ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.

Why you should listen

In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)  

Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy." 

He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2011

Paul Bloom: The origins of pleasure

Paul Bloom:快樂的起源

Filmed:
2,137,903 views

為什麼我們喜歡真跡多於仿畫?心理學家Paul Bloom認為人類是本質主義者──我們對於物件的來源認知會改變我們對該物件的感受,這並非單純是一種錯覺,而是我們快樂(和痛苦)的深刻特點。
- Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

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I'm going to talk today今天
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今天我要講的是
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about the pleasures樂趣 of everyday每天 life.
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有關日常生活的快樂
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But I want to begin開始 with a story故事
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但我想先說一則關於
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of an unusual異常 and terrible可怕 man.
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一位特殊又可怕的人的故事
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This is Hermann赫爾曼 Goering戈林.
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他是赫曼.戈林(Hermann Goering)
00:25
Goering戈林 was Hitler's希特勒 second第二 in command命令 in World世界 War戰爭 IIII,
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戈林是希特勒在二戰時期的副司令官
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his designated特定 successor接班人.
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也是他指定的接班人
00:30
And like Hitler希特勒,
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和希特勒一樣
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Goering戈林 fancied空想的 himself他自己 a collector集電極 of art藝術.
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戈林也自認自己是一位愛好藝術的收藏家
00:34
He went through通過 Europe歐洲, through通過 World世界 War戰爭 IIII,
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他在二戰時期,走遍歐洲
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stealing偷竊行為, extorting勒索 and occasionally偶爾 buying購買
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竊取,強奪,偶爾購買
00:39
various各個 paintings繪畫 for his collection採集.
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不同的畫作作為私人收藏
00:41
And what he really wanted was something by Vermeer維米爾.
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而當中他最想擁有的是維梅爾(Vermeer)的作品
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Hitler希特勒 had two of them, and he didn't have any.
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希特勒收藏了其中兩幅,而他一幅也沒有
00:47
So he finally最後 found發現 an art藝術 dealer零售商,
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後來他終於找上了一位藝術品經銷商
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a Dutch荷蘭人 art藝術 dealer零售商 named命名 Han van麵包車 MeegerenMeegeren,
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一位名叫漢‧凡‧米格倫(Han van Meegeren)的荷蘭畫商
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who sold出售 him a wonderful精彩 Vermeer維米爾
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他賣給他一幅完美的維梅爾的作品
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for the cost成本 of what would now be 10 million百萬 dollars美元.
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該作品估計現值一千萬美元
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And it was his favorite喜愛 artwork藝術品 ever.
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該作品也是戈林的最愛
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World世界 War戰爭 IIII came來了 to an end結束,
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二戰結束時
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and Goering戈林 was captured捕獲, tried試著 at Nuremberg紐倫堡
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戈林被捕,在紐倫堡審判
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and ultimately最終 sentenced判刑 to death死亡.
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而最終被判死刑
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Then the Allied聯盟的 forces軍隊 went through通過 his collections集合
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後來盟軍審查了他的收藏品
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and found發現 the paintings繪畫
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找到那些畫作
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and went after the people who sold出售 it to him.
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逮捕了當時販售畫作給他的人
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And at some point the Dutch荷蘭人 police警察 came來了 into Amsterdam阿姆斯特丹
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某天荷蘭警方到阿姆斯特丹
01:17
and arrested被捕 Van麵包車 MeegerenMeegeren.
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逮捕了凡‧米格倫
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Van麵包車 MeegerenMeegeren was charged帶電 with the crime犯罪 of treason叛逆,
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凡‧米格倫被控叛國罪
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which哪一個 is itself本身 punishable該罰的 by death死亡.
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叛國罪是會被判處死刑
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Six weeks into his prison監獄 sentence句子,
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米格倫在監獄服刑的六星期裡
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van麵包車 MeegerenMeegeren confessed供認不諱.
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他坦承犯罪
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But he didn't confess承認 to treason叛逆.
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但他並非認了叛國罪
01:31
He said, "I did not sell a great masterpiece傑作
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他說:「我並沒有販賣偉大的畫作
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to that Nazi納粹.
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給那個納粹。
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I painted it myself; I'm a forger鍛工."
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那是我自己畫的,我是一名仿畫家。」
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Now nobody沒有人 believed相信 him.
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沒有人相信他
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And he said, "I'll prove證明 it.
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然後他說:「我可以證明的。
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Bring帶來 me a canvas帆布 and some paint塗料,
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給我一些畫布和顏料,
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and I will paint塗料 a Vermeer維米爾 much better
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我可以畫出一幅
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than I sold出售 that disgusting討厭 Nazi納粹.
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比我賣給那令人厭惡的納粹更好的維梅爾作品。
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I also need alcohol and morphine嗎啡, because it's the only way I can work."
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我還需要酒和嗎啡,因為這樣我才能工作。」
01:53
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:55
So they brought him in.
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所以他們給了他這些東西
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He painted a beautiful美麗 Vermeer維米爾.
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他也畫出了一幅美麗的維梅爾畫作
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And then the charges收費 of treason叛逆 were dropped下降.
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後來叛國的罪名就撤銷了
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He had a lesser較小 charge收費 of forgery偽造品,
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他被判了一個較輕的偽造罪
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got a year sentence句子
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判刑一年
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and died死亡 a hero英雄 to the Dutch荷蘭人 people.
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死後成為荷蘭人民的英雄
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There's a lot more to be said about van麵包車 MeegerenMeegeren,
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關於凡‧米格倫還有很多事情可以說
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but I want to turn now to Goering戈林,
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但我想回來談戈林
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who's誰是 pictured合照 here being存在 interrogated審問 at Nuremberg紐倫堡.
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照片裡的他在紐倫堡被審問
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Now Goering戈林 was, by all accounts賬戶, a terrible可怕 man.
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戈林,據所有的罪狀,是一個可怕的人
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Even for a Nazi納粹, he was a terrible可怕 man.
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就算是對納粹分子而言,他還是個可怕的人
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His American美國 interrogators審訊 described描述 him
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他的美籍審問官形容他
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as an amicable和睦 psychopath精神病患者.
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是一名友善的精神變態者
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But you could feel sympathy同情
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但各位可以對他感到同情的是
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for the reaction反應 he had
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他的反應
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when he was told that his favorite喜愛 painting繪畫
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當他被告知他最愛的畫作
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was actually其實 a forgery偽造品.
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其實是幅仿畫
02:37
According根據 to his biographer傳記,
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據他的傳記作者所說
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"He looked看著 as if for the first time
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「他看上去好像是
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he had discovered發現 there was evil邪惡 in the world世界."
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他第一次發現有世界上有邪惡的事。」
02:43
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
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And he killed殺害 himself他自己 soon不久 afterwards之後.
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之後他很快地就自殺了
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He had discovered發現 after all
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他後來發現
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that the painting繪畫 he thought was this
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他原先以為的這幅畫
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was actually其實 that.
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事實上是這一幅
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It looked看著 the same相同,
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這看起來是相同的
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but it had a different不同 origin起源, it was a different不同 artwork藝術品.
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但來源不同,這是完全不同的畫作
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It wasn't just him who was in for a shock休克.
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不單是他感到驚訝
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Once一旦 van麵包車 MeegerenMeegeren was on trial審訊, he couldn't不能 stop talking.
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某次凡‧米格倫受訊時,他不由自主地說出
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And he boasted吹噓 about all the great masterpieces名作
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他吹噓所有其他藝術家所創作的
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that he himself他自己 had painted
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偉大的畫作
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that were attributed由於 to other artists藝術家.
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都是他一個人所畫
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In particular特定, "The Supper晚餐 at Emmaus以馬忤斯"
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其中特別是《在伊默斯的晚餐》
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which哪一個 was viewed觀看 as Vermeer's維米爾的 finest最好的 masterpiece傑作, his best最好 work --
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這幅被視為是維梅爾最優秀的作品,他的鉅作
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people would come [from] all over the world世界 to see it --
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這幅眾人願意從世界各地前去觀賞的作品
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was actually其實 a forgery偽造品.
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其實是幅仿畫
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It was not that painting繪畫, but that painting繪畫.
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不是這一幅,而是這一幅
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And when that was discovered發現,
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當真相被發現後
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it lost丟失 all its value and was taken採取 away from the museum博物館.
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這幅畫失去了價值,也從博物館裡撤下
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Why does this matter?
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為什麼會這樣?
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I'm a psychologists心理學家 -- why do origins起源 matter so much?
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心理學家們,為什麼來源如此重要?
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Why do we respond響應 so much
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為何我們對於所知的事物
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to our knowledge知識 of where something comes from?
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來自何處的反應如此大?
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Well there's an answer回答 that many許多 people would give.
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大部分的人會說一個答案
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Many許多 sociologists社會學家 like Veblen凡勃倫 and Wolfe沃爾夫
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很多社會學家像是Veblen和Wolfe會認為
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would argue爭論 that the reason原因 why we take origins起源 so seriously認真地
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我們之所以如此看重事物來自何處
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is because we're snobs勢利, because we're focused重點 on status狀態.
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是因為我們很勢利,我們看重地位
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Among其中 other things,
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除此之外
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if you want to show顯示 off how rich豐富 you are, how powerful強大 you are,
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如果你想展現自己的財力和權力
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it's always better to own擁有 an original原版的 than a forgery偽造品
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當然擁有一幅真跡會比擁有一幅仿畫來的好
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because there's always going to be fewer originals原件 than forgeries偽造.
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因為和仿畫比起來,真跡只會越來越少
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I don't doubt懷疑 that that plays播放 some role角色,
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我不否認這或多或少有些關聯
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but what I want to convince說服 you of today今天
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但我今天想告訴各位的是
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is that there's something else其他 going on.
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這當中還有別的原因
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I want to convince說服 you
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我想讓各位知道
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that humans人類 are, to some extent程度, natural自然 born天生 essentialists本質主義.
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人類,其實就某些層面而言,我們是天生的本質主義者
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What I mean by this
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我的意思是
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is we don't just respond響應 to things as we see them,
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我們對於物件的反應不只是我們看見他們
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or feel them, or hear them.
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感受到他們,或聽見他們
04:16
Rather, our response響應 is conditioned條件 on our beliefs信仰,
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相反地,我們的反應來自我們對該物件的認知
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about what they really are, what they came來了 from,
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他們本質,他們的來源
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what they're made製作 of, what their hidden nature性質 is.
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他們的材質,以及他們的潛在特性
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I want to suggest建議 that this is true真正,
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我想說這是真實的
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not just for how we think about things,
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不單是我們如何看待物品
04:29
but how we react應對 to things.
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而是我們對物品的反應
04:31
So I want to suggest建議 that pleasure樂趣 is deep --
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我想傳達的是,快樂其實是深層的
04:33
and that this isn't true真正
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這並非
04:35
just for higher更高 level水平 pleasures樂趣 like art藝術,
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只針對像是藝術這種較高層次的快樂
04:38
but even the most seemingly似乎 simple簡單 pleasures樂趣
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而是即便是看似最簡單的快樂
04:41
are affected受影響 by our beliefs信仰 about hidden essences香精.
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也都受到我們對於物品潛在本質的認知的影響
04:44
So take food餐飲.
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拿食物來說
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Would you eat this?
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各位想吃這塊肉嗎?
04:48
Well, a good answer回答 is, "It depends依靠. What is it?"
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一個好的答案是「要看這是什麼肉?」
04:51
Some of you would eat it if it's pork豬肉, but not beef牛肉.
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如果不是牛肉,而是豬肉,某些人會吃
04:53
Some of you would eat it if it's beef牛肉, but not pork豬肉.
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如果不是豬肉,而是牛肉,也有某些人會吃
04:56
Few少數 of you would eat it if it's a rat
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如果是老鼠肉
04:58
or a human人的.
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或人肉,極少數的人也會吃
05:00
Some of you would eat it only if it's a strangely奇怪 colored有色 piece of tofu豆腐.
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而如果是一塊奇怪顏色的豆腐,也有某些人會吃
05:04
That's not so surprising奇怪.
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這一點都不需要驚訝
05:06
But what's more interesting有趣
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更有趣的是
05:08
is how it tastes口味 to you
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這塊肉對我們來說味道如何
05:10
will depend依靠 critically危重 on what you think you're eating.
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取決於我們認為我們在吃什麼
05:13
So one demonstration示範 of this was doneDONE with young年輕 children孩子.
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以幼童當作例子來看
05:16
How do you make children孩子
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要如何讓孩童
05:18
not just be more likely容易 to eat carrots蘿蔔 and drink milk牛奶,
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不僅僅能多吃紅蘿蔔和多喝牛奶
05:21
but to get more pleasure樂趣 from eating carrots蘿蔔 and drinking milk牛奶 --
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更要讓他們在吃紅蘿蔔和喝牛奶時覺得快樂 --
05:24
to think they taste味道 better?
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覺得這兩樣東西更好吃?
05:26
It's simple簡單, you tell them they're from McDonald's麥當勞.
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很簡單,你就告訴他們這兩樣東西是從麥當勞買來的
05:29
They believe McDonald's麥當勞 food餐飲 is tastier美味,
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他們相信麥當勞的食物比較好吃
05:31
and it leads引線 them to experience經驗 it as tastier美味.
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這點讓他們覺得所吃的東西比較美味
05:34
How do you get adults成年人 to really enjoy請享用 wine紅酒?
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那要如何讓成人真正享受紅酒呢?
05:36
It's very simple簡單:
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非常簡單:
05:38
pour it from an expensive昂貴 bottle瓶子.
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就把酒從很貴的酒瓶倒出來
05:40
There are now dozens許多, perhaps也許 hundreds數以百計 of studies學習 showing展示
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現在有幾十個,可能是上百個研究顯示
05:43
that if you believe you're drinking the expensive昂貴 stuff東東,
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如果你相信你在喝昂貴的東西
05:45
it tastes口味 better to you.
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你會覺得它的味道更好
05:47
This was recently最近 doneDONE with a neuroscientific神經科學 twist.
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最近有個用神經科學方式的實驗
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They get people into a fMRI功能磁共振成像 scanner掃描器,
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他們讓人躺進dMRI掃描儀
05:52
and while they're lying說謊 there, through通過 a tube,
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當人躺在那裡,通過一根管子
05:54
they get to sip wine紅酒.
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他們可以喝酒
05:56
In front面前 of them on a screen屏幕 is information信息 about the wine紅酒.
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而在他們面前的螢幕則會顯示關於他們喝的酒的資訊
05:59
Everybody每個人, of course課程,
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每一個人
06:01
drinks飲料 exactly究竟 the same相同 wine紅酒.
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喝的都是同樣的酒
06:03
But if you believe you're drinking expensive昂貴 stuff東東,
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但如果你相信你在喝昂貴的酒
06:06
parts部分 of the brain associated相關 with pleasure樂趣 and reward獎勵
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大腦掌管快樂和回報的區塊
06:09
light up like a Christmas聖誕 tree.
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就像點亮聖誕樹一樣興奮起來
06:11
It's not just that you say it's more pleasurable愉快的, you say you like it more,
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這不只是你說你比較快樂,或你比較喜歡
06:14
you really experience經驗 it in a different不同 way.
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而是你用不同的方式在感受這件事
06:17
Or take sex性別.
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就性別來說
06:20
These are stimuli刺激 I've used in some of my studies學習.
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這是我曾用在某些研究裡的刺激方式
06:23
And if you simply只是 show顯示 people these pictures圖片,
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如果單純讓人們看這些照片
06:26
they'll他們會 say these are fairly相當 attractive有吸引力 people.
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他們會說這些人相當地有魅力
06:28
But how attractive有吸引力 you find them,
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但你認為他們多有魅力
06:31
how sexually or romantically浪漫 moved移動 you are by them,
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多性感,多麼令你覺得浪漫
06:34
rests休息 critically危重 on who you think you're looking at.
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關鍵在於你覺得你正在看誰
06:37
You probably大概 think the picture圖片 on the left is male,
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你也許認為左邊這張圖是男性
06:40
the one on the right is female.
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右邊這張圖是女性
06:42
If that belief信仰 turns out to be mistaken錯誤, it will make a difference區別.
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但如果這樣的認知是錯誤的,那將是完全不同的感受
06:45
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
06:47
It will make a difference區別 if they turn out to be
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如果他們比各位想的還要年輕或年長
06:49
much younger更年輕 or much older舊的 than you think they are.
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也會有不同的結果
06:52
It will make a difference區別 if you were to discover發現
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如果你發現你用慾望的角度看的人
06:54
that the person you're looking at with lust情慾
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其實是你的兒子或女兒
06:56
is actually其實 a disguised偽裝 version of your son兒子 or daughter女兒,
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或你的母親或父親的變裝照
06:58
your mother母親 or father父親.
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感受也是截然不同的
07:00
Knowing會心 somebody's某人的 your kin親屬 typically一般 kills殺死 the libido性慾.
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獲悉某人是你的親人通常會扼殺掉慾望
07:03
Maybe one of the most heartening令人振奮 findings發現
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也許其中最令人振奮的發現是
07:05
from the psychology心理學 of pleasure樂趣
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心理學上的快樂
07:07
is there's more to looking good than your physical物理 appearance出現.
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是你看起來比外表更好看
07:10
If you like somebody, they look better to you.
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如果你喜歡某人,你看他們就會覺得比較好看
07:13
This is why spouses配偶 in happy快樂 marriages婚姻
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這就為何在幸福的婚姻裡
07:16
tend趨向 to think that their husband丈夫 or wife妻子
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配偶們都會認為他們的另一半
07:18
looks容貌 much better than anyone任何人 else其他 thinks that they do.
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遠比別人認為的還要好看許多
07:21
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
07:23
A particularly尤其 dramatic戲劇性 example of this
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一個特別典型的例子
07:26
comes from a neurological神經 disorder紊亂 known已知 as Capgras卡氏 syndrome綜合徵.
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是神經系統疾病,稱做卡波格拉斯症候群
07:29
So Capgras卡氏 syndrome綜合徵 is a disorder紊亂
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卡波格拉斯症候群是一種精神疾病
07:32
where you get a specific具體 delusion妄想.
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讓人有特定的幻覺
07:34
Sufferers患者 of Capgras卡氏 syndrome綜合徵
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卡波格拉斯症候群的病人
07:36
believe that the people they love most in the world世界
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相信這世界上他們最愛的人
07:38
have been replaced更換 by perfect完善 duplicates重複.
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被人給完美的冒充了
07:40
Now often經常, a result結果 of Capgras卡氏 syndrome綜合徵 is tragic悲慘.
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卡波格拉斯症候群常有悲慘的事
07:43
People have murdered謀殺 those that they loved喜愛,
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他們把他們最愛的人給殺害
07:45
believing相信 that they were murdering謀殺 an imposter冒名頂替者.
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因為他們相信他們殺害的是一位冒充者
07:48
But there's at least最小 one case案件
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但至少有一個病例
07:50
where Capgras卡氏 syndrome綜合徵 had a happy快樂 ending結尾.
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一位卡波格拉斯症候的病人有了美滿的結局
07:52
This was recorded記錄 in 1931.
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這是1931年的一個紀錄
07:54
"Research研究 described描述 a woman女人 with Capgras卡氏 syndrome綜合徵
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研究裡一位患有卡波格拉斯症候群的女性
07:57
who complained抱怨 about her poorly不好 endowed天賦 and sexually inadequate不足 lover情人."
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抱怨她那位天資不足且缺乏魅力的情人
08:00
But that was before she got Capgras卡氏 syndrome綜合徵.
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但這是在她罹患卡波格拉斯症候群之前
08:03
After she got it, "She was happy快樂 to report報告
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在她罹患此精神疾病後,「她開心的說
08:05
that she has discovered發現 that he possessed擁有 a double
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她發現他擁有兩倍的優點
08:08
who was rich豐富, virile陽剛, handsome英俊 and aristocratic貴族的."
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是一位富有,強健,貴族般的情人。」
08:10
Of course課程, it was the same相同 man,
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當然,她口中說的是同一位男人
08:12
but she was seeing眼看 him in different不同 ways方法.
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但她卻用不同的眼光看他
08:14
As a third第三 example,
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第三個例子
08:16
consider考慮 consumer消費者 products製品.
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談談消費產品
08:18
So one reason原因 why you might威力 like something is its utility效用.
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你喜歡東西的其中一個原因可能是其功用
08:21
You can put shoes on your feet; you can play golf高爾夫球 with golf高爾夫球 clubs會所;
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你可以把鞋穿在腳上;你可以用這套高球球具打高爾夫球
08:24
and chewed咀嚼 up bubble泡沫 gum doesn't do anything at all for you.
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而嚼泡泡糖則對你一點用處也沒有
08:27
But each of these three objects對象 has value
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但這三樣東西
08:29
above以上 and beyond what it can do for you
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根據他們的來歷
08:31
based基於 on its history歷史.
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都有超乎其功用的價值
08:33
The golf高爾夫球 clubs會所 were owned擁有的 by John約翰 F. Kennedy肯尼迪
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這套高球球具原是甘迺迪所有
08:36
and sold出售 for three-quarters四分之三 of a million百萬 dollars美元 at auction拍賣.
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在一次拍賣會上以七十五萬美元賣出
08:39
The bubble泡沫 gum was chewed咀嚼 up by pop流行的 star Britney布蘭妮 Spears布蘭妮
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這泡泡糖是流行明星小甜甜布蘭妮嚼過的
08:42
and sold出售 for several一些 hundreds數以百計 of dollars美元.
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後來賣了幾百塊美元
08:44
And in fact事實, there's a thriving market市場
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事實上,心愛的人吃過的食物
08:46
in the partially部分 eaten吃過 food餐飲 of beloved心愛 people.
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也是很有市場的
08:49
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
08:51
The shoes are perhaps也許 the most valuable有價值 of all.
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這雙鞋可能是三樣裡最有價值的
08:54
According根據 to an unconfirmed未經證實 report報告,
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根據未經證實的報導
08:56
a Saudi沙特 millionaire百萬富翁 offered提供 10 million百萬 dollars美元
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一位沙烏地阿拉伯的富翁花了一千萬美元
08:58
for this pair of shoes.
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賣了這雙鞋
09:00
They were the ones那些 thrown拋出 at George喬治 Bush襯套
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這就是那雙在幾年前在伊拉克
09:03
at an Iraqi伊拉克人 press conference會議 several一些 years年份 ago.
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一場記者會上丟布希的鞋子
09:05
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
09:07
Now this attraction引力 to objects對象
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而這種物品產生的吸引力
09:09
doesn't just work for celebrity名人 objects對象.
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並非只發生在有名的物品
09:11
Each one of us, most people,
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我們每一個人,大部分的人
09:13
have something in our life that's literally按照字面 irreplaceable不可替代,
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都有某些東西是無法被取代的
09:16
in that it has value because of its history歷史 --
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這些東西的價值來自於物品的背景 --
09:19
maybe your wedding婚禮 ring, maybe your child's孩子的 baby寶寶 shoes --
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也許是你的婚戒,也是你孩子嬰兒時穿的鞋 --
09:22
so that if it was lost丟失, you couldn't不能 get it back.
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所以如果東西遺失了,你無法找回
09:25
You could get something that looked看著 like it or felt like it,
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你可能可以找到看起來或摸起來類似的物品
09:27
but you couldn't不能 get the same相同 object目的 back.
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但你無法找回一模一樣的東西
09:30
With my colleagues同事 George喬治 Newman新人 and Gil吉爾 DiesendruckDiesendruck,
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與我的同事George Newman和Gil Diesendruck一起
09:33
we've我們已經 looked看著 to see what sort分類 of factors因素, what sort分類 of history歷史, matters事項
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我們希望了解是什麼樣的因素,什麼樣的背景,原因
09:36
for the objects對象 that people like.
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會讓人喜歡物品
09:38
So in one of our experiments實驗,
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所以在我們某一個實驗裡
09:40
we asked people to name名稱 a famous著名 person who they adored崇拜,
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我們請人們說出他們喜歡的名人
09:43
a living活的 person they adored崇拜.
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一位他們崇拜的還在世的人
09:45
So one answer回答 was George喬治 Clooney克魯尼.
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其中有人回答喬治克隆尼
09:47
Then we asked them,
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然後我們問他們
09:49
"How much would you pay工資 for George喬治 Clooney's克魯尼的 sweater毛線衣?"
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「你願意花多少錢買喬治克隆尼的毛衣?」
09:51
And the answer回答 is a fair公平 amount --
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答案是一筆相當多的金額 --
09:53
more than you would pay工資 for a brand new sweater毛線衣
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比起買一件全新的毛衣還要多
09:56
or a sweater毛線衣 owned擁有的 by somebody who you didn't adore崇拜.
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也比你不崇拜的人所擁有的毛衣還多
09:59
Then we asked other groups of subjects主題 --
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然後我們問了其他的主題
10:01
we gave them different不同 restrictions限制
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我們給了他們不同的限制
10:03
and different不同 conditions條件.
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還有不同的條件
10:05
So for instance, we told some people,
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例如,我們告訴某些人
10:07
"Look, you can buy購買 the sweater毛線衣,
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「聽好,你能買那件毛衣
10:09
but you can't tell anybody任何人 you own擁有 it,
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但你不能告訴任何人你擁有那件毛衣
10:11
and you can't resell轉售 it."
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然後你也不能把毛衣再拍賣出去。」
10:13
That drops滴劑 the value of it,
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該件毛衣的價值下跌了
10:15
suggesting提示 that that's one reason原因 why we like it.
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這說明了我們喜歡這件毛衣的其中一個原因
10:18
But what really causes原因 an effect影響
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但真正造成影響的是
10:20
is you tell people, "Look, you could resell轉售 it, you could boast about it,
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你告訴人們:「看,你可以再把毛衣賣出去,你可以吹捧毛衣的價值
10:23
but before it gets得到 to you,
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但在你得到毛衣之前
10:25
it's thoroughly washed."
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這毛衣已經完全洗乾淨了。」
10:27
That causes原因 a huge巨大 drop下降 in the value.
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這點造成毛衣的價值大跌
10:30
As my wife妻子 put it, "You've washed away the Clooney克魯尼 cooties蝨子."
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如同我太太說的:「你已經把克隆尼的味道洗掉了。」
10:33
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
10:35
So let's go back to art藝術.
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我們回來談藝術
10:37
I would love a Chagall夏加爾. I love the work of Chagall夏加爾.
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我喜歡夏卡爾,我喜歡夏卡爾的作品
10:39
If people want to get me something at the end結束 of the conference會議,
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如果在座有人想在演講結束後送我禮物
10:41
you could buy購買 me a Chagall夏加爾.
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可以送我夏卡爾的東西
10:43
But I don't want a duplicate重複,
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但即便我分辨不出差別
10:45
even if I can't tell the difference區別.
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我也不要複製品
10:47
That's not because, or it's not simply只是 because,
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這不是因為,不是單純因為,
10:49
I'm a snob勢利 and want to boast about having an original原版的.
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我是一個勢力的人,想吹噓自己擁有一幅真跡
10:52
Rather, it's because I want something that has a specific具體 history歷史.
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而是因為我想要擁有一件帶有特殊意義的東西
10:55
In the case案件 of artwork藝術品,
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這些藝術作品
10:57
the history歷史 is special特別 indeed確實.
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他們的歷史背景是非常特別的
10:59
The philosopher哲學家 Denis丹尼斯 Dutton達頓
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哲學家Denis Dutton
11:01
in his wonderful精彩 book "The Art藝術 Instinct直覺"
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在他精彩的著作《The Art Instinct》
11:03
makes品牌 the case案件 that, "The value of an artwork藝術品
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說明了「藝術作品的價值
11:05
is rooted in assumptions假設 about the human人的 performance性能 underlying底層 its creation創建."
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存在於人類行為中創造力的假設。」
11:08
And that could explain說明 the difference區別
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這點足以解釋
11:10
between之間 an original原版的 and a forgery偽造品.
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真跡和仿畫的不同
11:12
They may可能 look alike一樣, but they have a different不同 history歷史.
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真品和複製品看起來相同,但他們擁有不同的歷史背景
11:14
The original原版的 is typically一般 the product產品 of a creative創作的 act法案,
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真品是創作出來的產物
11:17
the forgery偽造品 isn't.
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而複製品則不是
11:19
I think this approach途徑 can explain說明 differences分歧
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這個理論可以解釋
11:22
in people's人們 taste味道 in art藝術.
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人們在藝術品味上的差別
11:24
This is a work by Jackson傑克遜 Pollock波洛克.
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這是Jackson Pollock的作品
11:26
Who here likes喜歡 the work of Jackson傑克遜 Pollock波洛克?
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在座有誰喜歡Jackson Pollock的作品的呢?
11:30
Okay. Who here, it does nothing for them?
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好,那在座有人對這作品一點都不感興趣的呢?
11:32
They just don't like it.
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他們不喜歡這件作品
11:35
I'm not going to make a claim要求 about who's誰是 right,
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我不會說明到底哪一方是對的
11:37
but I will make an empirical經驗 claim要求
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但我會做一項關於
11:39
about people's人們 intuitions直覺,
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人類意念的實證說明
11:41
which哪一個 is that, if you like the work of Jackson傑克遜 Pollock波洛克,
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也就是說,如果你喜歡Jackson Pollock的作品
11:43
you'll你會 tend趨向 more so than the people who don't like it
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你會比那些不喜歡他作品的人
11:46
to believe that these works作品 are difficult to create創建,
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更願意去相信這些作品是很困難才完成的
11:49
that they require要求 a lot of time and energy能源
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這需要花上很多的時間和體力
11:51
and creative創作的 energy能源.
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還有創造力
11:53
I use Jackson傑克遜 Pollock波洛克 on purpose目的 as an example
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我刻意用Jackson Pollock當作例子
11:56
because there's a young年輕 American美國 artist藝術家
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因為有一位年輕的美國藝術家
11:58
who paints油漆 very much in the style樣式 of Jackson傑克遜 Pollock波洛克,
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她也用和Jackson Pollock相同的手法畫畫
12:00
and her work was worth價值
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她的作品
12:02
many許多 tens of thousands數千 of dollars美元 --
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價值上萬塊美金 --
12:04
in large part部分 because she's a very young年輕 artist藝術家.
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而大部分的原因是因為她是一位非常年輕的藝術家
12:06
This is Marla瑪拉 Olmstead奧姆斯特德
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這位是Marla Olmstead
12:08
who did most of her work when she was three years年份 old.
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在她三歲時她完成了她大部分的作品
12:10
The interesting有趣 thing about Marla瑪拉 Olmstead奧姆斯特德
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而關於Marla Olmstead一件有趣的事是
12:12
is her family家庭 made製作 the mistake錯誤
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她家人犯了一個錯誤
12:14
of inviting誘人的 the television電視 program程序 60 Minutes分鐘 IIII into their house
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就是邀請電視節目60 Minutes II到他們家中
12:18
to film電影 her painting繪畫.
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拍攝她作畫的過程
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And they then reported報導 that her father父親 was coaching教練 her.
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然後他們報導出她父親在教導她作畫
12:23
When this came來了 out on television電視,
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當這段影片在電視上撥出
12:25
the value of her art藝術 dropped下降 to nothing.
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她的作品就失去了價值
12:28
It was the same相同 art藝術, physically物理,
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這基本上是同樣的藝術
12:30
but the history歷史 had changed.
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但作品的歷史背景被改變了
12:33
I've been focusing調焦 now on the visual視覺 arts藝術,
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剛才我一直在講視覺藝術
12:35
but I want to give two examples例子 from music音樂.
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我要講兩個音樂的例子
12:37
This is Joshua約書亞 Bell, a very famous著名 violinist小提琴手.
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這位是Joshua Bell,他是非常有名的小提琴家
12:39
And the Washington華盛頓 Post崗位 reporter記者 Gene基因 Weingarten魏因加滕
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華盛頓郵報的記者Gene Weingarten
12:42
decided決定 to enlist招募 him for an audacious膽大 experiment實驗.
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打算要徵詢他做一項大膽的實驗
12:45
The question is: How much would people like Joshua約書亞 Bell,
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實驗是:大家願意花多少錢在Joshua Bell身上
12:47
the music音樂 of Joshua約書亞 Bell,
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花在Joshua Bell的音樂上
12:49
if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua約書亞 Bell?
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如果他們不知道他們在聆聽Joshua Bell的音樂?
12:53
So he got Joshua約書亞 Bell to take his million百萬 dollar美元 violin小提琴
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他要Joshua Bell帶著他的百萬小提琴
12:56
down to a Washington華盛頓 D.C. subway地鐵 station
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下到華盛頓特區的地鐵站
12:59
and stand in the corner and see how much money he would make.
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站在角落看看他能賺到多少錢
13:02
And here's這裡的 a brief簡要 clip of this.
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這一小段影片
13:04
(Violin小提琴 music音樂)
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(小提琴音樂)
13:11
After being存在 there for three-quarters四分之三 of an hour小時,
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在那裡過了四十五分鐘
13:13
he made製作 32 dollars美元.
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他賺了三十二塊錢
13:16
Not bad. It's also not good.
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不差,但也不好
13:18
Apparently顯然地 to really enjoy請享用 the music音樂 of Joshua約書亞 Bell,
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顯然要真正享受Joshua Bell的音樂
13:21
you have to know you're listening to Joshua約書亞 Bell.
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你也必須要知道你正在聽Joshua Bell演奏
13:24
He actually其實 made製作 20 dollars美元 more than that,
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他實際上多賺了20塊
13:26
but he didn't count計數 it.
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但他沒去算
13:28
Because this woman女人 comes up --
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因為這位女士出現
13:30
you see at the end結束 of the video視頻 -- she comes up.
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各位看到在影片的最後 -- 她出現了
13:32
She had heard聽說 him at the Library圖書館 of Congress國會 a few少數 weeks before
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因為她在幾週前聽曾在美國國會圖書館
13:34
at this extravagant black-tie黑領帶 affair事務.
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聽過他穿著正式的黑色禮服演奏
13:37
So she's stunned目瞪口呆 that he's standing常設 in a subway地鐵 station.
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所以當看到他站在地鐵站裡,她嚇呆了
13:40
So she's struck來襲 with pity可憐.
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她感到可憐
13:42
She reaches到達 into her purse錢包 and hands him a 20.
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她從皮包裡拿出二十塊錢給她
13:44
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
13:46
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
13:48
The second第二 example from music音樂
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第二個音樂的例子是
13:50
is from John約翰 Cage's凱奇的 modernist現代主義 composition組成,
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是John Cage的現代創作曲
13:52
"4'33"."
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《四分三十三秒》
13:54
As many許多 of you know,
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如在座各位所知
13:56
this is the composition組成 where the pianist鋼琴家 sits坐鎮 at a bench長凳,
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這首曲子,鋼琴演奏者坐在椅子
13:59
opens打開 up the piano鋼琴
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打開鋼琴
14:01
and sits坐鎮 and does nothing for four minutes分鐘 and 33 seconds --
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就坐在那兒,整整四分三十三秒都不做任何事 --
14:03
that period of silence安靜.
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這段時間是靜默的
14:05
And people have different不同 views意見 on this.
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大家對此曲有著不同的看法
14:07
But what I want to point out
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但我想說的是
14:09
is you can buy購買 this from iTunesiTunes的.
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這可以從iTunes上購買這首曲子
14:11
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
14:13
For a dollar美元 99,
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花上1.99美元
14:15
you can listen to that silence安靜,
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你可以聽那段靜默的音樂
14:17
which哪一個 is different不同 than other forms形式 of silence安靜.
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這和其他形式的靜默是不同的
14:20
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
14:22
Now I've been talking so far about pleasure樂趣,
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我已經談論非常多有關快樂
14:25
but what I want to suggest建議
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但我想說的是
14:27
is that everything I've said applies適用 as well to pain疼痛.
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我剛說的每一件事也能套用在談痛苦上
14:30
And how you think about what you're experiencing經歷,
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以及如何認知我們的遭遇
14:32
your beliefs信仰 about the essence本質 of it,
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我們對於事物本質的信念
14:34
affect影響 how it hurts傷害.
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還有是如何影響傷害的
14:36
One lovely可愛 experiment實驗
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一項很可愛的實驗
14:38
was doneDONE by Kurt庫爾特 Gray灰色 and Dan Wegner韋格納.
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由Kurt Gray和Dan Wegner所執行
14:40
What they did was they hooked迷上 up Harvard哈佛 undergraduates本科生
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他們讓哈佛的大學生
14:42
to an electric電動 shock休克 machine.
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戴上電子刺激工具
14:44
And they gave them a series系列 of painful痛苦 electric電動 shocks震盪.
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然後給他們一系列的疼痛電子刺激
14:47
So it was a series系列 of five painful痛苦 shocks震盪.
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所以是一系列五次的疼痛刺激
14:50
Half of them are told that they're being存在 given特定 the shocks震盪
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有一半的人有被告知會被在另一間房間的人
14:52
by somebody in another另一個 room房間,
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給予疼痛的刺激
14:54
but the person in the other room房間 doesn't know they're giving them shocks震盪.
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但在另一間房間的人並不知道他們在給別人刺激
14:57
There's no malevolence惡意, they're just pressing緊迫 a button按鍵.
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他們有沒有惡意,只是按一個按鈕
14:59
The first shock休克 is recorded記錄 as very painful痛苦.
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第一次的刺激記錄是非常痛苦
15:02
The second第二 shock休克 feels感覺 less painful痛苦, because you get a bit used to it.
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第二次則較輕,因為你感到有些習慣
15:05
The third第三 drops滴劑, the fourth第四, the fifth第五.
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第三次再減輕,第四次,第五次更輕微
15:07
The pain疼痛 gets得到 less.
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痛苦隨次數遞減
15:10
In the other condition條件,
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而另一個情況是
15:12
they're told that the person in the next下一個 room房間
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受試者被告知在隔壁房間的人
15:14
is shocking觸目驚心 them on purpose目的 -- knows知道 they're shocking觸目驚心 them.
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是刻意在給他們電子刺激 -- 他們知道要刺激他們
15:17
The first shock休克 hurts傷害 like hell地獄.
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第一次的刺激痛苦的像在地獄
15:19
The second第二 shock休克 hurts傷害 just as much,
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第二次更痛苦
15:21
and the third第三 and the fourth第四 and the fifth第五.
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而第三第四和第五次
15:23
It hurts傷害 more
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如果你相信某人士刻意要這麼做
15:25
if you believe somebody is doing it to you on purpose目的.
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感受到的痛苦則越來越多
15:28
The most extreme極端 example of this
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最極端的例子
15:31
is that in some cases,
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是在某些情況下
15:33
pain疼痛 under the right circumstances情況
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痛苦在對的情況下
15:35
can transform轉變 into pleasure樂趣.
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可以轉變為快樂
15:37
Humans人類 have this extraordinarily異常 interesting有趣 property屬性
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人類有非常有趣的特質
15:40
that will often經常 seek尋求 out low-level低級別 doses劑量 of pain疼痛
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往往能在掌控的情況下
15:42
in controlled受控 circumstances情況
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尋求找到最少量的痛苦
15:44
and take pleasure樂趣 from it --
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然後從中獲得快樂 --
15:46
as in the eating of hot chili辣椒 peppers胡椒
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就像在吃辣椒
15:48
and roller滾筒 coaster杯墊 rides遊樂設施.
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和玩雲霄飛車一樣
15:51
The point was nicely很好 summarized總結
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這觀點其實早就被
15:53
by the poet詩人 John約翰 Milton米爾頓
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詩人John Milton所寫下
15:55
who wrote, "The mind心神 is its own擁有 place地點,
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他寫道:「心有它自己的地方,
15:57
and in itself本身 can make a heaven天堂 of hell地獄,
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而它本身可以把地獄看作天堂,
15:59
a hell地獄 of heaven天堂."
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或天堂看作地獄。」
16:01
And I'll end結束 with that. Thank you.
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就以這句話做結語,謝謝各位
16:03
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Joyce Chou
Reviewed by Jenny Yang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Bloom - Psychologist
Paul Bloom explores some of the most puzzling aspects of human nature, including pleasure, religion, and morality.

Why you should listen

In Paul Bloom’s last book, How Pleasure Works, he explores the often-mysterious enjoyment that people get out of experiences such as sex, food, art, and stories. His latest book, Just Babies, examines the nature and origins of good and evil. How do we decide what's fair and unfair? What is the relationship between emotion and rationality in our judgments of right and wrong? And how much of morality is present at birth? To answer these questions, he and his colleagues at Yale study how babies make moral decisions. (How do you present a moral quandary to a 6-month-old? Through simple, gamelike experiments that yield surprisingly adult-like results.)  

Paul Bloom is a passionate teacher of undergraduates, and his popular Introduction to Psychology 110 class has been released to the world through the Open Yale Courses program. He has recently completed a second MOOC, “Moralities of Everyday Life”, that introduced moral psychology to tens of thousands of students. And he also presents his research to a popular audience though articles in The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times. Many of the projects he works on are student-initiated, and all of them, he notes, are "strongly interdisciplinary, bringing in theory and research from areas such as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, evolutionary theory, linguistics, theology and philosophy." 

He says: "A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life."

More profile about the speaker
Paul Bloom | Speaker | TED.com