TEDGlobal 2012
John Maeda: How art, technology and design inform creative leaders
John Maeda 談藝術、科技、設計如何幫助創意型領導者
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John Maeda 是羅德島設計學院院長。在這一個有趣且迷人的演講中，他談到他一生中在藝術、設計、和科技中的作品，並以未來創意型領導者的圖片做結尾。注意看 Maeda 早期的作品——包括那部由「人」組成的「電腦」。
John Maeda - Artist
John Maeda, the former president of the Rhode Island School of Design, is dedicated to linking design and technology. Through the software tools, web pages and books he creates, he spreads his philosophy of elegant simplicity. Full bio
John Maeda, the former president of the Rhode Island School of Design, is dedicated to linking design and technology. Through the software tools, web pages and books he creates, he spreads his philosophy of elegant simplicity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I have to say that I'm very glad to be here.
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我必須說我很高興站在這裡。
00:18
I understand we have over 80 countries here,
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我知道這裡有來自多於80個國家的朋友，
00:21
so that's a whole new paradigm for me to speak
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這對我而言是個新體驗，
00:23
to all of these countries.
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我是說跟這麼多國家對話。
00:25
In each country, I'm sure you have this thing called
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在你們的國家，你們也一定聽過
00:27
the parent-teacher conference.
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家長教師會議這東西。
00:29
Do you know about the parent-teacher conference?
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你知道家長會嗎？
00:31
Not the ones for your kids, but the one you had as a child,
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不是你為了你子女出席的家長會，而是你小時候那種，
00:33
where your parents come to school and your teacher
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你爸媽到學校和你的老師見面的家長會。
00:36
talks to your parents, and it's a little bit awkward.
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老師會和你的父母說話，氣氛通常有點奇怪的。
00:39
Well, I remember in third grade, I had this moment
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我記得在我三年級的時候，
00:42
where my father, who never takes off from work,
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我永遠無法放下工作的爸爸﹣﹣
00:45
he's a classical blue collar, a working-class immigrant person,
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他是個典型的藍領工人、移民，
00:49
going to school to see his son, how he's doing,
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特地到學校去看看他的兒子（我）在學校的表現怎麼樣。
00:52
and the teacher said to him, he said, "You know,
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然後我的老師跟他說：「你知道的，
00:55
John is good at math and art."
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John的數學和美術科成績很好。」
00:57
And he kind of nodded, you know?
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他還點頭了呢。
00:59
The next day I saw him talking to a customer at our
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但是第二天當我看到他在我們的豆腐店和一位客人說話時，
01:01
tofu store, and he said, "You know, John's good at math."
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他說：「嗯，John的數學不錯。」
01:05
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:08
And that always stuck with me all my life.
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我一直沒有忘記這件事。
01:11
Why didn't Dad say art? Why wasn't it okay?
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為什麼爸不提美術呢？美術不好嗎？
01:14
Why? It became a question my entire life, and
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這個「為什麼」一直留在我腦海裡。
01:17
that's all right, because being good at math meant
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不過這也沒關係，因為「我數學很好」
01:20
he bought me a computer, and some of you remember
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他買了一台電腦給我。你們其中部分人也許還記得
01:24
this computer, this was my first computer.
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那種很久以前的電腦，那是我的第一台電腦。
01:25
Who had an Apple II? Apple II users, very cool. (Applause)
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有人曾經擁有過一台蘋果2號電腦嗎？蘋果2號用家很酷喔。（掌聲）
01:29
As you remember, the Apple II did nothing at all. (Laughter)
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你也許還記得，蘋果2號其實沒多少功能。
01:32
You'd plug it in, you'd type in it and green text would come out.
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你可以插上電源，打字，然後一堆綠色的字會在屏幕上出現。
01:35
It would say you're wrong most of the time.
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它通常會說「你錯了」。
01:36
That was the computer we knew.
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那就是我們以前認識的電腦。
01:38
That computer is a computer that I learned about
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那是我上學時研究的電腦
01:41
going to MIT, my father's dream. And at MIT, however,
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我上的是麻省理工學院，那是我爸的夢想。但是在學校，
01:45
I learned about the computer at all levels,
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我學到了各式各樣的電腦相關知識，
01:49
and after, I went to art school to get away from computers,
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之後卻為了逃離電腦跑去讀美術學校。
01:52
and I began to think about the computer as more of
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然後我開始想，其實電腦這玩意兒
01:55
a spiritual space of thinking.
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為我們提供了一個思考的空間。
01:57
And I was influenced by performance art --
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而且因為我受到表演藝術的影響﹣﹣
02:00
so this is 20 years ago. I made a computer out of people.
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請記得這是二十年前的事了﹣﹣我用「人」造了一部「電腦」。
02:04
It was called the Human Powered Computer Experiment.
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這個作品就叫做「人力電腦實驗」。
02:07
I have a power manager, mouse driver, memory, etc.,
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這包括了一個電源管理、滑鼠驅動程式、記憶體等等。
02:10
and I built this in Kyoto, the old capital of Japan.
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我是在日本的古都﹣﹣京都做這個實驗的。
02:14
It's a room broken in two halves.
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我把一個房間切割為兩部分。
02:16
I've turned the computer on,
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我會啟動這台「電腦」，
02:18
and these assistants are placing a giant floppy disk
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而這些助手們正在把一個巨大的磁碟(floppy disk)
02:22
built out of cardboard, and it's put into the computer.
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這個用紙板造的磁碟會被放返「電腦」裡面。
02:25
And the floppy disk drive person wears it. (Laughter)
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而扮演磁碟的人會把它掛在身上。（笑聲）
02:29
She finds the first sector on the disk, and
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她會拿出磁碟的其中一部分，
02:32
takes data off the disk and passes it off to, of course, the bus.
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然後交給，嗯，當然是交給傳送資訊的巴士(bus，電路板上的一條線)。
02:37
So the bus diligently carries the data into the computer
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而巴士會把資料送到電腦
02:40
to the memory, to the CPU, the VRAM, etc.,
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的記憶體，到中央處理器(CPU)，再到視頻記憶體(VRAM)等部分。
02:44
and it's an actual working computer. That's a bus, really. (Laughter)
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這真的是一部可以運作的電腦。喔，那也是一部真正的巴士。（笑聲）
02:49
And it looks kind of fast. That's a mouse driver,
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而且這看起來還挺快的。這是滑鼠驅動程式，
02:51
where it's XY. (Laughter)
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就是有Ｘ和Ｙ。（笑聲）
02:53
It looks like it's happening kind of quickly, but it's actually
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這看起來運行得很快，但其實
02:55
a very slow computer, and when I realized how slow
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這是一部很慢的電腦，而當我發現以前的電腦
02:58
this computer was compared to how fast a computer is,
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和現在的電腦比到底有多慢的時候，
03:02
it made me wonder about computers and technology in general.
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我開始思考關於電腦和科技的問題。
03:07
And so I'm going to talk today about four things, really.
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而我今天的演講是關於四件事的，只是四件事。
03:09
The first three things are about how I've been curious
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頭三件事物是我一直很有興趣的，
03:13
about technology, design and art, and how they intersect,
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包括科技、設計、藝術，和這三者之間的關係，
03:16
how they overlap, and also a topic that I've taken on
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它們如何重叠，還有最後一個主題：
03:19
since four years ago I became the President
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自從四年前我成為羅德島設計學院院長之後
03:21
of Rhode Island School of Design: leadership.
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一直在想的﹣﹣領導力。
03:25
And I'll talk about how I've looked to combine
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我也會談到我怎樣嘗試把這四個東西結合起來
03:28
these four areas into a kind of a synthesis, a kind of experiment.
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變成一個組織、一個實驗。
03:32
So starting from technology,
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先從科技開始說起，
03:35
technology is a wonderful thing.
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科技真是個美妙的東西。
03:37
When that Apple II came out, it really could do nothing.
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蘋果2號剛面世時，它的功能真的不多。
03:41
It could show text and
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它只能顯示一些文字
03:43
after we waited a bit, we had these things called images.
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改良以後才能顯示圖像。
03:47
Remember when images were first possible with a computer,
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還記不記得當圖像第一次出面在電腦屏幕上﹣﹣
03:49
those gorgeous, full-color images?
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那些彩色的、美麗的圖像？
03:52
And then after a few years, we got CD-quality sound.
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幾年後，我們便有了具CD質素的音效。
03:55
It was incredible. You could listen to sound on the computer.
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這真是奇妙，在電腦上播放聲音呢！
03:57
And then movies, via CD-ROM. It was amazing.
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然後有了燒錄在CD上的電影。真的太神奇了。
04:01
Remember that excitement?
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還記得那種興奮感嗎？
04:03
And then the browser appeared. The browser was great,
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然後我們有了瀏覽器，它真的很棒，
04:07
but the browser was very primitive, very narrow bandwidth.
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但是當時的瀏覽器還是很粗糙的，網速也很慢。
04:10
Text first, then images, we waited,
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文字，再來是圖像，我們等了很久
04:13
CD-quality sound over the Net,
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才等到CD質素的聲音在網上出現，
04:15
then movies over the Internet. Kind of incredible.
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然後才有網上電影。不得不說這還挺厲害的。
04:20
And then the mobile phone occurred,
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之後我們發明了手提電話，
04:23
text, images, audio, video. And now we have iPhone,
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文字、圖像、聲音、影片。現在我們有了iPhone，
04:28
iPad, Android, with text, video, audio, etc.
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iPad, Android，文字短訊、影片甚麼的都有了。
04:32
You see this little pattern here?
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你看到這其中的模式了嗎？
04:34
We're kind of stuck in a loop, perhaps, and this sense
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我們好像被困在一個特定模式裡面了，
04:38
of possibility from computing is something I've been
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也許這就是我為什麼
04:40
questioning for the last 10 or so years,
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在過去十年來一直在疑惑
電腦帶來的可能性到底是甚麼，
電腦帶來的可能性到底是甚麼，
04:43
and have looked to design, as we understand most things,
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而我轉向從設計中尋找答案，
04:47
and to understand design with our technology has been a passion of mine.
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而從科技的角度了解設計一向是我的興趣之一。
04:51
And I have a small experiment to give you a quick design lesson.
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我有個小實驗可以讓你體驗一下設計是怎樣的。
04:56
Designers talk about the relationship between form
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設計師說的「形式和內容」、「內容和形式」
04:58
and content, content and form. Now what does that mean?
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之間的關係。這到底代表什麼？
05:02
Well, content is the word up there: fear.
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是這樣的，內容是這個字：恐懼。
05:04
It's a four-letter word. It's a kind of a bad feeling word, fear.
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這個字只有4個字母，它是個不怎麼好的詞，恐懼嘛。
05:09
Fear is set in Light Helvetica, so it's not too stressful,
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當這個詞用上Light Helvetica字型，看起來不會那麼有壓迫感。
05:14
and if you set it in Ultra Light Helvetica,
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如果你用Ultra Light Helvetica，
05:17
it's like, "Oh, fear, who cares?" Right? (Laughter)
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看了之後可能會覺得，「喔，只是惡懼而已啦！」對不對？（笑聲）
05:21
You take the same Ultra Light Helvetica and make it big,
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用同樣的字型但把它放大，
05:23
and like, whoa, that hurts. Fear.
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然後它就變成「哇，恐懼喔，會痛吧」
05:26
So you can see how you change the scale, you change
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這樣你可以看到只要改變字的大小，
05:28
the form. Content is the same, but you feel differently.
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你就可以改變它的形態。內容是一樣的，但感覺完全不一樣了。
05:32
You change the typeface to, like, this typeface,
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你改變字型，譬如把它變成這種字型，
05:34
and it's kind of funny. It's like pirate typeface,
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它看起來就會變得有點好笑。看起來像海盜的字型，
05:37
like Captain Jack Sparrow typeface. Arr! Fear!
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像傑克船長寫的字。「喔喔！恐懼！」
05:40
Like, aww, that's not fearful. That's actually funny.
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好吧，這聽起來一點也不恐怖，反而還有點搞笑。
05:43
Or fear like this, kind of a nightclub typeface. (Laughter)
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也可以用這種像夜店招牌的字型。（笑聲）
05:46
Like, we gotta go to Fear. (Laughter)
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好像在說「來，我們一定要去『恐懼』！」（笑聲）
05:49
It's, like, amazing, right? (Laughter) (Applause)
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也好像說這很酷，對不對？（笑聲）（掌聲）
05:52
It just changes the same content.
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改變字型就改變了相同內容帶出的感覺。
05:54
Or you make it -- The letters are separated apart,
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你也可以改變字之間的距離，
05:57
they're huddled together like on the deck of the Titanic,
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把它們弄成像在泰坦尼克號甲板上抱成一團，
05:59
and you feel sorry for the letters, like, I feel the fear.
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你真的會感覺到那種恐懼。
06:02
You feel for them.
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你真的會被觸動。
06:04
Or you change the typeface to something like this.
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你也可以把字型變成這種。
06:06
It's very classy. It's like that expensive restaurant, Fear.
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這字型很經典。就好像一間高級餐廳「恐懼」。
06:10
I can never get in there. (Laughter)
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我永遠也不會踏足那裡。（笑聲）
06:12
It's just amazing, Fear. But that's form, content.
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這真的很奇妙。恐懼。但這就是形式，內容。
06:17
If you just change one letter in that content,
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如果你只改變其中一個字母，
06:20
you get a much better word, much better content: free.
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你會得到一個很好的詞，比恐懼好很多的內容：自由。
06:24
"Free" is a great word. You can serve it almost any way.
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自由是個很好的詞。你幾乎可以把它用任何方式呈現。
06:29
Free bold feels like Mandela free.
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粗體的「自由」看起來像曼德拉的自由。
06:31
It's like, yes, I can be free.
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好像在說，是的，我可以得到自由。
06:34
Free even light feels kind of like, ah, I can breathe in free.
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而幼體的「自由」就好像在說，喔，我可以自由地呼吸呢。
06:37
It feels great. Or even free spread out,
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這樣感覺很好。如果把字距拉開，
06:40
it's like, ah, I can breathe in free, so easily.
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就變成，啊，我可以這麼輕易地自由呼吸呢。
06:43
And I can add in a blue gradient and a dove,
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如果加上漸變藍和白鴿，
06:47
and I have, like, Don Draper free. (Laughter)
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就會變成Don Draper（廣告狂人）的「自由」。（笑聲）
06:49
So you see that -- form, content, design, it works that way.
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所以你看到了﹣﹣形式、設計，它是這麼運作的。
06:52
It's a powerful thing. It's like magic, almost,
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它是很有力的。幾乎就像魔術一樣，
06:55
like the magicians we've seen at TED. It's magic.
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像我們在TED看到的魔術師一樣神奇。這是魔術。
06:59
Design does that.
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設計可以做到這些事。
07:01
And I've been curious about how design and technology intersect,
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而我很好奇設計和科技是怎樣互相影響的，
07:05
and I'm going to show you some old work I never really
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我會把一些我幾乎不再公開展示的舊作品
07:06
show anymore, to give you a sense of what I used to do.
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給你們看看，讓你了解一下我以前是做甚麼的。
07:09
So -- yeah.
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所以
07:12
So I made a lot of work in the '90s.
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嗯，我在九零年代做了很多作品。
07:15
This was a square that responds to sound.
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這是一個會對聲音作反應的正方形。
07:18
People ask me why I made that. It's not clear. (Laughter)
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其他人會問我為什麼要做這個。我也不是很確定。（笑聲）
07:22
But I thought it'd be neat for the square
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但我覺得正方形這樣給我反應
07:28
to respond to me, and my kids were small then,
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是一件很酷的事，而當時我的孩子還小，
07:33
and my kids would play with these things, like, "Aaah,"
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他們會玩這些東西，「啊呀」
07:35
you know, they would say, "Daddy, aaah, aaah." You know, like that.
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你知道的，他們會說「啊呀，爸爸，啊啊」就像這樣。
07:38
We'd go to a computer store, and they'd do the same thing.
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我們會去電腦用品店，他們會做同樣的事。
07:41
And they'd say, "Daddy, why doesn't the computer respond to sound?"
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他們會問「爸爸，為什麼這個電腦對聲音沒有反應？」
07:44
And it was really at the time I was wondering why doesn't the computer respond to sound?
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那是我第一次認真去想
為甚麼電腦不會對聲音作出反應？
為甚麼電腦不會對聲音作出反應？
07:47
So I made this as a kind of an experiment at the time.
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所以我做了這樣一個實驗。
07:50
And then I spent a lot of time in the space of
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然後我花了很多時間
07:54
interactive graphics and things like this, and I stopped doing it because
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研究圖像和類似的東西，然後我停止了這麼做
07:57
my students at MIT got so much better than myself,
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因為我在麻省理工學院的學生比我做得好太多了，
07:59
so I had to hang up my mouse.
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所以我要放下我的滑鼠了。
08:01
But in '96, I made my last piece. It was in black and white,
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但在1996年我做了最後一個作品。它是黑白的，
08:05
monochrome, fully monochrome, all in integer mathematics.
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單色的，完全是單色的，只有整數數字。
08:08
It's called "Tap, Type, Write."
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它叫做「按鈕、打字、書寫」(Tap, Type, Write)。
08:10
It's paying a tribute to the wonderful typewriter
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這是向我母親的打字機致敬的作品，
08:13
that my mother used to type on all the time as a legal secretary.
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我母親是位法律文員，她以前總是用它來打法律文件。
08:17
It has 10 variations. (Typing noise)
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它有10種不同形態。（打字聲）
08:20
(Typing noise)
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（打字聲）
08:22
There's a shift.
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這是空白鍵。
08:25
Ten variations. This is, like, spin the letter around.
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10種變化。看，這是把字母翻轉。
08:29
(Typing noises)
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（打字聲）
08:33
This is, like, a ring of letters. (Typing noises)
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這是個字母圈。（打字聲）
08:40
This is 20 years old, so it's kind of a --
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這已經20歲大了，它有點像﹣﹣
08:43
Let's see, this is —
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嗯，看看這個﹣﹣
08:45
I love the French film "The Red Balloon."
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我很喜歡一部法國電影，《紅氣球》
08:47
Great movie, right? I love that movie. So,
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很棒的電影，對嗎？我很愛那部電影。所以
08:49
this is sort of like a play on that. (Typing noises) (Typewriter bell)
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這就像是那裡面的一幕。（打字聲）
08:53
It's peaceful, like that. (Laughter)
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聽起來很平和。像這樣。（笑聲）
08:57
I'll show this last one. This is about balance, you know.
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這會是最後一個。這是關於平衡的。
09:01
It's kind of stressful typing out, so if you
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這樣打出來很有壓力，所以如果你
09:03
type on this keyboard, you can, like, balance it out.
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在這個鍵盤上打字，你可以平衡一下。
09:06
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
09:08
If you hit G, life's okay, so I always say,
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如果你打G，這還過得去，我常常這麼說的，
09:11
"Hit G, and it's going to be all right.
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「打G吧，一切都會沒問題的。」
09:14
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝。（掌聲）
09:17
Thank you.
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謝謝。
09:19
So that was 20 years ago, and
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所以這是20年前的事了，
09:23
I was always on the periphery of art.
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而我一直在藝術的邊緣徘徊。
09:27
By being President of RISD I've gone deep into art,
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但在羅德島設計學院當院長讓我對藝術有更深入的認識，
09:30
and art is a wonderful thing, fine art, pure art.
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藝術真是一件美好的東西。純藝術。
09:33
You know, when people say, "I don't get art.
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你知道，當人們說「我不明白藝術，
09:36
I don't get it at all." That means art is working, you know?
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我完全不明白。」你知道嗎？這表示藝術成功了。
09:41
It's like, art is supposed to be enigmatic, so when you say,
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這就好像在說藝術應該是深奧難懂的，所以當你說
09:43
like, "I don't get it," like, oh, that's great. (Laughter)
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「我不明白」的時候，喔，那很好。（笑聲）
09:46
Art does that, because art is about asking questions,
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藝術就是有這樣的功能，
因為藝術是應該提出一些問題的，
因為藝術是應該提出一些問題的，
09:48
questions that may not be answerable.
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有些問題甚至無人能夠回答。
09:51
At RISD, we have this amazing facility called
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在羅德島設計學院，我們有個很棒的地方
09:53
the Edna Lawrence Nature Lab. It has 80,000 samples
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叫做Edna Lawrenece自然實驗室。裡面有80,000個
09:57
of animal, bone, mineral, plants.
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動物、骨頭、礦物、植物的樣本。
10:00
You know, in Rhode Island, if an animal gets hit on the road,
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你知道的，在羅德島上，如果有動物不小心被車撞到，
10:03
they call us up and we pick it up and stuff it.
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開車的人會打電話給我們，
我們就會去把牠拿回來製成標本。
我們就會去把牠拿回來製成標本。
10:06
And why do we have this facility?
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我們為甚麼要這樣做呢？
10:09
Because at RISD, you have to look at the actual animal,
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因為在我們學院，你要看到實物（真正的動物），
10:12
the object, to understand its volume, to perceive it.
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去了解牠的大小，去觀察牠。
10:15
At RISD, you're not allowed to draw from an image.
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在我們學院你不能只看著照片畫畫。
10:18
And many people ask me, John, couldn't you just
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很多人問我，John，
10:19
digitize all this? Make it all digital? Wouldn't it be better?
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為什麼你不把這些都數碼化呢？那樣不會比較好嗎？
10:23
And I often say, well, there's something good to how things
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而我常常說，嗯，傳統的方法總是有它的好處。
10:26
used to be done. There's something very different about it,
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這是很不一樣的，
10:30
something we should figure out what is good about
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是我們應該去思考該怎麼做的事，
10:32
how we did it, even in this new era.
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即使在這個新世紀也是一樣。
10:35
And I have a good friend, he's a new media artist named
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我有個好朋友，他是一位新媒體藝術家，
10:38
Tota Hasegawa. He's based in London, no, actually it's in Tokyo,
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他叫做長谷川踏太。他一般在倫敦，喔不，在東京工作。
10:42
but when he was based in London, he had a game
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但當他在倫敦的時候，他會和他的妻子玩一個遊戲。
10:44
with his wife. He would go to antique shops,
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他會去古董店，
10:47
and the game was as such:
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這個遊戲是這樣玩的：
10:49
When we look at an antique we want,
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當我們看到一件想要的古董，
10:52
we'll ask the shopkeeper for the story behind the antique,
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我們會問店主它背後的故事，
10:55
and if it's a good story, we'll buy it.
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如果故事是好的，我們會買。
10:57
So they'd go to an antique shop, and they'd look at this cup,
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所以有一次他們去古董店時看到一只杯，
10:59
and they'd say, "Tell us about this cup."
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問店主「可以跟我們說說這只杯嗎？」
11:00
And the shopkeeper would say, "It's old." (Laughter)
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然後店主只回答，「喔，它很老了。」（笑聲）
11:04
"Tell us more."
"Oh, it's really old." (Laughter)
"Oh, it's really old." (Laughter)
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「說多一點吧。」「喔，它真的很老。」（笑聲）
11:08
And he saw, over and over, the antique's value
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然後一次又一次，他看到古董的價值
11:11
was all about it being old.
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似乎就是在於它在多老。
11:13
And as a new media artist, he reflected, and said,
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但是作為一個新媒體藝術家，他反思後說，
11:16
you know, I've spent my whole career making new media art.
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我花了一輩子做新媒體藝術。
11:18
People say, "Wow, your art, what is it?"
It's new media.
It's new media.
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人們都說「哇，你的藝術喔，在哪兒？」新媒體就是這樣。
11:23
And he realized, it isn't about old or new.
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然後他了解其實重點不是東西有多老或多新。
11:26
It's about something in between.
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重要是的中間的東西。
11:28
It isn't about "old," the dirt, "new," the cloud. It's about what is good.
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這不是「老」或「泥土」或「新」或「雲端」的問題。
重點是東西好不好。
重點是東西好不好。
11:33
A combination of the cloud and the dirt is where the action is at.
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結合雲端和泥土才是行動所在。
11:39
You see it in all interesting art today, in all
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你可以在現代所有有趣的藝術中看到，
11:41
interesting businesses today. How we combine
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在所有有趣的生意中看到。我們如何結合
11:43
those two together to make good is very interesting.
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這兩者來造一些好東西是很有趣的。
11:47
So art makes questions, and
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所以藝術是會問問題的，
11:50
leadership is something that is asking a lot of questions.
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領導力是一種問問題的能力。
11:54
We aren't functioning so easily anymore.
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我們的思考不再像以往一樣簡單了。
11:56
We aren't a simple authoritarian regime anymore.
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我們不再是個簡單的組織。
12:00
As an example of authoritarianism, I was in Russia one time
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說到權威主義這東西，我曾經去過俄羅斯
12:03
traveling in St. Petersburg, at a national monument,
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聖彼德堡，在一個國家紀念碑前
12:05
and I saw this sign that says, "Do Not Walk On The Grass,"
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我看到一個告示牌說「請勿在草地上行走。」
12:08
and I thought, oh, I mean, I speak English,
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我想，嗯，我看得懂英語，
12:10
and you're trying to single me out. That's not fair.
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所以你是在把我劃分開來嗎？這不公平。
12:13
But I found a sign for Russian-speaking people,
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但是我找到一個給俄語人士看的告示，
12:16
and it was the best sign ever to say no.
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這是最適合向之說不的告示。
12:19
It was like, "No swimming, no hiking, no anything."
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它是這麼寫的：「不準游泳，不準登高，不準做任何事。」
12:21
My favorite ones are "no plants." Why would you bring a plant to a national monument? I'm not sure.
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我最喜歡的是「不準攜帶植物」，
誰要帶植物去看紀念碑呢？我真的不清楚。
誰要帶植物去看紀念碑呢？我真的不清楚。
12:27
And also "no love." (Laughter)
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還有「不準愛」。（笑聲）
12:29
So that is authoritarianism.
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所以這就是權威主義。
12:33
And what is that, structurally?
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如果從結構來看，權威主義是甚麼？
12:35
It's a hierarchy. We all know that a hierarchy is how we run
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它是一個等級制度。我們都知道
12:38
many systems today, but as we know, it's been disrupted.
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這是今天許多組織運作的方式。
但我們同時也知道，這已經和以前的制度不一樣了。
但我們同時也知道，這已經和以前的制度不一樣了。
12:41
It is now a network instead of a perfect tree.
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現在樹型組織被網絡所取代。
12:44
It's a heterarchy instead of a hierarchy. And that's kind of awkward.
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現在的組織多是層層相叠而不再階級分明。這有一點奇怪。
12:48
And so today, leaders are faced
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所以今天的領袖都得面對一個問題﹣﹣
12:51
with how to lead differently, I believe.
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如何隨時代改變領袖風格。
12:53
This is work I did with my colleague Becky Bermont
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我是我和一位同事Becky Bermont做的
12:55
on creative leadership. What can we learn
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關於創意領導力的研究。我們可以
12:57
from artists and designers for how to lead?
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從藝術家和設計師身上學到甚麼嗎？
13:00
Because in many senses, a regular leader loves to avoid mistakes.
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因為正常的領袖通常會避免犯錯。
13:04
Someone who's creative actually loves to learn from mistakes.
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但有創意的人卻很喜歡從錯誤中學習。
13:08
A traditional leader is always wanting to be right,
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傳統的領袖常常努力迫使自己把事情做對，
13:11
whereas a creative leader hopes to be right.
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但一個有創意的領袖通常只是希望自己做對而已。
13:15
And this frame is important today, in this complex,
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這樣的思考方式變得愈來愈重要，因為在這個時代，
13:18
ambiguous space, and artists and designers have a lot to teach us, I believe.
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很多事情變得模糊、難以掌控，因此我相信
我們可以向藝術家和設計師學到很多。
我們可以向藝術家和設計師學到很多。
13:23
And I had a show in London recently where my friends
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而我最近參加了倫敦的一個展覽，
13:26
invited me to come to London for four days
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我的朋友邀我去在沙盒中坐四天，
13:28
to sit in a sandbox, and I said great.
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我說好啊。
13:31
And so I sat in a sandbox for four days straight,
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所以我在沙盒中坐了整整四天，
13:34
six hours every day, six-minute appointments with anyone in London,
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每天六小時，無數個和倫敦陌生人的六分鐘會面，
13:37
and that was really bad.
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那真的很糟。
13:39
But I would listen to people, hear their issues,
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但是我會聽這些人說話，聽他們的煩惱，
13:43
draw in the sand, try to figure things out,
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在沙上寫字，嘗試幫他們看清問題，
13:45
and it was kind of hard to figure out what I was doing.
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但我卻不太清楚我在做的是甚麼。
13:48
You know? It's all these one-on-one meetings for like four days.
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你知道那是怎樣的感覺嗎？
和陌生人一對一的對談，持續四天。
和陌生人一對一的對談，持續四天。
13:50
And it felt kind of like being president, actually.
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其實感覺有點像變成總統似的。
13:52
I was like, "Oh, this my job. President. I do a lot of meetings, you know?"
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我想「嗯，這是我的工作。總統。我要開很多的會，對吧？」
13:55
And by the end of the experience,
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在這個體驗的結尾，
13:57
I realized why I was doing this.
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我突然理解我在做的是甚麼。
14:00
It's because leaders, what we do is we connect
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因為身為領袖，我們在做的就是把
14:04
improbable connections and hope something will happen,
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看似互不相關的東西連結起來，
然後希望某些事情會發生，
然後希望某些事情會發生，
14:08
and in that room I found so many connections
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而在那個空間裡，我找到許多倫敦人之間的連結，
14:10
between people across all of London, and so leadership,
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所以，領導力這東西
14:14
connecting people, is the great question today.
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怎樣把人連結起來，就是今天我們該思考的問題。
14:17
Whether you're in the hierarchy or the heterarchy,
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無論你身處的組織是層層分明
還是較鬆散的網絡形式，
還是較鬆散的網絡形式，
14:19
it's a wonderful design challenge.
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這會是一個美妙的挑戰。
14:22
And one thing I've been doing is doing some research
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而我正在做的一項研究是關於
14:25
on systems that can combine technology and leadership
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能把科技和領導力結合的系統，
14:29
with an art and design perspective.
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而這些系統是帶有藝術及設計元素的。
14:30
Let me show you something I haven't shown anywhere, actually.
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現在來看看一個我從沒公開演示過的東西。
14:34
So what this is, is a kind of a sketch, an application sketch
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這是一個很初步的草圖，
14:37
I wrote in Python. You know how there's Photoshop?
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我用Python（一種程式語言）寫的。
你知道Photoshop是怎樣的嗎？
你知道Photoshop是怎樣的嗎？
14:39
This is called Powershop, and the way it works is
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這叫做Powershop，它是一個假想的組織圖。
14:43
imagine an organization. You know, the CEO isn't ever
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在這個組織裡，CEO不是在最上層的。
14:46
at the top. The CEO's at the center of the organization.
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CEO是在組織的中心。
14:49
There may be different subdivisions in the organization,
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組織裡可能有不同的小組，
14:51
and you might want to look into different areas. For instance,
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你也可以看看這些領域有甚麼不同。譬如，
14:54
green are areas doing well, red are areas doing poorly.
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綠色的部分是做得出色的，
紅色的部分需要改善。
紅色的部分需要改善。
14:57
You know, how do you, as the leader, scan, connect,
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而你作為一個領袖，該怎樣觀看全局，連結不同部分，
14:59
make things happen? So for instance, you might open up
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讓事情能夠順利進行？假設你開設一個
15:02
a distribution here and find the different subdivisions in there,
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銷售部門，這衍生了一些更小的部門。
15:06
and know that you know someone in Eco, over here,
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而你知道你認識在Eco工作的人，
15:09
and
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而且
15:11
these people here are in Eco, the people you might
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這些在Eco工作的人，
15:13
engage with as CEO, people going across the hierarchy.
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這些你以CEO身份認識的人，
他們並不屬於分層結構的一員。
他們並不屬於分層結構的一員。
15:17
And part of the challenge of the CEO is to find
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而身為CEO的其中一個考驗就是
15:20
connections across areas, and so you might look in R&D,
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找到各個領域的連結，所以你看向研發部門
15:24
and here you see one person who crosses the two areas
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你找到一個涉足這兩個領域的人
15:27
of interest, and it's a person important to engage.
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這就是你該找的人了。
15:31
So you might want to, for instance, get a heads-up display
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你可以看看你和他
15:35
on how you're interacting with them.
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有過怎樣的交流。
15:37
How many coffees do you have?
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你們一起喝過多少次咖啡？
15:39
How often are you calling them, emailing them?
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你通常隔多久給他們打一次電話或發一個電郵？
15:42
What is the tenor of their email? How is it working out?
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他們電郵的主旨是甚麼？
有好好表達他們要說的話嗎？
有好好表達他們要說的話嗎？
15:45
Leaders might be able to use these systems to
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領袖可以用這些系統來控制
15:47
better regulate how they work inside the heterarchy.
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他們在組織內的工作和角色。
15:50
You can also imagine using technology like from Luminoso,
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你也可以嘗試用Luminoso科技
（讓電腦了解你在說甚麼的科技）
（讓電腦了解你在說甚麼的科技）
15:54
the guys from Cambridge who were looking at deep
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這些劍橋學者研究的是深層次的文字分析。
15:56
text analysis. What is the tenor of your communications?
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你通訊的主旨是甚麼？
16:00
So these kind of systems, I believe, are important.
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所以我相信這樣的系統是很重要的。
16:03
They're targeted social media systems around leaders.
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它們是領袖可用的、目標精準的社交媒體。
16:06
And I believe that this kind of perspective will only begin
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而我相信這種視野
16:09
to grow as more leaders enter the space of art and design,
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會隨著領袖了解藝術及設計而變得愈來愈普遍，
16:14
because art and design lets you think like this,
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因為藝術及設計會讓你思考方式變得不一樣，
16:18
find different systems like this,
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找到類似的系統，
16:20
and I've just begun thinking like this,
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而我正開始以這種方式思考，
16:22
so I'm glad to share that with you.
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所以很高興能和你分享。
16:23
So in closing, I want to thank all of you
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在結尾前我想謝謝你們
16:27
for your attention. Thanks very much. (Applause)
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每一位專心聽我的演講。非常感謝。（掌聲）
16:31
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John Maeda - ArtistJohn Maeda, the former president of the Rhode Island School of Design, is dedicated to linking design and technology. Through the software tools, web pages and books he creates, he spreads his philosophy of elegant simplicity.
Why you should listen
When John Maeda became president of the legendary Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) in 2008, he told the Wall Street Journal, "Everyone asks me, 'Are you bringing technology to RISD?' I tell them, no, I'm bringing RISD to technology."
In his fascinating career as a programmer and an artist, he's always been committed to blurring the lines between the two disciplines. As a student at MIT, studying computer programming, the legendary Muriel Cooper persuaded him to follow his parallel passion for fine art and design. And when computer-aided design began to explode in the mid-1990s, Maeda was in a perfect position at the MIT Media Lab to influence and shape the form, helping typographers and page designers explore the freedom of the web.
Maeda is leading the "STEAM" movement--adding an "A" for Art to the education acronym STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math)--and experiencing firsthand the transformation brought by social media. After leaving his post as RISD's president, Maeda is turning his attention to Silicon Valley, where is is working as a Design Partner for Kleiner, Perkins, Caulfield and Byers. He is also consulting for eBay, where he is the chair of the Design Advisory Board.
John Maeda | Speaker | TED.com