ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kirby Ferguson - Filmmaker and Remixer
Kirby Ferguson explores creativity in a world where "everything is a remix."

Why you should listen

What's a remix? In Kirby Ferguson's view, any piece of art that contains a recognizable reference to another work--a quote from a lyric, a borrowed riff, a filmic homage. Which makes almost everything a remix, from a Led Zeppelin song to a classic film from George Lucas. His deeply researched and insanely fun four-part web series, "Everything Is a Remix," dives into the question: Is remixing a form of creativity, a production of the new on the shoulders of what precedes it, or is it just copying? He comes out firmly on the side of creativity, calling for protections for people who, with good intentions, weave together bits of existing culture into something fresh and relevant.

His next web series is called "This Is Not a Conspiracy Theory," an attempt to explore how US politics came to be the way they are.

More profile about the speaker
Kirby Ferguson | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2012

Kirby Ferguson: Embrace the remix

Kirby Ferguson: 擁抱混搭(remix)

Filmed:
1,488,573 views

Kirby Ferguson,Everything is a Remix (凡是切實混搭) 的製作人。他認為天下作品一大抄。從巴布·狄倫到史蒂夫·賈伯斯,他告訴我們那些大眾推崇的創新者,其秘訣在於借用、巧取和轉化。
- Filmmaker and Remixer
Kirby Ferguson explores creativity in a world where "everything is a remix." Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
We're going to begin開始 in 1964.
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讓我們回到1964年
00:19
Bob短發 Dylan迪倫 is 23 years年份 old, and his career事業
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23歲的巴布·狄倫 (Bob Dylan)
00:22
is just reaching到達 its pinnacle巔峰.
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他的事業正如日中天
00:25
He's been christened命名 the voice語音 of a generation,
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他作為當代文化的代言人
00:27
and he's churning翻騰 out classic經典 songs歌曲
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用難以置信的速度
00:29
at a seemingly似乎 impossible不可能 rate,
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1963
譜出一首又一首的經典佳作
00:31
but there's a small minority少數民族 of dissenters反對者, and they claim要求
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但少數異議人士指責
00:36
that Bob短發 Dylan迪倫 is stealing偷竊行為 other people's人們 songs歌曲.
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巴布·狄倫剽竊他人的作品
00:40
2004. Brian布賴恩 Burton伯頓, aka又名 Danger危險 Mouse老鼠,
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2004年 Brian Burton,即 Danger Mouse
00:44
takes the Beatles'披頭士樂隊' "White白色 Album專輯,"
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將披頭四 (Beatles) 的 "白色專輯" (White Album)
00:46
combines聯合收割機 it with Jay-Z'sJay-Z的 "The Black黑色 Album專輯"
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搭上 Jay-Z 的 "黑色專輯" (The Black Album)
00:47
to create創建 "The Grey灰色 Album專輯."
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創作出 "灰色專輯" (The Gray Album)
00:49
"The Grey灰色 Album專輯" becomes an immediate即時 sensation感覺 online線上,
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"灰色專輯" 在網路一炮而紅
00:51
and the Beatles'披頭士樂隊' record記錄 company公司 sends發送 out countless無數
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卻收到唱片公司雪片般飛來的
00:54
cease-and-desist停止和終止 letters for "unfair不公平 competition競爭
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禁制令 (cease-and-desist letters),稱其為
00:57
and dilution稀釋 of our valuable有價值 property屬性."
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"對我方資產的不當競爭及耗損"
01:01
Now, "The Grey灰色 Album專輯" is a remix混音.
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"灰色專輯" 是一種混搭
01:03
It is new media媒體 created創建 from old media媒體.
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借鏡舊素材,創造新作品
01:05
It was made製作 using運用 these three techniques技術:
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混搭用到下面三種技巧:
01:08
copy複製, transform轉變 and combine結合.
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借用、轉化和重組
01:11
It's how you remix混音. You take existing現有 songs歌曲,
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做法如下。找幾首現成歌曲
01:13
you chop them up, you transform轉變 the pieces,
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分割成小段並稍作改換
01:15
you combine結合 them back together一起 again,
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全部拼湊起來之後
01:17
and you've got a new song歌曲, but that new song歌曲
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成為一首新曲,這樣的曲子
01:19
is clearly明確地 comprised of old songs歌曲.
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很明顯是從現有歌曲重組而成
01:22
But I think these aren't just the components組件 of remixing混音.
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這些要素並非混搭所獨有
01:25
I think these are the basic基本 elements分子 of all creativity創造力.
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我認為這是構成所有創意的基礎
01:28
I think everything is a remix混音,
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一切都是混搭
01:30
and I think this is a better way to conceive構想 of creativity創造力.
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我認為混搭更適合用來理解創意的本質
01:34
All right, let's head back to 1964, and let's hear
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回到1964年,我們將聽到幾首
01:37
where some of Dylan's迪倫的 early songs歌曲 came來了 from.
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狄倫早期作品的來源
01:40
We'll do some side-by-side並排側 comparisons對比 here.
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我會將兩者並列比較
01:42
All right, this first song歌曲 you're going to hear
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第一首歌是
01:43
is "NottamunNottamun Town." It's a traditional傳統 folk民間 tune調.
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"Nottamun Town",一首傳統民謠
01:46
After that, you'll你會 hear Dylan's迪倫的 "Masters大師 of War戰爭."
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接著是狄倫的 "Masters of War"
01:48
Jean吉恩 Ritchie里奇: ♫ In NottamunNottamun Town, not a soul靈魂 would look out, ♫
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Jean Ritchie: ♫ In Nottamun Town, not a soul would look out, ♫
01:53
♫ not a soul靈魂 would look up, not a soul靈魂 would look down. ♫
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♫ not a soul would look up, not a soul would look down. ♫
02:00
Bob短發 Dylan迪倫: ♫ Come you masters主人 of war戰爭, ♫
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巴布·狄倫: ♫ Come you masters of war, ♫
02:04
♫ you that build建立 the big guns槍砲, you that build建立 the death死亡 planes飛機, ♫
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♫ you that build the big guns, you that build the death planes, ♫
02:13
♫ You that build建立 all the bombs炸彈. ♫
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♫ You that build all the bombs. ♫
02:16
Kirby柯比 Ferguson弗格森: Okay, so that's the same相同 basic基本 melody旋律
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Kirby Ferguson: 兩者有相同的基本旋律
02:18
and overall總體 structure結構體. This next下一個 one is "The Patriot愛國者 Game遊戲,"
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和整體架構。下一首是 "The Patriot Game"
02:21
by Dominic多米尼克 Behan貝安. Alongside並肩 that,
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歌手是 Dominic Behan,對比
02:23
you're going to hear "With God on Our Side," by Dylan迪倫.
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狄倫的 "With God on Our Side"
02:25
Dominic多米尼克 Behan貝安: ♫ Come all ye你們 young年輕 rebels叛軍, ♫
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Dominic Behan: ♫ Come all ye young rebels, ♫
02:31
♫ and list名單 while I sing, ♫
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♫ and list while I sing, ♫
02:35
♫ for the love of one's那些 land土地 is a terrible可怕 thing. ♫
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♫ for the love of one's land is a terrible thing. ♫
02:43
BDBD: ♫ Oh my name名稱 it is nothin'沒什麼, ♫
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狄倫: ♫ Oh my name it is nothin', ♫
02:49
♫ my age年齡 it means手段 less, ♫
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♫ my age it means less, ♫
02:54
♫ the country國家 I come from is called the Midwest中西部. ♫
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♫ the country I come from is called the Midwest. ♫
03:00
KFKF: Okay, so in this case案件, Dylan迪倫 admits承認
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KF: 在這個例子中,狄倫也承認
03:02
he must必須 have heard聽說 "The Patriot愛國者 Game遊戲," he forgot忘記 about it,
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自己可能聽過 "The Patriot Game" 卻忘了
03:04
then when the song歌曲 kind of bubbled冒泡 back up
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於是當曲調再次在腦海浮現
03:06
in his brain, he just thought it was his song歌曲.
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便以為是自己的創作
03:08
Last one, this is "Who's誰是 Going To Buy購買 You Ribbons絲帶,"
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最後一組, "Who's Going To Buy You Ribbons"
03:10
another另一個 traditional傳統 folk民間 tune調.
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另一首傳統民謠
03:11
Alongside並肩 that is "Don't Think Twice兩次, It's All Right."
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對比 "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right"
03:13
This one's那些 more about the lyric歌詞.
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這次主要是歌詞上的相似
03:15
Paul保羅 Clayton克萊頓: ♫ It ain't no use to sit and sigh now, ♫
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Paul Clayton: ♫ It ain't no use to sit and sigh now, ♫
03:22
darlin'親愛的, and it ain't no use to sit and cry now. ♫
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♫ darlin', and it ain't no use to sit and cry now. ♫
03:30
BDBD: ♫ It ain艾因’t no use to sit and wonder奇蹟 why, babe孩兒, ♫
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狄倫: ♫ It ain’t no use to sit and wonder why, babe, ♫
03:36
♫ if you don't know by now, ♫
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♫ if you don't know by now, ♫
03:40
♫ and it ain't no use to sit and wonder奇蹟 why, babe孩兒, ♫
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♫ and it ain't no use to sit and wonder why, babe, ♫
03:45
it'll它會 never do somehow不知何故. ♫
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♫ it'll never do somehow. ♫
03:48
KFKF: Okay, now, there's a lot of these.
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KF: 類似的例子還有很多
03:50
It's been estimated預計 that two thirds三分之二 of the melodies旋律
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據估計狄倫的早期作品裡,三分之二的旋律
03:52
Dylan迪倫 used in his early songs歌曲 were borrowed.
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是從別處借用的
03:55
This is pretty漂亮 typical典型 among其中 folk民間 singers歌手.
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這個情況在民謠歌手界相當常見
03:57
Here's這裡的 the advice忠告 of Dylan's迪倫的 idol偶像, Woody伍迪 Guthrie格思裡.
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狄倫的偶像,伍迪·蓋瑟瑞 (Woody Guthrie) 曾說
03:59
"The worlds世界 are the important重要 thing.
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「重點在歌詞」
04:00
Don't worry擔心 about tunes曲調. Take a tune調,
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「別擔心曲子,找一段旋律」
04:02
sing high when they sing low,
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「把該唱高的地方唱低」
04:04
sing fast快速 when they sing slow, and you've got a new tune調."
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「該唱慢的地方唱快,就有新曲了」
04:07
(Laughter笑聲) (Applause掌聲)
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(笑聲) (掌聲)
04:11
And that's, that's what Guthrie格思裡 did right here,
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蓋瑟瑞就是這樣做的
04:13
and I'm sure you all recognize認識 the results結果.
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而大家也都耳熟能詳
04:16
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
04:22
We know this tune調, right? We know it?
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似曾相識?大家都聽過?
04:24
Actually其實 you don't.
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其實不然
04:25
That is "When the World's世界 on Fire," a very old melody旋律,
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它出自 "When the World's on Fire",非常老的曲調
04:28
in this case案件 performed執行 by the Carter卡特 Family家庭.
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在這裡是由卡特家族 (Carter Family) 演奏
04:30
Guthrie格思裡 adapted適應 it into "This Land土地 Is Your Land土地."
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蓋瑟瑞將它改編成 "This Land Is Your Land"
04:33
So, Bob短發 Dylan迪倫, like all folk民間 singers歌手, he copied複製 melodies旋律,
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因此,跟所有民謠歌手一樣
巴布·狄倫借用現有的曲調
04:37
he transformed改造 them, he combined結合 them with new lyrics歌詞
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稍作改變,再加入新的歌詞
04:40
which哪一個 were frequently經常 their own擁有 concoction藥汁
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而不同歌手的作法不盡相同
04:43
of previous以前 stuff東東.
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各具特色
04:45
Now, American美國 copyright版權 and patent專利 laws法律 run counter計數器
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今日,美國的智財及專利法案反其道而行
04:48
to this notion概念 that we build建立 on the work of others其他.
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反對藉前人基礎發展創作的理念
04:51
Instead代替, these laws法律 and laws法律 around the world世界
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這些遍及全球的法律
04:54
use the rather awkward尷尬 analogy比喻 of property屬性.
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(將創意)用彆扭的產權觀念來類比
04:58
Now, creative創作的 works作品 may可能 indeed確實 be kind of like property屬性,
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或許創作在某些面向類似財產
05:00
but it's property屬性 that we're all building建造 on,
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但同時也是後人賴以創造的基石
05:02
and creations創作 can only take root and grow增長
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創新能量的發展茁壯
05:05
once一旦 that ground地面 has been prepared準備.
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仰賴於基礎的完善
05:08
Henry亨利 Ford once一旦 said, "I invented發明 nothing new.
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亨利·福特曾說
「我從未發明新事物」
05:10
I simply只是 assembled組裝 the discoveries發現 of other men男人
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「我只是將別人的發現湊在一塊」
05:12
behind背後 whom were centuries百年 of work.
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「而這些發現都是幾世紀以來進步的積累」
05:15
Progress進展 happens發生 when all the factors因素 that make for it
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「當所有要素齊聚一堂」
05:17
are ready準備 and then it is inevitable必然."
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「進步必定會發生」
05:21
2007. The iPhone蘋果手機 makes品牌 it debut登場.
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2007年,iPhone首次亮相
05:26
Apple蘋果 undoubtedly無疑 brings帶來 this innovation革新 to us early,
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無疑地
蘋果讓我們提早接觸到一項創新
05:29
but its time was approaching接近 because its core核心 technology技術
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這項技術已趨成熟,因為它的核心科技
05:31
had been evolving進化 for decades幾十年.
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已經發展了十幾個年頭
05:33
That's multi-touch多點觸摸, controlling控制 a device設備
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"多點觸控",只要觸摸螢幕
05:35
by touching接觸 its display顯示.
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就可以操作裝置
05:37
Here is Steve史蒂夫 Jobs工作 introducing引入 multi-touch多點觸摸
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下面是史蒂夫·賈伯斯 (Steve Jobs) 介紹多點觸控
05:39
and making製造 a rather foreboding預感 joke玩笑.
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並開了個有前瞻的玩笑
05:42
Steve史蒂夫 Jobs工作: And we have invented發明 a new technology技術
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史蒂夫·賈伯斯: 「我們發明了一種新技術」
05:44
called multi-touch多點觸摸.
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「叫做多點觸控」
05:47
You can do multi-fingered多指 gestures手勢 on it,
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「你可以用多支手指來控制」
05:49
and boy男孩 have we patented專利 it. (Laughter笑聲)
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「幸好專利已經在我們手上了! 」(笑聲)
05:53
KFKF: Yes. And yet然而, here is multi-touch多點觸摸 in action行動.
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KF: 是阿。接著是多點觸控的實機展示
05:57
This is at TEDTED, actually其實, about a year earlier.
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一年前,在一場TED演講裡
05:59
This is Jeff傑夫 Han, and, I mean, that's multi-touch多點觸摸.
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影片上是 Jeff Han,這也是多點觸控
06:01
It's the same相同 animal動物, at least最小.
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至少是類似的東西
06:03
Let's hear what Jeff傑夫 Han has to say about this
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我們聽聽 Jeff Han 怎麼看待
06:05
newfangled新奇 technology技術.
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這個新奇的科技
06:07
Jeff傑夫 Han: Multi-touch多點觸摸 sensing傳感 isn't anything --
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Jeff Han: 「多點觸控不是什麼驚人之舉」
06:09
isn't completely全然 new. I mean, people like Bill法案 Buxton巴克斯頓
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「它不是全新的技術,你知道像Bill Buxton」
06:11
have been playing播放 around with it in the '80s.
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「在80年代已經玩過這個概念了」
06:13
The technology技術, you know, isn't the most exciting扣人心弦 thing here
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「這項技術本身不是最讓人興奮的」
06:16
right now other than probably大概 its newfound新發現 accessibility無障礙.
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「讓人期待的是應用方式的新發現」
06:19
KFKF: So he's pretty漂亮 frank坦率 about it not being存在 new.
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KF: 他很坦白地告訴你這不是新玩意兒
06:21
So it's not multi-touch多點觸摸 as a whole整個 that's patented專利.
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這項技術整體來說並不能申請專利
06:23
It's the small parts部分 of it that are,
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而是技術的部分衍生
06:26
and it's in these small details細節 where
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從這些細節裡
06:27
we can clearly明確地 see patent專利 law contradicting矛盾 its intent意圖:
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可以看到專利權法案的矛盾之處:
06:30
to promote促進 the progress進展 of useful有用 arts藝術.
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"推動技術的演進"
06:33
Here is the first ever slide-to-unlock滑動來解鎖.
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這是史無前例的滑動解鎖功能 (slide-to-unlock)
06:36
That is all there is to it. Apple蘋果 has patented專利 this.
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就這樣。蘋果為此申請了
06:39
It's a 28-page-頁 software軟件 patent專利, but I will summarize總結
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28頁的軟體專利,讓我總結一下它的重點
06:42
what it covers蓋子. Spoiler擾流板 alert警報: Unlocking解鎖 your phone電話
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注意有雷: "要解鎖你的電話
06:46
by sliding滑動 an icon圖標 with your finger手指. (Laughter笑聲)
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請用手指滑動此圖示" (笑聲)
06:49
I'm only exaggerating誇大 a little bit. It's a broad廣闊 patent專利.
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我只是稍微誇張了點。這份專利涵蓋範圍很廣
06:52
Now, can someone有人 own擁有 this idea理念?
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問題來了,這個概念能不能被擁有?
06:55
Now, back in the '80s, there were no software軟件 patents專利,
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回到80年代,那時還沒有軟體專利
06:57
and it was Xerox複印 that pioneered首創 the graphical圖形 user用戶 interface接口.
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全錄 (Xerox) 是圖形使用介面的先驅
07:00
What if they had patented專利 pop-up彈出 menus菜單,
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若是全錄把彈出式選單 (pop-up menu)、
07:03
scrollbars滾動條, the desktop桌面 with icons圖標 that look like folders文件夾
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捲軸條 (scroll bar)、桌面上文件夾和紙張的圖示
07:08
and sheets床單 of paper?
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全都拿去申請專利?
07:10
Would a young年輕 and inexperienced沒經驗 Apple蘋果
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當時年輕,缺乏經驗的蘋果
07:12
have survived倖存 the legal法律 assault突擊 from a much larger
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會抵擋得住龐大而成熟的全錄
07:15
and more mature成熟 company公司 like Xerox複印?
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組織的法律攻勢嗎?
07:19
Now, this idea理念 that everything is a remix混音 might威力 sound聲音
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"一切都是混搭" 這個概念像是老生常談
07:21
like common共同 sense until直到 you're the one getting得到 remixed混音.
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但當你是被借用的一方時就沒那麼簡單了
07:26
For example ...
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例如...
07:27
SJSJ: I mean, Picasso畢加索 had a saying.
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賈伯斯: 「畢卡索 (Picasso) 曾說過」
07:28
He said, "Good artists藝術家 copy複製. Great artists藝術家 steal."
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「"優秀藝術家總是抄來抄去,
偉大藝術家直接拿來當自己的"」
07:32
And we have, you know,
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「所以我們總是」
07:34
always been shameless不要臉 about stealing偷竊行為 great ideas思路.
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「忝不知恥的剽竊好點子」
07:37
KFKF: Okay, so that's in '96. Here's這裡的 in 2010.
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KF: OK,那是在96年,到了2010年
07:39
"I'm going to destroy破壞 AndroidAndroid的 because it's a stolen被盜 product產品."
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「我要毀了Android,因為它是抄來的產品」
07:42
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
07:44
"I'm willing願意 to go thermonuclear熱核 war戰爭 on this." (Laughter笑聲)
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「就算引發第三次世界大戰也在所不惜」
(笑聲)
07:47
Okay, so in other words, great artists藝術家 steal, but not from me.
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換句話說,偉大的藝術家...可別抄到我頭上
07:51
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
07:53
Now, behavioral行為的 economists經濟學家 might威力 refer參考 to this sort分類 of thing as loss失利 aversion厭惡
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行為經濟學家會說這種行為是厭惡損失
07:57
We have a strong強大 predisposition傾向 towards protecting保護
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我們有強烈的防衛本能
07:59
what we feel is ours我們的.
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以保護自己的東西
08:01
We have no such這樣 aversion厭惡 towards copying仿形
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但我們倒是不怎麼介意借用
08:03
what other people have, because we do that nonstop馬不停蹄.
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別人的東西,因為抄襲隨處可見
08:06
So here's這裡的 the sort分類 of equation方程 we're looking at.
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看看如下的方程式
08:08
We've我們已經 got laws法律 that fundamentally從根本上 treat對待 creative創作的 works作品 as property屬性,
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我們有把創意視為財產的法律
08:11
plus massive大規模的 rewards獎勵 or settlements定居點
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侵權官司裡大量的罰鍰與賠償
08:14
in infringement侵害 cases, plus huge巨大 legal法律 fees費用
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各式各樣的規費
08:16
to protect保護 yourself你自己 in court法庭,
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用來保護你法庭上的權益
08:17
plus cognitive認知 biases偏見 against反對 perceived感知 loss失利.
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再加上主觀認定受到侵害的損失
08:21
And the sum looks容貌 like this.
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結果看來像這樣
08:23
That is the last four years年份 of lawsuits訴訟
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這張圖表顯示過去四年來
08:26
in the realm領域 of smartphones智能手機.
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智慧手機產業相關的訴訟案
08:28
Is this promoting促進 the progress進展 of useful有用 arts藝術?
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這樣真的能促進技術的進展?
08:34
1983. Bob短發 Dylan迪倫 is 42 years年份 old, and his time
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1983年,巴布·狄倫42歲
08:40
in the cultural文化 spotlight聚光燈 is long since以來 past過去.
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他的文化光環早已褪色許久
08:43
He records記錄 a song歌曲 called "Blind Willie威利 McTellMcTell,"
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他錄製了一首歌叫 "Blind Willie McTell"
08:46
named命名 after the blues藍調 singer歌手, and the song歌曲
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曲名和那位知名藍調歌手相同
08:48
is a voyage航程 through通過 the past過去, through通過 a much darker time,
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歌曲本身是一段回溯過去的旅程,不堪回首
08:52
but a simpler簡單 one, a time when musicians音樂家 like Willie威利 McTellMcTell
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卻簡單直接,那時 Willie McTell 一類的音樂家
08:55
had few少數 illusions幻想 about what they did.
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對自己作品的本質還瞭然於心
08:57
"I jump 'em'時間 from other writers作家
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「我從其他作者汲取靈感」
09:00
but I arrange安排 'em'時間 my own擁有 way."
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「但用自己的風格來組合」
09:02
I think this is mostly大多 what we do.
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我認為這才是常態
09:04
Our creativity創造力 comes from without, not from within.
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創意應是來自外界的激發,而非閉門造車
09:07
We are not self-made自製. We are dependent依賴的 on one another另一個,
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沒有人是從零開始,我們都仰賴彼此的貢獻
09:10
and admitting承認 this to ourselves我們自己 isn't an embrace擁抱
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承認這點並不代表我們會淪為
09:13
of mediocrity庸人 and derivativenessderivativeness.
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平庸之輩、人云亦云
09:16
It's a liberation解放 from our misconceptions誤解,
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而是將我們從迷思中解放出來
09:19
and it's an incentive激勵 to not expect期望 so much from ourselves我們自己
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並激勵我們 --不對個人過度期待--
09:22
and to simply只是 begin開始.
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而是單純去嘗試創新
09:24
Thank you so much. It was an honor榮譽 to be here.
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謝謝大家。很榮幸能來這裡
09:27
Thank you. (Applause掌聲)
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謝謝 (掌聲)
09:30
Thank you. Thank you. (Applause掌聲)
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謝謝,謝謝 (掌聲)
09:34
Thank you. (Applause掌聲)
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謝謝 (掌聲)
Translated by Hsin Cheng Lin
Reviewed by Yuguo Zhang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kirby Ferguson - Filmmaker and Remixer
Kirby Ferguson explores creativity in a world where "everything is a remix."

Why you should listen

What's a remix? In Kirby Ferguson's view, any piece of art that contains a recognizable reference to another work--a quote from a lyric, a borrowed riff, a filmic homage. Which makes almost everything a remix, from a Led Zeppelin song to a classic film from George Lucas. His deeply researched and insanely fun four-part web series, "Everything Is a Remix," dives into the question: Is remixing a form of creativity, a production of the new on the shoulders of what precedes it, or is it just copying? He comes out firmly on the side of creativity, calling for protections for people who, with good intentions, weave together bits of existing culture into something fresh and relevant.

His next web series is called "This Is Not a Conspiracy Theory," an attempt to explore how US politics came to be the way they are.

More profile about the speaker
Kirby Ferguson | Speaker | TED.com