ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Pholeros - Architect
Paul Pholeros was a director of Healthabitat, a longstanding effort to improve the health of indigenous people by improving their living housing.

Why you should listen

"Change comes slowly," said architect Paul Pholeros. Which is why he spent more than 30 years committedly working on urban, rural, and remote architectural projects throughout his native Australia and beyond. In particular, he focused on improving the living environments of poor people, understanding that environment plays a key and often overlooked role in health.

An architect himself, Pholeros met his two co-directors in the organization Healthabitat in 1985, when the three were challenged by Yami Lester, the director of an Aboriginal-controlled health service in the Anangu Pitjatjantjara Lands in northwest South Australia, to "stop people getting sick." The findings from that project guided their thinking, as Pholeros and his partners worked to improve sanitation, connect electricity, and provide washing and water facilities to indigenous communities. Above all, the team focused on engaging these local communities to help themselves--and to pass on their skills to others. In this way, a virtuous circle of fighting poverty was born.

Since 2007, Healthabitat has expanded its work beyond Australia, working on similar projects in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. In 2011, the firm was awarded the international UN Habitat and Building and Social Housing Foundation's World Habitat Award, and a Leadership in Sustainability prize from the Australian Institute of Architects. In 2012, Healthabitat was one of the six Australian representatives at the Venice International Architectural Biennale.

Paul Pholeros passed away on February 1, 2016. 

More profile about the speaker
Paul Pholeros | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxSydney

Paul Pholeros: How to reduce poverty? Fix homes

符保羅(Paul Pholeros): 如何減少貧窮?修房屋

Filmed:
1,402,141 views

1985 年,一位澳洲原住民健康服務中心管理主任挑戰建築師符保羅(Paul Pholeros),請他幫助南澳一個小小土著社區的居民,讓他們不再生病。幾項關鍵見解:跳脫依賴醫藥的想法及改善當地的衛生環境。符保羅在這個充滿活力互動的演講中,描述了這個由他管理的健康棲地(Healthabitat)組織所進行的計畫。此組織在澳洲及其他地方,以實際改善房屋設計來減少貧窮。
- Architect
Paul Pholeros was a director of Healthabitat, a longstanding effort to improve the health of indigenous people by improving their living housing. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
The idea理念 of eliminating消除 poverty貧窮 is a great goal目標.
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想要消滅貧窮是個偉大的目標
00:18
I don't think anyone任何人 in this room房間 would disagree不同意.
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我想在座的各位都會同意
00:22
What worries me is when politicians政治家 with money
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我擔心的是有錢的政治人物
00:27
and charismatic魅力 rock stars明星
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及充滿魅力的搖滾明星
00:30
use the words,
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用這個字
00:32
it all just sounds聲音 so, so simple簡單.
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使這一切聽起來非常非常簡單
00:38
Now, I've got no bucket of money today今天
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那麼,我今天沒有半毛錢
00:42
and I've got no policy政策 to release發布,
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也沒有政策要公佈
00:45
and I certainly當然 haven't沒有 got a guitar吉他.
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我當然也沒有吉他
00:47
I'll leave離開 that to others其他.
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我把那些都留給別人去做
00:50
But I do have an idea理念,
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但我的確有個計畫
00:52
and that idea理念 is called Housing住房 for Health健康.
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這個計畫稱做健康的家
00:55
Housing住房 For Health健康 works作品 with poor較差的 people.
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健康的家與窮人合作
00:58
It works作品 in the places地方 where they live生活,
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在他們住的地方實際運作
01:01
and the work is doneDONE to improve提高 their health健康.
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而計畫完成後能改善他們的健康
01:05
Over the last 28 years年份,
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過去 28 年來
01:07
this tough強硬, grinding磨碎, dirty work
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這份艱難、費力,又會弄得滿身污泥的工作
01:10
has been doneDONE by literally按照字面 thousands數千 of people
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已有上千人在澳洲親自完成
01:14
around Australia澳大利亞, and more recently最近 overseas海外,
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近期更拓展至海外
01:17
and their work has proven證明 that focused重點 design設計
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他們的工作證明了
藉由量身訂作的設計
01:21
can improve提高 even the poorest最窮 living活的 environments環境.
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即使是最貧窮的生活環境也能改善
01:25
It can improve提高 health健康, and it can play a part部分
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它能改善健康
而且雖還稱不上消滅
01:28
in reducing減少, if not eliminating消除, poverty貧窮.
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但至少在減少貧窮上也有功勞
01:33
I'm going to start開始 where the story故事 began開始, 1985,
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我要從 1985 年說起
01:36
in central中央 Australia澳大利亞.
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故事從澳洲中部開始
01:38
A man called Yami雅美 Lester萊斯特, an Aboriginal土著 man,
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有一位叫亞米的原住民
01:41
was running賽跑 a health健康 service服務.
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那時候管理一間健康服務中心
01:44
Eighty八十 percent百分 of what walked in the door,
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上門求診的人
01:46
in terms條款 of illness疾病, was infectious傳染病 disease疾病 --
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有 80% 得的是傳染病
01:50
third第三 world世界, developing發展 world世界 infectious傳染病 disease疾病,
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第三世界發展中國家的傳染病
01:53
caused造成 by a poor較差的 living活的 environment環境.
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通常都是因為很糟的生活環境而引起
01:58
Yami雅美 assembled組裝 a team球隊 in Alice愛麗絲 Springs.
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亞米在愛麗斯泉組了一個團隊
02:02
He got a medical doctor醫生.
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他找了位醫生
02:05
He got an environmental環境的 health健康 guy.
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他找了位搞環境衛生的傢伙
02:08
And he hand-selected手選 a team球隊 of local本地 Aboriginal土著 people
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然後他親自從當地
原住民中挑出一群人
02:13
to work on this project項目.
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參與這個計畫
02:15
Yami雅美 told us at that first meeting會議, there's no money.
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亞米在第一次會議上告訴我們
他們沒錢
02:19
Always a good start開始, no money.
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非常好的開始,沒錢
02:22
You have six months個月.
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你有六個月的時間
02:24
And I want you to start開始 on a project項目 which哪一個 in his language語言
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我要你開始一項計畫
02:26
he called "uwankarauwankara palyankupalyanku kanyintjakukanyintjaku,"
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他的母語稱這計畫為
"uwankara palyanku kanyintjaku"
02:30
which哪一個, translated翻譯, is "a plan計劃 to stop people getting得到 sick生病,"
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翻譯起來就是
「讓人不再生病的計畫」
02:35
a profound深刻 brief簡要.
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非常深遠的信念
02:39
That was our task任務.
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那就是我們的任務
02:42
First step, the medical doctor醫生 went away
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第一步,那位醫生離開
02:44
for about six months個月,
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約六個月時間
02:46
and he worked工作 on what were to become成為
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他做的研究後來變成了
02:48
these nine health健康 goals目標, what were we aiming瞄準 at.
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健康目標的項目
我們集中火力的目標
02:55
After six months個月 of work, he came來了 to my office辦公室
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六個月後他回到我的辦公室
02:57
and presented呈現 me with those nine words on a piece of paper.
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在一張紙上寫下那九個字
對我做簡報
『九項健康生活原則:洗澡、洗衣、
廢水、營養、擁擠、動物、粉塵、溫度、受傷。』
03:01
[Washing洗滌, clothes衣服, wastewater廢水, nutrition營養... ]
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03:02
Now, I was very, very unimpressed不為所動.
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那時我極度不為所動
03:06
Come on.
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搞什麼
03:08
Big ideas思路 need big words
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遠大的想法要配艱澀的文字
03:11
and preferably優選 a lot of them.
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最好還是一大堆
03:13
This didn't fit適合 the bill法案.
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這跟我所想的不合
03:15
What I didn't see and what you can't see
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當時我沒看見
而你們在這也看不到的
03:19
is that he'd他會 assembled組裝 thousands數千 of pages網頁
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是他其實集結了數千頁
03:24
of local本地, national國民 and international國際 health健康 research研究
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當地、全國及國際的健康研究
03:27
that filled填充 out the picture圖片 as to why these
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然後填進圖片說明為什麼這些
03:30
were the health健康 targets目標.
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是健康目標
03:32
The pictures圖片 that came來了 a bit later後來
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這些圖片晚一點才畫出來
03:35
had a very simple簡單 reason原因.
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理由很簡單
03:36
The Aboriginal土著 people who were our bosses老闆
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這些原住民是我們的老闆
03:38
and the senior前輩 people were most commonly常用 illiterate文盲,
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而老一輩的人大多普遍是文盲
03:42
so the story故事 had to be told in pictures圖片
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所以一定要用圖片來告訴這些人
03:44
of what were these goals目標.
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我們的目標是什麼
03:46
We work with the community社區,
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我們要與這個社群合作
03:48
not telling告訴 them what was going to happen發生
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不能用他們聽不懂的語言
03:50
in a language語言 they didn't understand理解.
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來告訴他們要做什麼
03:53
So we had the goals目標, and each one of these goals目標 --
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所以我們把目標,每一項目標
03:56
and I won't慣於 go through通過 them all —
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──我不會在此一一詳述──
03:58
puts看跌期權 at the center中央 the person and their health健康 issue問題,
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放在中心的是居民及其健康問題
04:02
and it then connects所連接 them
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然後把這個中心目標
04:04
to the bits of the physical物理 environment環境
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與實際的生活環境相連
04:07
that are actually其實 needed需要 to keep their health健康 good.
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就是他們實際所需
以維持健康的環境
最優先的,你在螢幕上看到了
04:11
And the highest最高 priority優先, you see on the screen屏幕,
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04:13
is washing洗滌 people once一旦 a day, particularly尤其 children孩子.
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是讓大家每天洗一次澡
尤其是孩童
我很希望在座的各位會想
04:18
Now I hope希望 most of you are thinking思維,
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04:19
"What? That sounds聲音 simple簡單."
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「什麼?這太簡單了吧。」
04:21
Now, I'm going to ask you all a very personal個人 question.
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那麼,我來問各位一個
非常私人的問題
04:25
This morning早上 before you came來了,
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今天早上你們來之前
04:26
who could have had a wash using運用 a shower淋浴?
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誰可以用蓮蓬頭沖個澡的?
04:31
I'm not going to ask if you had a shower淋浴,
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我不是要問你們是不是有洗澡
04:33
because I'm too polite有禮貌. That's it. (Laughter笑聲)
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因為我很有禮貌,就是這樣
(笑聲)
04:36
Okay. All right.
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好,好
04:38
I think it's fair公平 to say, most people here
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我想這麼說不為過,在座大部分的人
04:40
could have had a shower淋浴 this morning早上.
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今天早上都可以沖個澡
04:42
I'm going to ask you to do some more work.
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我還要再讓各位多做點事
04:44
I want you all to select選擇 one of the houses房屋
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我要你們所有人
從螢幕上的 25 間房子裡
04:47
of the 25 houses房屋 you see on the screen屏幕.
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選出一間
04:49
I want you to select選擇 one of them and note注意
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我要你們從中選一間且注意一下
04:50
the position位置 of that house
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那間房子的位置
04:52
and keep that in your head.
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然後記在腦子裡
04:53
Have you all got a house? I'm going to ask you
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都選好房子了嗎?我要請你們
04:56
to live生活 there for a few少數 months個月, so make sure you've got it right.
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在那裡住幾個月
所以你要確定你選了合意的房子
04:58
It's in the northwest西北 of Western西 Australia澳大利亞, very pleasant愉快 place地點.
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這位於西澳的西北區
非常宜人的地方
05:02
Okay. Let's see if your shower淋浴 in that house is working加工.
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好,來看看你選的房子
淋浴設備能不能用
05:07
I hear some "awAW"s and I hear some "aahAAH."
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我聽到了一些「喔」還有「啊」
05:10
If you get a green綠色 tick, your shower's小靈通 working加工.
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如果你選的房子打了綠勾
你的淋浴設備能用
05:13
You and your kids孩子 are fine.
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你和你的孩子會很好
05:14
If you get a red cross交叉,
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如果你拿了個紅叉
05:16
well, I've looked看著 carefully小心 around the room房間
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嗯,我已經仔細看過這廳裡的人
05:19
and it's not going to make much difference區別 to this crew船員.
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對你們這群人其實也沒差
05:22
Why? Because you're all too old.
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為什麼?因為你們都太老了
05:24
And I know that's going to come as a shock休克 to some of you,
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我知道這對在座某些人而言很震驚
05:26
but you are.
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但你真的太老了
05:28
Now before you get offended生氣 and leave離開,
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那麼在你覺得被冒犯而離座前
05:30
I've got to say that being存在 too old in this case案件
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我要說一下所謂太老,在這是說
05:32
means手段 that pretty漂亮 much everyone大家 in the room房間, I think,
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我想幾乎在座的每一位
05:35
is over five years年份 of age年齡.
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都超過五歲
05:39
We're really concerned關心 with kids孩子 naught to five.
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我們非常注意零到五歲的孩子
05:42
And why? Washing洗滌 is the antidote解藥 to the sort分類 of bugs蟲子,
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為什麼?洗澡是病菌感染的解毒劑
05:48
the common共同 infectious傳染病 diseases疾病 of the eyes眼睛, the ears耳朵,
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常見的感染型疾病,像眼睛、耳朵
05:51
the chest胸部 and the skin皮膚
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胸腔及皮膚等等
05:54
that, if they occur發生 in the first five years年份 of life,
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這些如果在生命的頭五年發生
05:57
permanently永久 damage損傷 those organs器官.
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會對這些器官造成永久性傷害
06:01
They leave離開 a lifelong終身 remnant.
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這些疾病會殘留一輩子
06:04
That means手段 that, by the age年齡 of five,
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也就是說到了五歲
06:07
you can't see as well for the rest休息 of your life.
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你的視力一輩子都不會太好
06:09
You can't hear as well for the rest休息 of your life.
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你的聽力一輩子都不會太好
06:12
You can't breath呼吸 as well. You've lost丟失 a third第三
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你的呼吸也不會太好
06:13
of your lung capacity容量 by the age年齡 of five.
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五歲的時候
你會失去三分之一的肺活量
06:16
And even skin皮膚 infection感染, which哪一個 we originally本來 thought
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甚至是皮膚感染,我們一開始覺得
06:19
wasn't that big a problem問題,
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這不是甚麼大問題
06:22
mild溫和 skin皮膚 infections感染 naught to five give you
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零到五歲間,即使是輕微的皮膚感染
06:24
a greatly非常 increased增加 chance機會 of renal failure失敗,
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也會大幅增加腎衰竭的機會
06:27
needing需要 dialysis透析 at age年齡 40.
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使你在四十歲時需要洗腎
06:30
This is a big deal合同, so the ticks and crosses十字架 on the screen屏幕
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這是大問題
所以這些螢幕上的綠勾紅叉
06:33
are actually其實 critical危急 for young年輕 kids孩子.
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對年幼的孩子其實非常關鍵
06:36
Those ticks and crosses十字架 represent代表 the 7,800 houses房屋
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這些綠勾紅叉的比例
與我們在整個澳洲
06:39
we've我們已經 looked看著 at nationally國內 around Australia澳大利亞,
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所合作的 7,800 棟房子
06:41
the same相同 proportion比例.
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比例相同
06:43
What you see on the screen屏幕 -- 35 percent百分 of those
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你在螢幕上看到的──35% 的這些
06:46
not-so-famous不那麼出名 houses房屋 lived生活 in by 50,000 indigenous土著 people,
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沒名氣的房子裡住著五萬名土著
06:50
35 percent百分 had a working加工 shower淋浴.
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35% 有可使用的淋浴設備
06:53
Ten percent百分 of those same相同 7,800 houses房屋
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同樣這 7,800 間房子裡
06:57
had safe安全 electrical電動 systems系統,
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10% 有安全的電力系統
06:59
and 58 percent百分 of those houses房屋
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58% 的房子
07:03
had a working加工 toilet廁所.
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有可使用的抽水馬桶
07:07
These are by a simple簡單, standard標準 test測試:
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這些是用簡單的標準測試出來的
07:10
In the case案件 of the shower淋浴, does it have hot and cold water,
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在淋浴設備方面,有沒有熱水及冷水
07:14
two taps水龍頭 that work,
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兩種可用的水龍頭
07:17
a shower淋浴 rose玫瑰 to get water onto your head
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有沒有蓮蓬頭把水送到你的頭上
07:21
or onto your body身體, and a drain排水 that takes the water away?
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或身上?有沒有下水口排水?
07:23
Not well designed設計, not beautiful美麗, not elegant優雅 --
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不看設計好不好
漂不漂亮,優不優雅 ——
07:27
just that they function功能.
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就只看功能如何
07:29
And the same相同 test測試 for the electrical電動 system系統 and the toilets洗手間.
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在看電力系統及馬桶時
也是同樣的測試法
07:33
Housing住房 for Health健康 projects項目 aren't about measuring測量 failure失敗.
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健康的家計畫
不是拿來測量失敗率的
07:36
They're actually其實 about improving提高 houses房屋.
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這些計畫是為了改善房屋而做的
07:39
We start開始 on day one of every一切 project項目 -- we've我們已經 learned學到了,
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我們從每個計畫的第一天開始
──我們學到不給承諾,不做報告
07:43
we don't make promises許諾, we don't do reports報告.
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07:46
We arrive到達 in the morning早上 with tools工具, tons of equipment設備,
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我們早上拿著工具
還有多到不行的器材貨物到家裡
07:50
trades交易, and we train培養 up a local本地 team球隊 on the first day
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我們在第一天就培訓了
一個由當地人組成的團隊
07:54
to start開始 work.
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來開始工作
07:55
By the evening晚間 of the first day, a few少數 houses房屋
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第一天晚上那個社區就有
07:58
in that community社區 are better
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幾間房子變得比我們早上
07:59
than when we started開始 in the morning早上.
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開始的時候更好了
08:01
That work continues繼續 for six to 12 months個月
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這樣的工作要持續六到十二個月
08:04
until直到 all the houses房屋 are improved改善
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直到所有的房子都改善為止
08:05
and we've我們已經 spent花費 our budget預算 of 7,500
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我們花在每間房子的經費是
08:08
dollars美元 total per house.
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7,500 元
08:10
That's our average平均 budget預算.
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那是平均經費
08:12
At the end結束 of six months個月 to a year, we test測試 every一切 house again.
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在六個月到一年的計畫結束後
我們會再測試每一間房子
08:16
It's very easy簡單 to spend money.
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要花錢很容易
08:18
It's very difficult to improve提高 the function功能
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要改善房子裡的每一項功能
08:21
of all those parts部分 of the house,
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卻非常困難
08:23
and for a whole整個 house, the nine healthy健康 living活的 practices做法,
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對整間房子而言
為了推行這九項健康生活
08:26
we test測試, check and fix固定 250 items項目 in every一切 house.
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我們要在每一間房屋裡
測試、檢查、修繕 250 個項目
08:31
And these are the results結果
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以下是我們
08:32
we can get with our 7,500 dollars美元.
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花 7,500 元所得到的結果
08:35
We can get showers陣雨 up to 86 percent百分 working加工,
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我們可以修好 86% 的淋浴設備
08:37
we can get electrical電動 systems系統 up to 77 percent百分 working加工,
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我們可以讓 77% 的電力設備恢復功能
08:41
and we can get 90 percent百分 of toilets洗手間 working加工
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也可以修好 90% 的抽水馬桶
08:44
in those 7,500 houses房屋.
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在這 7,500 間房子裡
08:46
Thank you. (Applause掌聲)
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謝謝(掌聲)
08:55
The teams球隊 do a great job工作, and that's their work.
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這個團隊做得非常好
這些就是他們辛苦的結果
09:00
I think there's an obvious明顯 question
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我想有個明顯的問題
09:02
that I hope希望 you're thinking思維 about.
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我希望你們能思考一下
09:05
Why do we have to do this work?
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為什麼我們要做這樣的事?
09:08
Why are the houses房屋 in such這樣 poor較差的 condition條件?
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為什麼這些房子的狀況這麼糟?
09:11
Seventy七十 percent百分 of the work we do
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我們所做的工作之中的 70%
09:13
is due應有 to lack缺乏 of routine常規 maintenance保養,
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是由於疏於日常保養
09:14
the sort分類 of things that happen發生 in all our houses房屋.
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所有的房子都可看見這種情況
09:16
Things wear穿 out.
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東西用壞了
09:18
Should have been doneDONE by state government政府 or local本地 government政府.
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這些都該由中央政府或地方政府來做
09:21
Simply只是 not doneDONE, the house doesn't work.
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不做,這些房子就不堪用
09:24
Twenty-one二十一 percent百分 of the things we fix固定
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我們修的東西當中有 21%
09:26
are due應有 to faulty不完善的 construction施工,
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是因為錯誤安裝
09:28
literally按照字面 things that are built內置 upside上邊 down and back-to-front後端到前端.
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真的就是上下或前後裝顛倒
09:31
They don't work. We have to fix固定 them.
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這些當然不能使用,我們要修理
09:33
And if you've lived生活 in Australia澳大利亞 in the last 30 years年份,
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如果過去 30 年間你曾住在澳洲
09:37
the final最後 cause原因 -- You will have heard聽說 always
192
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最後這項因素——
你一定老是聽到人家這麼說
09:41
that indigenous土著 people trash垃圾 houses房屋.
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就是原住民不珍惜房子
這幾乎是堅不可攻的證據
09:43
It's one of the almost幾乎 rock-solid堅若磐石 pieces of evidence證據,
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09:46
which哪一個 I've never seen看到 evidence證據 for,
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但我從來沒看過有什麼證明
09:48
that's always ruled統治 out as that's the problem問題 with indigenous土著 housing住房.
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總是不需要多想
因為這些是原住民住房的問題
09:51
Well, nine percent百分 of what we spend is damage損傷,
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我們修的房子裡有 9%
09:54
misuse濫用 or abuse濫用 of any sort分類.
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的確有損害、誤用或濫用的情況
09:57
We argue爭論 strongly非常 that the people living活的 in the house
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但是對此我們強烈抗議,住在房子裡的人
10:01
are simply只是 not the problem問題.
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不是問題所在
我們還要更進一步說
10:03
And we'll go a lot further進一步 than that.
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10:04
The people living活的 in the house are actually其實
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住在房子裡的那些人其實
10:06
a major重大的 part部分 of the solution.
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還是解決問題的主要推手
10:09
Seventy-five七十五 percent百分 of our national國民 team球隊 in Australia澳大利亞,
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我們在澳洲的團隊有 75% 的人
10:13
over 75 at the minute分鐘,
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現在還超過 75%
10:15
are actually其實 local本地, indigenous土著 people
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其實是當地人,土著
10:17
from the communities社區 we work in.
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來自我們幫助的社區
10:19
They do all aspects方面 of the work.
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他們做各樣的工作
10:22
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
10:27
In 2010, for example, there were 831,
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舉個例,2010 年
10:31
all over Australia澳大利亞, and the Torres托雷斯 Strait海峽 Islands島嶼,
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在全澳洲、托雷斯海峽群島,以及每一個州
10:34
all states狀態, working加工 to improve提高 the houses房屋
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共有 831 人參與改善
10:37
where they and their families家庭 live生活,
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他們自己和家人居住的房子
10:38
and that's an important重要 thing.
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而那是很重要的事
10:41
Our work's作品 always had a focus焦點 on health健康. That's the key.
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我們的工作總是著重在健康,這是關鍵
10:46
The developing發展 world世界 bug竊聽器 trachoma沙眼, it causes原因 blindness失明.
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發展中國家的沙眼病菌會導致失明
10:49
It's a developing發展 world世界 illness疾病,
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這是發展中國家的疾病
10:52
and yet然而, the picture圖片 you see behind背後
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但是你在我身後看到的這張照片
10:54
is in an Aboriginal土著 community社區 in the late晚了 1990s
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是 1990 年代晚期的原住民社區
10:57
where 95 percent百分 of school-aged學齡 kids孩子 had active活性 trachoma沙眼
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那裡 95% 的學齡兒童患有沙眼
11:01
in their eyes眼睛 doing damage損傷.
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對眼睛造成損傷
11:04
Okay, what do we do?
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所以我們做了什麼?
11:06
Well, first thing we do, we get showers陣雨 working加工.
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首先我們把淋浴設備搞定
11:09
Why? Because that flushes刷新 the bug竊聽器 out.
224
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為什麼?因為這會把病菌沖走
11:11
We put washing洗滌 facilities設備 in the school學校 as well,
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我們也在學校裡裝了洗滌設備
11:13
so kids孩子 can wash their faces面孔 many許多 times during the day.
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所以孩子們白天可以洗很多次臉
11:16
We wash the bug竊聽器 out.
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我們把病菌洗掉
11:18
Second第二, the eye doctors醫生 tell us that dust灰塵 scours腹瀉 the eye
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第二,眼科醫師告訴我們
灰塵會磨擦眼睛
11:22
and lets讓我們 the bug竊聽器 in quick. So what do we do?
229
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使病菌更快附著
所以我們怎麼做?
11:24
We call up the doctor醫生 of dust灰塵, and there is such這樣 a person.
230
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我們徵調了粉塵醫生
真的有這種人
11:28
He was loaned貸款 to us by a mining礦業 company公司.
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我們從採礦公司借將
11:30
He controls控制 dust灰塵 on mining礦業 company公司 sites網站,
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他在採礦場控制粉塵量
11:32
and he came來了 out, and within a day it worked工作 out
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2801
所以他來了,而且在幾天內就奏效
11:35
that most dust灰塵 in this community社區 was
234
683417
2022
這個社區的大部分灰塵
11:37
within a meter儀表 of the ground地面, the wind-driven風動 dust灰塵,
235
685439
2749
都飄在距地表一公尺範圍內
風會帶來灰塵
11:40
so he suggested建議 making製造 mounds土墩 to catch抓住 the dust灰塵
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所以他建議做些土牆擋住灰塵
11:43
before it went into the house area
237
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1993
讓灰塵吹不進居住區
11:45
and affected受影響 the eyes眼睛 of kids孩子.
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危害孩童的眼睛
11:47
So we used dirt污垢 to stop dust灰塵.
239
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3758
所以我們用土堆擋灰塵
11:50
We did it. He provided提供 us dust灰塵 monitors顯示器.
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我們就這麼做了。他提供了粉塵計
11:53
We tested測試 and we reduced減少 the dust灰塵.
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我們作測試減低粉塵量
11:55
Then we wanted to get rid擺脫 of the bug竊聽器 generally通常.
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然後我們還想大規模地消滅這種病菌
11:57
So how do we do that?
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所以我們要怎麼做?
11:59
Well, we call up the doctor醫生 of flies蒼蠅,
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嗯,我們徵調蒼蠅醫生
12:01
and yes there is a doctor醫生 of flies蒼蠅.
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沒錯,真的有蒼蠅醫生
12:04
As our Aboriginal土著 mate伴侶 said,
246
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1750
如同我們一位原住民夥伴說的:
12:06
"You white白色 fellows研究員 ought應該 to get out more."
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「你們這些白人應該多出來走走。」
12:08
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
12:10
And the doctor醫生 of flies蒼蠅 very quickly很快 determined決心
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這個蒼蠅醫生很快判斷出
12:13
that there was one fly that carried攜帶的 the bug竊聽器.
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有一種蒼蠅是病媒
12:17
He could give school學校 kids孩子 in this community社區
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他可以給這個社區的學校孩童
12:20
the beautiful美麗 fly trap陷阱 you see above以上 in the slide滑動.
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美麗的蒼蠅陷阱
你可在上面那張照片上看到
12:23
They could trap陷阱 the flies蒼蠅, send發送 them to him in Perth珀斯.
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這些可以捕蒼蠅
然後把這些送到伯斯給他
12:26
When the bug竊聽器 was in the gut腸道, he'd他會 send發送 back
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如果在蒼蠅的腸子裡找到這些病菌
12:28
by return返回 post崗位 some dung beetles甲蟲.
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他就以回郵送回一些糞金龜
12:30
The dung beetles甲蟲 ate the camel駱駝 dung,
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糞金龜會吃駱駝糞
12:32
the flies蒼蠅 died死亡 through通過 lack缺乏 of food餐飲,
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所以蒼蠅會因缺乏食物而死
12:35
and trachoma沙眼 dropped下降.
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那麼沙眼病例就會下降
12:36
And over the year, trachoma沙眼 dropped下降
259
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而過去這一年,沙眼病例
12:39
radically根本 in this place地點, and stayed low.
260
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在此急遽下降,並維持低患病率
12:42
We changed the environment環境, not just treated治療 the eyes眼睛.
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我們要改變環境,不是只來治療眼睛
12:46
And finally最後, you get a good eye.
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所以最後,你就會有好眼睛
12:50
All these small health健康 gains收益
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這些小小的健康成效
12:53
and small pieces of the puzzle難題 make a big difference區別.
264
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與小小的拼圖,可以做出大大的改變
12:56
The New South Wales威爾士 Department of Health健康,
265
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1952
新南威爾斯健康部
12:57
that radical激進 organization組織,
266
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1091
這個激進組織
12:59
did an independent獨立 trial審訊 over three years年份
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在過去三年做了一個獨立試驗
13:02
to look at 10 years年份 of the work we've我們已經 been doing
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來檢驗我們這十年在新威爾斯省
13:05
in these sorts排序 of projects項目 in New South Wales威爾士,
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2671
所做的這一類的計畫成果
13:07
and they found發現 a 40-percent-百分 reduction減少
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3648
他們發現因病住院的情況
13:11
in hospital醫院 admissions招生 for the illnesses疾病
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減少了 40%
13:14
that you could attribute屬性 to the poor較差的 environment環境.
272
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而這些疾病可以歸咎為
不健全的生活環境
13:17
A 40-percent-百分 reduction減少.
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40% 的減少
13:19
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
13:27
Just to show顯示 that the principles原則 we've我們已經 used
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為了證明我們在澳洲用的這些原理
13:29
in Australia澳大利亞 can be used in other places地方,
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1991
也可以用在其它地方
13:31
I'm just going to go to one other place地點, and that's Nepal尼泊爾,
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我要再介紹另一個地方,就是尼泊爾
13:34
and what a beautiful美麗 place地點 to go.
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這真是一個美麗的地方
13:36
We were asked by a small village of 600 people
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有個 600 人的村落要求我們
13:39
to go in and make toilets洗手間 where none沒有 existed存在.
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進入村子並蓋廁所
那裡一間也沒有
13:43
Health健康 was poor較差的.
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衛生很差
13:46
We went in with no grand盛大 plan計劃, no grand盛大 promises許諾
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我們去的時候沒有偉大的計畫
也沒有偉大的承諾
13:48
of a great program程序, just the offer提供 to build建立
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要做多大計畫,就只是進去蓋
13:50
two toilets洗手間 for two families家庭.
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兩間廁所給兩戶人家使用
13:52
It was during the design設計 of the first toilet廁所
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就是在設計第一間廁所的時候
13:56
that I went for lunch午餐, invited邀請 by the family家庭
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我進屋去吃午餐,那戶人家邀我
13:58
into their main主要 room房間 of the house.
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進入他們房子的主廳
14:00
It was choking窒息的 with smoke抽煙.
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裡面煙霧瀰漫
14:02
People were cooking烹飪 on their only fuel汽油 source資源, green綠色 timber木材.
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他們拿唯一的燃料,生木材來煮飯
14:06
The smoke抽煙 coming未來 off that timber木材 is choking窒息的,
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燒燒生木材產生的煙令人窒息
14:08
and in an enclosed封閉 house, you simply只是 can't breathe呼吸.
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而且在密閉的房屋裡
你簡直無法呼吸
14:11
Later後來 we found發現 the leading領導 cause原因 of illness疾病 and death死亡
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之後我們發現
他們生病及死亡的最主要原因
14:15
in this particular特定 region地區 is through通過 respiratory呼吸 failure失敗.
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在這個區域是因為呼吸衰竭
14:19
So all of a sudden突然 we had two problems問題.
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所以突然間我們有了兩個難題
14:21
We were there originally本來 to look at toilets洗手間
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我們本來是去看看廁所
14:23
and get human人的 waste浪費 off the ground地面. That's fine.
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要把人的排泄物挪開地面,這還好
14:25
But all of a sudden突然 now there was a second第二 problem問題.
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但突然間,現在出現了第二個難題
14:28
How do we actually其實 get the smoke抽煙 down? So two problems問題,
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我們要怎麼把煙霧減少?
所以現在問題有二
14:31
and design設計 should be about more than one thing.
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而設計應該一石二鳥
14:34
Solution: Take human人的 waste浪費, take animal動物 waste浪費,
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答案:把人的排泄物,動物排泄物
14:38
put it into a chamber, out of that extract提取 biogas沼氣,
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放進一個密室,從中抽出沼氣
14:41
methane甲烷 gas加油站.
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就是甲烷氣
14:43
The gas加油站 gives three to four hours小時 cooking烹飪 a day --
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這些氣體可以維持
一天三到四小時的煮飯所需
14:46
clean清潔, smokeless無菸 and free自由 for the family家庭.
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乾淨無煙不花一毛錢
14:50
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
14:55
I put it to you, is this eliminating消除 poverty貧窮?
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現在我要問你們
這算不算消滅貧窮?
14:58
And the answer回答 from the Nepali尼泊爾 team球隊 who is working加工
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現在還在工作的尼泊爾團隊
15:01
at the minute分鐘 would say, don't be ridiculous荒謬,
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會回答說,別傻了!
15:04
we have three million百萬 more toilets洗手間 to build建立
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在我們嘗試宣告消滅貧窮前
15:06
before we can even make a stab at that claim要求.
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還有三百萬間廁所要蓋
15:09
And I don't pretend假裝 anything else其他.
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我也不想假裝什麼
15:12
But as we all sit here today今天,
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但到現在這一刻為止
15:14
there are now over 100 toilets洗手間 built內置
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他們已經蓋了超過 100 間廁所
15:16
in this village and a couple一對 nearby附近.
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在這個村落及其附近
15:18
Well over 1,000 people use those toilets洗手間.
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超過一千人在使用這些廁所
15:22
Yami雅美 Lama喇嘛, he's a young年輕 boy男孩.
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雅米‧拉瑪,他是個年輕男孩
15:25
He's got significantly顯著 less gut腸道 infection感染
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他很明顯不再那麼常得腸胃炎
15:28
because he's now got toilets洗手間,
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因為他有了廁所可用
15:29
and there isn't human人的 waste浪費 on the ground地面.
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地表上不再有人的排泄物
15:33
Kanji漢子 Maya瑪雅, she's a mother母親 and a proud驕傲 one.
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肯治‧瑪雅,她是位值得誇耀的母親
15:37
She's probably大概 right now cooking烹飪 lunch午餐 for her family家庭
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她現在大概就在為她的家庭煮午飯
15:41
on biogas沼氣, smokeless無菸 fuel汽油.
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用沼氣,無煙的燃料
15:44
Her lungs have got better, and they'll他們會 get better
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她的肺更健康了,而且隨著時間
15:46
as time increases增加, because she's not cooking烹飪 in the same相同 smoke抽煙.
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還會變得更好
因為她不用在煙霧下煮飯
15:49
Surya蘇里亞 takes the waste浪費 out of the biogas沼氣 chamber
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沼氣排完後,索亞就把
排泄物搬出沼氣室
15:52
when it's shed the gas加油站, he puts看跌期權 it on his crops作物.
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把這些排泄物澆在作物上
15:55
He's trebled三倍 his crop作物 income收入,
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他的作物收入增加了兩倍
15:57
more food餐飲 for the family家庭 and more money for the family家庭.
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家裡有更多的食物及金錢
16:01
And finally最後 Bishnu比什努,
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最後是畢士努
16:02
the leader領導 of the team球隊, has now understood了解
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這個團隊的領隊,他現在明瞭
16:06
that not only have we built內置 toilets洗手間,
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我們不只建造了廁所
16:08
we've我們已經 also built內置 a team球隊,
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我們還建造了一個團隊
16:11
and that team球隊 is now working加工 in two villages村莊
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而且這個團隊現正在兩個村落工作
16:13
where they're training訓練 up the next下一個 two villages村莊
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他們在那裡訓練另外兩個村落的人
16:16
to keep the work expanding擴大.
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持續擴展工作
16:18
And that, to me, is the key.
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而那對我是關鍵
16:19
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
16:24
People are not the problem問題.
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人不是問題
16:28
We've我們已經 never found發現 that.
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我們從來不這麼看
16:29
The problem問題: poor較差的 living活的 environment環境,
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問題是:條件差的生活環境
16:31
poor較差的 housing住房, and the bugs蟲子 that do people harm危害.
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條件差的住宅,及會危害人的病菌
16:36
None沒有 of those are limited有限 by geography地理,
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這些不會受地域限制
16:39
by skin皮膚 color顏色 or by religion宗教. None沒有 of them.
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也不會受皮膚顏色或信仰影響,全都不會
16:44
The common共同 link鏈接 between之間 all the work we've我們已經 had to do
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我們所作之事的共通處
16:47
is one thing, and that's poverty貧窮.
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就一件事,而那就是貧窮
16:51
Nelson納爾遜 Mandela曼德拉 said, in the mid-中-2000s,
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曼德拉曾在 2000 年代中期
16:54
not too far from here, he said that
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離現在還不算太久,說過
16:56
like slavery奴隸制度 and Apartheid種族隔離, "Poverty貧窮 is not natural自然.
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就像奴隸制度和種族隔離
「貧窮並非天生
17:01
It's man-made人造 and can be overcome克服 and eradicated根除
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它是人所創造,而人類的行動可以
17:05
by the actions行動 of human人的 beings眾生."
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克服及消滅它。」
17:08
I want to end結束 by saying it's been the actions行動
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我最後想說,這是
17:12
of thousands數千 of ordinary普通 human人的 beings眾生
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數千平凡人的行動
17:15
doing, I think, extraordinary非凡 work,
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以不平凡的工作
17:19
that have actually其實 improved改善 health健康,
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來實際改善健康
17:21
and, maybe only in a small way, reduced減少 poverty貧窮.
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以及減少貧窮,就算只有一點點
17:25
Thank you very much for your time.
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謝謝你們寶貴的時間
17:27
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Regina Chu
Reviewed by Marssi Draw

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Pholeros - Architect
Paul Pholeros was a director of Healthabitat, a longstanding effort to improve the health of indigenous people by improving their living housing.

Why you should listen

"Change comes slowly," said architect Paul Pholeros. Which is why he spent more than 30 years committedly working on urban, rural, and remote architectural projects throughout his native Australia and beyond. In particular, he focused on improving the living environments of poor people, understanding that environment plays a key and often overlooked role in health.

An architect himself, Pholeros met his two co-directors in the organization Healthabitat in 1985, when the three were challenged by Yami Lester, the director of an Aboriginal-controlled health service in the Anangu Pitjatjantjara Lands in northwest South Australia, to "stop people getting sick." The findings from that project guided their thinking, as Pholeros and his partners worked to improve sanitation, connect electricity, and provide washing and water facilities to indigenous communities. Above all, the team focused on engaging these local communities to help themselves--and to pass on their skills to others. In this way, a virtuous circle of fighting poverty was born.

Since 2007, Healthabitat has expanded its work beyond Australia, working on similar projects in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. In 2011, the firm was awarded the international UN Habitat and Building and Social Housing Foundation's World Habitat Award, and a Leadership in Sustainability prize from the Australian Institute of Architects. In 2012, Healthabitat was one of the six Australian representatives at the Venice International Architectural Biennale.

Paul Pholeros passed away on February 1, 2016. 

More profile about the speaker
Paul Pholeros | Speaker | TED.com