I want to take you through a kind of whirlwind tour of that
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我想給你們一個旋風式的震撼簡介,
02:09
and then at the end talk a little bit
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讓你們能在我演講結束時將有些概念:
02:11
about what some of the implications are for us
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透過這次進化將對我們,
02:14
and for our species, as well as our cultures,
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我們的物種，以及我們的文化
02:17
because of this change.
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產生的影響.
02:19
Now we actually have been doing it for a long time.
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實際上我們已經做了很長的時間了.
02:24
We started selectively breeding animals
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幾千年前我們就開始
02:27
many, many thousands of years ago.
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選擇性地繁殖動物
02:30
And if you think of dogs for example,
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拿狗來說,
02:32
dogs are now intentionally-designed creatures.
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狗就是現在有意設計下的生物。
02:36
There isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature.
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這個世界沒有一隻狗是自然產生的物種.
02:39
Dogs are the result
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狗是通過我們留下喜歡的基因下
02:41
of selectively breeding traits that we like.
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選擇性育種的結果.
02:44
But we had to do it the hard way in the old days
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但是，在以前,保留某些特定的品種
02:47
by choosing offspring that looked a particular way
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然後繁殖它們，
02:49
and then breeding them.
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這可不是容易的事。
02:51
We don't have to do it that way anymore.
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現在,我們不必再這樣做了.
02:53
This is a beefalo.
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這是一隻 beefalo。
02:56
A beefalo is a buffalo-cattle hybrid.
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beefalo是水牛，黃牛的混合體。
03:00
And they are now making them,
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現在科學家正在生產beefalo，
03:02
and someday, perhaps pretty soon,
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有一天，也許不用多久，
03:04
you will have beefalo patties
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你就會在本地超市
03:06
in your local supermarket.
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可以買到beefalo肉餅.
03:09
This is a geep,
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這是一隻 geep，
03:11
a goat-sheep hybrid.
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山羊，綿羊混合體.
03:14
The scientists that made this cute little creature
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做出這個可愛小動物的科學家們
03:17
ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards.
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之後殺了它且吃了它.
03:20
I think they said it tasted like chicken.
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我記得他們說吃起來味道像雞肉.
03:23
This is a cama.
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這是隻cama,
03:25
A cama is a camel-llama hybrid,
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是駱駝，美洲駝雜交體.
03:29
created to try to get the hardiness of a camel
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為了獲得具有駱駝的堅韌
03:32
with some of the personality traits
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與一些美洲駝的特質
03:34
of a llama.
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被創造出來的生物.
03:36
And they are now using these in certain cultures.
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某些地區的農民已經開始飼養cama.
03:40
Then there's the liger.
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然後還有獅虎,
03:42
This is the largest cat in the world --
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這是世界上最大的貓科動物-
03:45
the lion-tiger hybrid.
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獅子，老虎的混合體
03:47
It's bigger than a tiger.
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體形比老虎還大.
03:49
And in the case of the liger,
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就獅虎這產物而言,
03:51
there actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild.
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在野外早已經出現過一個或兩個案例
03:54
But these were created by scientists
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但以上提到的是指科學家使用
03:57
using both selective breeding and genetic technology.
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選擇育種和基因技術這兩種來創造新生物
04:00
And then finally, everybody's favorite,
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最後這張，大家最喜愛的
04:03
the zorse.
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zorse。
04:05
None of this is Photoshopped. These are real creatures.
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沒有任何一張照片是和合成的，全是真的
04:08
And so one of the things we've been doing
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我們只做一件事
04:10
is using genetic enhancement,
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就是促進增強某基因
04:13
or genetic manipulation,
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或遺傳操縱
04:15
of normal selective breeding
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在正常選育過程中
04:18
pushed a little bit through genetics.
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對基因做一些手腳
04:20
And if that were all this was about,
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如果只是這樣,
04:23
then it would be an interesting thing.
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那應該是一件有趣的事情
04:25
But something much, much more powerful
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可是，現在隨之發生的事
04:28
is happening now.
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是非常具影響力的
04:31
These are normal mammalian cells
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這些是正常哺乳動物的細胞
04:34
genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene
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利用基因工程
04:37
taken out of deep-sea jellyfish.
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從深海水母取出來的一發光基因結合
04:39
We all know that some deep-sea creatures glow.
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我們都知道，一些深海生物會發光
04:43
Well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene,
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所以科學家採取它們的發光基因
04:46
and put it into mammal cells.
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並把它放入哺乳動物細胞內
04:48
These are normal cells.
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這些都是正常的細胞
04:50
And what you see here
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然而在這裡你可看到
04:52
is these cells glowing in the dark
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這些細胞在黑暗中
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under certain wavelengths of light.
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在某些波長的光下發光
04:57
Once they could do that with cells, they could do it with organisms.
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一旦他們可使細胞發光，他們就使生物體發光
05:00
So they did it with mouse pups,
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因此,他們就用在小老鼠
05:04
kittens.
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小貓身上
05:06
And by the way, the reason the kittens here are orange and these are green
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小貓在這裡是橙色，而那些是綠色的原因
05:10
is because that's a bioluminescent gene from coral,
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是因為橙色發光基因是從珊瑚而來
05:13
while this is from jellyfish.
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而另一個是從水母而來的
05:16
They did it with pigs.
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科學家也把這技術用於豬身上
05:19
They did it with puppies.
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也用於小狗身上
05:21
And, in fact,
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而且其實
05:23
they did it with monkeys.
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他們還用在猴子身上
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And if you can do it with monkeys --
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如果他們能用在猴子--
05:27
though the great leap in trying to genetically manipulate
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雖然基因操縱從猴子到人猿之間
05:30
is actually between monkeys and apes --
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實際上是很大的挑戰--
05:32
if they can do it in monkeys,
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如果他們能改變猴子的基因
05:34
they can probably figure out how to do it in apes,
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那麼很有可能會發現去應用在到人猿身上的方法
05:36
which means they can do it in human beings.
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這意味著也可以應用到人類身上
05:40
In other words, it is theoretically possible
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換句話說，理論上在不久的將來
05:43
that before too long we will be biotechnologically capable
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我們有能力用生物科技工程來該造人類
05:46
of creating human beings
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使人類在黑暗中
05:49
that glow in the dark.
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可以發光
05:54
Be easier to find us at night.
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在黑暗處更容易找到我們
05:56
And in fact, right now in many states,
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而事實上，目前在許多州，
05:59
you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets.
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你可以去寵物店買發光寵物
06:02
These are zebra fish. They're normally black and silver.
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這是斑馬魚，他們通常是黑色和白銀色
06:05
These are zebra fish that have been genetically engineered
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這是經過基因工程改造的斑馬魚
06:08
to be yellow, green, red,
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變成黃色、綠色、紅色
06:10
and they are actually available now in certain states.
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這在某些州現在可被任意買賣
06:13
Other states have banned them.
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但在某些州是被禁止販賣的
06:15
Nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures.
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沒有人知道應該如何處置這些生物
06:18
There is no area of the government -- not the EPA or the FDA --
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在政府內，不管是環保署（EPA）或食品藥物管理署（FDA）
06:21
that controls genetically-engineered pets.
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沒有任何部門去監督控制這些被基因工程改造的寵物
06:25
And so some states have decided to allow them,
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因此有些州決定允許販賣
06:28
some states have decided to ban them.
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有些州不容許
06:32
Some of you may have read
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你們有些人可能已經知道了
06:34
about the FDA's consideration right now
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FDA現在考慮通過
06:36
of genetically-engineered salmon.
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基因工程鮭魚的上市
06:39
The salmon on top
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在上面的鮭魚
06:41
is a genetically engineered Chinook salmon,
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是一種經過基因工程的Chinook鮭魚，
06:43
using a gene from these salmon
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是利用鮭魚的基因，
06:45
and from one other fish that we eat,
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和另外一個我們吃的魚的基因結合，
06:47
to make it grow much faster
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使用更少飼料
06:49
using a lot less feed.
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而能成長更快
06:51
And right now the FDA is trying to make a final decision
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目前，FDA正在作最後決定
06:54
on whether, pretty soon, you could be eating this fish --
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短時間内你就能知道,這種魚能不能在普通商店中賣
06:57
it'll be sold in the stores.
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你是否能吃到這種魚
06:59
And before you get too worried about it,
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在你太擔心此事之前，
07:01
here in the United States,
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事實上在美國，
07:03
the majority of food you buy in the supermarket
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大多數在超市販賣的食品
07:05
already has genetically-modified components to it.
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已是經過基因改造過
07:09
So even as we worry about it,
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因此即使我們擔心
07:11
we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in Europe --
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我們已經允許這些產品在這裡販賣
07:14
without any regulation,
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即使沒有任何監管
07:16
and even without any identification on the package.
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也不需在包裝上標示，而這跟歐洲是不同的
07:20
These are all the first cloned animals
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這些都是第一隻複製(cloned)的
07:23
of their type.
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各種動物。
07:25
So in the lower right here,
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在右下角
07:27
you have Dolly, the first cloned sheep --
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朵麗，第一隻複製羊
07:29
now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh;
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現在幸福地成為標本被存放在愛丁堡的一間博物館内
07:32
Ralph the rat, the first cloned rat;
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拉爾夫，第一隻複製老鼠
07:35
CC the cat, for cloned cat;
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CC，第一隻複製貓
07:38
Snuppy, the first cloned dog --
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史努比，第一隻複製狗
07:40
Snuppy for Seoul National University puppy --
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第一隻複製狗是
07:43
created in South Korea
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漢城國立大學
07:45
by the very same man that some of you may remember
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由南韓造假醜聞同一人所創造的
07:47
had to end up resigning in disgrace
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他最後身敗名裂而辭職
07:49
because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo, which he had not.
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因為他聲稱他已經複製出人類胚胎但是他並未成功
07:53
He actually was the first person
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他實際上是第一個複製狗的人
07:55
to clone a dog, which is a very difficult thing to do,
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複製狗是一個非常困難的事情
07:58
because dog genomes are very plastic.
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因為狗的基因組很不穩定
08:01
This is Prometea, the first cloned horse.
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這是Prometea，第一匹複製馬
08:04
It's a Haflinger horse cloned in Italy,
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這是被意大利複製出的Haflinger馬
08:06
a real "gold ring" of cloning,
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基因複製的真正好處
08:08
because there are many horses that win important races
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因為有許多贏得重要比賽的馬匹
08:11
who are geldings.
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都是閹馬
08:13
In other words, the equipment to put them out to stud
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換句話說，它們生產下一代的器官
08:16
has been removed.
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已經被移除
08:18
But if you can clone that horse,
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但如果能複製馬
08:20
you can have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race
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就可以同時擁有兩個好處：一隻閹馬在賽馬
08:23
and his identical genetic duplicate
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和一匹擁有相同遺傳基因的馬
08:26
can then be put out to stud.
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來繁殖後代
08:29
These were the first cloned calves,
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這些都是第一批複製小牛
08:31
the first cloned grey wolves,
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第一隻複製的灰狼
08:33
and then, finally,
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然後，最後，
08:35
the first cloned piglets:
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第一批複製小豬：
08:37
Alexis, Chista, Carrel, Janie and Dotcom.
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Alexis，Chista，Carrel，Janie和 Dotcom
08:41
(Laughter)
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（眾笑）
08:45
In addition, we've started to use cloning technology
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此外，我們開始使用複製技術
08:48
to try to save endangered species.
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來試圖挽救瀕臨絕種物種
08:51
This is the use of animals now
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這些動物是現在被使用來
08:53
to create drugs and other things in their bodies
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製造藥品或在他們的身體中創造
08:56
that we want to create.
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我們想要的其他的東西
08:58
So with antithrombin in that goat --
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這山羊產生抗凝血酶
09:00
that goat has been genetically modified
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這山羊已被基因改造
09:02
so that the molecules of its milk
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所以它產生的奶
09:05
actually include the molecule of antithrombin
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包含了抗凝血酶的分子
09:08
that GTC Genetics wants to create.
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這是遺傳基因工程想要創造的
09:11
And then in addition, transgenic pigs, knockout pigs,
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然後還有基因轉殖豬，無排斥基因豬(為器官移植用)
09:14
from the National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea,
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是由南韓國立動物研究所產生
09:18
are pigs that they are going to use, in fact,
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事實上，他們努力創造從豬身上
09:21
to try to create all kinds of drugs
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能產生他們所要的各種藥物
09:25
and other industrial types of chemicals
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和其他類型的工業化學品
09:29
that they want the blood and the milk
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希望在豬的血液裏
09:31
of these animals
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和豬奶中
09:33
to produce for them,
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能產生這些藥品
09:35
instead of producing them in an industrial way.
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來取代工業生產的方式
09:39
These are two creatures
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這兩個生物
09:41
that were created
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是爲了拯救瀕危臨絕跡物種
09:44
in order to save endangered species.
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而被創造出來的
09:46
The guar
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這是印度野牛(gaur)
09:48
is an endangered Southeast Asian ungulate.
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是東南亞瀕危臨絕跡的有蹄動物
09:52
A somatic cell, a body cell,
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只要一個體細胞(somatic cell)
09:54
was taken from its body,
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從水牛的身體中取出
09:56
gestated in the ovum of a cow,
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孕育在一頭其他牛的卵子中
09:58
and then that cow gave birth to a guar.
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然後，那牛就可生下一頭印度水牛
10:02
Same thing happened with the mouflon,
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同樣的事情發生在歐洲磐羊（mouflon）身上，
10:04
where it's an endangered species of sheep.
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它是瀕危臨絕跡的一種羊。
10:07
It was gestated in a regular sheep body,
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這是利用普通綿羊體內孕育的
10:13
which actually raises an interesting biological problem.
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實際上，由於這樣複製引起一個有趣的生物學困擾
10:16
We have two kinds of DNA in our bodies.
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我們有兩副不同DNA基因在體內
10:18
We have our nucleic DNA
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一副是我們所認為的
10:20
that everybody thinks of as our DNA,
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我們自己的核酸DNA.
10:22
but we also have DNA in our mitochondria,
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但在我們的線粒體中有另一副 DNA
10:24
which are the energy packets of the cell.
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線粒體是我們身體細胞中產生能量的地方.
10:27
That DNA is passed down through our mothers.
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這副在線粒體中的DNA是由我們的母親傳下來的
10:30
So really, what you end up having here
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所以，真的，最終我們有的
10:33
is not a guar and not a mouflon,
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這動物不是印度水牛,也不是一 隻歐洲磐羊
10:35
but a guar
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而是一隻
10:37
with cow mitochondria,
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有牛的線粒體的印度水牛
10:39
and therefore cow mitochondrial DNA,
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也同時擁有牛線粒體DNA
10:41
and a mouflon with another species of sheep's
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還有一隻同時擁有綿羊的
10:44
mitochondrial DNA.
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線粒體DNA的歐洲磐羊
10:46
These are really hybrids, not pure animals.
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這些都是混種，都不是純種的動物
10:49
And it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species
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由此引出的問題是我們如何在生物技術時代
10:52
in the age of biotechnology --
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去定義動物物種-
10:54
a question that we're not really sure yet
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這是一個我們目前還不知道
10:57
how to solve.
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如何解決的問題
10:59
This lovely creature
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這個可愛的生物
11:01
is an Asian cockroach.
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是亞洲蟑螂
11:04
And what they've done here
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把電極植入
11:06
is they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain
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它們的神經節和大腦中
11:10
and then a transmitter on top,
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然後在其頭上安置發射機
11:12
and it's on a big computer tracking ball.
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發射信號給電腦
11:14
And now, using a joystick,
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之後只要使用操縱桿
11:16
they can send this creature
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他們可以發送命令給蟑螂
11:18
around the lab
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在實驗室中
11:20
and control whether it goes left or right,
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命令蟑螂去向左或向右
11:22
forwards or backwards.
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向前或向後移動
11:24
They've created a kind of insect bot,
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他們已經創建了一種昆蟲機器人
11:26
or bugbot.
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或飛蟲機器人
11:28
It gets worse than that -- or perhaps better than that.
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更糟的是，或者說更好的是
11:31
This actually is one of DARPA's very important --
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這實際上是一項 DARPA的
11:34
DARPA is the Defense Research Agency --
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DARP就是國防研究機構
11:36
one of their projects.
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的一個重要的研究項目
11:38
These goliath beetles
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這些巨人甲蟲
11:40
are wired in their wings.
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翅膀中埋有電線
11:42
They have a computer chip strapped to their backs,
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而一個電腦晶片綁在其背上
11:44
and they can fly these creatures around the lab.
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科學家可以控制這些動物圍繞實驗室飛
11:48
They can make them go left, right. They can make them take off.
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他們可以讓他們飛左、飛右、起飛
11:50
They can't actually make them land.
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但卻無法命令它們著地
11:52
They put them about one inch above the ground,
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科學家把它們放在距地面一英寸的地方
11:54
and then they shut everything off and they go pfft.
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然後關閉所有的控制信號，甲蟲就摔掉到地上.
11:56
But it's the closest they can get to a landing.
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在著地上這是他們唯一可以作到的
12:00
And in fact, this technology has gotten so developed
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而事實上，這一技術已經被發展得非常卓越
12:03
that this creature --
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這生物-
12:05
this is a moth --
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這是一隻飛蛾
12:07
this is the moth in its pupa stage,
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這是在其蛾蛹的階段
12:09
and that's when they put the wires in
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科學家在這時候把天線放入蛾蛹體內
12:11
and they put in the computer technology,
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再放入電腦技術
12:14
so that when the moth actually emerges as a moth,
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所以，當蛾脫蛹後
12:17
it is already prewired.
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這隻蛾已經預接天線
12:20
The wires are already in its body,
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天線已經在它身體內
12:23
and they can just hook it up to their technology,
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他們只要聯接上電腦
12:26
and now they've got these bugbots
280
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就可以有這些飛蟲機器人
12:28
that they can send out for surveillance.
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出發去監視環境
12:30
They can put little cameras on them
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他們可以在蟲體上放小型相機
12:32
and perhaps someday deliver
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也許有一天
12:34
other kinds of ordinance
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這些蟲還可以傳送
12:36
to warzones.
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其他的武器去戰區
12:39
It's not just insects.
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不是只有昆蟲而已
12:41
This is the ratbot, or the robo-rat
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這是老鼠機器人，或者機器人老鼠
12:43
by Sanjiv Talwar at SUNY Downstate.
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由美國紐約州SUNY Downstate醫學中心的Sanjiv Talwar所創造
12:46
Again, it's got technology --
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真的,這背後是有科技的
12:48
it's got electrodes going into its left and right hemispheres;
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把電極埋進入老鼠的左、右腦半球內
12:51
it's got a camera on top of its head.
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再把一個攝影鏡頭安置在老鼠的頭頂
12:54
The scientists can make this creature
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科學家就可以左右這個生物
12:56
go left, right.
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向任何方向前進
12:58
They have it running through mazes, controlling where it's going.
294
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帶領老鼠走出迷宮，讓老鼠按照指示移動
13:01
They've now created an organic robot.
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科學家現在已經創建了一個活體的機器人
13:05
The graduate students
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一些在Sanjiv Talwar
13:07
in Sanjiv Talwar's lab
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實驗室的研究生問道
13:09
said, "Is this ethical?
298
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“我們奪走了這生物的的獨立自主權，
13:11
We've taken away the autonomy of this animal."
299
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這樣是否合乎道德？"
13:14
I'll get back to that in a minute.
300
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我稍候一會兒就會再回到這問題上
13:16
There's also been work done with monkeys.
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在猴子身上也有完成了不少研究
13:19
This is Miguel Nicolelis of Duke.
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這是杜克大學的 Miguel Nicolelis
13:22
He took owl monkeys,
303
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2000
他在貓頭鷹猴的
13:24
wired them up
304
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2000
腦內埋設天線
13:26
so that a computer watched their brains while they moved,
305
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當猴子移動時,可利用電腦去觀看他們的大腦的情況
13:28
especially looking at the movement of their right arm.
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特別是觀察猴子右臂的動作
13:30
The computer learned what the monkey brain did
307
795000
2000
電腦記錄了猴子移動手臂時
13:32
to move its arm in various ways.
308
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2000
大腦裏的變化
13:34
They then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm,
309
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3000
然後他們幫電腦接上了義肢
13:37
which you see here in the picture,
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像這張的照片那樣
13:39
put the arm in another room.
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把手臂放在另一個房間
13:41
Pretty soon, the computer learned, by reading the monkey's brainwaves,
312
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很快的，通過閱讀猴子的腦電波，電腦學會操縱
13:44
to make that arm in the other room
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在另一個房間的義肢
13:46
do whatever the monkey's arm did.
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3000
同時做猴子移動手臂一模一樣的動作
13:49
Then he put a video monitor
315
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然後Miguel Nicolelis猴子的籠子中
13:51
in the monkey's cage
316
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2000
放了錄影監測熒幕
13:53
that showed the monkey this prosthetic arm,
317
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2000
使猴子能看到假肢的活動
13:55
and the monkey got fascinated.
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猴子變得很興奮著迷
13:57
The monkey recognized that whatever she did with her arm,
319
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2000
猴子很快發現當牠移動手臂時
13:59
this prosthetic arm would do.
320
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2000
義肢會同時做同樣的動作
14:01
And eventually she was moving it and moving it,
321
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3000
一次又再一次地轉動手臂
14:04
and eventually stopped moving her right arm
322
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然後最終停止移動右胳膊
14:06
and, staring at the screen,
323
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目不轉睛盯著屏幕看
14:08
could move the prosthetic arm in the other room
324
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只用腦波就可以
14:11
only with her brainwaves --
325
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支配假肢的活動
14:13
which means that monkey
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這意味著那隻猴子
14:15
became the first primate in the history of the world
327
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在世界歷史上是第一隻
14:18
to have three independent functional arms.
328
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有三支獨立功能手臂的靈長類動物
14:22
And it's not just technology
329
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2000
被應用到動物身上的
14:24
that we're putting into animals.
330
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不是只有這樣的科技
14:26
This is Thomas DeMarse at the University of Florida.
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這是佛羅里達大學的Thomas DeMarse
14:29
He took 20,000 and then 60,000
332
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他取20,000 然後60,000個
14:31
disaggregated rat neurons --
333
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3000
獨立分離的老鼠神經元--
14:34
so these are just individual neurons from rats --
334
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這些都只是單一個老鼠神經元-
14:37
put them on a chip.
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把它們放在一個晶片上
14:39
They self-aggregated into a network,
336
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他們自我聚合成一個網絡
14:42
became an integrated chip.
337
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成為一個集成整體晶片
14:45
And he used that
338
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然後他用這個晶片
14:47
as the IT piece
339
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2000
當成一個
14:49
of a mechanism which ran a flight simulator.
340
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3000
飛行模擬器內運行機制的IT板
14:52
So now we have organic computer chips
341
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3000
現在我們擁有由自我活存聚集神經元所製成的
14:55
made out of living, self-aggregating neurons.
342
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"器質性電腦晶片"(有生命的晶片)
15:00
Finally, Mussa-Ivaldi of Northwestern
343
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最後，西北大學的Mussa-Ivaldi
15:03
took a completely intact,
344
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2000
完成了完整的、獨立的
15:05
independent lamprey eel brain.
345
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3000
鰻魚的大腦
15:08
This is a brain from a lamprey eel.
346
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這是一個從鰻魚取出的大腦
15:10
It is living --
347
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它是活的
15:12
fully-intact brain in a nutrient medium
348
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3000
完整無缺的鰻魚腦存活在一種營養培養基中
15:15
with these electrodes going off to the sides,
349
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3000
電極線從培養基四周伸出
15:18
attached photosensitive sensors to the brain,
350
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連接光源敏感傳接器到鰻魚大腦
15:21
put it into a cart --
351
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然後將鰻魚腦放在一個有輪的小車上
15:23
here's the cart, the brain is sitting there in the middle --
352
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3000
像這樣子的車，而鰻魚大腦放在中間
15:26
and using this brain as the sole processor for this cart,
353
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3000
鰻魚大腦是車中唯一的處理器(控制器)
15:29
when you turn on a light and shine it at the cart,
354
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2000
當你打開燈
15:31
the cart moves toward the light;
355
916000
2000
車會移向光源
15:33
when you turn it off, it moves away.
356
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2000
當你把它燈關掉，小車會自己移走
15:35
It's photophilic.
357
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小車有趨光性
15:37
So now we have a complete
358
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3000
所以，現在我們有一個完整
15:40
living lamprey eel brain.
359
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活著的鰻魚大腦
15:42
Is it thinking lamprey eel thoughts,
360
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2000
是否小車正在執行
15:44
sitting there in its nutrient medium?
361
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存在培養基中的鰻魚大腦的想法呢?
15:46
I don't know,
362
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我不知道
15:48
but in fact it is a fully living brain
363
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4000
但毫無疑問這是個我們成功地
15:52
that we have managed to keep alive
364
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3000
保持其完全存活
15:55
to do our bidding.
365
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3000
能完成我們的命令的大腦
15:58
So, we are now at the stage
366
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所以，在我們現在的階段
16:01
where we are creating creatures
367
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我們創建的生物是為
16:03
for our own purposes.
368
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我們自己的目的
16:05
This is a mouse created by Charles Vacanti
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這隻老鼠是麻省州立大學
16:08
of the University of Massachusetts.
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Charles Vacanti 所製造的
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He altered this mouse
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他改變了這鼠的DNA
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so that it was genetically engineered
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由於基因工程所以移植這老鼠的皮膚
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to have skin that was less immunoreactive to human skin,
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比較不會引起排斥
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put a polymer scaffolding of an ear under it
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把聚合物耳朵支架放置在老鼠皮下
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and created an ear that could then be taken off the mouse
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然後製造一個耳朵後
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and transplanted onto a human being.
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可以被取下來移植到人體上
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Genetic engineering
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基因工程
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coupled with polymer physiotechnology
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加上聚合物生物工程学
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coupled with xenotransplantation.
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再加上異種生物(此處是老鼠)器官移植
16:34
This is where we are in this process.
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這整個過程就是這樣
16:37
Finally, not that long ago,
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最後，就是不久前，
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Craig Venter created the first artificial cell,
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Craig Venter創造了第一個人工細胞
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where he took a cell, took a DNA synthesizer,
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他用了一個細胞
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which is a machine,
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一台機器（DNA合成器）
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created an artificial genome,
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創造了一組人造的基因組
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put it in a different cell --
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把基因組放在一個不同細胞內
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the genome was not of the cell he put it in --
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這基因組並不是細胞原有的基因組
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and that cell then reproduced
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然後這細胞生長分裂成長
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as the other cell.
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成不同種細胞
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In other words,
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換言之
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that was the first creature in the history of the world
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這種細胞是世界生物史上第一個電腦製造的生物
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that had a computer as its parent --
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電腦是它們的母親
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it did not have an organic parent.
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該細胞的母親並不是一個確實的生物體
17:08
And so, asks The Economist:
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因此,經濟學家雜誌對此問道:
17:11
"The first artificial organism and its consequences."
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"這種人造生物體及其造成的後果"
17:14
So you may have thought
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所以，你可能會想
17:16
that the creation of life
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創造生命看起來
17:18
was going to happen in something that looked like that.
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就像這樣子(圖片:科學怪人的實驗室裡的樣子)
17:21
(Laughter)
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（眾笑）
17:23
But in fact, that's not what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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但事實上，並不是像照片中科學怪人的實驗室裡的樣子
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This is what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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這才是真正科學怪人實驗室裡的樣子(圖片)
17:28
This is a DNA synthesizer,
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這是一個DNA合成器，
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and here at the bottom
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圖片下方的瓶瓶罐罐
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are just bottles of A, T, C and G --
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是A，T，C和G -
17:34
the four chemicals
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四種化學品
17:36
that make up our DNA chain.
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用來創造我們的DNA鏈
17:38
And so, we need to ask ourselves some questions.
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因此，我們需要反問自己一些問題
17:41
For the first time in the history of this planet,
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第一次在這個星球的歷史中，
17:44
we are able to directly design organisms.
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我們可以直接參與設計生物體
17:47
We can manipulate the plasmas of life
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我們擁有前所未有的能力
17:49
with unprecedented power,
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去操縱生命
17:52
and it confers on us a responsibility.
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但如果我們被賦予這樣的責任
17:54
Is everything okay?
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每件事都可以去做嗎？
17:56
Is it okay to manipulate and create
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是不是可以任意去操縱和製造出
17:58
whatever creatures we want?
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任何我們想要的生物嗎？
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Do we have free reign
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我們是否有自由支配設計
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to design animals?
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動物的權力？
18:04
Do we get to go someday to Pets 'R' Us
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是否有一天我們可以去“寵物反斗城”
18:07
and say, "Look, I want a dog.
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說：“聽好，我要一隻狗
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I'd like it to have the head of a Dachshund,
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要有一個臘腸犬的頭部
18:12
the body of a retriever,
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獵犬的身體
18:14
maybe some pink fur,
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也許放一些粉紅色的皮毛上去
18:16
and let's make it glow in the dark"?
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讓這狗在黑暗中能發光。"
18:18
Does industry get to create creatures
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是不是可以大量生產用那些基因工程動物
18:20
who, in their milk, in their blood, and in their saliva
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在它們的乳汁中、血液中、唾液
18:23
and other bodily fluids,
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和其體液中
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create the drugs and industrial molecules we want
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製造藥物和工商業分子來滿足
18:28
and then warehouse them
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我們的希望並大量製造
18:30
as organic manufacturing machines?
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用它們來成為有機(活生生)生產機器呢?
18:33
Do we get to create organic robots,
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難道我們可以去創造有機(動物)機器人,
18:36
where we remove the autonomy from these animals
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褫奪了這些動物的獨立自主權，
18:39
and turn them just into our playthings?
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而把牠們轉變成我們的玩具？
18:42
And then the final step of this,
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然後最後的一步是，
18:45
once we perfect these technologies in animals
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一旦我們有完善技術用在動物身上
18:47
and we start using them in human beings,
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我們會開始使用這些技術在人類身上
18:49
what are the ethical guidelines
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那麼我們將界定
18:51
that we will use then?
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什麼樣的道德準則呢？
18:54
It's already happening. It's not science fiction.
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這已經是正在發生的事情，不是科幻小說
18:57
We are not only already using these things in animals,
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我們不僅已經使用這些技術在動物身上，
19:00
some of them we're already beginning to use
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一些技術我們已經開始使用
19:03
on our own bodies.
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在我們自己的身體上了
19:05
We are now taking control of our own evolution.
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我們現在正在控制我們自己的進化
19:08
We are directly designing
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我們直接參與設計
19:10
the future of the species of this planet.
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未來在的這個星球的物種
19:13
It confers upon us an enormous responsibility
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這賦予我們每個人一個巨大的責任
19:16
that is not just the responsibility
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而不是僅僅是
19:18
of the scientists and the ethicists
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現在正在思考這問題科學家
19:20
who are thinking about it and writing about it now.
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或正在寫書昭告世人的倫理學家的責任
19:22
It is the responsibility of everybody
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這是每個人的責任，
19:25
because it will determine what kind of planet and what kind of bodies
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因為這將決定未來是什麼樣的星球
19:28
we will have in the future.
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什麼樣的生物能存活在未來
19:30
Thanks.
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謝謝
19:32
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Root Wolpe - EthicistPaul Root Wolpe examines the ethical implications of new science -- genetic modification, neuroscience and other breakthroughs that stretch our current philosophy to the breaking point. He's the chief bioethicist at NASA, among other appointments.
Why you should listen
Paul Root Wolpe directs the Center for Ethics at Emory University, where he works on the biggest issues most of us face in our life-long ethical journey: death and dying, new reproductive technologies, and new medical and scientific breakthroughs that are not covered in our traditional ethics (what would the Bible say about growing a human ear on a mouse?).
He's also the chief bioethicist at NASA, where he advises on the medical experiments that happen during space travel.
Read the TED Blog's Q&A with Paul Root Wolpe >>
Read Wolpe's lively TED Conversation thread >>
Paul Root Wolpe | Speaker | TED.com