ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Sandel - Political philosopher
Michael Sandel teaches political philosophy at Harvard, exploring some of the most hotly contested moral and political issues of our time.

Why you should listen

Michael Sandel is one of the best known American public intellectuals. The London Observer calls him "one of the most popular teachers in the world" and indeed his lectures at Harvard draw thousands of students eager to discuss big questions of modern political life: bioethics, torture, rights versus responsibilities, the value we put on things. Sandel's class is a primer on thinking through the hard choices we face as citizens. The course has been turned into a public TV series with companion website and book: Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? In his newest book, What Money Can't Buy, he challenges the idea that markets are morally neutral.
 
"To understand the importance of his purpose," a Guardian reviewer wrote of the book, "you first have to grasp the full extent of the triumph achieved by market thinking in economics, and the extent to which that thinking has spread to other domains. This school sees economics as a discipline that has nothing to do with morality, and is instead the study of incentives, considered in an ethical vacuum. Sandel's book is, in its calm way, an all-out assault on that idea, and on the influential doctrine that the economic approach to "utility maximisation" explains all human behaviour."

Read more about his thinking on markets and morality: "Lunch with Michael Sandel" on FT.com >>  

More profile about the speaker
Michael Sandel | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2013

Michael Sandel: Why we shouldn't trust markets with our civic life

邁可.桑德爾: 在公民生活範疇內,我們為什麼不該相信市場力量

Filmed:
2,044,888 views

邁可.桑德爾說,過去三十年來,美國從市場經濟逐漸變為市場社會; 直白地説,一位美國人享有的公民生活共享經驗,常取決於他是否富有(三個關鍵的例子:接受教育、訴諸法律、政治影響力)。 在這場演說中,聽眾也能參與討論,桑德爾請我們實在地思考這問題:在目前的民主社會,是否太多事物可供出售?
- Political philosopher
Michael Sandel teaches political philosophy at Harvard, exploring some of the most hotly contested moral and political issues of our time. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
Here's這裡的 a question we need to rethink反思 together一起:
0
1459
4227
現在有個問題需要我們一起反思
00:17
What should be the role角色 of money
1
5686
2441
金錢和市場在我們的社會中
00:20
and markets市場 in our societies社會?
2
8127
3486
該扮演什麼角色?
00:23
Today今天, there are very few少數 things
3
11613
2494
現今,還有幾樣東西
00:26
that money can't buy購買.
4
14107
2688
是金錢買不到的
00:28
If you're sentenced判刑 to a jail監獄 term術語
5
16795
1657
如果你在加州聖巴巴拉
00:30
in Santa聖誕老人 Barbara芭芭拉, California加州,
6
18452
2451
被判處有期徒刑
00:32
you should know
7
20903
1352
你該知道
00:34
that if you don't like the standard標準 accommodations宿舍,
8
22255
2715
如你不喜歡標準規格的住宿設施
00:36
you can buy購買 a prison監獄 cell細胞 upgrade升級.
9
24970
4343
可花錢把牢房升級
00:41
It's true真正. For how much, do you think?
10
29313
2846
這是真的,你們認為需要多少錢?
00:44
What would you guess猜測?
11
32159
1941
你猜猜看?
00:46
Five hundred dollars美元?
12
34100
1705
500 美元?
00:47
It's not the Ritz-Carlton麗思卡爾頓. It's a jail監獄!
13
35805
3335
這可不是麗思卡爾頓飯店。
這是監獄!
00:51
Eighty-two八十二 dollars美元 a night.
14
39140
2024
每晚 82 元
00:53
Eighty-two八十二 dollars美元 a night.
15
41164
2372
每晚 82 元
00:55
If you go to an amusement娛樂 park公園
16
43536
2200
如果你去遊樂園
00:57
and don't want to stand in the long lines
17
45736
2692
不想為了熱門的遊樂設施
01:00
for the popular流行 rides遊樂設施,
18
48428
1456
排隊等候
01:01
there is now a solution.
19
49884
2887
現在有解決辦法了
01:04
In many許多 theme主題 parks公園, you can pay工資 extra額外
20
52771
4264
在許多主題公園,你能花多點錢
01:09
to jump to the head of the line.
21
57035
1614
搶到前頭
01:10
They call them Fast快速 Track跟踪 or VIP要人 tickets門票.
22
58649
4515
這叫快速通關走道或 VIP 票
01:15
And this isn't only happening事件 in amusement娛樂 parks公園.
23
63164
3589
這不僅發生在遊樂園
01:18
In Washington華盛頓, D.C., long lines,
24
66753
3216
在華盛頓特區
往往也要大排長龍
01:21
queues隊列 sometimes有時 form形成
25
69969
1940
01:23
for important重要 Congressional國會 hearings聽證會.
26
71909
3869
才可出席重要的國會聽證會
01:27
Now some people don't like to wait in long queues隊列,
27
75778
3505
現在部分人不喜歡排長隊
01:31
maybe overnight過夜, even in the rain.
28
79283
2505
也許是通宵的,甚至淋雨
01:33
So now, for lobbyists說客 and others其他
29
81788
1997
所以現在那些極渴望
01:35
who are very keen敏銳 to attend出席 these hearings聽證會
30
83785
1806
參與聽證會的說客和其他人
01:37
but don't like to wait, there are companies公司,
31
85591
2719
又不喜歡排隊的,有一些公司
01:40
line-standing線站立 companies公司,
32
88310
2043
排隊公司
01:42
and you can go to them.
33
90353
1863
你可找他們
01:44
You can pay工資 them a certain某些 amount of money,
34
92216
1889
你只須向他們支付若干金額
01:46
they hire聘請 homeless無家可歸 people and others其他 who need a job工作
35
94105
3265
他們就雇用一些無家可歸人士
或需要工作的人
01:49
to stand waiting等候 in the line for as long as it takes,
36
97370
3283
排隊等候,要等多久就多久
01:52
and the lobbyist說客, just before the hearing聽力 begins開始,
37
100653
2868
說客只須在聽證會開始前
01:55
can take his or her place地點 at the head of the line
38
103521
2879
取代排在前面的人
01:58
and a seat座位 in the front面前 of the room房間.
39
106400
2745
並坐在會場的前排位置
02:01
Paid付費 line standing常設.
40
109145
3079
付費排隊
02:04
It's happening事件, the recourse追索權 to market市場 mechanisms機制
41
112224
3582
在更大的舞臺上,仰賴市場機制
02:07
and market市場 thinking思維 and market市場 solutions解決方案,
42
115806
2674
行銷思維和行銷解決方案
02:10
in bigger arenas競技場.
43
118480
2632
這是正在發生的事
02:13
Take the way we fight鬥爭 our wars戰爭.
44
121112
2671
看看我們的作戰方式
02:15
Did you know that, in Iraq伊拉克 and Afghanistan阿富汗,
45
123783
3067
在伊拉克和阿富汗,你知否
02:18
there were more private私人的 military軍事 contractors承包商 on the ground地面
46
126850
4045
私營軍事承包商的數量
02:22
than there were U.S. military軍事 troops軍隊?
47
130895
3820
較美國軍隊人數還要多。
02:26
Now this isn't because we had a public上市 debate辯論
48
134715
3119
現在並非因我們曾公開辯論
02:29
about whether是否 we wanted to outsource外包 war戰爭
49
137834
2977
是否要將戰爭外包
02:32
to private私人的 companies公司,
50
140811
2171
給私人公司
02:34
but this is what has happened發生.
51
142982
2707
而是這已是既成事實
02:37
Over the past過去 three decades幾十年,
52
145689
2428
過去三十多年來
02:40
we have lived生活 through通過 a quiet安靜 revolution革命.
53
148117
4098
我們度過了一場靜靜的革命
02:44
We've我們已經 drifted漂流 almost幾乎 without realizing實現 it
54
152215
4967
我們幾乎難以察覺到
02:49
from having a market市場 economy經濟
55
157182
3248
經已由市場經濟漸漸
02:52
to becoming變得 market市場 societies社會.
56
160430
3967
快要成為市場社會
02:56
The difference區別 is this: A market市場 economy經濟 is a tool工具,
57
164397
3585
二者的分別在於:市場經濟是一種工具
02:59
a valuable有價值 and effective有效 tool工具,
58
167982
1662
一種有價值和有效益的工具
03:01
for organizing組織 productive生產的 activity活動,
59
169644
3058
用以組織生產活動
03:04
but a market市場 society社會 is a place地點 where
60
172702
3058
但是市場社會是一處地方
03:07
almost幾乎 everything is up for sale拍賣.
61
175760
2848
那裏差不多所有物件也可供出售
03:10
It's a way of life, in which哪一個 market市場 thinking思維
62
178608
3452
這是一種生活方式
行銷思維和市場價值開始主導
03:14
and market市場 values begin開始 to dominate支配
63
182060
2721
03:16
every一切 aspect方面 of life:
64
184781
3524
生活各個層面
03:20
personal個人 relations關係, family家庭 life, health健康, education教育,
65
188305
4735
個人關係、家庭生活、健康、教育
03:25
politics政治, law, civic公民 life.
66
193040
3299
政治、法律、公民生活
03:28
Now, why worry擔心? Why worry擔心 about our becoming變得
67
196339
5491
現在為什麼要擔心?
為何要擔心我們的社會
03:33
market市場 societies社會?
68
201830
2546
變成市場社會呢?
03:36
For two reasons原因, I think.
69
204376
3104
我認為有兩大原因
03:39
One of them has to do with inequality不等式.
70
207480
4681
其中一個原因是不平等
03:44
The more things money can buy購買,
71
212161
3333
錢能買到的東西越多
03:47
the more affluence富裕, or the lack缺乏 of it, matters事項.
72
215494
4294
富裕程度就變得越重要
03:51
If the only thing that money determined決心
73
219788
2857
如果錢只能讓人決定是否
03:54
was access訪問 to yachts遊艇 or fancy幻想 vacations休假 or BMWs寶馬,
74
222645
5689
購買遊艇、豪華假期或寶馬
04:00
then inequality不等式 wouldn't不會 matter very much.
75
228334
4352
那麼不平等就沒那麼重要
04:04
But when money comes increasingly日益 to govern治理
76
232686
3427
但當金錢越來越能夠支配
04:08
access訪問 to the essentials要領 of the good life --
77
236113
4837
美好生活的元素--
04:12
decent正經 health健康 care關心, access訪問 to the best最好 education教育,
78
240950
3926
高品質的醫療保健、最好的教育
04:16
political政治 voice語音 and influence影響 in campaigns活動 --
79
244876
4870
選舉中的政治發言權和影響力--
04:21
when money comes to govern治理 all of those things,
80
249746
3580
當金錢支配了一切
04:25
inequality不等式 matters事項 a great deal合同.
81
253326
2550
不平等就變得非常重要
04:27
And so the marketization市場化 of everything
82
255876
2255
因此,所有事物被市場化後
04:30
sharpens銳化 the sting of inequality不等式
83
258131
3570
凸顯出不平等的問題
04:33
and its social社會 and civic公民 consequence後果.
84
261701
2184
及其社會和公民效應
04:35
That's one reason原因 to worry擔心.
85
263885
2986
這只是一個需要擔心的原因
04:38
There's a second第二 reason原因
86
266871
2237
除了對不平等的擔心
04:41
apart距離 from the worry擔心 about inequality不等式,
87
269108
3899
第二個原因
04:45
and it's this:
88
273007
2319
就是
04:47
with some social社會 goods產品 and practices做法,
89
275326
3924
某些社會商品和常規
04:51
when market市場 thinking思維 and market市場 values enter輸入,
90
279250
5466
當行銷思維和市場價值介入時
04:56
they may可能 change更改 the meaning含義 of those practices做法
91
284716
2772
或會因此改變那些常規的意義
04:59
and crowd人群 out attitudes態度 and norms規範
92
287488
3349
擠掉值得我們在意的
05:02
worth價值 caring愛心 about.
93
290837
1949
態度和規範
05:04
I'd like to take an example
94
292786
2624
給大家舉個例子
05:07
of a controversial爭論的 use of a market市場 mechanism機制,
95
295410
3726
關於市場機制運用的爭議
05:11
a cash現金 incentive激勵, and see what you think about it.
96
299136
4745
金錢獎勵,看看你們怎麼想的
05:15
Many許多 schools學校 struggle鬥爭 with the challenge挑戰
97
303881
3165
許多學校面臨怎樣鼓勵孩子的挑戰
05:19
of motivating激勵 kids孩子, especially特別 kids孩子
98
307046
2539
尤其是
05:21
from disadvantaged劣勢 backgrounds背景, to study研究 hard,
99
309585
3955
來自弱勢背景的孩子,用功讀書
05:25
to do well in school學校, to apply應用 themselves他們自己.
100
313540
3039
表現良好、努力向上
05:28
Some economists經濟學家 have proposed建議 a market市場 solution:
101
316579
3488
有些經濟學家建議出一套市場解決方案
05:32
Offer提供 cash現金 incentives獎勵 to kids孩子 for getting得到 good grades等級
102
320067
4059
提供金錢獎勵,鼓勵孩子爭取好成績
05:36
or high test測試 scores分數
103
324126
2374
或高分
05:38
or for reading books圖書.
104
326500
1951
或閱讀書籍
05:40
They've他們已經 tried試著 this, actually其實.
105
328451
1782
他們也真的試過這方法
05:42
They've他們已經 doneDONE some experiments實驗
106
330233
1285
他們在美國一些主要城市
05:43
in some major重大的 American美國 cities城市.
107
331518
3431
進行過實驗
05:46
In New York紐約, in Chicago芝加哥, in Washington華盛頓, D.C.,
108
334949
3647
紐約、芝加哥、華盛頓特區
05:50
they've他們已經 tried試著 this, offering 50 dollars美元 for an A,
109
338596
3711
他們的做法是:
成續 A 等給 50 美元
05:54
35 dollars美元 for a B.
110
342307
2192
成續 B 等給 35 美元
05:56
In Dallas達拉斯, Texas德州, they have a program程序 that offers報價
111
344499
3174
德州達拉斯有這樣一個計畫
05:59
eight-year-olds八歲的孩子 two dollars美元 for each book they read.
112
347673
4420
八歲學童每讀一本書就獎 2 美元
06:04
So let's see what -- Some people are in favor偏愛,
113
352093
2919
讓我們來看看 -- 有些人支持
06:07
some people are opposed反對 to this cash現金 incentive激勵
114
355012
3390
有些人則反對使用錢
06:10
to motivate刺激 achievement成就.
115
358402
1698
鼓勵學生取得成就
06:12
Let's see what people here think about it.
116
360100
2637
讓我們來看看這裡的人的看法
06:14
Imagine想像 that you are the head of a major重大的 school學校 system系統,
117
362737
4508
假設你是一個主要學區的主管
06:19
and someone有人 comes to you with this proposal提案.
118
367245
2985
有人向你提出這建議
06:22
And let's say it's a foundation基礎. They will provide提供 the funds資金.
119
370230
2637
假設是一個基金會,他們將會出錢
06:24
You don't have to take it out of your budget預算.
120
372867
1866
學校無須負擔費用
06:26
How many許多 would be in favor偏愛
121
374733
1282
有多少人會贊成
06:28
and how many許多 would be opposed反對 to giving it a try?
122
376015
3594
又多少人會反對試一試?
06:31
Let's see by a show顯示 of hands.
123
379609
1596
透過以舉手方式表決,讓我們來看看
06:33
First, how many許多 think it might威力 at least最小 be worth價值 a try
124
381205
3594
首先,多少人認為值得一試
06:36
to see if it would work? Raise提高 your hand.
125
384799
3896
看看是否有效?請舉手
06:40
And how many許多 would be opposed反對? How many許多 would --
126
388695
2731
有多少人反對?多少 --
06:43
So the majority多數 here are opposed反對,
127
391426
2814
這裡多數人反對
06:46
but a sizable可觀 minority少數民族 are in favor偏愛.
128
394240
2982
但相當一部分的少數也贊成
06:49
Let's have a discussion討論.
129
397222
1569
我們來討論一下
06:50
Let's start開始 with those of you who object目的,
130
398791
3043
由反對的開始吧
06:53
who would rule規則 it out even before trying.
131
401834
2881
你們甚至在嘗試之前已排除這可能
06:56
What would be your reason原因?
132
404715
1621
你的理由會是什麼呢?
06:58
Who will get our discussion討論 started開始? Yes?
133
406336
3872
誰願意帶頭討論?你喔?
07:02
Heike海克 Moses摩西: Hello你好 everyone大家, I'm Heike海克,
134
410208
1898
海克摩西:大家好,我是海克
07:04
and I think it just kills殺死 the intrinsic固有 motivation動機,
135
412106
2767
我認為它只會抹殺學習的內在動機
07:06
so in the respect尊重 that children孩子, if they would like to read,
136
414873
5148
所以在這方面,如果學童喜歡讀書的話
07:12
you just take this incentive激勵 away
137
420021
2117
你只要把奬勵誘因拿走
07:14
in just paying付款 them, so it just changes變化 behavior行為.
138
422138
3452
只給錢,這樣就會改變行為
07:17
Michael邁克爾 Sandel桑德爾: Takes the intrinsic固有 incentive激勵 away.
139
425590
3418
邁可‧桑德爾:把內在的奬勵誘因拿走
07:21
What is, or should be, the intrinsic固有 motivation動機?
140
429008
4235
內在動機是什麼,或該是什麼?
07:25
HMHM: Well, the intrinsic固有 motivation動機
141
433243
1690
HM:內在動機嘛
07:26
should be to learn學習.
142
434933
1677
該是學習吧
07:28
MS女士: To learn學習.
HMHM: To get to know the world世界.
143
436610
3143
MS:去學習
HM:為了認識世界
07:31
And then, if you stop paying付款 them, what happens發生 then?
144
439753
2894
然後如果你停止給他們錢,
會發生什麼事?
07:34
Then they stop reading?
145
442647
1747
他們會否停止閱讀?
07:36
MS女士: Now, let's see if there's someone有人 who favors好處,
146
444394
3000
MS:現在讓我們看看有沒有人贊成
07:39
who thinks it's worth價值 trying this.
147
447394
2348
誰認為值得試試
07:41
Elizabeth伊麗莎白 Loftus洛夫特斯: I'm Elizabeth伊麗莎白 Loftus洛夫特斯,
148
449742
1972
伊莉莎白‧羅芙特斯:我是
伊莉莎白‧羅芙特斯 (Elizabeth Loftus)
07:43
and you said worth價值 a try, so why not try it
149
451714
4130
你說值得一試,所以為何不試試
07:47
and do the experiment實驗 and measure測量 things?
150
455844
4123
來做個小實驗並估量一下?
07:51
MS女士: And measure測量. And what would you measure測量?
151
459967
2173
MS:估量。你會估量些什麼?
07:54
You'd measure測量 how many許多 --
152
462140
1721
你要估量有多少...
07:55
ELEL: How many許多 books圖書 they read
153
463861
1844
EL:他們讀了多少本書
07:57
and how many許多 books圖書 they continued繼續 to read
154
465705
2690
而當你不給錢後
08:00
after you stopped停止 paying付款 them.
155
468395
1715
又繼續讀了多少本書
08:02
MS女士: Oh, after you stopped停止 paying付款.
156
470110
2357
MS:噢,你不再給錢以後
08:04
All right, what about that?
157
472467
1354
好,那又如何?
08:05
HMHM: To be frank坦率, I just think
158
473821
1977
HM:老實說,我只認為
08:07
this is, not to offend得罪 anyone任何人, a very American美國 way.
159
475798
4633
我無意冒犯任何人,
這是非常美式的作風
08:12
(Laughter笑聲) (Applause掌聲)
160
480431
6472
(笑聲) (掌聲)
08:18
MS女士: All right. What's emerged出現 from this discussion討論
161
486903
2203
MS:好,這次討論
08:21
is the following以下 question:
162
489106
2120
出現了以下問題
08:23
Will the cash現金 incentive激勵 drive駕駛 out or corrupt腐敗
163
491226
4251
金錢獎勵會否侵蝕或擠掉
08:27
or crowd人群 out the higher更高 motivation動機,
164
495477
3189
或排擠更較高層面的動機
08:30
the intrinsic固有 lesson that we hope希望 to convey傳達,
165
498666
4794
我們希望表達的心聲
08:35
which哪一個 is to learn學習 to love to learn學習 and to read
166
503460
4087
即是要培養他們學習和閱讀的興趣
08:39
for their own擁有 sakes緣故?
167
507547
2003
是要為他們自己著想?
08:41
And people disagree不同意 about what the effect影響 will be,
168
509550
4097
大家對產生什麼樣的效果持不同意見
08:45
but that seems似乎 to be the question,
169
513647
2657
但這似乎就是問題所在
08:48
that somehow不知何故 a market市場 mechanism機制
170
516304
2036
不知何故市場機制或金錢獎勵
08:50
or a cash現金 incentive激勵 teaches the wrong錯誤 lesson,
171
518340
4861
是錯誤的教導
08:55
and if it does, what will become成為 of these children孩子 later後來?
172
523201
3607
如果真的錯了,學童未來會變成怎樣?
08:58
I should tell you what's happened發生 with these experiments實驗.
173
526808
3373
我該告訴你們這些實驗發生了什麼事情
09:02
The cash現金 for good grades等級 has had very mixed results結果,
174
530181
4518
用錢鼓勵學生取得好成績,
得出了不同的結果
09:06
for the most part部分 has not resulted導致 in higher更高 grades等級.
175
534699
3147
大部分學生的成績不會更好
09:09
The two dollars美元 for each book
176
537846
2371
閱讀一本書就給兩美元
09:12
did lead those kids孩子 to read more books圖書.
177
540217
3301
確實使那些學童讀更多書
09:15
It also led them to read shorter books圖書.
178
543518
2644
也使他們看頁數較少的書
09:18
(Laughter笑聲)
179
546162
4178
(笑聲)
09:22
But the real真實 question is,
180
550340
1650
但真正問題是
09:23
what will become成為 of these kids孩子 later後來?
181
551990
2572
未來這些孩子會變成怎樣?
09:26
Will they have learned學到了 that reading is a chore苦差事,
182
554562
2114
會否認為閱讀是件苦差事
09:28
a form形成 of piecework計件工作 to be doneDONE for pay工資, that's the worry擔心,
183
556676
2972
一項按件計酬的工作,那就令人擔心
09:31
or may可能 it lead them to read maybe for the wrong錯誤 reason原因 initially原來
184
559648
4617
或許引領他們開始閱讀時動機不正
09:36
but then lead them to fall秋季 in love with reading for its own擁有 sake清酒?
185
564265
4746
但日後引領他們愛上閱讀,
因興趣而讀?
09:41
Now, what this, even this brief簡要 debate辯論, brings帶來 out
186
569011
4821
現在這簡短的辯論也指出
09:45
is something that many許多 economists經濟學家 overlook俯瞰.
187
573832
3818
很多經濟學家忽略的地方
09:49
Economists經濟學家 often經常 assume承擔
188
577650
2096
經濟學家時常假設
09:51
that markets市場 are inert惰性的,
189
579746
2624
市場是沒有生命的
09:54
that they do not touch觸摸 or taint污點 the goods產品 they exchange交換.
190
582370
4366
不會碰到或沾染進行交易的商品
09:58
Market市場 exchange交換, they assume承擔,
191
586736
3104
他們假設市場交易
10:01
doesn't change更改 the meaning含義 or value
192
589840
2460
不會改變要進行交易的商品
10:04
of the goods產品 being存在 exchanged交換.
193
592300
1283
其意義和價值
10:05
This may可能 be true真正 enough足夠
194
593583
1576
這或者是千真萬確的
10:07
if we're talking about material材料 goods產品.
195
595159
2417
如果我們談的是物質產品
10:09
If you sell me a flat平面 screen屏幕 television電視
196
597576
2506
如果你賣給我一部平面電視
10:12
or give me one as a gift禮品,
197
600082
2178
或送一部給我當禮物
10:14
it will be the same相同 good.
198
602260
1360
兩者都是同樣的產品
10:15
It will work the same相同 either way.
199
603620
2486
兩種運作方式也一樣
10:18
But the same相同 may可能 not be true真正
200
606106
2776
共同處就並不是正確的
10:20
if we're talking about nonmaterial非物質 goods產品
201
608882
2332
如果我們談的是非物質產品
10:23
and social社會 practices做法 such這樣 as teaching教學 and learning學習
202
611214
3950
社會實踐如教學和學習
10:27
or engaging together一起 in civic公民 life.
203
615164
3732
或共同參與公民生活
10:30
In those domains, bringing使 market市場 mechanisms機制
204
618896
3421
在那些領域,引進市場機制
10:34
and cash現金 incentives獎勵 may可能 undermine破壞
205
622317
3918
和金錢獎勵或會削弱
10:38
or crowd人群 out nonmarket非市場 values and attitudes態度
206
626235
4320
或擠掉我們該關心的
10:42
worth價值 caring愛心 about.
207
630555
2359
非市場價值和態度
10:44
Once一旦 we see
208
632914
2224
一旦我們了解到
10:47
that markets市場 and commerce商業,
209
635138
3711
當市場和貿易
10:50
when extended擴展 beyond the material材料 domain,
210
638849
3661
超越物質領域時
10:54
can change更改 the character字符 of the goods產品 themselves他們自己,
211
642510
5450
就可改變商品本身的特性
10:59
can change更改 the meaning含義 of the social社會 practices做法,
212
647960
2561
就可改變社會實踐的意義
11:02
as in the example of teaching教學 and learning學習,
213
650521
3464
即如教學和學習的例子
11:05
we have to ask where markets市場 belong屬於
214
653985
4646
我們必須問,哪裡是屬於市場的
11:10
and where they don't,
215
658631
1931
哪裡不屬於市場
11:12
where they may可能 actually其實 undermine破壞
216
660562
2373
哪裡事實上破壞了
11:14
values and attitudes態度 worth價值 caring愛心 about.
217
662935
3003
值得我們關心的價值和態度
11:17
But to have this debate辯論,
218
665938
3262
但是透過此辯論
11:21
we have to do something we're not very good at,
219
669200
3498
我們必須去做一些不擅長的事情
11:24
and that is to reason原因 together一起 in public上市
220
672698
3482
就是一起公開理性的辯論
11:28
about the value and the meaning含義
221
676180
3240
我們所珍視的社會實踐
11:31
of the social社會 practices做法 we prize,
222
679420
4004
其價值和意義
11:35
from our bodies身體 to family家庭 life
223
683424
2505
從我們的身體到家庭生活
11:37
to personal個人 relations關係 to health健康
224
685929
1953
到私人關係到健康
11:39
to teaching教學 and learning學習 to civic公民 life.
225
687882
3713
到公民生活的學習和教學
11:43
Now these are controversial爭論的 questions問題,
226
691595
2984
這些都是具爭議的問題
11:46
and so we tend趨向 to shrink收縮 from them.
227
694579
2760
所以我們傾向退縮
11:49
In fact事實, during the past過去 three decades幾十年,
228
697339
2920
事實上過去 30 年來
11:52
when market市場 reasoning推理 and market市場 thinking思維
229
700259
2497
當市場論據和行銷思維
11:54
have gathered雲集 force and gained獲得 prestige聲望,
230
702756
3488
凝聚起力量且贏得到聲望
11:58
our public上市 discourse演講 during this time
231
706244
3482
這段期間我們的公共討論
12:01
has become成為 hollowed挖空 out,
232
709726
2235
變得蕩然無存
12:03
empty of larger moral道德 meaning含義.
233
711961
3706
缺乏更深遠的道德意義
12:07
For fear恐懼 of disagreement異議, we shrink收縮 from these questions問題.
234
715667
3212
因為害怕爭論,我們避而不談
12:10
But once一旦 we see that markets市場
235
718879
3527
不過一旦我們了解到
12:14
change更改 the character字符 of goods產品,
236
722406
2173
市場會改變商品的特性
12:16
we have to debate辯論 among其中 ourselves我們自己
237
724579
4567
我們就必須討論
12:21
these bigger questions問題
238
729146
2337
這些更重要的問題
12:23
about how to value goods產品.
239
731483
1960
怎樣給予商品評價
12:25
One of the most corrosive腐蝕性的 effects效果
240
733443
2995
把每樣東西標價
12:28
of putting a price價錢 on everything
241
736438
2787
其中最具腐蝕作用之一
12:31
is on commonality共性,
242
739225
2369
就是共通性
12:33
the sense that we are all in it together一起.
243
741594
3178
也就是我們全都混在一起的感覺
12:36
Against反對 the background背景 of rising升起 inequality不等式,
244
744772
4723
在不平等情況與日俱增的背景下
12:41
marketizing不斷開創 every一切 aspect方面 of life
245
749495
3867
把生活各個層面市場化
12:45
leads引線 to a condition條件 where those who are affluent富裕的
246
753362
5551
導致一個情況,富裕的人
12:50
and those who are of modest謙虛 means手段
247
758913
1850
和過著節制生活的人
12:52
increasingly日益 live生活 separate分離 lives生活.
248
760763
4382
逐漸地過著不同的生活
12:57
We live生活 and work and shop and play
249
765145
3219
我們生活、工作、購物和娛樂
13:00
in different不同 places地方.
250
768364
1731
在不同的地方
13:02
Our children孩子 go to different不同 schools學校.
251
770095
3116
我們的子女就讀不同的學校
13:05
This isn't good for democracy民主,
252
773211
2549
這對民主毫無益處
13:07
nor也不 is it a satisfying滿意的 way to live生活,
253
775760
2923
也並不是令人滿意的生活方式
13:10
even for those of us who can afford給予
254
778683
3280
即使我們能夠花錢
13:13
to buy購買 our way to the head of the line.
255
781963
2755
搶到前頭
13:16
Here's這裡的 why.
256
784718
1773
原因如下
13:18
Democracy民主 does not require要求 perfect完善 equality平等,
257
786491
4929
民主不須要完全平等
13:23
but what it does require要求
258
791420
1763
但必須要的
13:25
is that citizens公民 share分享 in a common共同 life.
259
793183
3628
就是公民可享有共同的生活
13:28
What matters事項 is that people
260
796811
2629
重要的是
13:31
of different不同 social社會 backgrounds背景
261
799440
1769
不同社會背景的人
13:33
and different不同 walks散步 of life
262
801209
1724
不同身分的人
13:34
encounter遭遇 one another另一個,
263
802933
2284
互相接觸
13:37
bump磕碰 up against反對 one another另一個
264
805217
2023
在日常生活中
13:39
in the ordinary普通 course課程 of life,
265
807240
3490
彼此相遇
13:42
because this is what teaches us
266
810730
2724
因為這樣才教我們
13:45
to negotiate談判 and to abide遵守 our differences分歧.
267
813454
3672
學習協商及容忍彼此間的差異
13:49
And this is how we come to care關心 for the common共同 good.
268
817126
4214
這樣我們才會關心共同利益
13:53
And so, in the end結束, the question of markets市場
269
821340
3350
因此,到最後,市場問題
13:56
is not mainly主要 an economic經濟 question.
270
824690
4140
主要並不是一項經濟問題
14:00
It's really a question of how we want to live生活 together一起.
271
828830
4088
而是我們到底想怎樣一起生活的問題
14:04
Do we want a society社會 where everything is up for sale拍賣,
272
832918
4540
我們是否想要一個所有物件
也可出售的社會
14:09
or are there certain某些 moral道德 and civic公民 goods產品
273
837458
3512
或是否存在某些德行和公民利益
14:12
that markets市場 do not honor榮譽
274
840970
1929
市場不重視
14:14
and money cannot不能 buy購買?
275
842899
2794
而金錢買不到的?
14:17
Thank you very much.
276
845693
1462
非常感謝大家
14:19
(Applause掌聲)
277
847155
5185
(掌聲)
Translated by William Choi
Reviewed by E Fan

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Sandel - Political philosopher
Michael Sandel teaches political philosophy at Harvard, exploring some of the most hotly contested moral and political issues of our time.

Why you should listen

Michael Sandel is one of the best known American public intellectuals. The London Observer calls him "one of the most popular teachers in the world" and indeed his lectures at Harvard draw thousands of students eager to discuss big questions of modern political life: bioethics, torture, rights versus responsibilities, the value we put on things. Sandel's class is a primer on thinking through the hard choices we face as citizens. The course has been turned into a public TV series with companion website and book: Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? In his newest book, What Money Can't Buy, he challenges the idea that markets are morally neutral.
 
"To understand the importance of his purpose," a Guardian reviewer wrote of the book, "you first have to grasp the full extent of the triumph achieved by market thinking in economics, and the extent to which that thinking has spread to other domains. This school sees economics as a discipline that has nothing to do with morality, and is instead the study of incentives, considered in an ethical vacuum. Sandel's book is, in its calm way, an all-out assault on that idea, and on the influential doctrine that the economic approach to "utility maximisation" explains all human behaviour."

Read more about his thinking on markets and morality: "Lunch with Michael Sandel" on FT.com >>  

More profile about the speaker
Michael Sandel | Speaker | TED.com