ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Janine Benyus - Science writer, innovation consultant, conservationist
A self-proclaimed nature nerd, Janine Benyus' concept of biomimicry has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity.

Why you should listen

In the world envisioned by science author Janine Benyus, a locust's ability to avoid collision within a roiling cloud of its brethren informs the design of a crash-resistant car; a self-cleaning leaf inspires a new kind of paint, one that dries in a pattern that enables simple rainwater to wash away dirt; and organisms capable of living without water open the way for vaccines that maintain potency even without refrigeration -- a hurdle that can prevent life-saving drugs from reaching disease-torn communities. Most important, these cool tools from nature pull off their tricks while still managing to preserve the environment that sustains them, a life-or-death lesson that humankind is in need of learning.

As a champion of biomimicry, Benyus has become one of the most important voices in a new wave of designers and engineers inspired by nature. Her most recent project, AskNature, explores what happens if we think of nature by function and looks at what organisms can teach us about design.

More profile about the speaker
Janine Benyus | Speaker | TED.com
TED2005

Janine Benyus: Biomimicry's surprising lessons from nature's engineers

Janine Benyus 分享自然的設計

Filmed:
2,405,060 views

這場令人深省的演說談的是仿生學的近期發展,Janine Benyus 以振奮人心的例子向我們說明大自然已經影響了我們建造系統與產品的方法。
- Science writer, innovation consultant, conservationist
A self-proclaimed nature nerd, Janine Benyus' concept of biomimicry has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:24
It is a thrill顫抖 to be here at a conference會議
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各位可以想像 — 能在這裡參加這個討論
00:28
that's devoted忠誠 to "Inspired啟發 by Nature性質" -- you can imagine想像.
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「自然的啟發」的研討會實在非常榮幸。
00:33
And I'm also thrilled高興 to be in the foreplay前戲 section部分.
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我也很開心被安排在「導論」這一節。
00:37
Did you notice注意 this section部分 is foreplay前戲?
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你們有沒有注意到這一節演說是導論?
00:39
Because I get to talk about one of my favorite喜愛 critters小動物,
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因為我可以談談我最喜歡的生物之一,
00:42
which哪一個 is the Western西 Grebe鸊鷉. You haven't沒有 lived生活
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那就是北美鷿鷈。你一輩子一定要看過
00:45
until直到 you've seen看到 these guys do their courtship求愛 dance舞蹈.
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這些傢伙跳求偶舞才算真正活過。
00:49
I was on Bowman鮑曼 Lake in Glacier冰川 National國民 Park公園,
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我當時在蒙大拿冰河國家公園的波曼湖上,
00:52
which哪一個 is a long, skinny枯瘦 lake with sort分類 of mountains upside上邊 down in it,
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那是一個狹長的湖,湖面上有群峰的倒影,
00:56
and my partner夥伴 and I have a rowing划船 shell貝殼.
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我和我的伴侶有一艘小船。
00:58
And so we were rowing划船, and one of these Western西 GrebesGrebes came來了 along沿.
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當我們在划船的時候,來了一隻北美鷿鷈。
01:04
And what they do for their courtship求愛 dance舞蹈 is, they go together一起,
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他們的求偶舞就是,兩隻北美鷿鷈,
01:09
the two of them, the two mates隊友, and they begin開始 to run underwater水下.
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兩隻這樣併排在一起,開始在水面下奔跑。
01:14
They paddle faster更快, and faster更快, and faster更快, until直到 they're going so fast快速
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牠們的雙蹼愈划愈快,愈划愈快,
01:18
that they literally按照字面 lift電梯 up out of the water,
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快到最後身體從水中騰起,
01:21
and they're standing常設 upright直立, sort分類 of paddling the top最佳 of the water.
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身體直立,就像是輕功水上飄一般,在水面上奔跑。
01:25
And one of these GrebesGrebes came來了 along沿 while we were rowing划船.
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我們划船的時候,來了一隻北美鷿鷈。
01:30
And so we're in a skull頭骨, and we're moving移動 really, really quickly很快.
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我們划著小船,划得非常非常快。
01:34
And this Grebe鸊鷉, I think, sort分類 of, mistakedmistaked us for a prospect展望,
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而這隻鷿鷈,我猜,大概是把我們誤認為可能的對象,
01:41
and started開始 to run along沿 the water next下一個 to us,
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開始在我們旁邊的水域跑了起來,
01:45
in a courtship求愛 dance舞蹈 -- for miles英里.
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跳著求偶舞,跑了好幾英里。
01:50
It would stop, and then start開始, and then stop, and then start開始.
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牠會停下來,又開始,停下來,又開始。
01:54
Now that is foreplay前戲.
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這,才叫前戲吧!(註:原文與導論同)
01:56
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:59
I came來了 this close to changing改變 species種類 at that moment時刻.
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好,我承認,我當時差一點就要改當鷿鷈了。
02:08
Obviously明顯, life can teach us something
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在娛樂方面,生命顯然可以教導我們一些事情
02:12
in the entertainment娛樂 section部分. Life has a lot to teach us.
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生命可以教導我們的其實很多。
02:16
But what I'd like to talk about today今天
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但是我今天所要談的,
02:19
is what life might威力 teach us in technology技術 and in design設計.
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是在科技與設計領域,生命可以教我們什麼。
02:23
What's happened發生 since以來 the book came來了 out --
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自從我的書出版以後,
02:25
the book was mainly主要 about research研究 in biomimicry仿生學 --
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書中主要談的是仿生學的研究。
02:28
and what's happened發生 since以來 then is architects建築師, designers設計師, engineers工程師 --
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書出版了以後,建築師、設計師、工程師
02:32
people who make our world世界 -- have started開始 to call and say,
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那些打造我們這個世界的人,開始打電話給我說,
02:35
we want a biologist生物學家 to sit at the design設計 table
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我們想要一個生物學家跟我們一起坐在設計桌旁,
02:39
to help us, in real真實 time, become成為 inspired啟發.
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即時幫助我們啟發靈感。
02:42
Or -- and this is the fun開玩笑 part部分 for me -- we want you to take us out
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或者,這是我喜歡的部份,我們希望你帶我們
02:46
into the natural自然 world世界. We'll come with a design設計 challenge挑戰
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到自然界中探險。我們會提出設計上的難題
02:48
and we find the champion冠軍 adapters適配器 in the natural自然 world世界, who might威力 inspire啟發 us.
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然後在自然界中找到那些可以提供靈感的適存者。
02:53
So this is a picture圖片 from a Galapagos加拉帕戈斯 trip that we took
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這張照片是我們去加拉巴哥旅行時拍的。
02:57
with some wastewater廢水 treatment治療 engineers工程師; they purify淨化 wastewater廢水.
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同行的是一群廢水處理工程師; 他們的工作是純化廢水。
03:01
And some of them were very resistant, actually其實, to being存在 there.
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他們當中有些人其實很不想去。
03:04
What they said to us at first was, you know, we already已經 do biomimicry仿生學.
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一開始他們跟我們說,「我們已經在應用仿生學了」
03:09
We use bacteria to clean清潔 our water. And we said,
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「我們用細菌來處理廢水」
03:14
well, that's not exactly究竟 being存在 inspired啟發 by nature性質.
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我們說,嗯這並不算是從大自然中找靈感。
03:18
That's bioprocessing生物處理, you know; that's bio-assisted生物輔助 technology技術:
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那是生物處理, 是生物輔助技術:
03:22
using運用 an organism生物 to do your wastewater廢水 treatment治療
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使用生物來處理廢水
03:27
is an old, old technology技術 called "domestication馴化."
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是一種非常、非常古老的技術,叫做「馴養。」
03:30
This is learning學習 something, learning學習 an idea理念, from an organism生物 and then applying應用 it.
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仿生學是從生物上學習,得到靈感並加以應用。
03:37
And so they still weren't getting得到 it.
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然而他們還是不懂。
03:40
So we went for a walk步行 on the beach海灘 and I said,
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所以我們在海灘上走著,我說,
03:42
well, give me one of your big problems問題. Give me a design設計 challenge挑戰,
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提一個你們最大的困難給我。給我一個設計上的難題,
03:47
sustainability可持續性 speed速度 bump磕碰, that's keeping保持 you from being存在 sustainable可持續發展.
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永續性的絆腳石, 讓設計達不到永續標準的問題。
03:50
And they said scaling縮放, which哪一個 is the build-up積聚 of minerals礦物質 inside of pipes管道.
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他們回答:水垢,也就是礦物質在水管裡沈積。
03:56
And they said, you know what happens發生 is, mineral礦物 --
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大家知道
03:58
just like at your house -- mineral礦物 builds建立 up.
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就跟家裡的水垢一樣,礦物質會沈積。
04:00
And then the aperture光圈 closes關閉, and we have to flush紅暈 the pipes管道 with toxins毒素,
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然後水管會被阻塞,我們就必須用有毒的溶劑去沖洗水管,
04:04
or we have to dig them up.
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或是使用物理方法把它們挖出來。
04:06
So if we had some way to stop this scaling縮放 --
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所以如果能夠阻止水垢沈積...
04:09
and so I picked採摘的 up some shells砲彈 on the beach海灘. And I asked them,
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聽完以後我撿起海灘上的一 些貝殼。我問他們,
04:14
what is scaling縮放? What's inside your pipes管道?
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水垢是什麼?水管裡的東西是什麼?
04:16
And they said, calcium carbonate碳酸鹽.
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他們說,碳酸鈣。
04:19
And I said, that's what this is; this is calcium carbonate碳酸鹽.
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然後我就說,這就是了; 貝殼也是碳酸鈣。
04:22
And they didn't know that.
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他們本來不知道這件事。
04:25
They didn't know that what a seashell貝殼 is,
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他們不知道貝殼其實是
04:27
it's templated模板 by proteins蛋白質, and then ions離子 from the seawater海水
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先有蛋白質組成的模板,然後海水中的離子
04:31
crystallize結晶 in place地點 to create創建 a shell貝殼.
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照著模板結晶,就這樣形成貝殼。
04:34
So the same相同 sort分類 of a process處理, without the proteins蛋白質,
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所以類似的程序,只是少了蛋白質,
04:38
is happening事件 on the inside of their pipes管道. They didn't know.
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也在他們的水管中發生,但他們並不曉得。
04:41
This is not for lack缺乏 of information信息; it's a lack缺乏 of integration積分.
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這並不是資訊不足,而是缺乏整合 。
04:47
You know, it's a silo筒倉, people in silos筒倉. They didn't know
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是不同領域各自為政,缺乏交流。他們不知道
04:50
that the same相同 thing was happening事件. So one of them thought about it
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同樣的事情也在其他領域發生。他們當中有個人
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and said, OK, well, if this is just crystallization結晶
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想了想說,好,如果這只是結晶現象
04:57
that happens發生 automatically自動 out of seawater海水 -- self-assembly自組裝 --
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在海水中自然產生,自我組裝,
05:02
then why aren't shells砲彈 infinite無窮 in size尺寸? What stops停止 the scaling縮放?
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為什麼貝殼不會長到無限大?是什麼停止了沈積過程?
05:07
Why don't they just keep on going?
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貝殼為甚麼不會長個不停?
05:09
And I said, well, in the same相同 way
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我說,就像它們釋放蛋白質
05:13
that they exude散發出 a protein蛋白 and it starts啟動 the crystallization結晶 --
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來啟動結晶現象...
05:17
and then they all sort分類 of leaned湊近 in --
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這時工程師們都靠了過來,
05:21
they let go of a protein蛋白 that stops停止 the crystallization結晶.
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貝殼也會釋放蛋白質來中止結晶現象。
05:24
It literally按照字面 adheres粘附 to the growing生長 face面對 of the crystal水晶.
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蛋白質會吸附在結晶生長的那一面。
05:26
And, in fact事實, there is a product產品 called TPATPA
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事實上,有一種叫做 TPA 的產品
05:30
that's mimicked模仿 that protein蛋白 -- that stop-protein停止蛋白 --
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模仿了這個終止蛋白。
05:35
and it's an environmentally環保 friendly友善 way to stop scaling縮放 in pipes管道.
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這是一個環保的方法,可以避免水管長水垢。
05:39
That changed everything. From then on,
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這改變了一切。在那之後,
05:43
you could not get these engineers工程師 back in the boat.
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這些工程師都捨不得回到船上。
05:47
The first day they would take a hike遠足,
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行程第一天他們會走一小段路,
05:50
and it was, click點擊, click點擊, click點擊, click點擊. Five minutes分鐘 later後來 they were back in the boat.
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喀嚓、喀嚓、喀嚓,拍個五分鐘後就回到船上。
05:53
We're doneDONE. You know, I've seen看到 that island.
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「好了,這個島看過了。」
05:57
After this,
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但在這之後,
05:59
they were crawling爬行 all over. They would snorkel浮潛
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他們到處爬來爬去。
06:02
for as long as we would let them snorkel浮潛.
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他們一直浮潛,潛到最後一刻非走不可才起來。
06:07
What had happened發生 was that they realized實現 that there were organisms生物
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因為他們體會到自然界中
06:11
out there that had already已經 solved解決了 the problems問題
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已經有生物體
06:15
that they had spent花費 their careers職業生涯 trying to solve解決.
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解決了他們一輩子努力想解決的難題。
06:18
Learning學習 about the natural自然 world世界 is one thing;
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認識自然界是一回事,
06:23
learning學習 from the natural自然 world世界 -- that's the switch開關.
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向自然界學習,這才是轉變的開始。
06:25
That's the profound深刻 switch開關.
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這是一個深負意涵的轉變。
06:28
What they realized實現 was that the answers答案 to their questions問題 are everywhere到處;
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他們了解到,問題的答案俯仰皆是;
06:32
they just needed需要 to change更改 the lenses鏡頭 with which哪一個 they saw the world世界.
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只需要改變觀察這個世界的觀點。
06:36
3.8 billion十億 years年份 of field-testing現場測試.
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38 億年的實地測驗。
06:40
10 to 30 -- Craig克雷格 Venter腹部 will probably大概 tell you;
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克萊格•凡特可能會跟你說有 1-3 億,
06:43
I think there's a lot more than 30 million百萬 -- well-adapted很好地適應 solutions解決方案.
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我則認為自然界裡有遠遠超過三億種適應良好的解決方案。
06:47
The important重要 thing for me is that these are solutions解決方案 solved解決了 in context上下文.
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對我來說重點在於,這些解決方案考慮了整體環境
06:55
And the context上下文 is the Earth地球 --
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這個整體環境就是地球。
06:57
the same相同 context上下文 that we're trying to solve解決 our problems問題 in.
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我們要解決的問題,也存在同樣的整體環境裡。
07:02
So it's the conscious意識 emulation仿真 of life's人生 genius天才.
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我們要有意識地向自然界的天才學習,
07:06
It's not slavishly亦步亦趨 mimicking模仿 --
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而不是全盤照抄。
07:08
although雖然 Al is trying to get the hairdo髮型 going --
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雖然說愛因斯坦的髮型是想要模仿...
07:11
it's not a slavish盲從的 mimicry模仿; it's taking服用 the design設計 principles原則,
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不是全盤照抄,而是找出設計原則,
07:15
the genius天才 of the natural自然 world世界, and learning學習 something from it.
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找出自然界的天才,從中學習。
07:20
Now, in a group with so many許多 IT people, I do have to mention提到 what
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在場有許多資訊界的人士,我必須提一下
07:24
I'm not going to talk about, and that is that your field領域
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演講正文不會提到的,也就是
07:27
is one that has learned學到了 an enormous巨大 amount from living活的 things,
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資訊界向生物界借鏡,在軟體方面已經學到很多。
07:31
on the software軟件 side. So there's computers電腦 that protect保護 themselves他們自己,
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所以有能自我保護的電腦,就像免疫系統一樣。
07:35
like an immune免疫的 system系統, and we're learning學習 from gene基因 regulation
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其他效法的對象還有基因調控、
07:38
and biological生物 development發展. And we're learning學習 from neural神經 nets,
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生物發展、神經網路、
07:43
genetic遺傳 algorithms算法, evolutionary發展的 computing計算.
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基因演算法、演化計算。
07:46
That's on the software軟件 side. But what's interesting有趣 to me
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這是軟體層面。但我覺得有趣的是
07:51
is that we haven't沒有 looked看著 at this, as much. I mean, these machines
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我們還沒有開始考慮這個(硬體部份),這些機器
07:56
are really not very high tech高科技 in my estimation估計
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在我看來不算高科技
07:59
in the sense that there's dozens許多 and dozens許多 of carcinogens致癌物
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因為矽谷的水裡
08:04
in the water in Silicon Valley.
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有好幾十種致癌物。
08:07
So the hardware硬件
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因此硬體部份
08:10
is not at all up to snuff鼻煙 in terms條款 of what life would call a success成功.
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以生命的觀點來看根本稱不上成功的設計。
08:15
So what can we learn學習 about making製造 -- not just computers電腦, but everything?
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在製造方面,我們可以學到什麼?不只針對電腦,我指所有東西的製造。
08:20
The plane平面 you came來了 in, cars汽車, the seats that you're sitting坐在 on.
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大家搭的飛機、汽車、坐的椅子。
08:24
How do we redesign重新設計 the world世界 that we make, the human-made人為 world世界?
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我們如何重新設計我們所製造的世界,這個人造世界?
08:31
More importantly重要的, what should we ask in the next下一個 10 years年份?
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更重要的是,未來十年,我們的目標應該是什麼?
08:35
And there's a lot of cool technologies技術 out there that life has.
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自然界的生命有數不清的有趣科技。
08:38
What's the syllabus教學大綱?
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我們的課程大綱該是什麼?
08:40
Three questions問題, for me, are key.
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對我來說,有三個問題是關鍵。
08:44
How does life make things?
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生命如何製造東西?
08:46
This is the opposite對面; this is how we make things.
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我們製造東西的方法與自然恰是兩個極端。
08:49
It's called heat, beat擊敗 and treat對待 --
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我們的方法是加熱、加壓、化學處理,
08:51
that's what material材料 scientists科學家們 call it.
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這是材料科學家的說法。
08:53
And it's carving雕刻 things down from the top最佳, with 96 percent百分 waste浪費 left over
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這個方法從開始到結束,產生了 96% 的廢物
08:58
and only 4 percent百分 product產品. You heat it up; you beat擊敗 it with high pressures壓力;
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只有 4% 是成品。加熱,施加高壓,
09:03
you use chemicals化學製品. OK. Heat, beat擊敗 and treat對待.
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再用化學藥物處理。加熱、加壓、化學處理。
09:06
Life can't afford給予 to do that. How does life make things?
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生命沒辦法這麼浪費。那生命如何製造東西?
09:10
How does life make the most of things?
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生命製造東西都是怎麼做的?
09:13
That's a geranium天竺葵 pollen花粉.
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這是天竺葵花粉。
09:16
And its shape形狀 is what gives it the function功能 of being存在 able能夠
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它的形狀讓它能輕易地在空中漂浮。
09:21
to tumble下跌 through通過 air空氣 so easily容易. Look at that shape形狀.
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看看它的形狀。
09:25
Life adds增加 information信息 to matter.
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生命在物質上加入資訊。
09:30
In other words: structure結構體.
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換言之就是結構。
09:32
It gives it information信息. By adding加入 information信息 to matter,
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結構包含資訊。物質加上資訊,
09:37
it gives it a function功能 that's different不同 than without that structure結構體.
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就有了功能,如果沒有結構就會有不同的功能。
09:43
And thirdly第三, how does life make things disappear消失 into systems系統?
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第三,生命如何讓東西消失到系統裡?
09:48
Because life doesn't really deal合同 in things;
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因為生命處理的並不是東西
09:53
there are no things in the natural自然 world世界 divorced離婚
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自然界中沒有什麼東西
09:57
from their systems系統.
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是與系統脫節的。
10:00
Really quick syllabus教學大綱.
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一個很簡短的課程大綱。
10:02
As I'm reading more and more now, and following以下 the story故事,
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當我順著這個題材,閱讀愈來愈多相關資料的同時,
10:08
there are some amazing驚人 things coming未來 up in the biological生物 sciences科學.
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生物科學界有了一些驚奇的發現。
10:12
And at the same相同 time, I'm listening to a lot of businesses企業
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在此同時,我傾聽許多企業的聲音
10:15
and finding發現 what their sort分類 of grand盛大 challenges挑戰 are.
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了解他們面臨什麼樣的大挑戰。
10:19
The two groups are not talking to each other.
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這兩個團體缺乏對話。
10:21
At all.
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完全沒有。
10:24
What in the world世界 of biology生物學 might威力 be helpful有幫助 at this juncture契機,
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此時此刻,生物學的世界也許能幫上忙
10:28
to get us through通過 this sort分類 of evolutionary發展的 knothole樓板 that we're in?
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幫助我們在這演化的節骨眼渡過難關。
10:33
I'm going to try to go through通過 12, really quickly很快.
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下面我會很快地帶過 12 個重點。
10:36
One that's exciting扣人心弦 to me is self-assembly自組裝.
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好,我很有興趣的是自我組裝。
10:39
Now, you've heard聽說 about this in terms條款 of nanotechnology納米技術.
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大家在奈米科技的領域裡面聽過這個名詞。
10:43
Back to that shell貝殼: the shell貝殼 is a self-assembling自組裝 material材料.
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回到貝殼:貝殼本身就是一個自我組裝的材料。
10:47
On the lower降低 left there is a picture圖片 of mother母親 of pearl珍珠
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左下方是珠母貝的照片。
10:51
forming成型 out of seawater海水. It's a layered分層 structure結構體 that's mineral礦物
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它在海水中成形,是一個礦物質
10:55
and then polymer聚合物, and it makes品牌 it very, very tough強硬.
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和聚合物相間的層狀結構,所以非常非常堅硬。
10:58
It's twice兩次 as tough強硬 as our high-tech高科技 ceramics陶瓷.
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硬度是高科技陶瓷的兩倍。
11:01
But what's really interesting有趣: unlike不像 our ceramics陶瓷 that are in kilns,
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但是有趣的是:我們的陶瓷要在高溫窯爐中燒製,
11:05
it happens發生 in seawater海水. It happens發生 near, in and near, the organism's生物體的 body身體.
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貝殼卻是在海水中產生,在非常靠近生物體的地方產生。
11:10
This is Sandia桑迪亞 National國民 Labs實驗室.
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現在大家開始嘗試...
11:12
A guy named命名 Jeff傑夫 Brinker布林克
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Sandia 國家實驗室中有一位 Jeff Brinker,
11:17
has found發現 a way to have a self-assembling自組裝 coding編碼 process處理.
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他找到一個方法,做出自我組裝的編碼程序。
11:21
Imagine想像 being存在 able能夠 to make ceramics陶瓷 at room房間 temperature溫度
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想像一下,在室溫下就能製造陶瓷,
11:25
by simply只是 dipping浸漬 something into a liquid液體,
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只要把某個東西浸入一種液體中,
11:29
lifting吊裝 it out of the liquid液體, and having evaporation蒸發
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再從液體中移出,晾乾,
11:32
force the molecules分子 in the liquid液體 together一起,
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強迫液體中的分子緊密排列,
11:36
so that they jigsaw拼圖 together一起
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像拼圖一樣結合在一起,
11:38
in the same相同 way as this crystallization結晶 works作品.
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就跟結晶生成的方式一樣。
11:42
Imagine想像 making製造 all of our hard materials物料 that way.
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想像有一天,所有堅硬材質都能這樣製造
11:45
Imagine想像 spraying the precursors前體 to a PVPV cell細胞, to a solar太陽能 cell細胞,
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或是噴灑前驅物到太陽能板上,
11:52
onto a roof屋頂, and having it self-assemble自組裝 into a layered分層 structure結構體 that harvests收成 light.
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放到屋頂上面,讓它自我組裝成可以轉換光能的層狀結構。
11:56
Here's這裡的 an interesting有趣 one for the IT world世界:
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下面這個是資訊界會有興趣的:
12:00
bio-silicon生物矽. This is a diatom矽藻, which哪一個 is made製作 of silicates矽酸鹽.
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生物矽。這是矽藻,它是由矽酸鹽所組成的。
12:05
And so silicon, which哪一個 we make right now --
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我們現在製造矽元素...
12:07
it's part部分 of our carcinogenic致癌 problem問題 in the manufacture製造 of our chips芯片 --
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也就是製造晶片時,會產生致癌物的問題。
12:13
this is a bio-mineralization生物礦化 process處理 that's now being存在 mimicked模仿.
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現在有人開始嘗試模仿這個生物礦化的過程。
12:17
This is at UCUC Santa聖誕老人 Barbara芭芭拉. Look at these diatoms矽藻.
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這是加州大學聖塔芭芭拉分校。看看這些矽藻。
12:21
This is from Ernst恩斯特 Haeckel's海克爾的 work.
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這是 Ernst Haeckel 的研究。
12:24
Imagine想像 being存在 able能夠 to -- and, again, it's a templated模板 process處理,
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想像我們能夠... 同樣的,這個過程也需要一塊模板起頭,
12:29
and it solidifies凝固 out of a liquid液體 process處理 -- imagine想像 being存在 able能夠 to have that
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再從液體中固化產生。想像有一天
12:33
sort分類 of structure結構體 coming未來 out at room房間 temperature溫度.
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我們能在常溫下製造出這種結構。
12:37
Imagine想像 being存在 able能夠 to make perfect完善 lenses鏡頭.
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想像有一天我們能製造完美的鏡片。
12:40
On the left, this is a brittle star; it's covered覆蓋 with lenses鏡頭
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左邊是一隻陽燧足,它全身都是鏡片。
12:45
that the people at Lucent Technologies技術 have found發現
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朗訊科技的研究人員發現,
12:48
have no distortion失真 whatsoever任何.
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這些鏡片完全沒有成像變形的問題。
12:50
It's one of the most distortion-free無失真 lenses鏡頭 we know of.
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這是據我們所知最沒有成像變形的一種鏡片。
12:53
And there's many許多 of them, all over its entire整個 body身體.
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陽隧足全身佈滿了這些鏡片。
12:56
What's interesting有趣, again, is that it self-assembles自組裝.
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有趣的是,這也是自我組裝的產物。
12:59
A woman女人 named命名 Joanna喬安娜 Aizenberg艾森貝格, at Lucent,
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朗訊科技有一位叫做 Joanna Aizenberg 的女研究員,
13:03
is now learning學習 to do this in a low-temperature低溫 process處理 to create創建
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她正在學習如何以低溫製程
13:07
these sort分類 of lenses鏡頭. She's also looking at fiber纖維 optics光學.
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做出這種鏡片。她同樣也研究光纖。
13:11
That's a sea sponge海綿 that has a fiber纖維 optic視神經.
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這是一種海綿,
13:14
Down at the very base基礎 of it, there's fiber纖維 optics光學
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它身體最底部有光纖,這些就是光纖。
13:17
that work better than ours我們的, actually其實, to move移動 light,
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這種光纖傳播光線的效果比人造光纖還要好。
13:20
but you can tie領帶 them in a knot; they're incredibly令人難以置信 flexible靈活.
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而且還可以打結;這種光纖彈性好得不得了。
13:26
Here's這裡的 another另一個 big idea理念: COCO2 as a feedstock原料.
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這是另外一個重要的概念:拿二氧化碳當原料。
13:30
A guy named命名 Geoff傑夫 Coates科茨, at Cornell康奈爾, said to himself他自己,
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康乃爾大學有一位 Geoff Coates,他心想,
13:33
you know, plants植物 do not see COCO2 as the biggest最大 poison of our time.
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你知道嗎,植物不像我們,把二氧化碳當成這世代最嚴重的毒害。
13:37
We see it that way. Plants植物 are busy making製造 long chains
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那是我們的看法,植物則忙著用二氧化碳
13:40
of starches澱粉 and glucose葡萄糖, right, out of COCO2. He's found發現 a way --
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合成出長鍊的澱粉和葡萄糖。
13:46
he's found發現 a catalyst催化劑 -- and he's found發現 a way to take COCO2
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他發現了一種催化劑,也找到方法能將二氧化碳
13:49
and make it into polycarbonates聚碳酸酯. Biodegradable可生物降解 plastics塑料
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變成聚碳酸酯。用二氧化碳
13:53
out of COCO2 -- how plant-like類似植物.
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做出生物分解性塑膠 — 多像植物呀。
13:55
Solar太陽能 transformations轉換: the most exciting扣人心弦 one.
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太陽能轉換:這是最令人期待的一個。
13:58
There are people who are mimicking模仿 the energy-harvesting能量收集 device設備
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現在有些人在模仿紫細菌體內的
14:02
inside of purple紫色 bacterium細菌, the people at ASUASU. Even more interesting有趣,
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能源採集裝置,這些人來自亞力桑那州立大學。更有趣的是,
14:06
lately最近, in the last couple一對 of weeks, people have seen看到
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不久以前,有人發現
14:09
that there's an enzyme called hydrogenase氫化 that's able能夠 to evolve發展
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一種叫做氫化酵素的東西,它能夠
14:14
hydrogen from proton質子 and electrons電子, and is able能夠 to take hydrogen up --
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利用質子跟電子來產生氫氣,也能夠分解氫氣。
14:18
basically基本上 what's happening事件 in a fuel汽油 cell細胞, in the anode陽極 of a fuel汽油 cell細胞
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基本上這就是燃料電池內部的反應:在燃料電池的陽極
14:23
and in a reversible可逆 fuel汽油 cell細胞.
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以及在可逆式(再生型)燃料電池的反應。
14:25
In our fuel汽油 cells細胞, we do it with platinum;
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人造燃料電池用的是白金。
14:28
life does it with a very, very common共同 iron.
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但是生物用的是非常常見的鐵。
14:32
And a team球隊 has now just been able能夠 to mimic模仿者
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有個團隊最近才剛模擬出
14:36
that hydrogen-juggling氫雜耍 hydrogenase氫化.
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這種能操弄氫氣的氫化酵素。
14:41
That's very exciting扣人心弦 for fuel汽油 cells細胞 --
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這是非常令人振奮的,
14:43
to be able能夠 to do that without platinum.
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可以做出不需要白金的燃料電池。
14:46
Power功率 of shape形狀: here's這裡的 a whale. We've我們已經 seen看到 that the fins鰭片 of this whale
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形狀的威力:這是一隻鯨魚。我們看到這隻鯨魚的鰭上
14:51
have tubercles結節 on them. And those little bumps顛簸
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有許多圓形瘤狀突起。這些小突起
14:54
actually其實 increase增加 efficiency效率 in, for instance,
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其實能提高效率,例如說,
14:59
the edge邊緣 of an airplane飛機 -- increase增加 efficiency效率 by about 32 percent百分.
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設置在機翼的邊緣,效率能提高 32%。
15:04
Which哪一個 is an amazing驚人 fossil化石 fuel汽油 savings,
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只要在機翼上加上這種突起
15:06
if we were to just put that on the edge邊緣 of a wing翅膀.
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就能節省大量的石化燃料。
15:11
Color顏色 without pigments顏料: this peacock孔雀 is creating創建 color顏色 with shape形狀.
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不用顏料就能呈現顏色:這隻孔雀羽毛的顏色來自形狀。
15:15
Light comes through通過, it bounces反彈 back off the layers;
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光線透進來,被好幾層反彈回去。
15:18
it's called thin-film薄膜 interference干擾. Imagine想像 being存在 able能夠
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這叫做薄膜干涉。想像有一天可以做出
15:21
to self-assemble自組裝 products製品 with the last few少數 layers
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自我組裝的產品,產品最外面的幾層
15:24
playing播放 with light to create創建 color顏色.
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操作光線來產生顏色。
15:28
Imagine想像 being存在 able能夠 to create創建 a shape形狀 on the outside of a surface表面,
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想像能夠在物體表面上加上結構,
15:33
so that it's self-cleaning自潔 with just water. That's what a leaf does.
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讓它只要有水就能自我清潔,跟葉子一樣。
15:38
See that up-close快了 picture圖片?
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看到這張特寫照片了嗎?
15:40
That's a ball of water, and those are dirt污垢 particles粒子.
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這是一個水滴,這些是灰塵顆粒。
15:43
And that's an up-close快了 picture圖片 of a lotus蓮花 leaf.
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這是一張蓮葉的特寫照片。
15:46
There's a company公司 making製造 a product產品 called LotusanLotusan, which哪一個 mimics模仿 --
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有一家公司生產一種叫做 Lotusan 的產品,它模仿了...
15:51
when the building建造 facade正面 paint塗料 dries乾了, it mimics模仿 the bumps顛簸
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當建築物外牆的粉刷乾了以後,會有像葉子上能夠
15:55
in a self-cleaning自潔 leaf, and rainwater雨水 cleans清理 the building建造.
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自我清潔的突起,然後雨水就能夠將建築物洗淨。
16:00
Water is going to be our big, grand盛大 challenge挑戰:
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水將會是我們最重大,嚴峻的挑戰:
16:06
quenching淬火 thirst口渴.
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如何解(全球的)渴。
16:08
Here are two organisms生物 that pull water.
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這裡有兩種生物能夠蒐集水。
16:11
The one on the left is the Namibian納米比亞 beetle甲蟲 pulling water out of fog多霧路段.
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左邊是那米比亞金龜,牠能從霧中蒐集水分。
16:15
The one on the right is a pill bug竊聽器 -- pulls water out of air空氣,
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右邊的是球潮蟲,能從空氣中蒐集水,
16:18
does not drink fresh新鮮 water.
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不用喝淡水。
16:21
Pulling water out of Monterey蒙特雷 fog多霧路段 and out of the sweaty出汗 air空氣 in Atlanta亞特蘭大,
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在水氣進入建築物之前,從蒙特瑞的霧中,
16:28
before it gets得到 into a building建造, are key technologies技術.
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和亞特蘭大的潮濕空氣中把水份分離出來,是很重要的科技。
16:32
Separation分割 technologies技術 are going to be extremely非常 important重要.
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分離科技將會變得非常重要。
16:36
What if we were to say, no more hard rock mining礦業?
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如果有一天,我們不必再挖掘採礦?
16:40
What if we were to separate分離 out metals金屬 from waste浪費 streams,
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如果我們可以從廢水分離出微量金屬?
16:46
small amounts of metals金屬 in water? That's what microbes微生物 do;
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微生物已經能做到了。
16:50
they chelate螯合物 metals金屬 out of water.
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它們將金屬從水中螯合出來。
16:52
There's a company公司 here in San Francisco弗朗西斯科 called MR先生3
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舊金山有一家公司叫做 MR3,
16:55
that is embedding嵌入 mimics模仿 of the microbes'微生物“ molecules分子 on filters過濾器
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他們在過濾器上嵌入模仿自微生物的分子
17:01
to mine waste浪費 streams.
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去採集廢水中的礦物。
17:04
Green綠色 chemistry化學 is chemistry化學 in water.
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綠色化學是在水中進行的。
17:08
We do chemistry化學 in organic有機 solvents溶劑.
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而我們的化學反應卻是在有機溶劑中進行的。
17:10
This is a picture圖片 of the spinnerets噴絲頭 coming未來 out of a spider蜘蛛
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這張照片是蜘蛛的紡絲器。
17:14
and the silk being存在 formed形成 from a spider蜘蛛. Isn't that beautiful美麗?
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絲從蜘蛛體內產生。很漂亮吧?
17:17
Green綠色 chemistry化學 is replacing更換 our industrial產業 chemistry化學 with nature's大自然 recipe食譜 book.
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環保化學是用自然的處方來取代我們的工業化學
17:25
It's not easy簡單, because life uses使用
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這不容易,因為生命只使用
17:30
only a subset子集 of the elements分子 in the periodic定期 table.
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元素週期表上一小部份的元素。
17:34
And we use all of them, even the toxic有毒的 ones那些.
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而我們則是全部都用,有毒的也用。
17:38
To figure數字 out the elegant優雅 recipes食譜 that would take the small subset子集
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這些高級配方只需用到週期表的一小部份,
17:43
of the periodic定期 table, and create創建 miracle奇蹟 materials物料 like that cell細胞,
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就能製造出像那個細胞一樣神奇的材料。
17:49
is the task任務 of green綠色 chemistry化學.
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搞懂這些配方,就是環保化學的任務。
17:51
Timed時控 degradation降解: packaging打包 that is good
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定時分解:一種包裝材料,在你需要時很好用,
17:55
until直到 you don't want it to be good anymore, and dissolves溶解 on cue球桿.
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不需要了,時候到了,又能馬上分解。
17:59
That's a mussel you can find in the waters水域 out here,
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這是你在這一帶水域裡會看到的淡菜。
18:02
and the threads線程 holding保持 it to a rock are timed時控; at exactly究竟 two years年份,
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這些將它們固定在石頭上的足絲線是有時效的,不多不少正好兩年,
18:06
they begin開始 to dissolve溶解.
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時間到了就開始分解。
18:08
Healing復原: this is a good one.
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治療:這個很有趣。
18:11
That little guy over there is a tardigrade緩步類.
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那邊那個小傢伙屬於緩步動物門(水熊蟲)
18:14
There is a problem問題 with vaccines疫苗 around the world世界
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有一個問題讓世界上的疫苗
18:20
not getting得到 to patients耐心. And the reason原因 is
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無法送到病人手中。原因是
18:23
that the refrigeration冷藏 somehow不知何故 gets得到 broken破碎;
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沒辦法保持持續冷藏的狀態,
18:27
what's called the "cold chain" gets得到 broken破碎.
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所謂「低溫鍊」中斷。
18:29
A guy named命名 Bruce布魯斯 Rosner羅斯納 looked看著 at the tardigrade緩步類 --
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一個叫做 Bruce Rosner 的人研究了水熊蟲。
18:32
which哪一個 dries乾了 out completely全然, and yet然而 stays入住 alive for months個月
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水熊蟲能夠在完全脫水的狀態下,存活好幾個月,
18:38
and months個月 and months個月, and is able能夠 to regenerate再生 itself本身.
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之後又能夠重新復甦。
18:41
And he found發現 a way to dry out vaccines疫苗 --
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因此他發現了乾燥疫苗的方法:
18:44
encase包住 them in the same相同 sort分類 of sugar capsules膠囊
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將疫苗包在一種糖製膠囊裡,
18:48
as the tardigrade緩步類 has within its cells細胞 --
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就像水熊蟲細胞內的膠囊構造。
18:51
meaning含義 that vaccines疫苗 no longer need to be refrigerated冷藏.
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也就是說,疫苗不再需要冷藏,
18:56
They can be put in a glove手套 compartment隔室, OK.
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放在汽車前座的置物箱也沒問題。
19:00
Learning學習 from organisms生物. This is a session會議 about water --
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向生物學習。這一小節跟水有關,
19:05
learning學習 about organisms生物 that can do without water,
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向沒有水也能生存的生物學習,
19:08
in order訂購 to create創建 a vaccine疫苗 that lasts持續 and lasts持續 and lasts持續 without refrigeration冷藏.
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好創造出不需冷藏,可以長時間儲存的疫苗。
19:15
I'm not going to get to 12.
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我沒辦法講完 12 點,
19:18
But what I am going to do is tell you that the most important重要 thing,
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但是我要告訴大家,除了這些演化適應,
19:22
besides除了 all of these adaptations改編, is the fact事實 that these organisms生物
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最重要的是,這些生物
19:27
have figured想通 out a way to do the amazing驚人 things they do
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都想出了辦法,一方面做到這些神奇的事情,
19:32
while taking服用 care關心 of the place地點
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同時又能善待環境,
19:35
that's going to take care關心 of their offspring子孫.
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讓環境能善待牠們的子孫。
19:40
When they're involved參與 in foreplay前戲,
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當牠們進行前戲的時候,
19:43
they're thinking思維 about something very, very important重要 --
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心裡想的是非常重要的事情,
19:46
and that's having their genetic遺傳 material材料
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也就是把牠們的遺傳物質
19:50
remain, 10,000 generations from now.
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萬世流傳下去。
19:55
And that means手段 finding發現 a way to do what they do
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這也就意味著,找到一種做事的方法,
19:57
without destroying銷毀 the place地點 that'll那會 take care關心 of their offspring子孫.
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不會破壞牠們下一代賴以為生的環境。
20:01
That's the biggest最大 design設計 challenge挑戰.
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這才是最大的設計難題。
20:04
Luckily, there are millions百萬 and millions百萬 of geniuses天才
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幸運的是,有上百萬的天才
20:10
willing願意 to gift禮品 us with their best最好 ideas思路.
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願意提供牠們偉大的想法。
20:13
Good luck運氣 having a conversation會話 with them.
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祝各位跟牠們聊得愉快。
20:16
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
20:17
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
20:31
Chris克里斯 Anderson安德森: Talk about foreplay前戲, I -- we need to get to 12, but really quickly很快.
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講到前戲,我們得講完 12 點,但是請儘快。
20:35
Janine珍妮 Benyus班娜斯: Oh really?
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真的嗎?
20:36
CACA: Yeah. Just like, you know, like the 10-second version
316
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對,像是 10, 11, 12 點的十秒鐘精簡版。
20:39
of 10, 11 and 12. Because we just -- your slides幻燈片 are so gorgeous華麗,
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因為我們實在...你的投影片實在是太精彩了,
20:42
and the ideas思路 are so big, I can't stand to let you go down
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這些想法是這麼的雄大,沒看到 10, 11, 12 點
20:44
without seeing眼看 10, 11 and 12.
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我不能讓你下台。
20:46
JBJB: OK, put this -- OK, I'll just hold保持 this thing. OK, great.
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好,戴上 — 好,我拿著就好。好,太棒了。
20:50
OK, so that's the healing復原 one.
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好,剛剛講到醫療。
20:53
Sensing傳感 and responding響應: feedback反饋 is a huge巨大 thing.
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感知與反應:回饋是很重要的。
20:56
This is a locust刺槐. There can be 80 million百萬 of them in a square廣場 kilometer公里,
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這是蝗蟲。一平方公里內可以有八千萬隻蝗蟲,
21:00
and yet然而 they don't collide碰撞 with one another另一個.
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但是牠們不會撞到彼此。
21:03
And yet然而 we have 3.6 million百萬 car汽車 collisions碰撞 a year.
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反觀我們一年有三百六十萬起車禍。
21:08
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
21:10
Right. There's a person at Newcastle新城堡
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新堡有個人
21:14
who has figured想通 out that it's a very large neuron神經元.
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她發現這跟一個巨大的神經元有關。
21:17
And she's actually其實 figuring盤算 out how to make
329
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她正在研究如何做出
21:20
a collision-avoidance防撞 circuitry電路
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一種防撞電路
21:22
based基於 on this very large neuron神經元 in the locust刺槐.
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設計原理就是根據蝗蟲體內的巨大神經元。
21:26
This is a huge巨大 and important重要 one, number 11.
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第 11 點影響深遠,非常重要。
21:28
And that's the growing生長 fertility生育能力.
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也就是讓環境更加豐饒。
21:30
That means手段, you know, net fertility生育能力 farming農業.
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這意味著,能增加土地富饒的農業。
21:34
We should be growing生長 fertility生育能力. And, oh yes -- we get food餐飲, too.
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我們應該增加土地的富饒,當然我們同時也會得到食物。
21:38
Because we have to grow增長 the capacity容量 of this planet行星
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因為我們必須增加這個星球的負載能力,
21:43
to create創建 more and more opportunities機會 for life.
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才能為生命製造愈來愈多的機會。
21:46
And really, that's what other organisms生物 do as well.
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這其實也是其他生物在做的事。
21:48
In ensemble合奏, that's what whole整個 ecosystems生態系統 do:
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整體而言,這也是整個生態系在做的事:
21:51
they create創建 more and more opportunities機會 for life.
340
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為生命製造愈來愈多的機會。
21:54
Our farming農業 has doneDONE the opposite對面.
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但是我們的農業卻是逆道而行。
21:57
So, farming農業 based基於 on how a prairie草原 builds建立 soil,
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因此,農業要仿效大草原如何滋養土壤
22:01
ranching牧場 based基於 on how a native本地人 ungulate有蹄類動物 herd放牧
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畜牧業要仿效原生有蹄類動物
22:05
actually其實 increases增加 the health健康 of the range範圍,
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如何促進棲地的健康。
22:07
even wastewater廢水 treatment治療 based基於 on how a marsh沼澤
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甚至廢水處理也可以仿效
22:12
not only cleans清理 the water,
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沼澤不只能淨水
22:14
but creates創建 incredibly令人難以置信 sparkling閃閃發光的 productivity生產率.
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同時也創造數不清令人目眩的生命力。
22:18
This is the simple簡單 design設計 brief簡要. I mean, it looks容貌 simple簡單
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這是一個簡單的設計簡報。我是說,它看起來簡單
22:22
because the system系統, over 3.8 billion十億 years年份, has worked工作 this out.
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因為整個生態系,過去 38 億年來,已經找出答案。
22:27
That is, those organisms生物 that have not been able能夠 to figure數字 out
350
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那些沒找出方法,
22:32
how to enhance提高 or sweeten加甜 their places地方,
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無法改善環境、優化環境的生物
22:36
are not around to tell us about it.
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都活不到今天來講故事。
22:39
That's the twelfth第十二 one.
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這就是第 12 點。
22:42
Life -- and this is the secret秘密 trick; this is the magic魔法 trick --
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生命… 這是一種神秘又神奇的把戲:
22:46
life creates創建 conditions條件 conducive有利於 to life.
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生命創造對生命有益的環境。
22:50
It builds建立 soil; it cleans清理 air空氣; it cleans清理 water;
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生命產生土壤,清新空氣,純淨水源;
22:54
it mixes混合 the cocktail雞尾酒 of gases氣體 that you and I need to live生活.
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生命混合出你我賴以為生的空氣組成。
22:57
And it does that in the middle中間 of having great foreplay前戲
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在此同時,生命也一邊享受美好前戲,
23:03
and meeting會議 their needs需求. So it's not mutually相互 exclusive獨家.
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滿足了自己的需求。兩者不是互斥的。
23:09
We have to find a way to meet遇到 our needs需求,
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我們必須找到方法,既能夠滿足我們的需求,
23:12
while making製造 of this place地點 an Eden伊甸園.
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又能把我們的環境打造成伊甸園。
23:18
CACA: Janine珍妮, thank you so much.
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Janine,非常謝謝你。
23:19
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Bill Hsiung
Reviewed by Clare Wang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Janine Benyus - Science writer, innovation consultant, conservationist
A self-proclaimed nature nerd, Janine Benyus' concept of biomimicry has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity.

Why you should listen

In the world envisioned by science author Janine Benyus, a locust's ability to avoid collision within a roiling cloud of its brethren informs the design of a crash-resistant car; a self-cleaning leaf inspires a new kind of paint, one that dries in a pattern that enables simple rainwater to wash away dirt; and organisms capable of living without water open the way for vaccines that maintain potency even without refrigeration -- a hurdle that can prevent life-saving drugs from reaching disease-torn communities. Most important, these cool tools from nature pull off their tricks while still managing to preserve the environment that sustains them, a life-or-death lesson that humankind is in need of learning.

As a champion of biomimicry, Benyus has become one of the most important voices in a new wave of designers and engineers inspired by nature. Her most recent project, AskNature, explores what happens if we think of nature by function and looks at what organisms can teach us about design.

More profile about the speaker
Janine Benyus | Speaker | TED.com