ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anna Mracek Dietrich - Inventor
Anna Mracek Dietrich is one of the creators of the Transition, the "plane you can drive."

Why you should listen

Anna Mracek Dietrich is a private pilot trying to making aviation accessible, safe -- and a reasonable way to get to work. With husband Carl and their team at Terrafugia, in Massachusetts, they are building a driveable aircraft (or, as they also term it, the Roadable Aircraft), which is designed to fold its wings, enabling it to be driven like a car. In 2009, Terrafugia successfully flew a proof-of-concept model, and they anticipate that Transition, the first production model, should be on the road by the end of 2011.

She says: "The most common question we got was 'You know that's impossible, right?' Now that we've done it, I don't get that question nearly so often."

More profile about the speaker
Anna Mracek Dietrich | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2011

Anna Mracek Dietrich: A plane you can drive

安娜.莫瑞克.黛德麗: 你可以開的飛機

Filmed:
1,003,710 views

飛行車 -- 這會是未來的典範圖標。在飛行與汽車工程發展了100年之後,還沒有人能解決這個問題。飛行員安娜.莫瑞克.黛德麗以及她的團隊,舊話重提,問到:為何不來做一架可以開的飛機?
- Inventor
Anna Mracek Dietrich is one of the creators of the Transition, the "plane you can drive." Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
What is it about flying飛行 cars汽車?
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什麼是...飛行車?
00:19
We've我們已經 wanted to do this for about a hundred years年份.
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早在一百年前我們就想做了。
00:22
And there are historic歷史性 attempts嘗試
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回顧歷史曾經有不少嘗試,
00:25
that have had some level水平 of technical技術 success成功.
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技術方面是有不少進展。
00:28
But we haven't沒有 yet然而 gotten得到 to the point
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但我們還是沒能達到...
00:31
where on your way here this morning早上
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早上你經過這裡時
00:33
you see something that really, truly seamlessly無縫 integrates整合
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所看到一個真正能天衣無縫的,
00:36
the two-dimensional二維 world世界 that we're comfortable自在 in
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將我們所習慣的二度空間
00:39
with the three-dimensional三維 sky天空 above以上 us --
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與頭上的三度空間接合在一起的東西--
00:41
that, I don't know about you, but I really enjoy請享用 spending開支 time in.
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不知道你們覺得怎麼, 我是蠻樂在其中的。
00:44
We looked看著 at the historical歷史的 attempts嘗試 that had been out there
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我們研究過去的一些實例
00:47
and realized實現 that, despite儘管 the fact事實
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發現...
00:49
that we have a lot of modern現代 innovations創新
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即便現在..
00:51
to draw on today今天
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有很多科技創新
00:53
that weren't available可得到 previously先前 --
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這是以前沒有的優勢--
00:55
we have modern現代 composite綜合 materials物料,
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譬如我們有現代的複合材料...
00:57
we have aircraft飛機 engines引擎 that get good fuel汽油 economy經濟
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我們有夠省油的飛機引擎,
01:00
and have better power-to-rate功率 - 率 ratios than have ever been available可得到,
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有絕佳的功率比,
01:03
we have glass玻璃 cockpit座艙 avionics航空電子學
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我們有駕駛艙的航空電子設備,
01:05
that bring帶來 the information信息 you need to fly
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提供精準的駕駛資訊
01:07
directly to you in the cockpit座艙 --
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讓你坐在駕駛艙就可操控全局--
01:09
but without fundamentally從根本上 addressing解決 the problem問題 from a different不同 perspective透視,
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先不去討論那些不同的問題面,
01:12
we realized實現 that we were going to be getting得到
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我們發現即便我們這麼努力
01:14
the same相同 result結果 that people had been getting得到
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所得到的成績跟過去一百年來
01:16
for the last hundred years年份,
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卻沒有甚麼兩樣!
01:18
which哪一個 isn't where we want to be right now.
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這我們可不想這樣!
01:20
So instead代替 of trying to make a car汽車 that can fly,
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與其...設法要汽車在天上飛,
01:24
we decided決定 to try to make a plane平面 that could drive駕駛.
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不如應該是讓飛機在地上走。
01:27
And the result結果 is the TerrafugiaTerrafugia Transition過渡.
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結果出來了...特拉福騎變形機。
01:30
It's a two-seat雙座, single-engine單引擎 airplane飛機
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一部兩人座單引擎飛機
01:32
that works作品 just like any other small airplane飛機.
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跟一般小飛機沒甚麼兩樣。
01:34
You take off and land土地 at a local本地 airport飛機場.
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你可以在當地的小機場起降。
01:36
Then once一旦 you're on the ground地面,
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一但著陸後...
01:38
you fold up the wings翅膀, drive駕駛 it home,
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機翼可以摺起來, 然後開回家!
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park公園 it in your garage車庫.
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停在你家的車庫裡。
01:42
And it works作品.
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而且真的能用!
01:44
After two years年份 of an innovative創新 design設計 and construction施工 process處理,
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經過兩年的研發與製作,
01:47
the proof證明 of concept概念 made製作 its public上市 debut登場
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這個概念實踐..
01:49
in 2008.
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在2008年正式面世。
01:51
Now like with anything
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就像所有...
01:53
that's really different不同 from the status狀態 quo現狀,
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那些前所未有的東西一樣,
01:55
it didn't always go so well testing測試 that aircraft飛機.
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這部飛機也不是一路平順就產生的...
01:58
And we discovered發現 that it's a very good thing
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不過這其實是好事,
02:00
that, when you go home with something that's been broken破碎,
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像是你搞了半天還是搞不定的時候...
02:03
you've actually其實 learned學到了 a lot more
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所學到的其實更多,
02:05
than when you managed管理 to tick off all of your test測試 objectives目標
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比起一次就馬到成功...
02:07
the first time through通過.
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學到更多。
02:09
Still, we very much wanted to see
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儘管不容易,
02:11
the aircraft飛機 that we'd星期三 all helped幫助 build建立
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但無時無刻期待著我們的飛機能
02:13
in the air空氣, off the ground地面,
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能按照原定計畫
02:15
like it was supposed應該 to be.
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早日離地升空。
02:17
And on our third第三 high-speed高速 testing測試 deployment部署
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在第三次的高速試飛時,
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on a bitter cold morning早上 in upstate北部 New York紐約,
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是在紐約上州, 天氣寒風刺骨,
02:21
we got to do that for the first time.
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計畫一樣如期舉行。
02:24
The picture圖片 behind背後 me was snapped搶購 by the copilot副駕駛 in our chase aircraft飛機
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背後這張是另一架柴斯飛機副機長所捕捉的鏡頭
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just moments瞬間 after the wheels車輪 got off the ground地面 for the first time.
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大概是在飛機騰空的那一剎那。
02:30
And we were all very flattered受寵若驚 to see that image圖片
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看到此刻真是榮幸莫名,
02:32
become成為 a symbol符號 of accomplishing完成 something
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這幕象徵了一項成就,
02:34
that people had thought was impossible不可能
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成就了別人所不敢想像的事情,
02:36
really the world世界 over.
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讓人刮目相看。
02:39
The flight飛行 testing測試 that followed其次 that
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隨後的測試,
02:41
was as basic基本 and low-risk低風險 as we could make it,
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我們做到簡單又安全,
02:43
but it still accomplished完成 what we needed需要 to
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不過照樣要完成一些
02:45
to take the program程序 to the next下一個 step
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當繼續發展下去時
02:47
and to gain獲得 the credibility可信性 that we needed需要
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需要面對的各界支持與信賴,
02:49
within our eventual最終 market市場, the general一般 aviation航空 community社區,
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譬如商業市場、飛航界,
02:52
and with the regulators監管機構
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以及監督單位等,
02:54
that govern治理 the use of design設計 of aircraft飛機, particularly尤其 in the States狀態.
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特別是主官美國境內的飛航法規的單位。
02:57
The FAAFAA, about a year ago,
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大概在一年前 FAA (美國聯邦航空總署)
02:59
gave us an exemption豁免 for the Transition過渡
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頒佈一個特許證給〈特拉福騎變形機〉,
03:01
to allow允許 us to have an additional額外 110 lbs.
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同意它在超重110磅的情況下。
03:04
within the light sport運動 aircraft飛機 category類別.
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仍可並列在輕航機的的銷售分項裡。
03:06
Now that doesn't sound聲音 like a lot, but it's very important重要,
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聽起來不怎麼樣, 不過意義重大,
03:09
because being存在 able能夠 to deliver交付 the Transition過渡 as a light sport運動 aircraft飛機
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只要符合輕航機的規定後,
03:12
makes品牌 it simpler簡單 for us to certify證明 it,
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特拉福騎變形機的駕照認證比較容易,
03:14
but it also makes品牌 it much easier更輕鬆
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同時也方便大家
03:16
for you to learn學習 how to fly it.
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學習與使用。
03:18
A sport運動 pilot飛行員 can be certificated認證
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輕航機的駕照認證
03:20
in as little as 20 hours小時 of flight飛行 time.
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只需要20小時的飛行時數。
03:22
And at 110 lbs.,
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另外, 以110磅
03:24
that's very important重要 for solving the other side of the equation方程 --
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可以解決另半邊的問題--
03:27
driving主動.
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操縱。
03:29
It turns out that driving主動,
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有趣的是,
03:31
with its associated相關 design設計 implementation履行 and regulatory監管 hurdles障礙,
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開車的設計應用及規定
03:34
is actually其實 a harder更難 problem問題 to solve解決 than flying飛行.
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比飛行還難搞!
03:37
For those of us that spend most of our lives生活 on the ground地面,
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對於我們這些一輩子都
03:39
this may可能 be counter-intuitive反直覺,
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活在地面的人而言, 真是納悶不已!
03:41
but driving主動 has potholes坑洼, cobblestones鵝卵石,
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開車會碰到坑洞,石子路面,
03:44
pedestrians行人, other drivers司機
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有陸上行人以及其他車輛駕駛,
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and a rather long and detailed詳細 list名單
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還有其他一大堆
03:48
of federal聯邦 motor發動機 vehicle車輛 safety安全 standards標準 to contend抗衡 with.
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聯邦政府要駕駛人遵守的規定事項。
03:51
Fortunately幸好, necessity必要性 remains遺跡 the mother母親 of invention發明,
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所幸, 需要仍然是發明之母!
03:54
and a lot of the design設計 work
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一大堆應用在
03:56
that we're the most proud驕傲 of with the aircraft飛機
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飛機上的傑出設計
03:58
came來了 out of solving the unique獨特 problems問題
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剛好可以拿來解決
04:00
of operating操作 it on the ground地面 --
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陸上行駛的問題--
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everything from a continuously-variable連續可變 transmission傳輸
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例子多不勝數, 從連續傳動設計,
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and liquid-based液基 cooling冷卻 system系統
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液態冷卻系統
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that allows允許 us to use an aircraft飛機 engine發動機
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讓飛機能靈活自如的面對
04:08
in stop-and-go走走停停 traffic交通,
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停停走走的路上交通,
04:10
to a custom-designed定制設計 gearbox變速器
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還有專用變速數箱
04:12
that powers權力 either the propeller螺旋槳 when you're flying飛行 or the wheels車輪 on the ground地面,
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可以推動螺旋槳, 或是陸上行的車輪,
04:15
to the automated自動化 wing-folding翼折疊 mechanism機制 that we'll see in a moment時刻,
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還有, 等一下就會看到摺疊式機翼
04:17
to crash緊急 safety安全 features特徵.
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各種安全設計。
04:19
We have a carbon fiber纖維 safety安全 cage
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炭纖維的安全機艙
04:21
that protects保護 the occupants居住者
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能確保護乘客安全,
04:23
for less than 10 percent百分 of the weight重量 of a traditional傳統 steel chassis機殼 in a car汽車.
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重量比傳統鋼製汽車輕上百分之十。
04:27
Now this also, as good as it is, wasn't quite相當 enough足夠.
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這個雖然是不錯, 但還不夠好。
04:30
The regulations法規 for vehicles汽車 on the road
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陸上交通工具的相關規定
04:32
weren't written書面 with an airplane飛機 in mind心神.
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根本沒想到 有一天會要在到飛機上。
04:34
So we did need a little bit of support支持
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因此我們需要
04:36
from the National國民 Highway高速公路 Traffic交通 Safety安全 Administration行政.
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美國國家公路交通安全管理局的協助。
04:39
Now you may可能 have seen看到 in the news新聞 recently最近,
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最近你可能看到一則消息,
04:41
they came來了 through通過 with us at the end結束 of last month
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大約是在上個月底,
04:43
with a few少數 special特別 exemptions豁免
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我們獲得幾項豁免
04:45
that will allow允許 the Transition過渡 to be sold出售
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特拉福騎變形機准以運動休旅車及
04:47
in the same相同 category類別 as SUVs越野車 and light trucks卡車.
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小型貨車種類資格正式上市銷售。
04:49
As a multi-purpose多用途 passenger乘客 vehicle車輛,
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因為是多功能自客車,
04:51
it is now officially正式 "designed設計 for occasional偶然 off-road越野 use."
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號稱是 「偶爾非道路使用」專門車種。
04:54
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:56
Now let's see it in action行動.
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我們來瞧一瞧。
05:02
You can see there the wings翅膀 folded折疊 up just along沿 the side of the plane平面.
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摺起來的機翼緊靠在兩機身兩側。
05:05
You're not powering供電 the propeller螺旋槳, you're powering供電 the wheels車輪.
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引擎所推動的不是螺旋槳而是車輪。
05:14
And it is under seven feet tall,
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高度不到七呎,
05:16
so it will fit適合 in a standard標準 construction施工 garage車庫.
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可以進得去標準車庫。
05:19
And that's the automated自動化 wing-folding翼折疊 mechanism機制.
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這是機翼自動展開設計。
05:21
That's real真實 time.
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這是即時狀態。
05:23
You just push a few少數 buttons鈕扣 in the cockpit座艙, and the wings翅膀 come out.
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座駕駛艙只要按下按鈕, 機翼就會拉開來。
05:26
Once一旦 they're fully充分 deployed部署,
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等全部展開之後,
05:28
there's a mechanical機械 lock that goes into place地點,
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有個機械設計就可將它固定不動,
05:30
again, from inside the cockpit座艙.
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同樣的, 也是從駕駛艙操作就行。
05:32
And they're now fully充分 capable of handling處理
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然後, 就可以像其他飛機一樣
05:34
any of the loads負載 you would see in flight飛行 --
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處理一系列飛行的操作需求--
05:36
just like putting down your convertible可兌換 top最佳.
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有點像是把自己的敞篷車頂放下一樣。
05:41
And you're all thinking思維 what your neighbors鄰居 would think of seeing眼看 that.
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你只想著要是鄰居看到, 不知道他們會怎麼想。
05:47
(Video視頻) Test測試 Pilot飛行員: Until直到 the vehicle車輛 flies蒼蠅,
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試飛員:還沒真正飛起來之前
05:49
75 percent百分 of your risk風險 is that first flight飛行.
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首航有將近75%的風險。
05:56
Radio無線電: It actually其實 flew. Yes.
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它真的飛起來了 耶!
05:58
Radio無線電 2: That was gorgeous華麗.
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真是太棒了。
06:00
Radio無線電: What did you think of that?
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你感覺得怎麼樣?
06:02
That was beautiful美麗 from up here, I tell you.
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從上面看下來 真是美,不騙你。
06:07
AMDAMD: See, we're all exceedingly非常 excited興奮 about that little bunny兔子 hop.
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看到吧! 我們為之瘋狂因為小兔子能跳了。
06:10
And our test測試 pilot飛行員 gave us
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我們的試飛員
06:12
the best最好 feedback反饋 you can get from a test測試 pilot飛行員 after a first flight飛行,
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下了一個前所未有的評語,
06:15
which哪一個 was that it was "remarkably異常 unremarkable不起眼."
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出乎意料外的...不意外!!
06:18
He would go onto tell us
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他又說...
06:20
that the Transition過渡 had been the easiest最簡單的 airplane飛機 to land土地
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特拉福騎變形機是他30年的試飛員生涯中
06:22
that he'd他會 flown飛行 in his entire整個 30-year-年 career事業 as a test測試 pilot飛行員.
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降落最容易的機種。
06:33
So despite儘管 making製造 something
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我們不只想做出
06:35
that is seemingly似乎 revolutionary革命的,
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革命性的產品而已,
06:37
we really focused重點 on doing
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我們更想創造出
06:39
as little new as possible可能.
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更先進的東西。
06:41
We leverage槓桿作用 a lot of technology技術 from the state-of-the-art最先進的 in general一般 aviation航空
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結合了最高檔的航空以及
06:44
and from automotive汽車 racing賽跑.
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汽車競速等技術。
06:46
When we do have to do something truly out-of-the-box盒子外面,
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而且真正的突破現狀,
06:48
we use an incremental增加的 design設計, build建立, test測試, redesign重新設計 cycle週期
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不論是在設計建構測試階段, 要採用增量式設計概念
06:51
that lets讓我們 us reduce減少 risk風險 in baby寶寶 steps腳步.
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以減少剛起步就失敗的風險。
06:53
Now since以來 we started開始 TerrafugiaTerrafugia about 6 years年份 ago,
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六年前開始研發特拉福騎變形機時,
06:55
we've我們已經 had a lot of those baby寶寶 steps腳步.
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我們就採取穩扎穩打的策略。
06:57
We've我們已經 gone走了 from being存在 three of us
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我們三個臭皮匠
06:59
working加工 in the basement地下室 at MITMIT while we were still in graduate畢業 school學校
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慢慢從麻省理工研究所的下地室開始,
07:02
to about two-dozen兩打 of us
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到後來大概有24人的時候
07:04
working加工 in an initial初始 production生產 facility設施 outside of Boston波士頓.
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轉到波斯頓郊區一個工廠。
07:07
We've我們已經 had to overcome克服 challenges挑戰
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我們得迎戰各項挑戰,
07:09
like keeping保持 the weight重量 below下面 the light sport運動 limit限制 that I talked about,
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像是說我們得隨時注意機身重量以符合前面提到的輕航機標準,
07:11
figuring盤算 out how to politely禮貌 respond響應
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還要想辦法客氣的回答...
07:13
when a regulator調節器 tells告訴 you,
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檢覈單位的問題,
07:15
"But that won't慣於 fit適合 through通過 a toll收費 booth with the wings翅膀 extended擴展 --
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「...可是你機翼不收起來, 就過不了收費亭啊...」
07:18
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
07:21
to all of the other associated相關 durability耐久力 and engineering工程 issues問題
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還有一堆剛剛有提到關於耐用性與機械工程的問題,
07:23
that we talked about on the ground地面.
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以及在地面行駛遇到的問題。
07:25
Still, if everything goes to our satisfaction滿意
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所以, 如果一切都能穩穩當當,
07:28
with the testing測試 and construction施工
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一步一步完成測試、製造工作
07:30
of the two production生產 prototypes原型
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現在這兩部
07:32
that we're working加工 on right now,
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正在生產的雛型,
07:34
those first deliveries交付
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第一批出貨,
07:36
to the, about a hundred, people who have reserved保留的 an airplane飛機 at this point
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包括現在已經預約的100多張訂單,
07:38
should begin開始 at the end結束 of next下一個 year.
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預估會是明年年底開始。
07:40
The Transition過渡 will cost成本 in line with other small airplanes飛機.
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特拉福騎變形機與一般輕航機的價格差不多。
07:43
And I'm certainly當然 not out to replace更換 your Chevy煩擾,
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當然我們沒有要取代你的雪佛蘭。
07:46
but I do think that the Transition過渡 should be your next下一個 airplane飛機.
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我真的認為特拉福騎變形機應該是你下一架飛機。
07:49
Here's這裡的 why.
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我來說明一下。
07:51
While nearly幾乎 all of the commercial廣告 air空氣 travel旅行 in the world世界
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目前全球的商用航線
07:54
goes through通過 a relatively相對 small number of large hub樞紐 airports機場,
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都會集中在少數幾個轉運機場,
07:57
there is a huge巨大 underutilized未充分利用 resource資源 out there.
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還有很多資源沒有好好利用。
08:00
There are thousands數千 of local本地 airstrips飛機跑道
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其實有數以千個區域飛航跑道
08:02
that don't see nearly幾乎 as many許多 aircraft飛機 operations操作 a day as they could.
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使用率根本不夠高,
08:05
On average平均, there's one within 20 to 30 miles英里
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以美國來說,
08:08
of wherever哪裡 you are in the United聯合的 States狀態.
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大概每方圓20-30英哩就有一個。
08:10
The Transition過渡 gives you
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特拉福騎變形機
08:12
a safer更安全, more convenient方便 and more fun開玩笑 way
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讓大家可以更方便更有趣的
08:15
of using運用 this resource資源.
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善用這項資源。
08:18
For those of you who aren't yet然而 pilots飛行員,
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對於不懂飛行駕駛的人來說,
08:20
there's four main主要 reasons原因 why those of us who are
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歸納起來會有四個想駕駛,
08:22
don't fly as much as we'd星期三 like to:
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但是卻不願意駕駛飛機的理由:
08:24
the weather天氣, primarily主要,
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主要是天氣,
08:26
cost成本, long door-to-door門對門 travel旅行 time
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花錢, 花時間m
08:28
and mobility流動性 at your destination目的地.
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還有抵達目的地之後又有交通問題。
08:30
Now, bad weather天氣 comes in,
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好了,現在遇到天氣不好,
08:32
just land土地, fold up the wings翅膀, drive駕駛 home.
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乾脆就降落,機翼收起來,直接開回家。
08:35
Doesn't matter if it rains降雨 a little, you have a windshield擋風玻璃 wiper雨刮器.
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下點雨是沒關係, 反正有雨刷。
08:38
Instead代替 of paying付款 to keep your airplane飛機 in a hanger衣架,
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從此, 也不用再花錢租停機坪,
08:40
park公園 it in your garage車庫.
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就直接停在家裡車庫。
08:42
And the unleaded無鉛 automotive汽車 fuel汽油 that we use
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加的又是一般的無鉛汽油
08:44
is both cheaper便宜 and better for the environment環境
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比起航空汽油來
08:46
than traditional傳統 avgas航空汽油.
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既便宜又環保。
08:48
Door-to-door門對門 travel旅行 time is reduced減少,
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地面交通時間也省下來了,
08:51
because now, instead代替 of lugging拖著 bags包裝袋, finding發現 a parking停車處 space空間,
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因為 再也不用忙著掛行李找停車位,
08:54
taking服用 off your shoes or pulling your airplane飛機 out of the hanger衣架,
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脫鞋檢查或是要先去停機坪把飛機開出來,
08:57
you're now just spending開支 that time getting得到 to where you want to go.
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你只花了要去到目的地的時間。
09:00
And mobility流動性 to your destination目的地 is clearly明確地 solved解決了.
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到達目的地以後交通也解決了。
09:03
Just fold up the wings翅膀 and keep going.
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就把機翼收起來繼續開就好了。
09:05
The Transition過渡 simultaneously同時 expands展開 our horizons視野
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特拉福騎變形機開拓我們的視野,
09:08
while making製造 the world世界 a smaller, more accessible無障礙 place地點.
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把世界變更小更可及
09:11
It also continues繼續 to be a fabulous極好 adventure冒險.
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處處都有探險的驚喜。
09:14
I hope希望 you'll你會 each take a moment時刻
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希望每一個人都能用點時間
09:16
to think about how you could use something like this
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想一下如何好好的利用它
09:19
to give yourself你自己 more access訪問 to your own擁有 world世界,
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來開拓更多屬於自己的世界,
09:21
and to make your own擁有 travel旅行 more convenient方便 and more fun開玩笑.
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讓每一次的旅行都是輕鬆愉快,生趣盎然。
09:24
Thank you for giving me the opportunity機會 to share分享 it with you.
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感謝大家讓我能借這個機會與你分享!
09:27
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by chaoyoing wu
Reviewed by Ana Choi

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anna Mracek Dietrich - Inventor
Anna Mracek Dietrich is one of the creators of the Transition, the "plane you can drive."

Why you should listen

Anna Mracek Dietrich is a private pilot trying to making aviation accessible, safe -- and a reasonable way to get to work. With husband Carl and their team at Terrafugia, in Massachusetts, they are building a driveable aircraft (or, as they also term it, the Roadable Aircraft), which is designed to fold its wings, enabling it to be driven like a car. In 2009, Terrafugia successfully flew a proof-of-concept model, and they anticipate that Transition, the first production model, should be on the road by the end of 2011.

She says: "The most common question we got was 'You know that's impossible, right?' Now that we've done it, I don't get that question nearly so often."

More profile about the speaker
Anna Mracek Dietrich | Speaker | TED.com