ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Limb - Researcher
Charles Limb is a doctor and a musician who researches the way musical creativity works in the brain.

Why you should listen

Charles Limb is the Francis A. Sooy, MD Professor and Chief of Otology/Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery at the University of California, San Francisco, and he's a Faculty Member at the Peabody Conservatory of Music. He combines his two passions to study the way the brain creates and perceives music. He's a hearing specialist and surgeon at Johns Hopkins who performs cochlear implantations on patients who have lost their hearing. And he plays sax, piano and bass.

In search of a better understanding of how the mind perceives complex auditory stimuli such as music, he's been working with Allen Braun to look at the brains of improvising musicians and study what parts of the brain are involved in the kind of deep creativity that happens when a musician is really in the groove.

Read our Q&A about hip-hop studies with Charles Limb on the TED Blog >>

Plus our quick catchup Q&A at TEDMED 2011 -- including his top 5 songs of all time >>

Read the 2014 paper "Neural Substrates of Interactive Musical Improvisation: An fMRI Study of ‘Trading Fours’ in Jazz" >>

More profile about the speaker
Charles Limb | Speaker | TED.com
TEDMED 2011

Charles Limb: Building the musical muscle

Charles Limb: 建立發聲肌肉

Filmed:
718,820 views

Charles Limb是一位治療聽力受損和重建恢復聽力的醫師,專門執行人工耳蝸植入術。但同時身為一位音樂家,Limb認為現存技術所缺乏的,便是讓人能完全體驗音樂的能力(他在這裡提供了一個驚心動魄的例子)。在這個TEDMED年度大會上,他檢視了現在的技術和未來發展的方向。
- Researcher
Charles Limb is a doctor and a musician who researches the way musical creativity works in the brain. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
Now when we think of our senses感官,
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現在當我們想到知覺時
00:20
we don't usually平時 think of the reasons原因
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我們通常並不會特別去想
00:22
why they probably大概 evolved進化, from a biological生物 perspective透視.
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從生物演化的觀點,他們是怎麼發展而成的
00:24
We don't really think of the evolutionary發展的 need
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我們並不會特別去想在演化上有什麼需要
00:27
to be protected保護 by our senses感官,
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讓我們被這些知覺保護著
00:29
but that's probably大概 why our senses感官 really evolved進化 --
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但這大概正是這些知覺得以演化的真正原因--
00:31
to keep us safe安全, to allow允許 us to live生活.
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保護我們安全,讓我們繼續存活
00:34
Really when we think of our senses感官,
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當我們真的開始思考我們的知覺
00:36
or when we think of the loss失利 of the sense,
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或是思考失去某些知覺的可能時
00:38
we really think about something more like this:
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我們其實是這樣子思考的:
00:40
the ability能力 to touch觸摸 something luxurious豪華, to taste味道 something delicious美味的,
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可以去觸摸些高級用品,去品嘗些美食的能力
00:43
to smell something fragrant,
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聞到香氣
00:45
to see something beautiful美麗.
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或看見美麗事物的能力
00:47
This is what we want out of our senses感官.
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這是我們希望知覺可以帶給我們的
00:49
We want beauty美女; we don't just want function功能.
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我們想要美好的事物;而不單只是物理功能而已
00:52
And when it comes to sensory感覺的 restoration恢復,
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所以當我們講到知覺重建的時候
00:54
we're still very far away from being存在 able能夠 to provide提供 beauty美女.
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其實我們離可以提供美好的感受這階段還很遠
00:57
And that's what I'd like to talk to you a little bit about today今天.
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而這就是我今天想要談論的內容
01:00
Likewise同樣 for hearing聽力.
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好比說聽力
01:02
When we think about why we hear,
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當你想到為什麼我們要聽
01:04
we don't often經常 think about the ability能力 to hear an alarm報警 or a siren警笛,
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我們並不會想到是聽到警報的能力
01:07
although雖然 clearly明確地 that's an important重要 thing.
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雖然那當然是一件很重要的事
01:09
Really what we want to hear is music音樂.
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我們真正想要聽到的是音樂
01:12
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
01:27
So many許多 of you know that that's Beethoven's貝多芬 Seventh第七 Symphony交響樂.
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很多人都知道那是貝多芬的第七交響曲
01:29
Many許多 of you know that he was deaf, or near profoundly深深 deaf,
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也很多人知道在他寫這曲子的時候
01:32
when he wrote that.
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他耳聾了,或接近全聾
01:34
Now I'd like to impress upon you
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現在我想要強調的是
01:36
how unusual異常 it is that we can hear music音樂.
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我們可以聽見音樂是一件多麼不尋常的事
01:39
Music音樂 is just one of the strangest奇怪 things that there is.
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音樂只是眾多奇怪事情的其中之一
01:42
It's acoustic vibrations振動 in the air空氣,
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那是空氣中的聲波震動
01:45
little waves波浪 of energy能源 in the air空氣 that tickle癢癢 our eardrum鼓膜.
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微小的能量波動,搔動著我們的耳膜
01:48
Somehow不知何故 in tickling發癢 our eardrum鼓膜
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基於某些原因,當耳膜被搔動的時候
01:50
that transmits發送 energy能源 down our hearing聽力 bones骨頭,
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這些能量就會傳到我們的聽小骨
01:52
which哪一個 get converted轉換 to a fluid流體 impulse衝動 inside the cochlea耳蝸
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接著轉換成耳蝸內的流態神經衝動
01:55
and then somehow不知何故 converted轉換 into an electrical電動 signal信號 in our auditory聽覺 nerves神經
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接著便在我們的聽覺神經轉換成電子訊號
01:58
that somehow不知何故 wind up in our brains大腦
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然後神奇的抵達我們的大腦
02:01
as a perception知覺 of a song歌曲 or a beautiful美麗 piece of music音樂.
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接收成一首歌或是一段美好的音樂
02:04
That process處理 is entirely完全 abstract抽象 and very, very unusual異常.
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這個過程是完全抽象,和非常、非常不尋常的
02:07
And we could discuss討論 that topic話題 alone單獨 for days
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單就這個主題我們就可以討論好幾天
02:10
to really try to figure數字 out, how is it that we hear something that's emotional情緒化
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去真的了解,當它們的起源都不過是空氣中的震動時
02:14
from something that starts啟動 out as a vibration振動 in the air空氣?
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我們到底是怎麼去聽見這些充滿情緒的聲響的呢?
02:17
Turns out that if you have hearing聽力 loss失利,
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結果發現當我們失去聽覺時
02:19
most people that lose失去 their hearing聽力
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許多失去聽覺的人
02:21
lose失去 it at what's called the cochlea耳蝸, the inner ear.
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都是失去所謂的耳蝸,內耳。
02:24
And it's at the hair頭髮 cell細胞 level水平 that they do this.
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失去的是毛細胞的部分
02:27
Now if you had to pick a sense to lose失去,
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現在如果讓你挑個知覺失去
02:29
I have to be very honest誠實 with you
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我會非常誠實的跟你說
02:31
and say, we're better at restoring恢復 hearing聽力
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相較於其他知覺
02:33
than we are at restoring恢復 any sense that there is.
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我們比較擅長重建聽力
02:35
In fact事實, nothing even actually其實 comes close
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事實上,沒有任何其他知覺的重建
02:37
to our ability能力 to restore恢復 hearing聽力.
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和重建聽力的能力有得比
02:39
And as a physician醫師 and a surgeon外科醫生, I can confidently信心十足地 tell my patients耐心
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身為一個物理學家和外科醫師,我可以自信地告訴我的病人
02:42
that if you had to pick a sense to lose失去,
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如果你非得挑個知覺失去
02:44
we are the furthest最遠 along沿 medically醫療 and surgically手術 with hearing聽力.
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聽覺重建是醫學上和手術上發展最進步的
02:48
As a musician音樂家, I can tell you
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而身為一個音樂家,我可以告訴你
02:50
that if I had to have a cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入,
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如果我做了人工內蝸移植術
02:52
I'd be heartbroken腸斷. I'd just be plainly明白地 heartbroken腸斷,
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我將會心碎,徹底的心碎
02:54
because I know that music音樂 would never sound聲音 the same相同 to me.
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因為我知道音樂聽起來再也不會像從前一樣了
02:58
Now this is a video視頻 that I'm going to show顯示 you
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現在我要播放一段影片給你們看
03:01
of a girl女孩 who's誰是 born天生 deaf.
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一個出生就失去聽覺的女孩
03:03
She's in a very supportive支持 environment環境.
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有個非常支持她的環境
03:05
Her mother's母親 doing everything she can.
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她的母親竭盡所能照顧她
03:07
Okay, play that video視頻 please.
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好,請撥放影片
03:09
(Video視頻) Mother母親: That's an owl貓頭鷹.
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(影片) 母親: 那是一隻貓頭鷹
03:11
Owl貓頭鷹, yeah.
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貓頭鷹,對
03:18
Owl貓頭鷹. Owl貓頭鷹.
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貓頭鷹。貓頭鷹。
03:21
Yeah.
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03:28
Baby寶寶. Baby寶寶.
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寶貝。寶貝。
03:31
You want it?
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你要這個嗎?
03:34
(Kiss)
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(親吻)
03:37
Charles查爾斯 Limb: Now despite儘管 everything going for this child兒童
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Charles Limb:除了這些
03:39
in terms條款 of family家庭 support支持
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家庭給這孩子的支持
03:41
and simple簡單 infused輸注 learning學習,
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和簡單的灌輸學習
03:43
there is a limitation局限性 to what a child兒童 who's誰是 deaf, an infant嬰兒 who was born天生 deaf,
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對這些聽障的孩子,或出生就失去聽覺的嬰兒來說
03:46
has in this world世界
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在這世界上,總是有些限制
03:48
in terms條款 of social社會, educational教育性, vocational專業 opportunities機會.
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不論是社會、教育、就業的機會
03:51
I'm not saying that they can't live生活 a beautiful美麗, wonderful精彩 life.
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我不是指他們無法擁有美好的生命
03:54
I'm saying that they're going to face面對 obstacles障礙
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我是說他們將會面對諸多阻礙
03:56
that most people who have normal正常 hearing聽力 will not have to face面對.
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是聽力正常的人所不需要面對的
03:59
Now hearing聽力 loss失利 and the treatment治療 for hearing聽力 loss失利
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到目前為止,聽力損失和治療聽障的技術
04:01
has really evolved進化 in the past過去 200 years年份.
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已經發展了將近200年
04:03
I mean literally按照字面,
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我說真的
04:05
they used to do things like stick ear-shaped耳形 objects對象 onto your ears耳朵
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人們曾經試過將耳朵形狀的物體貼到耳朵上
04:08
and stick funnels漏斗 in.
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插根漏斗進去
04:10
And that was the best最好 you could do for hearing聽力 loss失利.
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那曾經是治療聽障的唯一可做的
04:12
Back then you couldn't不能 even look at the eardrum鼓膜.
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當時我們甚至還沒辦法看到耳膜
04:14
So it's not too surprising奇怪
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所以當時無法就聽障提供良好的治療
04:16
that there were no good treatments治療 for hearing聽力 loss失利.
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其實並不讓人驚訝
04:18
And now today今天 we have the modern現代 multi-channel多通道 cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入,
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而今天我們有現代的多頻道內蝸植入手術
04:20
which哪一個 is an outpatient門診病人 procedure程序.
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這是一個門診手術
04:22
It's surgically手術 placed放置 inside the inner ear.
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要將這人工耳蝸手術放至在內耳
04:24
It takes about an hour小時 and a half to two hours小時, depending根據 on where it's doneDONE,
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依據醫院的不同,手術約需一個半小時到兩個小時
04:26
under general一般 anesthesia麻醉.
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手術需要全身麻醉
04:28
And in the end結束, you achieve實現 something like this
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末了,你會得到類似這樣的結果
04:30
where an electrode電極 array排列 is inserted插入 inside the cochlea耳蝸.
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一個電極陣列會插入你的耳蝸
04:33
Now actually其實, this is quite相當 crude原油
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事實上,相較於正常的內耳
04:35
in comparison對照 to our regular定期 inner ear.
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這有點粗
04:37
But here is that same相同 girl女孩 who is implanted植入 now.
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而這是和稍早影片中的同一個女孩,她現在做了植入手術
04:40
This is her 10 years年份 later後來.
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這是十年之後的她
04:42
And this is a video視頻 that was taken採取
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而這個影片是由
04:44
by my surgical外科 mentor導師, Dr博士. John約翰 NiparkoNiparko, who implanted植入 her.
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我的手術導師John Niparko醫師主刀、錄製的
04:46
If we could play this video視頻 please.
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麻煩播放這個影片
04:49
(Video視頻) John約翰 NiparkoNiparko: So you've written書面 two books圖書?
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(影片) John Niparko: 所以妳寫了兩本書?
04:51
Girl女孩: I have written書面 two books圖書. (Mother母親: Was the other one a book or a journal日誌 entry條目?)
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女孩: 我寫了兩本書 (母親:另外一本是書還是日記?)
04:54
Girl女孩: No, the other one was a book. (Mother母親: Oh, okay.)
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女孩:不是,另一本也是書 (母親:喔,好)
04:58
JNJN: Well this book has seven chapters,
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JN:這本書有七個章節
05:01
and the last chapter章節
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而最後一個章節
05:04
is entitled標題 "The Good Things About Being存在 Deaf."
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標題是「耳聾的好處」
05:08
Do you remember記得 writing寫作 that chapter章節?
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你還記得你寫過這個章節嗎?
05:11
Girl女孩: Yes I do. I remember記得 writing寫作 every一切 chapter章節.
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女孩: 我記得。我記得寫了每一個章節。
05:14
JNJN: Yeah.
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JN: 好。
05:16
Girl女孩: Well sometimes有時 my sister妹妹 can be kind of annoying惱人的.
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女孩:有時候我妹妹會有點煩人
05:20
So it comes in handy便利 to not be annoyed懊惱 by her.
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所以耳聾還滿方便的,讓我不要被她煩
05:24
JNJN: I see. And who is that?
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JN: 我了解。那這是誰?
05:27
Girl女孩: Holly冬青. (JNJN: Okay.)
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女孩: Holly。 (JN:好。)
05:29
Mother母親: Her sister妹妹. (JNJN: Her sister妹妹.) Girl女孩: My sister妹妹.
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母親: 這是她妹妹。(JN:她妹妹。) 女孩: 我的妹妹。
05:31
JNJN: And how can you avoid避免 being存在 annoyed懊惱 by her?
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JN: 那你是怎麼避免被她煩的呢?
05:34
Girl女孩: I just take off my CICI, and I don't hear anything.
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女孩: 我就把我的植入拿下來,然後我就什麼都聽不到了
05:37
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:39
It comes in handy便利.
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很方便的
05:41
JNJN: So you don't want to hear everything that's out there?
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JN:所以妳不想要什麼聲響都聽得到嗎?
05:44
Girl女孩: No.
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女孩: 不想
05:46
CLCL: And so she's phenomenal非凡的.
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CL: 她非常厲害
05:48
And there's no way that you can't look at that as an overwhelming壓倒 success成功.
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這絕對會被視為非常成功的案例
05:51
It is. It's a huge巨大 success成功 story故事 in modern現代 medicine醫學.
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這正是。在現代醫學的角度說,這的確是個成功的故事
05:54
However然而, despite儘管 this incredible難以置信 facility設施
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但是,除了這些非常好的輔助設備
05:57
that some cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入 users用戶 display顯示 with language語言,
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讓一些耳蝸植入者可以用語言表達之外
05:59
you turn on the radio無線電 and all of a sudden突然 they can't hear music音樂 almost幾乎 at all.
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當你把收音機打開,他們突然就都聽不到音樂了
06:03
In fact事實, most implant注入 users用戶 really struggle鬥爭
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事實上,幾乎所有的植入者都非常掙扎
06:05
and dislike反感 music音樂 because it sounds聲音 so bad.
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而且不喜歡音樂,因為聽起來很糟
06:08
And so when it comes to this idea理念
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因此,當我們談到
06:10
of restoring恢復 beauty美女 to somebody's某人的 life,
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"重建美麗到這些人的生命裡"這點子時
06:12
we have a long way to go when it comes to audition面試.
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關於聽覺,我們還有好長一段路要走
06:14
Now there are a lot of reasons原因 for that.
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這有很多原因
06:16
I mentioned提到 earlier the fact事實
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我稍早提到
06:18
that music音樂 is a different不同 capacity容量 because it's abstract抽象.
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音樂和語言不同,因為那很抽象
06:20
Language語言 is very different不同. Language語言 is very precise精確.
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語言是非常精準的
06:22
In fact事實, the whole整個 reason原因 we use it
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事實上,我們使用它的原因
06:24
is because it has semantic-specificity語義特異性.
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就是因為語言是有語意特異性
06:26
When you say a word,
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當你說一個字
06:28
what you care關心 is that word was perceived感知 correctly正確地.
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你在意的是這個字有沒有被正確的解讀
06:30
You don't care關心 that the word sounded滿面 pretty漂亮
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當它被念出來的時候
06:32
when it was spoken.
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你並不在意這個字好不好聽
06:34
Music音樂 is entirely完全 different不同.
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而音樂是截然不同的
06:36
When you hear music音樂, if it doesn't sound聲音 good, what's the point?
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當你聽到音樂,如果它不好聽,那又何必聽呢?
06:38
There's really very little point in listening to music音樂
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如果音樂對你來說不好聽的話
06:40
when it doesn't sound聲音 good to you.
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聽音樂就沒有什麼意義
06:42
The acoustics聲學 of music音樂 are much harder更難 than those of language語言.
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音樂聲學比語言更難
06:45
And you can see on this figure數字,
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就像你從這個圖表可以看到的
06:47
that the frequency頻率 range範圍
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頻率的幅度、
06:49
and the decibel分貝 range範圍, the dynamic動態 range範圍 of music音樂
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分貝範圍、音樂的動態範圍
06:51
is far more heterogeneous異質.
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差異度都遠高於語言
06:53
So if we had to design設計 a perfect完善 cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入,
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所以當我們要設計一個完美的耳蝸植入器時
06:55
what we would try to do
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我們會嘗試的目標
06:57
is target目標 it to be able能夠 to allow允許 music音樂 transmission傳輸.
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是能夠傳輸音樂
07:00
Because I always view視圖 music音樂 as the pinnacle巔峰 of hearing聽力.
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因為我始終認為,音樂是聽覺的頂峰
07:03
If you can hear music音樂,
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如果你可以聽得到音樂
07:05
you should be able能夠 to hear anything.
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那你應該什麼都可以聽得到
07:07
Now the problems問題 begin開始 first with pitch瀝青 perception知覺.
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現在問題從音準開始
07:10
I mean, most of us know that pitch瀝青 is a fundamental基本的 building建造 block of music音樂.
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我的意思是,我們大部分人都知道,音準是建立音樂的基礎
07:13
And without the ability能力 to perceive感知 pitch瀝青 well,
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若沒有辨識音準的能力
07:15
music音樂 and melody旋律 is a very difficult thing to do --
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音樂和旋律都是非常困難的
07:18
forget忘記 about a harmony和諧 and things like that.
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更別提和諧度或是其他類似的事情
07:20
Now this is a MIDIMIDI arrangement安排 of Rachmaninoff's拉赫瑪尼諾夫 Prelude序幕.
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現在這是 拉赫曼尼諾夫 的<前奏曲>MIDI版本
07:23
Now if we could just play this.
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現在我們播放這個
07:25
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
07:49
Okay, now if we consider考慮
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好,現在我們考慮
07:52
that in a cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入 patient患者
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對耳蝸植入患者
07:54
pitch瀝青 perception知覺 could be off as much as two octaves八度,
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音準的感知可以大到兩個八度
07:57
let's see what happens發生 here
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那我們來看看會發生什麼事
07:59
when we randomize隨機 this to within one semitone半音.
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我們將這些隨機變換在半音的幅度裡
08:01
We would be thrilled高興 if we had one semitone半音 pitch瀝青 perception知覺 in cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入 users用戶.
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如果能在患者身上發現對一個半音音準的辨識能力的話,我們會很高興
08:04
Go ahead and play this one.
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好,開始播放
08:06
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
08:29
Now my goal目標 in showing展示 you that
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我播放這個的目的
08:31
is to show顯示 you that music音樂 is not robust強大的 to degradation降解.
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是想要讓你知道音樂不能這樣隨意的更換
08:33
You distort歪曲 it a little bit, especially特別 in terms條款 of pitch瀝青, and you've changed it.
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你換了一點點,尤其是音準,整個曲子就不一樣了
08:37
And it might威力 be that you kind of like that.
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當然你可能有點喜歡新的版本
08:39
That's kind of hypnotic催眠.
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有點催眠的功效
08:41
But it certainly當然 wasn't the way the music音樂 was intended.
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但那很顯然不是音樂本來想要表現的
08:43
And you're not hearing聽力 the same相同 thing
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而且你現在並不是在聽
08:45
that most people who have normal正常 hearing聽力 are hearing聽力.
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那個多數聽力正常的人可以聽到的版本
08:47
Now the other issue問題 comes with,
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另外一個隨之而來的問題是
08:49
not just the ability能力 to tell pitches球場 apart距離,
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不單只是分辨音準的能力
08:51
but the ability能力 to tell sounds聲音 apart距離.
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還有分辨各種聲音的能力
08:53
Most cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入 users用戶 cannot不能 tell the difference區別 between之間 an instrument儀器.
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多數耳蝸植入手術的患者無法分辨不同的樂器
08:56
If we could play these two sound聲音 clips剪輯 in succession演替.
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如果我們連續撥放這兩段聲音
08:58
(Trumpet喇叭)
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(小喇叭)
09:00
The trumpet喇叭.
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那是小喇叭
09:02
And the second第二 one.
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接著第二個
09:04
(Violin小提琴)
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(小提琴)
09:05
That's a violin小提琴.
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那是小提琴
09:07
These have similar類似 wave forms形式. They're both sustained持續 instruments儀器.
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它們有類似的聲波,但是截然不同的樂器
09:09
Cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入 users用戶 cannot不能 tell the difference區別
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耳蝸植入的患者無法分辨
09:11
between之間 these instruments儀器.
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這兩個樂器之間的差異
09:13
The sound聲音 quality質量, or the sound聲音 of the sound聲音
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聲音的品質,或是聲音的聲音
09:15
is how I like to describe描述 timbre音色, tone color顏色 --
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是我用來形容音色,色調
09:17
they cannot不能 tell these things whatsoever任何.
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但他們怎麼都無法分辨這些的不同
09:19
This implant注入 is not transmitting發射
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這些植入並無法傳遞
09:22
the quality質量 of music音樂 that usually平時 provides提供 things like warmth熱情.
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這些音質,好比溫暖的音色
09:25
Now if you look at the brain of an individual個人 who has a cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入
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現在如果你看這些植入手術患者的腦部
09:28
and you have them listen to speech言語,
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然後讓他們聽一段演講
09:30
have them listen to rhythm韻律 and have them listen to melody旋律,
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讓他們聽一段節奏,聽一段旋律
09:32
what you find is that the auditory聽覺 cortex皮質
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你會發現,聽覺皮層
09:34
is the most active活性 during speech言語.
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在聽演講的時候最為活躍
09:36
You would think that because these implants植入物 are optimized優化 for speech言語,
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你會以為這些植入對於演說有加分的效果、
09:38
they were designed設計 for speech言語.
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本來就是設計來聽話的
09:40
But actually其實 if you look at melody旋律,
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然而,事實上你如果看看旋律
09:42
what you find is that there's very little cortical皮質 activity活動
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你會發現,相較於正常聽力者
09:44
in implant注入 users用戶 compared相比 with normal正常 hearing聽力 controls控制.
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在植入患者身上,皮質活動非常少
09:47
So for whatever隨你 reason原因,
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不論原因為何
09:49
this implant注入 is not successfully順利 stimulating刺激 auditory聽覺 cortices皮層
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當在接收旋律的時候
09:52
during melody旋律 perception知覺.
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這些植入無法成功刺激聽覺皮層
09:55
Now the next下一個 question is,
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所以下一個問題是
09:57
well how does it really sound聲音?
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那旋律到底聽起來像什麼?
09:59
Now we've我們已經 been doing some studies學習
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現在我們做了一些研究
10:01
to really get a sense of what sound聲音 quality質量 is like for these implant注入 users用戶.
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去了解這些音質對植入患者來說,到底像什麼
10:04
I'm going to play you two clips剪輯 of Usher招待員,
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我要撥放兩段亞瑟小子(Usher)的影片
10:06
one which哪一個 is normal正常
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一段是正常的
10:08
and one which哪一個 has almost幾乎 no high frequencies頻率, almost幾乎 no low frequencies頻率
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一段幾乎沒有高頻和低頻
10:10
and not even that many許多 mid frequencies頻率.
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也幾乎沒有中頻
10:12
Go ahead and play that.
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現在我們播放
10:14
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
10:18
(Limited有限 Frequency頻率 Music音樂)
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(音頻限制的音樂)
10:24
I had patients耐心 tell me that those sound聲音 the same相同.
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我有患者告訴我這兩段聽起來一樣
10:27
They cannot不能 differentiate區分 sound聲音 quality質量 differences分歧
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在這兩段不同的音樂片段中
10:30
between之間 those two clips剪輯.
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他們沒有辦法分辨音質的差異
10:32
Again, we are very, very far away in just getting得到 to where we want to get to.
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再強調一次,我們離想要達成的目標還非常非常遠
10:35
Now the question comes to mind心神: Is there any hope希望?
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所以現在的問題是,有希望嗎?
10:38
And yes, there is hope希望.
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有的,是有希望的
10:40
Now I don't know if anybody任何人 knows知道 who this is.
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我不知道有沒有任何人知道這是誰
10:42
This is ... does somebody know?
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這是....有人知道嗎?
10:44
This is Beethoven貝多芬.
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這是貝多芬
10:47
Now why would we know what Beethoven's貝多芬 skull頭骨 looks容貌 like?
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我們怎麼知道貝多芬的頭骨長這樣?
10:50
Because his grave was exhumed挖出.
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因為他的墳墓被挖掘出來
10:52
And it turns out that his temporal bones骨頭 were harvested收穫 when he died死亡
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結果發現他死的時候,顳骨被取走(顳骨位於顱骨兩側,又稱為內耳門的開口)
10:55
to try to look at the cause原因 of his deafness,
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想辨別他失去聽覺的原因
10:57
which哪一個 is why he has molding造型 clay粘土
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這就是為什麼上面有一些模型用的陶土
10:59
and his skull頭骨 is bulging挺著 out on the side there.
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然後他的頭骨側面有些鼓鼓的
11:01
But Beethoven貝多芬 composed music音樂
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但是貝多芬即使在失去聽覺很久之後
11:03
long after he lost丟失 his hearing聽力.
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他依舊作曲
11:05
What that suggests提示 is that, even in the case案件 of hearing聽力 loss失利,
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這顯示即使失去聽覺
11:08
the capacity容量 for music音樂 remains遺跡.
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音樂的能力還是保存下來
11:10
The brains大腦 remain hardwired硬線 for music音樂.
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大腦還是可以接受音樂
11:14
I've been very lucky幸運 to work with Dr博士. David大衛 Ryugo龍鄉
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我非常幸運的可以和David Ryugo醫生一起工作
11:16
where I've been working加工 on deaf cats that are white白色
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我們研究一些失聰的白貓
11:19
and trying to figure數字 out what happens發生 when we give them cochlear人工耳蝸 implants植入物.
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試著給它們做人工耳蝸植入
11:22
This is a cat that's been trained熟練 to respond響應 to a trumpet喇叭 for food餐飲.
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這是一隻被訓練會對小喇叭反應以換取食物的貓
11:27
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
11:41
Text文本: Beethoven貝多芬 doesn't excite激發 her.
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文字:貝多芬並不讓她興奮
11:44
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
11:56
The "1812 Overture序曲" isn't worth價值 waking醒來 for.
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柴可夫斯基的1812序曲也不值得她起床
12:01
(Trumpet喇叭)
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(小喇叭)
12:11
But she jumps跳躍 to action行動 when called to duty義務!
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但她聽到這個訊號立刻採取行動!
12:14
(Trumpet喇叭)
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(小喇叭)
12:18
CLCL: Now I'm not suggesting提示
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CL:我現在不是說
12:20
that the cat is hearing聽力 that trumpet喇叭 the way we're hearing聽力 it.
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貓聽到這個小喇叭的聲音和我們聽到的是一樣的
12:23
I'm suggesting提示 that with training訓練
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我是想說經過訓練
12:25
you can imbue a musical音樂 sound聲音 with significance意義,
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你可以灌輸音樂聲的意義
12:28
even in a cat.
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即使對象是一隻貓
12:30
If we were to direct直接 efforts努力
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如果我們現在把這些努力
12:32
towards training訓練 cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入 users用戶 to hear music音樂 --
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用來訓練耳蝸植入者聽音樂--
12:35
because right now there's virtually實質上 no effort功夫 put towards that,
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因為現在基本上是完全沒有、
12:38
no rehabilitative康復 strategies策略,
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沒有任何康復的策略
12:40
very little in the way of technological技術性 advances進步 to actually其實 improve提高 music音樂 --
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很少真正使用先進技術提高音樂品質的努力--
12:43
we would come a long way.
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我們有很長的路要走
12:45
Now I want to show顯示 you one last video視頻.
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我現在要播放最後一段影片
12:48
And this is of a student學生 of mine named命名 Joseph約瑟夫
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這是我的一個學生叫作約瑟
12:50
who I had the good fortune幸運 to work with for three years年份 in my lab實驗室.
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我有幸和他在我的實驗室裡共事三年
12:53
He's deaf, and he learned學到了 to play the piano鋼琴
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他是聽障,在他接受人工耳蝸植入後
12:56
after he received收到 the cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入.
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他學會彈鋼琴
12:58
And here's這裡的 a video視頻 of Joseph約瑟夫.
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這是一段約瑟的影片
13:01
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
13:45
(Video視頻) Joseph約瑟夫: I was born天生 in 1986.
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(影片) 約瑟: 我出生於1986年
13:48
And at about four months個月 old,
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大概四個月大的時候
13:50
I was diagnosed確診 with profoundly深深 severe嚴重 hearing聽力 loss失利.
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我被診斷有嚴重的聽覺障礙
13:52
Not long after,
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在那不久之後
13:54
I was fitted with hearing聽力 aids艾滋病.
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我就裝了聽力輔助器
13:56
But although雖然 these hearing聽力 aids艾滋病
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但即使是當時市場上
13:58
were the most powerful強大 hearing聽力 aids艾滋病 on the market市場 at the time,
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最好的輔助器
14:00
they weren't very helpful有幫助.
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也都不太有用
14:02
So as a result結果, I had to rely依靠 on lip reading a lot,
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基於這個原因,我得學習讀唇語
14:07
and I couldn't不能 really hear what people were saying.
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我也其實聽不太到別人在說什麼
14:09
When I was 12 years年份 old,
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而當我十二歲的時候
14:11
I was one of the first few少數 people in Singapore新加坡
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我是新加坡頭少數幾個
14:14
who underwent後行 cochlear人工耳蝸 implantation植入.
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接受人工耳蝸植入手術的病人
14:17
And not long after I got my cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入,
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接受手術之後不久
14:21
I started開始 learning學習 how to play piano鋼琴.
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我就開始學琴
14:23
And it was absolutely絕對 wonderful精彩.
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而那真是太美好了
14:25
Since以來 then, I've never looked看著 back.
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自從那之後,我再也不回頭看
14:27
CLCL: Joseph約瑟夫 is phenomenal非凡的. He's brilliant輝煌.
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CL:約瑟非常驚人,他太棒了
14:29
He is now a medical student學生 at Yale耶魯 University大學,
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他現在是耶魯大學醫學系的學生
14:31
and he's contemplating考慮 a surgical外科 career事業 --
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他目標成為外科手術醫生
14:33
one of the first deaf individuals個人 to consider考慮 a career事業 in surgery手術.
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是少數聽障者得以考慮擁有這樣的職業
14:36
There are almost幾乎 no deaf surgeons外科醫生 anywhere隨地.
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這世界上幾乎沒有聽障的醫生
14:39
And this is really unheard聞所未聞 of stuff東東, and this is all because of this technology技術.
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這基本上是前所未聞的,都拜科技所賜
14:42
And the fact事實 that he can play the piano鋼琴 like that
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而他可以彈琴這個事實
14:44
is a testament遺囑 to his brain.
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就是他大腦的最好證明
14:46
Truth真相 of the matter is you can play the piano鋼琴 without a cochlear人工耳蝸 implant注入,
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事實上,就算沒有植入你也可以學會彈琴
14:49
because all you have to do is press the keys按鍵 at the right time.
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因為你只需要在適當的時機按下正確的按鍵
14:51
You don't actually其實 have to hear it.
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你其實不真的需要聽到聲音
14:53
I know he doesn't hear well, because I've heard聽說 him do Karaoke卡拉OK.
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我知道他聽得不好,因為我聽他唱過歌
14:56
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
14:58
And it's one of the most awful可怕 things --
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而那是世界上最糟糕的事情之一
15:01
heartwarming感人, but awful可怕.
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非常溫暖人心,但是非常糟糕
15:03
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
15:05
And so there is certainly當然 a lot of hope希望,
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所以這世界的確有希望
15:07
but there's a lot more that needs需求 to be doneDONE.
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但我們還有很多需要做的
15:09
So I just want to conclude得出結論 with the following以下 words.
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所以我想要用下面這段話做為今天的結論
15:11
When it comes to restoration恢復 of hearing聽力,
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關於聽覺重建
15:13
we have certainly當然 come a long way, a remarkably異常 long way.
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我們確實已經走了一段很長的路
15:16
And we have a much longer way to go
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然而關於重建完美聽力的想法
15:19
when it comes to the idea理念 of restoring恢復 perfect完善 hearing聽力.
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我們還有一段更長的路要走
15:21
And let me tell you right now,
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現在,讓我告訴你
15:23
it's fine that we would all be very happy快樂 with speech言語.
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我們當然可以對聽得到說話感到滿意
15:25
But I tell you, if we lost丟失 our hearing聽力,
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但是我告訴你,如果我們失去聽力
15:27
if anyone任何人 here suddenly突然 lost丟失 your hearing聽力,
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如果現在這裡任何一個人突然失去聽力
15:29
you would want perfect完善 hearing聽力 back.
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你會想要重拾完美的聽覺
15:31
You wouldn't不會 want decent正經 hearing聽力, you would want perfect完善 hearing聽力.
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你不會想要一個"還可以"的聽覺,你會想要完美的聽覺
15:34
Restoration恢復 of basic基本 sensory感覺的 function功能 is critical危急.
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重建這個基礎感知是非常重要的
15:37
And I don't mean to understate保守地說
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我並不想低估
15:39
how important重要 it is to restore恢復 basic基本 function功能.
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重建基礎功能的重要性
15:41
But it's really restoration恢復 of the ability能力 to perceive感知 beauty美女
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但是重建對於美的感知
15:44
where we can get inspiring鼓舞人心.
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是我們可以得到啟發的關鍵
15:46
And I don't think that we should give up on beauty美女.
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而我想我們不應該放棄美好的事物
15:48
And I want to thank you for your time.
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謝謝各位的時間
15:50
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Meg Lee
Reviewed by Yen-chung Nora Huang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Limb - Researcher
Charles Limb is a doctor and a musician who researches the way musical creativity works in the brain.

Why you should listen

Charles Limb is the Francis A. Sooy, MD Professor and Chief of Otology/Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery at the University of California, San Francisco, and he's a Faculty Member at the Peabody Conservatory of Music. He combines his two passions to study the way the brain creates and perceives music. He's a hearing specialist and surgeon at Johns Hopkins who performs cochlear implantations on patients who have lost their hearing. And he plays sax, piano and bass.

In search of a better understanding of how the mind perceives complex auditory stimuli such as music, he's been working with Allen Braun to look at the brains of improvising musicians and study what parts of the brain are involved in the kind of deep creativity that happens when a musician is really in the groove.

Read our Q&A about hip-hop studies with Charles Limb on the TED Blog >>

Plus our quick catchup Q&A at TEDMED 2011 -- including his top 5 songs of all time >>

Read the 2014 paper "Neural Substrates of Interactive Musical Improvisation: An fMRI Study of ‘Trading Fours’ in Jazz" >>

More profile about the speaker
Charles Limb | Speaker | TED.com