ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fiorenzo Omenetto - Biomedical engineer
Fiorenzo G. Omenetto's research spans nonlinear optics, nanostructured materials (such as photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibers), biomaterials and biopolymer-based photonics. Most recently, he's working on high-tech applications for silk.

Why you should listen

Fiorenzo Omenetto is a Professor of Biomedical Engineering and leads the laboratory for Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics and Biophotonics at Tufts University and also holds an appointment in the Department of Physics. Formerly a J. Robert Oppenheimer Fellow at Los Alamos National Laboratory before joining Tufts, his research is focused on interdisciplinary themes that span nonlinear optics, nanostructured materials (such as photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibers), optofluidics and biopolymer based photonics. He has published over 100 papers and peer-review contributions across these various disciplines.

Since moving to Tufts at the end of 2005, he has proposed and pioneered (with David Kaplan) the use of silk as a material platform for photonics, optoelectronics and high-technology applications. This new research platform has recently been featured in MIT's Technology Review as one of the 2010 "top ten technologies likely to change the world."

More profile about the speaker
Fiorenzo Omenetto | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

Fiorenzo Omenetto: Silk, the ancient material of the future

Fiorenzo Omenetto: 絲, 古老的材料有著未來性

Filmed:
803,457 views

Fiorenzo Omenetto 分享了絲的20多種驚人的新用途, 它是自然界中最高雅的物質 -- 可以作傳導光線, 增強永續性, 增加強度 與 作醫材上的躍進. 在台上, 他展現了幾種有趣的多樣化應用.
- Biomedical engineer
Fiorenzo G. Omenetto's research spans nonlinear optics, nanostructured materials (such as photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibers), biomaterials and biopolymer-based photonics. Most recently, he's working on high-tech applications for silk. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
Thank you.
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謝謝
00:17
I'm thrilled高興 to be here.
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我非常高興來到這兒
00:19
I'm going to talk about a new, old material材料
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我想談談一個新的老材料
00:22
that still continues繼續 to amaze驚奇 us,
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而且, 我們持續在此材料的研究中感到驚奇
00:24
and that might威力 impact碰撞 the way we think
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這可能會徹底改變我們對於
00:26
about material材料 science科學, high technology技術 --
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材料科學與高科技的想法
00:29
and maybe, along沿 the way,
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也或許 繼續下去
00:31
also do some stuff東東 for medicine醫學 and for global全球 health健康 and help reforestation造林.
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能為醫藥與全球健康盡心力 也能幫助再造林
00:34
So that's kind of a bold膽大 statement聲明.
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這是我們的大膽宣言
00:36
I'll tell you a little bit more.
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我會再多作說明的
00:38
This material材料 actually其實 has some traits性狀 that make it seem似乎 almost幾乎 too good to be true真正.
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這材料的確會有著好到讓人難以想像的特徵
00:41
It's sustainable可持續發展; it's a sustainable可持續發展 material材料
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它絕對是對環境永續的
00:43
that is processed處理 all in water and at room房間 temperature溫度 --
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製程只在水中與室溫下進行
00:45
and is biodegradable可生物降解 with a clock時鐘,
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隨時間控制 它是生物可分解的
00:47
so you can watch it dissolve溶解 instantaneously瞬間 in a glass玻璃 of water
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所以你能看著它很快的溶解於水中
00:50
or have it stable穩定 for years年份.
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或是能穩定存在好幾年
00:52
It's edible食用; it's implantable植入 in the human人的 body身體
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是可食用 是可被植入人體
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without causing造成 any immune免疫的 response響應.
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且不會造成排斥反應
00:56
It actually其實 gets得到 reintegrated重新整合 in the body身體.
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它能在體內再組合
00:58
And it's technological技術性,
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它也是科技產品
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so it can do things like microelectronics微電子,
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所以它能製作成微電子元件
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and maybe photonics光子 do.
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或是光電元件
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And the material材料
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這材料
01:06
looks容貌 something like this.
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長的像這樣
01:09
In fact事實, this material材料 you see is clear明確 and transparent透明.
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實際上 這材料是透明的
01:12
The components組件 of this material材料 are just water and protein蛋白.
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成分就只是水和蛋白質
01:15
So this material材料 is silk.
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這材料是 絲
01:18
So it's kind of different不同
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有點不同於
01:20
from what we're used to thinking思維 about silk.
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我們穿著的 絲
01:22
So the question is, how do you reinvent重塑 something
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所以問題是 怎麼能再創造發明這
01:24
that has been around for five millennia千年?
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已存在5000年的東西?
01:27
The process處理 of discovery發現, generally通常, is inspired啟發 by nature性質.
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發現的過程 也是來自自然界的啟發
01:30
And so we marvel奇蹟 at silk worms蠕蟲 --
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我們讚嘆蠶寶寶
01:32
the silk worm you see here spinning紡織 its fiber纖維.
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這隻蠶正在吐出纖維
01:35
The silk worm does a remarkable卓越 thing:
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蠶寶寶作的神奇事是:
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it uses使用 these two ingredients配料, protein蛋白 and water,
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它用的成分就只是它腺體中的
01:39
that are in its gland,
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蛋白質跟水
01:41
to make a material材料 that is exceptionally異常 tough強硬 for protection保護 --
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製造出具有保護作用的特別堅硬物質
01:44
so comparable可比 to technical技術 fibers纖維
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相當於科技纖維
01:46
like Kevlar芳綸.
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像是Kevlar (防彈纖維)
01:48
And so in the reverse相反 engineering工程 process處理
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利用紡織界常用
01:50
that we know about,
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也是我們都知道與
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and that we're familiar with,
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熟悉的
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for the textile紡織品 industry行業,
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逆向工程研究:
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the textile紡織品 industry行業 goes and unwinds退繞 the cocoon
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紡織界解開蠶繭
01:59
and then weaves編織 glamorous富有魅力的 things.
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再利用絲編出迷人織物
02:01
We want to know how you go from water and protein蛋白
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我們想知道的是 怎麼從水和蛋白質
02:03
to this liquid液體 Kevlar芳綸, to this natural自然 Kevlar芳綸.
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產生液狀防彈纖維 就是這天然的防彈纖維
02:06
So the insight眼光
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重要的是
02:08
is how do you actually其實 reverse相反 engineer工程師 this
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你要如何執行逆向工程
02:11
and go from cocoon to gland
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從蠶繭到腺體分泌
02:13
and get water and protein蛋白 that is your starting開始 material材料.
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才到水和蛋白質 也就是我們確定的初始物質
02:16
And this is an insight眼光
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這核心發現
02:18
that came來了, about two decades幾十年 ago,
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來自於20年前
02:20
from a person that I'm very fortunate幸運 to work with,
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我有幸能共事過的一位同事
02:24
David大衛 Kaplan卡普蘭.
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David Kaplan
02:27
And so we get this starting開始 material材料.
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我們有著初始物質
02:29
And so this starting開始 material材料 is back to the basic基本 building建造 block.
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水和蛋白質 就是基本的構造
02:32
And then we use this to do a variety品種 of things --
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我們用這試著作出不同的東西
02:34
like, for example, this film電影.
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比如 像這個 薄膜
02:36
And we take advantage優點 of something that is very simple簡單.
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我門實際上利用蛋白質的優勢
02:38
The recipe食譜 to make those films影片
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這薄膜的製作方式
02:40
is to take advantage優點 of the fact事實
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就是利用
02:42
that proteins蛋白質 are extremely非常 smart聰明 at what they do.
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蛋白質是非常聰明的
02:44
They find their way to self-assemble自組裝.
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他們能自己找到位置作組合堆疊
02:46
So the recipe食譜 is simple簡單: you take the silk solution, you pour it,
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製作方法很簡單: 拿絲的溶液 倒出
02:49
and you wait for the protein蛋白 to self-assemble自組裝.
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等著蛋白質作自行結合堆疊
02:51
And then you detach分離 the protein蛋白 and you get this film電影,
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撕下蛋白質就是這張薄膜
02:54
as the proteins蛋白質 find each other as the water evaporates蒸發.
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隨著溶液蒸發, 蛋白質會與其他蛋白質相觸
02:57
But I mentioned提到 that the film電影 is also technological技術性.
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我剛剛強調這薄膜是具有科技性的
02:59
And so what does that mean?
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怎麼說呢?
03:01
It means手段 that you can interface接口 it
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它可以成為
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with some of the things that are typical典型 of technology技術,
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典型的科技事物
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like microelectronics微電子 and nanoscale納米級 technology技術.
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像是微電子元件 與 奈米級科技的介面
03:09
And the image圖片 of the DVDDVD here
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這照片上的DVD光碟片
03:11
is just to illustrate說明 a point
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只是要表示一個重點
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that silk follows如下 very subtle微妙 topographies地形 of the surface表面,
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絲能夠將就各式表面的微妙形狀
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which哪一個 means手段 that it can replicate複製 features特徵 on the nanoscale納米級.
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換句話說他們能複製奈米級的特性
03:20
So it would be able能夠 to replicate複製 the information信息
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也就能夠複製
03:22
that is on the DVDDVD.
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DVD上的資訊
03:25
And we can store商店 information信息 that's film電影 with water and protein蛋白.
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我們能儲存資訊在水和蛋白質作成的薄膜
03:28
So we tried試著 something out, and we wrote a message信息 in a piece of silk,
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這是我們的嘗試 留下些訊息在這塊絲上面
03:31
which哪一個 is right here, and the message信息 is over there.
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就是這塊絲 訊息在這邊
03:33
And much like in the DVDDVD, you can read it out optically光學.
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像DVD般 可以用光學方式讀取
03:36
And this requires要求 a stable穩定 hand,
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這需要一雙穩定的手操作
03:38
so this is why I decided決定 to do it onstage在舞台上 in front面前 of a thousand people.
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也是我為什麼選擇要自己在台上呈現給數百人看
03:42
So let me see.
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來吧!
03:44
So as you see the film電影 go in transparently透明 through通過 there,
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薄膜大部分是透明的
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and then ...
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再來...
03:53
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
04:00
And the most remarkable卓越 feat功績
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最驚人的是
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is that my hand actually其實 stayed still long enough足夠 to do that.
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我的手真的能維持一定的穩定
04:05
So once一旦 you have these attributes屬性
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當你認識了關於這物質的
04:08
of this material材料,
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這些屬性
04:10
then you can do a lot of things.
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你可以利用絲 作出許多東西
04:12
It's actually其實 not limited有限 to films影片.
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不只是透明薄膜
04:14
And so the material材料 can assume承擔 a lot of formats格式.
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這物質可以長成許多型式
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And then you go a little crazy, and so you do various各個 optical光纖 components組件
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然後可以瘋狂一點, 作出不同的光學零件
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or you do microprism微棱鏡 arrays陣列,
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或是作出 微菱鏡陣列
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like the reflective反光 tape膠帶 that you have on your running賽跑 shoes.
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像是在運動鞋上的反光條
04:24
Or you can do beautiful美麗 things
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或作出美麗的東西
04:26
that, if the camera相機 can capture捕獲, you can make.
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希望攝影機能看到這
04:28
You can add a third第三 dimensionality維數 to the film電影.
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你可以在薄膜上有三度空間的訊息
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And if the angle角度 is right,
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當角度對時
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you can actually其實 see a hologram全息照相 appear出現 in this film電影 of silk.
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你可以看到一個全像顯示在這絲的薄膜上
04:38
But you can do other things.
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也能做出其他東西
04:40
You can imagine想像 that then maybe you can use a pure protein蛋白 to guide指南 light,
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可以想像利用一個純蛋白質作光的傳導
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and so we've我們已經 made製作 optical光纖 fibers纖維.
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所以我們做出光纖
04:44
But silk is versatile多才多藝 and it goes beyond optics光學.
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絲是多樣的 能不只是光學用途
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And you can think of different不同 formats格式.
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也能想出些不同的型式
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So for instance, if you're afraid害怕 of going to the doctor醫生 and getting得到 stuck卡住 with a needle,
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舉例說 怕上醫院打針
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we do microneedle微針 arrays陣列.
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我們可以做出微針陣列
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What you see there on the screen屏幕 is a human人的 hair頭髮
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螢幕上顯示著一根人類頭髮
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superimposed疊加 on the needle that's made製作 of silk --
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對比的是 用絲作成的針頭
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just to give you a sense of size尺寸.
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給大家一個實際大小的感覺
05:00
You can do bigger things.
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也能做大一點的東西
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You can do gears齒輪 and nuts堅果 and bolts螺栓 --
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可以做齒輪 螺絲 螺母
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that you can buy購買 at Whole整個 Foods食品.
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以後可以在食品店買到
05:07
And the gears齒輪 work in water as well.
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齒輪也能於水中運作
05:10
So you think of alternative替代 mechanical機械 parts部分.
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可以想成是另類的機構組件
05:12
And maybe you can use that liquid液體 Kevlar芳綸 if you need something strong強大
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可以用液態Kevlar 做出較硬的材料
05:15
to replace更換 peripheral外圍設備 veins, for example,
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以, 譬如, 取代周邊靜脈
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or maybe an entire整個 bone.
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或取代整跟骨頭
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And so you have here a little example
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這裡有一些例子
05:22
of a small skull頭骨 --
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小骷顱頭
05:24
what we call mini微型 Yorick約里克.
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我們稱它是迷你 Yorick (哈姆雷特中之人物)
05:26
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:29
But you can do things like cups, for example,
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舉例 也能做成杯子
05:32
and so, if you add a little bit of gold, if you add a little bit of semiconductors半導體
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或是加點金 加點半導體元件
05:35
you could do sensors傳感器 that stick on the surfaces of foods食品.
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能做出貼在食物上的感應器
05:38
You can do electronic電子 pieces
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可以做出能被撓曲的
05:40
that fold and wrap.
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電子元件
05:42
Or if you're fashion時尚 forward前鋒, some silk LED tattoos紋身.
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或是你走在流行尖端, 可以是LED刺青
05:45
So there's versatility多功能性, as you see,
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就如大家所見的 你可以用絲
05:48
in the material材料 formats格式,
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在材料形式
05:50
that you can do with silk.
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作出不同的多樣性
05:53
But there are still some unique獨特 traits性狀.
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但絲還是有些獨特的性質
05:55
I mean, why would you want to do all these things for real真實?
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我的意思是 為什麼要做出這些東西呢?
05:58
I mentioned提到 it briefly簡要地 at the beginning開始;
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一開始我有簡單地說明過
06:00
the protein蛋白 is biodegradable可生物降解 and biocompatible生物相容性.
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蛋白質是可分解的以及不被排斥的
06:02
And you see here a picture圖片 of a tissue組織 section部分.
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這裡是個人工器官的照片
06:05
And so what does that mean, that it's biodegradable可生物降解 and biocompatible生物相容性?
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絲具有生物可分解性或生物相容性 到底是什麼意思呢?
06:08
You can implant注入 it in the body身體 without needing需要 to retrieve取回 what is implanted植入.
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你可以將它植入體內又不必取出植入物
06:11
Which哪一個 means手段 that all the devices設備 that you've seen看到 before and all the formats格式,
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也就是說 之前看到的各形式
06:15
in principle原理, can be implanted植入 and disappear消失.
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基本上都能被植入與取出
06:18
And what you see there in that tissue組織 section部分,
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那些器官部分
06:20
in fact事實, is you see that reflector反射器 tape膠帶.
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可以利用反光貼布的特性
06:23
So, much like you're seen看到 at night by a car汽車,
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像是被車燈照到反光
06:26
then the idea理念 is that you can see, if you illuminate照亮 tissue組織,
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所以當光線照射到器官
06:29
you can see deeper更深 parts部分 of tissue組織
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就能因反光看到器官的更深部位
06:31
because there is that reflective反光 tape膠帶 there that is made製作 out of silk.
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因為反光貼布是用絲所做的
06:33
And you see there, it gets得到 reintegrated重新整合 in tissue組織.
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就可以整合到器官上
06:35
And reintegration重返社會 in the human人的 body身體
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不只能應用到
06:37
is not the only thing,
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器官植入人體
06:39
but reintegration重返社會 in the environment環境 is important重要.
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也能與環境保護結合
06:42
So you have a clock時鐘, you have protein蛋白,
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因蛋白質的成分 所以有著內部分解時鐘
06:44
and now a silk cup杯子 like this
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一個絲作成的杯子
06:46
can be thrown拋出 away without guilt有罪 --
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就能安心的丟棄
06:49
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
06:56
unlike不像 the polystyrene聚苯乙烯 cups
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不像保利龍杯
06:59
that unfortunately不幸 fill our landfills垃圾填埋場 everyday每天.
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每天成為垃圾堆積
07:02
It's edible食用,
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它是可食的
07:04
so you can do smart聰明 packaging打包 around food餐飲
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所以可設計成聰明的食物包裝
07:06
that you can cook廚師 with the food餐飲.
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也能與食物一起烹煮
07:08
It doesn't taste味道 good,
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只是吃起來口感不佳
07:10
so I'm going to need some help with that.
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我需要些這方面的協助
07:12
But probably大概 the most remarkable卓越 thing is that it comes full充分 circle.
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但最最神奇的事是它是天然循環的
07:15
Silk, during its self-assembly自組裝 process處理,
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絲 在自行組合時
07:17
acts行為 like a cocoon for biological生物 matter.
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生物行為上像是蠶繭
07:19
And so if you change更改 the recipe食譜,
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所以如果改變配方時
07:21
and you add things when you pour --
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加點東西進去
07:23
so you add things to your liquid液體 silk solution --
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在液狀絲溶液加點東西進去
07:25
where these things are enzymes
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通常就是酶
07:27
or antibodies抗體 or vaccines疫苗,
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抗生素 或是 疫苗
07:30
the self-assembly自組裝 process處理
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自行組合時
07:32
preserves果醬 the biological生物 function功能 of these dopants摻雜劑.
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會保持這些摻雜物的生物功能
07:35
So it makes品牌 the materials物料 environmentally環保 active活性
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所以可以做成環境活性的材料
07:38
and interactive互動.
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或是會對環境反應的材料
07:40
So that screw that you thought about beforehand預先
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所以剛剛看到的螺絲螺母
07:42
can actually其實 be used
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可以真的用來
07:44
to screw a bone together一起 -- a fractured骨折 bone together一起 --
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將骨折的骨頭鎖在一起
07:47
and deliver交付 drugs毒品 at the same相同,
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又能在骨頭痊癒期間
07:49
while your bone is healing復原, for example.
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比如, 同時釋放藥劑
07:52
Or you could put drugs毒品 in your wallet錢包 and not in your fridge冰箱.
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會是變成能攜帶於皮夾中, 而非存於冰箱中的藥品
07:55
So we've我們已經 made製作 a silk card
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像這個絲作成的卡片
07:58
with penicillin青黴素 in it.
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有著盤尼西林的成分
08:00
And we stored存儲 penicillin青黴素 at 60 degrees C,
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我們將盤尼西林存放在攝氏60度
08:02
so 140 degrees Fahrenheit飛輪海,
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也就是華氏140度 的環境
08:04
for two months個月 without loss失利 of efficacy功效 of the penicillin青黴素.
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盤尼西林的藥效可維持整整兩個月
08:07
And so that could be ---
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就可以 ...
08:09
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
08:13
that could be potentially可能 a good alternative替代
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就可以是背著太陽光電板以冷凍保存藥物的駱駝
08:15
to solar太陽能 powered動力 refrigerated冷藏 camels駱駝. (Laughter笑聲)
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的另一種解決方案
08:18
And of course課程, there's no use in storage存儲 if you can't use [it].
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當然 最重要還是它應有的效果
08:21
And so there is this other unique獨特 material材料 trait特徵
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所以這是它另一獨特的性質
08:25
that these materials物料 have, that they're programmably可編程 degradable可降解.
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它們能被設計成 可程式的分解
08:28
And so what you see there is the difference區別.
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這裡顯現不同處
08:30
In the top最佳, you have a film電影 that has been programmed程序 not to degrade降級,
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上方是設計成不分解
08:33
and in the bottom底部, a film電影 that has been programmed程序 to degrade降級 in water.
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下方是設計成可水解
08:36
And what you see is that the film電影 on the bottom底部
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看到的就是下方的薄膜
08:38
releases發布 what is inside it.
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會釋出內容
08:40
So it allows允許 for the recovery復甦 of what we've我們已經 stored存儲 before.
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所以我們能重新獲得當初儲存的物質
08:43
And so this allows允許 for a controlled受控 delivery交貨 of drugs毒品
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所以就是一個可控制的藥物釋出
08:46
and for reintegration重返社會 in the environment環境
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能再與週遭相結合
08:49
in all of these formats格式 that you've seen看到.
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這些可以以上述的各種形式進行
08:51
So the thread of discovery發現 that we have really is a thread.
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所以我們發現的線索 也真的就是條線
08:54
We're impassioned激切 with this idea理念 that whatever隨你 you want to do,
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我們全力要做出你們能想出的東西
08:57
whether是否 you want to replace更換 a vein靜脈 or a bone,
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是血管 或是骨頭
08:59
or maybe be more sustainable可持續發展 in microelectronics微電子,
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或是具永續概念的微電子元件
09:02
perhaps也許 drink a coffee咖啡 in a cup杯子
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或是可安心丟棄的
09:04
and throw it away without guilt有罪,
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咖啡杯
09:06
maybe carry攜帶 your drugs毒品 in your pocket口袋,
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或是可放在皮夾的藥
09:08
deliver交付 them inside your body身體
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送入體內
09:10
or deliver交付 them across橫過 the desert沙漠,
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或是 帶著越過沙漠
09:12
the answer回答 may可能 be in a thread of silk.
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這一切就是在這條絲線上
09:14
Thank you.
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謝謝!
09:16
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by K. C. Peng
Reviewed by Claire Kao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fiorenzo Omenetto - Biomedical engineer
Fiorenzo G. Omenetto's research spans nonlinear optics, nanostructured materials (such as photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibers), biomaterials and biopolymer-based photonics. Most recently, he's working on high-tech applications for silk.

Why you should listen

Fiorenzo Omenetto is a Professor of Biomedical Engineering and leads the laboratory for Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics and Biophotonics at Tufts University and also holds an appointment in the Department of Physics. Formerly a J. Robert Oppenheimer Fellow at Los Alamos National Laboratory before joining Tufts, his research is focused on interdisciplinary themes that span nonlinear optics, nanostructured materials (such as photonic crystals and photonic crystal fibers), optofluidics and biopolymer based photonics. He has published over 100 papers and peer-review contributions across these various disciplines.

Since moving to Tufts at the end of 2005, he has proposed and pioneered (with David Kaplan) the use of silk as a material platform for photonics, optoelectronics and high-technology applications. This new research platform has recently been featured in MIT's Technology Review as one of the 2010 "top ten technologies likely to change the world."

More profile about the speaker
Fiorenzo Omenetto | Speaker | TED.com