TEDGlobal 2012
Don Tapscott: Four principles for the open world
唐▪泰普斯科特: 開放世界的四個原則
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這一代人從出生起就沉浸在無所不在的科技連結，未來主義者唐▪泰普斯科特這樣說道，而其結果是世界正在轉變得更加開放和透明。他在這個發人深省的演講中，列舉了四個核心原則，可使這個世界成為一個更美好的地方。
Don Tapscott - Digital strategist
Don Tapscott, Executive Chairman of the Blockchain Research Institute, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the impact of technology in business and society. He has authored 16 books, including "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," which has been translated into over 25 languages Full bio
Don Tapscott, Executive Chairman of the Blockchain Research Institute, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the impact of technology in business and society. He has authored 16 books, including "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," which has been translated into over 25 languages Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Openness. It's a word that
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開放，這個名詞
00:19
denotes opportunity and possibilities.
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代表著機會和潛在的可能性。
開放式的，開放式平爐，
00:22
Open-ended, open hearth,
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開放原始碼，門戶開放政策，
00:24
open source, open door policy,
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開放酒吧（免費暢飲酒吧），
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
00:28
open bar. (Laughter)
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00:31
And everywhere the world is opening up,
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世界上的每個角落
都變得更加開放，
都變得更加開放，
00:34
and it's a good thing.
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這是件好事。
00:35
Why is this happening?
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這為什麼會發生呢？
技術革命開放了這個世界。
00:37
The technology revolution is opening the world.
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00:40
Yesterday's Internet was a platform
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昨天的網際網路
是展示內容的平台。
00:43
for the presentation of content.
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今天的網際網路是計算的平台。
00:45
The Internet of today is a platform for computation.
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00:48
The Internet is becoming a giant
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網際網路成為一個
巨型的全球電腦，每一次你登錄，
00:50
global computer, and every time you go on it,
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00:53
you upload a video, you do a Google search,
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你上傳一個影片，你上谷歌搜索，
00:55
you remix something,
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你就重混了一些東西，
你在這個大家共享的
巨型全球計算機上
巨型全球計算機上
00:57
you're programming this big global computer
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做程式設計。
00:59
that we all share.
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人類正在建造一個機器，
01:01
Humanity is building a machine,
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這使我們能夠用全新的方式合作。
01:04
and this enables us to collaborate in new ways.
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01:07
Collaboration can occur on
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這種合作可發生在
01:08
an astronomical basis.
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龐大的基礎上。
現在新一代正也在開放這個世界
01:11
Now a new generation is opening up the world as well.
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01:15
I started studying kids about 15 years ago,
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我大概從十五年前起開始研究孩子，
01:17
-- so actually 20 years ago now --
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事實上，大約 20 年前就開始了。
01:19
and I noticed how my own children were
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我注意到自己的孩子
01:21
effortlessly able to use all this sophisticated technology,
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能輕鬆自如地使用這些複雜的科技，
01:24
and at first I thought,
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一開始我認為
01:26
"My children are prodigies!" (Laughter)
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「我的孩子是神童！」 （笑聲）
01:29
But then I noticed all their friends were like them,
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但很快我就發現，
他們的朋友也同樣厲害，
他們的朋友也同樣厲害，
所以我的理論不成立。
01:31
so that was a bad theory.
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01:33
So I've started working with a few hundred kids,
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我研究過數百個孩子，
01:36
and I came to the conclusion
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得出的結論是，
01:37
that this is the first generation to come of age
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他們是和數位時代同時到來的一代。
01:39
in the digital age,
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01:40
to be bathed in bits.
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他們沉浸於位元中，
01:42
I call them the Net Generation.
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我稱他們為「網絡一代」
我說過，這些孩子是不同的。
01:44
I said, these kids are different.
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01:46
They have no fear of technology, because it's not there.
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他們不害怕科技，
因為這種害怕並不存在。
因為這種害怕並不存在。
01:49
It's like the air.
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科技對他們就像空氣一樣。
01:50
It's sort of like, I have no fear of a refrigerator.
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這也和我不害怕冰箱的道理一樣。
01:54
And — (Laughter)
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並且—（笑聲）
01:56
And there's no more powerful force to change
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沒有比第一代數位原住民
01:58
every institution than the first generation of digital natives.
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更強大的力量可以改變每個機構。
02:03
I'm a digital immigrant.
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我則屬於數位時代的移民。
02:04
I had to learn the language.
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我不得不學習這個語言。
02:07
The global economic crisis is opening up the world as well.
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全球範圍的經濟危機
也在使這個世界更加開放。
也在使這個世界更加開放。
02:11
Our opaque institutions from the Industrial Age,
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從工業時代的不透明體制，
陳舊的公司體制，
02:14
everything from old models of the corporation,
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02:16
government, media, Wall Street,
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到政府、媒體、華爾街，
02:18
are in various stages of being stalled or frozen
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都處於停滯或凍結
02:22
or in atrophy or even failing,
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甚至是萎縮或崩潰的各個階段，
02:25
and this is now creating a burning platform in the world.
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這樣的危機正在全球
產生「燃燒的平台」效應。
產生「燃燒的平台」效應。
02:28
I mean, think about Wall Street.
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想想華爾街。
02:30
The core modus operandi of Wall Street almost brought down
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其核心運作模式
幾乎讓全球資本市場瀕臨崩潰。
02:33
global capitalism.
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你們都了解燃燒的平台是什麼意思，
02:36
Now, you know the idea of a burning platform,
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02:37
that you're somewhere where the costs of staying where you are
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即保持現狀的成本
02:41
become greater than the costs of moving to something different,
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高於改變現狀所需的資本，
而這改變或許是徹底不同的改變。
02:44
perhaps something radically different.
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02:48
And we need to change
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我們需要改變，
02:49
and open up all of our institutions.
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開放我們所有的機構。
02:51
So this technology push,
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所以這種科技的推動，
02:53
a demographic kick from a new generation
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新世代的驅動，
02:56
and a demand pull from a new
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和來自新全球經濟環境的
02:59
economic global environment
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需求推動，
03:01
is causing the world to open up.
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造成全世界的開放。
03:03
Now, I think, in fact,
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現在，我認為，事實上，
03:06
we're at a turning point in human history,
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我們正處於人類歷史的
一個轉折點，
一個轉折點，
現在我們終於能夠重建
03:09
where we can finally now rebuild
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03:11
many of the institutions of the Industrial Age
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許多工業時代的機構，
03:14
around a new set of principles.
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為它們制定一套新準則。
03:15
Now, what is openness?
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那，什麼是開放呢？
03:18
Well, as it turns out, openness
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事實上，開放有許多不同的涵義，
03:19
has a number of different meanings,
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03:21
and for each there's a corresponding principle
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而每一種涵義都有對應的原則，
03:24
for the transformation of
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與文明的轉變相呼應。
03:26
civilization.
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第一個是合作。
03:28
The first is collaboration.
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03:31
Now, this is openness in the sense of the boundaries
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這種開放對組織的意義就是
組織的疆界變得更具滲透性、
03:34
of organizations becoming more porous and fluid
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靈活、和開放。
03:37
and open.
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03:39
The guy in the picture here,
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圖片中的男士，
03:40
I'll tell you his story.
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我要講述他的故事。
03:42
His name is Rob McEwen.
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他名叫羅伯·麥克伊文。
03:44
I'd like to say, "I have this think tank, we scour the world
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我很想說，「我有這個智庫，
在全世界尋找驚人的案例。」
03:46
for amazing case studies."
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03:48
The reason I know this story
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但我知道這個故事的原因是，
03:49
is because he's my neighbor. (Laughter)
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他是我的鄰居。（笑聲）
03:54
He actually moved across the street from us,
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其實他搬到我們家對面，
03:55
and he held a cocktail party
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然後他辦了一個
敦請睦鄰的雞尾酒聚會，
敦請睦鄰的雞尾酒聚會，
03:57
to meet the neighbors, and he says, "You're Don Tapscott.
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他說，「你是唐·泰普斯科特。
我讀過很多您的書。」
我讀過很多您的書。」
03:59
I've read some of your books."
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04:00
I said, "Great. What do you do?"
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我說，「很好！你是做什麼工作的？」
04:01
And he says, "Well I used to be a banker
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他回答說，「我以前是個銀行家
04:02
and now I'm a gold miner."
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而現在我是個金礦工人。」
04:04
And he tells me this amazing story.
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接著他告訴我了這個驚奇的故事。
04:07
He takes over this gold mine, and his geologists
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他接管了這個金礦，而他的地質學家
04:09
can't tell him where the gold is.
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無法告訴他金子在哪裡。
04:11
He gives them more money for geological data,
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他給了他們更多的錢研究地質數據，
04:12
they come back, they can't tell
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他們研究之後，依然無法告訴他
04:14
him where to go into production.
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從哪裡開始投產。
04:16
After a few years, he's so frustrated he's ready
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幾年之後，他非常沮喪，準備放棄。
04:20
to give up, but he has an epiphany one day.
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但有一天，他靈光一現。
04:22
He wonders, "If my geologists don't know where the gold is,
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他想著，「如果我的地質學家
不知道金子在哪裡，
不知道金子在哪裡，
04:25
maybe somebody else does."
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也許外面有人會知道。」
所以他做了一件 「激進」的事情。
04:27
So he does a "radical" thing.
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04:29
He takes his geological data,
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他把那些地質數據
04:31
he publishes it and he holds a contest on the Internet
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發佈了出去，然後在網路上
舉辦了一個競賽，
舉辦了一個競賽，
04:34
called the Goldcorp Challenge.
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叫做 「黃金公司大挑戰」。
04:35
It's basically half a million dollars in prize money
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基本上就是 50 萬美元的獎金
04:39
for anybody who can tell me, do I have any gold,
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獎勵給任何人，只要他
能夠告訴我，我是否有金子
能夠告訴我，我是否有金子
04:41
and if so, where is it? (Laughter)
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如果有，在哪裡呢？（笑聲）
04:45
He gets submissions from all around the world.
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他收到了來自世界各地的提案。
04:47
They use techniques that he's never heard of,
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他們用了一些他從未聽說過的技術，
04:50
and for his half a million dollars in prize money,
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而他的 50 萬美元的獎金，
04:52
Rob McEwen finds 3.4 billion dollars worth of gold.
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為羅伯·麥克伊文找到了
價值 34 億美元的金子。
價值 34 億美元的金子。
04:56
The market value of his company
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他公司的市值
04:58
goes from 90 million to 10 billion dollars,
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從 9000 萬美元暴漲到 100 億美元，
05:00
and I can tell you, because he's my neighbor,
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因為他是我的鄰居，我可以告訴你，
05:03
he's a happy camper. (Laughter)
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他非常快樂。（笑聲）
05:06
You know, conventional wisdom says talent is inside, right?
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你知道，大家都說
有才能的人就在公司裡，沒錯吧？
有才能的人就在公司裡，沒錯吧？
05:10
Your most precious asset goes out the elevator every night.
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你最寶貴的資產（員工）
每晚都從電梯出去。
每晚都從電梯出去。
05:13
He viewed talent differently.
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但他用不同的角度看待有才的人。
05:16
He wondered, who are their peers?
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他想知道， 能相媲的人是誰？
05:18
He should have fired his geology department, but he didn't.
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他本可以炒掉他的地質部門，
但是他沒有。
但是他沒有。
05:22
You know, some of the best submissions
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你知道，很多好的提案
05:24
didn't come from geologists.
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並非出自地質學家。
它們出自電腦科學家，工程師之手。
05:27
They came from computer scientists, engineers.
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最後的贏家是一個電腦繪圖公司，
05:29
The winner was a computer graphics company
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05:30
that built a three dimensional model of the mine
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這家公司製作了金礦的三維模型，
05:32
where you can helicopter underground
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你可以在電腦模型中上天入地
05:34
and see where the gold is.
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看到金子在哪裡。
05:37
He helped us understand that social media's becoming
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他幫助我們理解到社群媒體
05:40
social production.
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已經變得具有社會生產力。
05:42
It's not about hooking up online.
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這不只是在網上交交朋友，
05:44
This is a new means of production in the making.
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這是一種新的生產模式。
05:47
And this Ideagora that he created, an open market, agora,
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而他創造的「思想集合」，
一個開放的思想集合市場，
一個開放的思想集合市場，
05:51
for uniquely qualified minds,
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匯集了有獨特心智的人們，
05:54
was part of a change, a profound change in the deep structure
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成為變革的一部分，
是組織體系結構中的深遠改變，
05:58
and architecture of our organizations,
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06:01
and how we sort of orchestrate capability to innovate,
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是我們如何協調能力
以創新和創造產品和服務，
06:04
to create goods and services,
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與世界的其他地區交流，
06:06
to engage with the rest of the world,
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06:07
in terms of government, how we create public value.
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就政府而言，
是我們如何創造公共價值。
是我們如何創造公共價值。
06:12
Openness is about collaboration.
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開放是為了合作。
06:14
Now secondly, openness is about transparency.
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第二個，開放是為了透明化。
06:16
This is different. Here, we're talking about the communication
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這是不同的。我們在討論
06:18
of pertinent information to stakeholders of organizations:
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組織內利害關係人間信息的交流：
06:22
employees, customers, business partners, shareholders,
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僱員、顧客、商業夥伴、股東等等。
06:25
and so on.
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06:27
And everywhere, our institutions are becoming naked.
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在任何地方，我們的機構暴露無遺。
06:31
People are all bent out of shape about WikiLeaks,
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大家都被維基洩密弄得不成人形，
06:33
but that's just the tip of the iceberg.
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但是這只是冰山一角。
06:36
You see, people at their fingertips now, everybody,
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你看，大家都瞭若指掌，每個人，
06:39
not just Julian Assange,
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而不只是阿桑奇，
（維基解密的董事與發言人）
（維基解密的董事與發言人）
06:41
have these powerful tools for finding out what's going on,
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都有有力的工具發掘信息，
06:43
scrutinizing, informing others,
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仔細檢查，通知大家，
06:45
and even organizing collective responses.
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甚至組織集體反應。
機構變得赤裸裸呈現，
06:48
Institutions are becoming naked,
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06:51
and if you're going to be naked,
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如果你也想赤裸裸呈現，
06:53
well, there's some corollaries that flow from that.
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嗯，是有一些從其而來的必然推論。
06:55
I mean, one is,
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我是說，比如，
06:56
fitness is no longer optional. (Laughter)
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健身不再可有可無。（笑聲）
06:59
You know? Or if you're going to be naked, you'd better get buff.
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對吧？或是如果你想裸體，
你最好好好鍛鍊一下肌肉。
你最好好好鍛鍊一下肌肉。
07:03
Now, by buff I mean, you need to have good value,
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這裡，我所謂的鍛鍊，
是說你需要有價值，
是說你需要有價值，
07:07
because value is evidenced like never before.
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因為價值前所未見地明顯。
07:09
You say you have good products.
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你自稱你有好的產品。
那麼最好是真的好產品。
那麼最好是真的好產品。
07:10
They'd better be good.
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07:11
But you also need to have values.
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但你同樣需要有價值。
07:13
You need to have integrity as part of your bones
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你需要讓正直誠實成為
組織的骨頭及基因，
07:16
and your DNA as an organization,
171
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07:18
because if you don't, you'll be unable to build trust,
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如果你不這樣做，
你就無法建立信任，
你就無法建立信任，
07:20
and trust is a sine qua non of this new network world.
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而信任，是這個新的
網路世界的必要條件。
網路世界的必要條件。
07:24
So this is good. It's not bad.
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這挺好的，沒什麼壞處。
07:28
Sunlight is the best disinfectant.
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陽光是最好的消毒劑。
07:30
And we need a lot of sunlight in this troubled world.
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而我們需要很多陽光
來清潔這個藏汙納垢的世界。
來清潔這個藏汙納垢的世界。
07:34
Now, the third meaning and corresponding principle
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開放的第三個意義和與其對應的原則
07:37
of openness is about sharing.
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就是分享。
07:40
Now this is different than transparency.
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這個與透明化也不同。
07:41
Transparency is about the communication of information.
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透明化是關於信息的交流。
07:44
Sharing is about giving up assets, intellectual property.
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分享是放棄一些資產，智慧財產權。
07:48
And there are all kinds of famous stories about this.
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有很多相關的著名故事。
07:51
IBM gave away 400 million dollars of software
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IBM （國際商用機器）
送了價值四億美元的軟體
送了價值四億美元的軟體
07:54
to the Linux movement, and that gave them
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讓 Linux （開放核心）
系統運動發展，
系統運動發展，
07:56
a multi-billion dollar payoff.
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而得到了幾十億美元的收益 。
07:59
Now, conventional wisdom says,
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常言道，
08:01
"Well, hey, our intellectual property belongs to us,
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「嗯，我們的智慧財產權屬於我們，
08:03
and if someone tries to infringe it, we're going to get out
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如果有人想要侵權，
我們就會找我們的律師，
然後起訴侵權者。」
然後起訴侵權者。」
08:06
our lawyers and we're going to sue them."
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08:08
Well, it didn't work so well for the record labels, did it?
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唱片公司如此做也沒成功，對吧？
08:12
I mean, they took — They had a technology disruption,
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我是說， 他們－
他們有技術中斷的問題，
他們有技術中斷的問題，
08:17
and rather than taking a business model innovation
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但他們不採取商業模式創新
來作為對應，
來作為對應，
08:19
to correspond to that, they took and sought a legal solution
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反而尋求法律途徑，
08:23
and the industry that brought you Elvis and the Beatles
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而這個帶給你貓王和披頭四的行業
08:26
is now suing children
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現在正在起訴兒童，
08:28
and is in danger of collapse.
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並且岌岌可危。
所以我們需要換個角度
來思考智慧財產權。
來思考智慧財產權。
08:32
So we need to think differently about intellectual property.
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08:35
I'll give you an example.
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我來告訴你一個事例。
08:36
The pharmaceutical industry is in deep trouble.
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製藥界現在深陷困境。
08:39
First of all, there aren't a lot of big inventions
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第一，這個行業搞不出什麼新藥了，
08:41
in the pipeline, and this is a big problem for human health,
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這對於人類健康來說是個大問題，
08:43
and the pharmaceutical industry has got a bigger problem,
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而製藥業還有更大的問題，
08:49
that they're about to fall off something
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他們就快要墜入
所謂的「專利懸崖」裡。
所謂的「專利懸崖」裡。
08:51
called the patent cliff.
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你們知道這意味著什麼嗎？
08:52
Do you know about this?
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08:53
They're going to lose 20 to 35 percent of their revenue
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他們會在接下來的 12 個月中
08:56
in the next 12 months.
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失去 20% 到 35% 的收入。
08:57
And what are you going to do,
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那你要怎麼辦？
08:59
like, cut back on paper clips or something? No.
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減少迴紋針之類的支出？不是的。
09:02
We need to reinvent the whole model of scientific research.
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我們需要改造整個科研體系。
09:07
The pharmaceutical industry needs to place assets
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製藥界需要把他們的資產變成公有財。
09:10
in a commons. They need to start sharing precompetitive research.
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同業需要開始分享
市場競爭前的研究。
市場競爭前的研究。
09:14
They need to start sharing
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他們需要開始共享
臨床試驗數據，
09:16
clinical trial data,
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1458
09:18
and in doing so, create a rising tide that could lift all boats,
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這樣做，可以讓各方受益，
09:22
not just for the industry but
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不僅僅是為了醫藥行業，
09:24
for humanity.
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也是為了人類。
第四個開放的意義
09:27
Now, the fourth meaning
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2405
09:29
of openness,
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2146
和與之對應的原則
09:31
and corresponding principle, is about empowerment.
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是賦權。
09:33
And I'm not talking about the motherhood sense here.
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我不是說母親自主權之類的意思。
09:36
Knowledge and intelligence is power,
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知識和智慧就是力量，
09:39
and as it becomes more distributed, there's a
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因為力量已經更加分散，
09:42
concomitant distribution
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隨之而來式的權力分配
09:44
and decentralization and disaggregation of power
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和權力去集中化和去集體化
09:48
that's underway in the world today.
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都在世界各地進行。
09:50
The open world is bringing freedom.
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開放的世界帶來自由。
09:53
Now, take the Arab Spring.
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現在我們以阿拉伯之春為例。
有關社群媒體的角色的辯論
09:55
The debate about the role of social media
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09:57
and social change has been settled.
230
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1994
與社會變化已經塵埃落定了。
09:59
You know, one word: Tunisia.
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3238
你知道，一個字，突尼西亞。
10:03
And then it ended up having a whole bunch of other words too.
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它最後也演變成其他許多字。
10:05
But in the Tunisian revolution,
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但在突尼西亞革命，
10:07
the new media didn't cause the revolution;
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新的媒體並沒有引發革命；
10:09
it was caused by injustice.
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它是由不公平引起的。
10:11
Social media didn't create the revolution;
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社群媒體沒有引起革命；
10:15
it was created by a new generation of young people
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革命是由年輕人的一代引起的，
10:18
who wanted jobs and hope and
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他們要求工作機會、希望
10:20
who didn't want to be treated as subjects anymore.
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4026
他們不想再被當成唯命是從的愚民。
10:24
But just as the Internet drops transaction and collaboration
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3065
但是如同網路降低交易費用
和商業與政府相互合作的成本，
10:27
costs in business and government,
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2368
10:29
it also drops the cost of dissent, of rebellion,
242
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它同時降低了異議者和叛變者的成本，
10:32
and even insurrection
243
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1829
甚至暴動的成本，
10:34
in ways that people didn't understand.
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2092
是大家原來並不瞭解的。
10:36
You know, during the Tunisian revolution,
245
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1823
你知道，在突尼西亞革命時，
10:38
snipers associated with the regime were killing
246
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2694
與政權有關聯的狙擊手在街上
10:40
unarmed students in the street.
247
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1744
殺害手無寸鐵的學生。
10:42
So the students would take their mobile devices,
248
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3021
因此學生們用他們的手機，
10:45
take a picture, triangulate the location,
249
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2653
拍下相片，三角定位，
10:48
send that picture to friendly military units,
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將相片寄給友好的軍隊單位，
10:50
who'd come in and take out the snipers.
251
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2409
軍隊就會來處理掉那些狙擊手。
10:52
You think that social media is about hooking up online?
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2534
你還認為社群媒體
只是在網路上交朋友嗎？
只是在網路上交朋友嗎？
10:55
For these kids, it was a military tool
253
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3027
對這些孩子來說，
它是手無寸鐵的人
對抗謀殺者的軍事武器。
對抗謀殺者的軍事武器。
10:58
to defend unarmed people from murderers.
254
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3126
11:01
It was a tool of self-defense.
255
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2133
那是自衛的工具。
你知道，此時此刻，
11:03
You know, as we speak today, young people
256
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2355
許多年輕人在敘利亞被殺害，
11:05
are being killed in Syria,
257
650034
2010
11:07
and up until three months ago,
258
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1810
直到三個月前，
11:09
if you were injured on the street,
259
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2199
如果你在街上受傷，
11:11
an ambulance would pick you up,
260
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1452
救護車會來接你，
11:13
take you to the hospital, you'd go in, say, with a broken leg,
261
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2900
載你到醫院，你進去的時候是腿斷，
11:16
and you'd come out with a bullet in your head.
262
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2479
你出來時是腦部中槍。
11:18
So these 20-somethings created
263
662884
2911
所以這些 20 多歲的年輕人
創造了另一種醫療系統，
11:21
an alternative health care system,
264
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2294
他們用推特和公開可用的
基本工具來聯繫，
基本工具來聯繫，
11:23
where what they did is they used Twitter and basic
265
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2390
11:26
publicly available tools that when someone's injured,
266
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3245
有人受傷時，一輛車會來接他們，
11:29
a car would show up, it would pick them up,
267
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2680
11:32
take them to a makeshift medical clinic, where you'd get
268
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帶他們去一個臨時診所，
他們會在那裡得到醫療而不是被殺。
11:34
medical treatment, as opposed to being executed.
269
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3542
11:38
So this is a time of great change.
270
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所以這是個大變化的時代。
11:41
Now, it's not without its problems.
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2634
這個時代並不是沒有問題。
11:44
Up until two years ago,
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2646
直到兩年前，
11:46
all revolutions in human history had a leadership,
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人類歷史上的革命都有領導者，
11:50
and when the old regime fell, the leadership
274
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2792
當舊的政權崩潰時，
革命的領導和組織就會得權，
11:52
and the organization would take power.
275
696915
978
11:53
Well, these wiki revolutions happen so fast
276
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2525
但這些維基革命發生得如此快，
11:56
they create a vacuum, and
277
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1498
它們造成權力真空，
11:57
politics abhors a vacuum,
278
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1735
政治痛恨真空，
11:59
and unsavory forces can fill that,
279
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2072
因為不好的力量會補進去，
12:01
typically the old regime,
280
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3126
特別是舊的政權或是激進份子，
12:04
or extremists, or fundamentalist forces.
281
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2346
或是基本教義派的武裝團體。
你可以看到今天的埃及就是如此。
12:07
You can see this playing out today in Egypt.
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2735
12:09
But that doesn't matter,
283
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1663
但那無所謂，
因為開放正在向前。
12:11
because this is moving forward.
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2137
火車已離站，貓已跑出袋子
（秘密已經公開），
（秘密已經公開），
12:13
The train has left the station. The cat is out of the bag.
285
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2976
12:16
The horse is out of the barn. Help me out here, okay?
286
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3378
馬已離開馬廄（來不及了）。
還有什麼說法？幫我一下！
還有什麼說法？幫我一下！
12:19
(Laughter) The toothpaste is out of the tube.
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2142
（笑聲）牙膏已被擠出來了。
（木已成舟）
（木已成舟）
12:22
I mean, we're not putting this one back.
288
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2223
我的意思是，我們不會回頭了。
12:24
The open world is bringing empowerment and freedom.
289
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3733
開放的世界帶來賦權和自由。
12:28
I think, at the end of these four days,
290
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2784
我想，在這四天的研討會後，
12:30
that you'll come to conclude that the arc of history
291
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2766
你會下此結論：歷史的走向
12:33
is a positive one, and it's towards openness.
292
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3496
是正面的，而且是朝向開放的。
12:37
If you go back a few hundred years,
293
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2481
如果你回到幾百年前，
12:39
all around the world it was a very closed society.
294
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2384
世界各地都是非常封閉的社會。
12:41
It was agrarian, and the means of production
295
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1569
它是農業的社會，
但生產的方式及政治體系是封建的，
12:43
and political system was called feudalism, and knowledge
296
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2715
知識集中在教會和貴族裡面。
12:46
was concentrated in the church and the nobility.
297
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3938
12:50
People didn't know about things.
298
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1607
人民是無知的。
12:51
There was no concept of progress.
299
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2475
那時沒有進步的概念。
12:54
You were born, you lived your life and you died.
300
758397
1903
你出生，過日子，然後死亡。
12:56
But then Johannes Gutenberg came along with his great invention,
301
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4596
直到約翰內斯·古騰堡
和他偉大的活字印刷術發明出現，
和他偉大的活字印刷術發明出現，
13:00
and, over time, the society opened up.
302
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3552
然後，慢慢地，社會才開放起來。
13:04
People started to learn about things, and when they did,
303
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2041
人民開始學習，知識普遍後，
封建社會機構開始
13:06
the institutions of feudal society appeared
304
770489
1385
13:07
to be stalled, or frozen, or failing.
305
771874
3703
停滯、凍結和潰敗。
當人民有知識時，
13:11
It didn't make sense for the church to be responsible
306
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2776
由教堂負責醫療不再合理。
13:14
for medicine when people had knowledge.
307
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2282
13:16
So we saw the Protestant Reformation.
308
780635
1947
然後我們就看到宗教改革。
13:18
Martin Luther called the printing press
309
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1870
馬丁路德稱印刷機為
13:20
"God's highest act of grace."
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2397
「上帝最高的恩惠。」
13:22
The creation of a corporation, science, the university,
311
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3511
公司、科學、大學的創立，
13:26
eventually the Industrial Revolution,
312
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1687
最後是工業革命，
13:27
and it was all good.
313
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2174
這些都是很好的。
13:30
But it came with a cost.
314
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2147
但是，那是有代價的。
13:32
And now, once again, the technology genie
315
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2712
現在，再一次，科技的精靈
13:34
is out of the bottle, but this time it's different.
316
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3320
從瓶子出來了，但這次不同了。
13:38
The printing press gave us access to the written word.
317
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2865
印刷機讓我們看到印出來的文章。
13:41
The Internet enables each of us to be a producer.
318
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3459
網路使我們每個人都成為製作人。
13:44
The printing press gave us access to recorded knowledge.
319
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2814
印刷機讓我們看到記錄的知識。
13:47
The Internet gives us access,
320
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1910
網路則讓我們接觸
13:49
not just to information and knowledge, but
321
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1649
不只是資訊和知識，
13:50
to the intelligence contained in the crania of other people
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3376
還有全球其他人腦子裡的智慧。
13:54
on a global basis.
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1537
13:55
To me, this is not an information age,
324
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3239
對我而言，這不是資訊的年代，
13:59
it's an age of networked intelligence.
325
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2874
而是智慧網路的時代。
14:02
It's an age of vast promise,
326
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3872
這是一個大有前景的時代，
14:05
an age of collaboration,
327
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3128
許多人一起合作的時代。
14:09
where the boundaries of our organizations are changing,
328
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4179
我們組織的疆界開始改變，
14:13
of transparency, where sunlight
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組織變得透明，
太陽為文明消毒，
14:15
is disinfecting civilization,
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14:19
an age of sharing and understanding
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這是一個分享、
了解人民新權力的時代。
14:22
the new power of the commons,
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14:24
and it's an age of empowerment
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這是一個賦權和自由的時代。
14:27
and of freedom.
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現在，我想要做的是，
14:29
Now, what I'd like to do is,
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14:33
to close, to share with you
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作為總結，與你們分享
14:36
some research that I've been doing.
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我在做的一些研究。
14:38
I've tried to study all kinds of organizations
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我研究了各種各樣的組織
14:41
to understand what the future might look like,
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以了解未來會是什麼樣。
14:44
but I've been studying nature recently.
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但我最近在研究自然。
14:47
You know, bees come in swarms
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你知道，蜜蜂是成群的
14:51
and fish come in schools.
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魚也是成群的。
14:53
Starlings, in the area around Edinburgh,
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在愛丁堡周圍的地區
14:56
in the moors of England,
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英格蘭高地，
14:58
come in something called a murmuration,
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椋鳥大群噗噗飛舞
(murmuration)，
(murmuration)，
15:00
and the murmuration refers to the murmuring of the wings
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這個噗噗聲是翅膀搧動發出來的，
15:02
of the birds, and throughout the day the starlings
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在白天，這些歐椋鳥，
在 20 多英里半徑的範圍裡
在 20 多英里半徑的範圍裡
15:04
are out over a 20-mile radius
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15:06
sort of doing their starling thing.
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自得其樂。
15:08
And at night they come together
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晚上牠們會聚集在一起
15:10
and they create one of the most spectacular things
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創造一個壯觀的自然現象，
15:12
in all of nature,
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15:14
and it's called a murmuration.
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那就是叫做噗噗聲現象。
15:16
And scientists that have studied this have said
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研究過這個的科學家說
15:19
they've never seen an accident.
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他們沒有見過一次意外。
15:20
Now, this thing has a function.
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這件事有一個作用。
15:22
It protects the birds.
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它保護這些鳥。
15:24
You can see on the right here,
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你看這裡右邊，
15:26
there's a predator being chased away by the collective power
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有一隻捕食者被這些鳥的
集體力量嚇走了，
集體力量嚇走了，
15:30
of the birds, and apparently this is a frightening thing
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如果你是歐椋鳥的捕食者，
15:33
if you're a predator of starlings.
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顯然這是一件很可怕的事。
15:37
And there's leadership,
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牠們有領導，
15:39
but there's no one leader.
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但是沒有單一的領導者。
15:41
Now, is this some kind of fanciful analogy,
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這只是一個空想的比喻？
15:43
or could we actually learn something from this?
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或者我們真的可以
從這個現象學到東西？
從這個現象學到東西？
15:46
Well, the murmuration functions to record
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這個噗噗聲現象的作用
是記錄一些原則，
是記錄一些原則，
15:49
a number of principles,
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15:50
and they're basically the principles that
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而這些原則基本上
15:52
I have described to you today.
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就是我今天與你們分享的那些原則。
15:54
This is a huge collaboration.
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這是大型的合作。
15:57
It's an openness, it's a sharing
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它是開放的，
15:58
of all kinds of information, not just about location
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是各種資訊的分享，不只是地點、
16:01
and trajectory and danger and so on, but about food sources.
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移動軌跡和危險等等，
而是食物來源。
而是食物來源。
16:06
And there's a real sense of interdependence,
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而且這裡有真正的相互依賴，
16:10
that the individual birds somehow understand
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每隻鳥好像都知道
16:14
that their interests are in the interest of the collective.
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個別的利益存在於集體利益中。
16:17
Perhaps like we should understand
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或許如我們應了解到
16:19
that business can't succeed
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商業無法在一個衰敗的世界裡成功。
16:23
in a world that's failing.
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16:25
Well, I look at this thing,
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看著這個，
16:27
and I get a lot of hope.
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我就有了很多的希望。
16:29
Think about the kids today in the Arab Spring, and
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想想今天在阿拉伯之春的孩子，
16:35
you see something like this that's underway.
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你看到的是和這個雷同的現象。
16:37
And imagine, just consider this idea, if you would:
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想像一下，稍微想一下就好：
16:42
What if we could connect ourselves in this world
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如果我們在這世界可以透過
巨大的空氣和玻璃網
彼此連結會怎樣？
彼此連結會怎樣？
16:45
through a vast network of air and glass?
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16:49
Could we go beyond just sharing information and knowledge?
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我們可以超越訊息和知識的分享嗎？
16:52
Could we start to share our intelligence?
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我們可以開始分享我們的智慧嗎？
16:55
Could we create some kind of
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我們可以創造某種集體智慧
16:57
collective intelligence
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16:59
that goes beyond an individual or a group or a team
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超越個人、群體或團隊，
17:03
to create, perhaps, some kind of consciousness
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來創造某種全球性的意識嗎？
17:07
on a global basis?
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17:08
Well, if we could do this, we could attack some big problems in the world.
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如果可以，我們就能解決
世界上的大問題。
世界上的大問題。
17:12
And I look at this thing,
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我看著這個，
17:14
and, I don't know, I get a lot of hope that maybe this
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我不知道，我覺得很有希望
17:17
smaller, networked, open world
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我們的孩子所繼承的
這個小一點、互聯的、開放的世界
這個小一點、互聯的、開放的世界
17:20
that our kids inherit might be a better one, and that
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會是一個比較好的世界，
17:23
this new age of networked intelligence could be
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而這個智慧網的新時代
可成為一個應許承諾的時代
17:27
an age of promise fulfilled
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17:29
and of peril unrequited.
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一個不再有危險的時代。
17:32
Let's do this. Thank you.
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我們一起做吧。謝謝。
17:36
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Don Tapscott - Digital strategistDon Tapscott, Executive Chairman of the Blockchain Research Institute, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the impact of technology in business and society. He has authored 16 books, including "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," which has been translated into over 25 languages
Why you should listen
A leading analyst of innovation and the impacts of technology, Don Tapscott has authored or co-authored 15 widely read books about various aspects of the reshaping of our society and economy. His work Wikinomics counts among the most influential business books of the last decade. His new book The Blockchain Revolution, co-authored with his son, Alex, discusses the blockchain, the distributed-database technology that's being deployed well beyond its original application as the public ledger behind Bitcoin. In the book, they analyze why blockchain technology will fundamentally change the internet -- how it works, how to use it and its promises and perils.
Tapscott is an adjunct professor of management at the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto, a Senior Advisor at the World Economic Forum and an Associate of the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University.
Don Tapscott | Speaker | TED.com