TEDCity2.0
Toni Griffin: A new vision for rebuilding Detroit
托妮．格里芬 (Toni Griffin): 重建底特律的新視界
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作為美國工業曾經的動力中心，底特律近年來每況愈下，成爲了毀棄、崩潰和破產的代言人。但是城市規劃師托妮．格里芬讓我們重新審視這座城市，並且為這座有七十萬居民的城市譜寫了企業創新的未來。
Toni Griffin - Place maker
Toni Griffin is an urban planner working to make cities more just and resilient. Full bio
Toni Griffin is an urban planner working to make cities more just and resilient. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
By 2010, Detroit had become the poster child
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在 2010 年底特律已經成為了
00:15
for an American city in crisis.
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危機中的美國城市的代言：
00:17
There was a housing collapse,
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房地產市場崩塌，
00:19
an auto industry collapse,
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汽車工業崩塌，
00:21
and the population had plummeted by 25 percent
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在 2000 到 2005 年之間，
00:24
between 2000 and 2010,
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人口也已經直線下跌了 25%；
00:26
and many people were beginning to write it off,
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很多人開始接受了這個現實，
00:28
as it had topped the list of American shrinking cities.
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因為底特律已經位列
美國正在萎縮城市的名單榜首。
美國正在萎縮城市的名單榜首。
00:32
By 2010, I had also been asked by
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在 2010 年的時候，我曾經被
00:34
the Kresge Foundation and the city of Detroit
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克雷斯吉基金會和底特律城邀請
00:37
to join them in leading a citywide planning process
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去加入他們，參與一個城市規劃專案，
00:40
for the city to create a shared vision for its future.
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構建城市未來的共同遠景。
00:43
I come to this work
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我作為
00:45
as an architect and an urban planner,
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一名建築師和一名城市規劃師
參與到這項工作當中，
參與到這項工作當中，
00:47
and I've spent my career working
in other contested cities,
in other contested cities,
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在我的職業生涯當中，
我也曾經為其他對手城市工作過，
我也曾經為其他對手城市工作過，
00:49
like Chicago, my hometown;
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比如我的故鄉芝加哥、
00:51
Harlem, which is my current home;
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我現在的家，哈萊姆區、
00:53
Washington, D.C.; and Newark, New Jersey.
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華盛頓特區，以及紐瓦克，新澤西。
00:56
All of these cities, to me, still had a number
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所有的這些城市，對我而言，仍然存在著一些
00:58
of unresolved issues related to urban justice,
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和城市正義、公平、包容性
01:01
issues of equity, inclusion and access.
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平等和接納性相關的未解決的問題。
01:06
Now by 2010, as well,
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現在，2010年，
01:08
popular design magazines were also beginning
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流行的設計雜誌也開始
01:10
to take a closer look at cities like Detroit,
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更關注像底特律這樣的城市，
01:12
and devoting whole issues to "fixing the city."
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用了一整期的雜誌
去討論「修復城市」的問題。
去討論「修復城市」的問題。
01:16
I was asked by a good friend, Fred Bernstein,
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我被好友福德博恩斯坦，
01:18
to do an interview for the October issue
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叫去為十月份的一本
建築雜誌做一次採訪，
建築雜誌做一次採訪，
01:20
of Architect magazine,
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做一次採訪，
01:22
and he and I kind of had a good chuckle
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我和他竊笑了幾聲
01:24
when we saw the magazine released with the title,
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當我們看到雜誌的選題是
01:27
"Can This Planner Save Detroit?"
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「這個規劃者能夠拯救底特律嗎?」
01:30
So I'm smiling with a little bit
of embarrassment right now,
of embarrassment right now,
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我的笑裡帶著一絲尷尬，
01:33
because obviously, it's completely absurd
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因為這很明顯，
01:35
that a single person, let alone a planner,
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某一個人，一個規劃者，
01:37
could save a city.
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能去拯救一座城市是荒謬的。
01:39
But I'm also smiling because I thought it represented
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但是我笑還因為這代表著
01:41
a sense of hopefulness that our profession
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一種對我們職業的希望，
01:44
could play a role in helping the city to think about
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能夠在幫助這個城市思考
01:47
how it would recover from its severe crisis.
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怎樣從嚴重的危機重振起來
的過程中，扮演一個角色。
的過程中，扮演一個角色。
01:51
So I'd like to spend a little bit of time this afternoon
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因此我想用這個下午的一點時間
01:53
and tell you a little bit about our process
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告訴你一些我們重整城市的過程，
01:55
for fixing the city, a little bit about Detroit,
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和關於底特律的新聞。
01:57
and I want to do that through
the voices of Detroiters.
the voices of Detroiters.
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我想通過底特律居民
的聲音來傳遞這些資訊。
的聲音來傳遞這些資訊。
02:00
So we began our process in September of 2010.
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我們從 2010 年 9 月開始。
02:03
It's just after a special mayoral election,
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那是剛剛在一次
特殊的市長選舉之後，
特殊的市長選舉之後，
02:06
and word has gotten out that there is going to be
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即將有城市範圍規劃的消息
02:08
this citywide planning process,
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已經被放出，
02:10
which brings a lot of anxiety and fears
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給底特律人帶來了一些
02:12
among Detroiters.
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焦慮和恐懼。
02:14
We had planned to hold a number
of community meetings in rooms like this
of community meetings in rooms like this
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我們已經籌劃了在這樣的
場合舉辦一些社區會議
場合舉辦一些社區會議
02:18
to introduce the planning process,
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來介紹這個規劃的過程。
02:21
and people came out from all over the city,
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人們從城市不同的角落過來，
02:23
including areas that were stable neighborhoods,
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包括住在穩定社區的人們
02:26
as well as areas that were beginning to see
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和住在已經開始出現
02:27
a lot of vacancy.
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空城狀況區域的人們。
02:29
And most of our audience was representative
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我們多數的聽眾代表來自
02:31
of the 82 percent African-American population
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當時城市中佔百分之八十二
02:34
in the city at that time.
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的非洲裔美國人。
02:36
So obviously, we have a Q&A portion of our program,
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當然，有一個關於
我們計劃的問答環節，
我們計劃的問答環節，
02:40
and people line up to mics to ask questions.
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人們排起隊問問題。
02:43
Many of them step very firmly to the mic,
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他們中的很多人
非常堅定地走向麥克風，
非常堅定地走向麥克風，
02:45
put their hands across their chest, and go,
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雙手盤在胸膛上說：
02:48
"I know you people are trying to
move me out of my house, right?"
move me out of my house, right?"
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“我知道，你們這些人在嘗試
把我們趕出我們的房子，對吧？”
把我們趕出我們的房子，對吧？”
02:52
So that question is really powerful,
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這是一個擲地有聲的問題，
02:54
and it was certainly powerful to us in the moment,
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對當時的我們非常非常震撼，
02:57
when you connect it to the stories
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尤其當你把這個問題和
02:59
that some Detroiters had,
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許多底特律人的故事，
03:01
and actually a lot of African-Americans'
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特別是那些居住在像
03:03
families have had
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中西部城市非裔美國人的
03:04
that are living in Midwestern cities like Detroit.
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家庭經歷聯繫起來的時候。
03:08
Many of them told us the stories about
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他們當中很多人告訴我們
03:10
how they came to own their home
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他們怎樣來到他們現在的家：
03:12
through their grandparents or great-grandparents,
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他們祖父母輩或曾祖父母輩，
03:14
who were one of 1.6 million people who migrated
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作為一百六十萬人
03:17
from the rural South to the industrial North,
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從荒蕪的南方移民
到工業化的北方之中的成員，
到工業化的北方之中的成員，
03:20
as depicted in this painting by Jacob Lawrence,
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情景如同這幅
雅各布勞倫斯的油畫
雅各布勞倫斯的油畫
03:22
"The Great Migration."
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《大移民》。
03:24
They came to Detroit for a better way of life.
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他們爲了更好的生活
而來到底特律。
而來到底特律。
03:27
Many found work in the automobile industry,
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很多人為汽車工業工作，
03:29
the Ford Motor Company, as depicted in this mural
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正如同在這幅在底特律藝術館，
出自迪亞戈日瓦樂的壁畫當中描繪的
出自迪亞戈日瓦樂的壁畫當中描繪的
03:32
by Diego Rivera in the Detroit Institute of Art.
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《福特汽車公司》。
03:36
The fruits of their labors would afford them a home,
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他們勞動的果實支撐著他們的家，
03:39
for many the first piece of property
that they would ever know,
that they would ever know,
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那是他們之中很多人
所購置的第一份不動產，
所購置的第一份不動產，
03:42
and a community with other first-time
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也是一個和其他第一次
03:44
African-American home buyers.
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買房的非裔美國人組成的一個社區。
03:46
The first couple of decades of their life in the North
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他們在美國北方生活的前幾十年
03:48
is quite well, up until about 1950,
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是非常不錯的，直到大約 1950 年，
03:51
which coincides with the city's peak population
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城市人口數量達到巔峰，
03:54
at 1.8 million people.
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有一百八十萬人。
03:56
Now it's at this time that Detroit begins to see
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這時，底特律開始出現
03:59
a second kind of migration,
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第二種形式的移民，
04:01
a migration to the suburbs.
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從城市遷往市郊。
04:03
Between 1950 and 2000,
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在 1950 年到 2000 年之間，
04:06
the region grows by 30 percent.
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這個區域增長了 30%
04:09
But this time, the migration leaves
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但是這次，移民潮留下了
04:11
African-Americans in place,
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非洲裔美國人在原處，
04:13
as families and businesses flee the city,
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與此同時，很多家庭和商業逃出城市，
04:16
leaving the city pretty desolate of people
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讓這座城市非常缺乏人
04:18
as well as jobs.
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和工作。
04:20
During that same period, between
1950 and 2000, 2010,
1950 and 2000, 2010,
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同期，即在 1950 到 2000 和 2010 之間，
04:25
the city loses 60 percent of its population,
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底特律人口減少了 60%，
04:28
and today it hovers at above 700,000.
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以至於現在城市
人口數量在七十萬左右。
人口數量在七十萬左右。
04:31
The audience members who come
and talk to us that night
and talk to us that night
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那晚在場的觀眾告訴我們
04:34
tell us the stories of what it's like to live in a city
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在一個人口匱乏的城市
04:37
with such depleted population.
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是怎樣生活的。
04:39
Many tell us that they're one of only a few homes
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很多人告訴我們，
他們的房子是街區裡
他們的房子是街區裡
04:42
on their block that are occupied,
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為數不多還住著人的，
04:44
and that they can see several abandoned homes
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他們坐在自家的門廊
04:47
from where they sit on their porches.
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就可以看到好幾座廢棄的房子。
04:49
Citywide, there are 80,000 vacant homes.
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整個城市有八萬空房子。
04:54
They can also see vacant property.
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他們也能看到空置的房產。
04:57
They're beginning to see illegal activities
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一些非法活動開始出現，
04:58
on these properties, like illegal dumping,
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比如非法傾倒垃圾，
05:01
and they know that because the city
has lost so much population,
has lost so much population,
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他們也知道，因為城市人口大量流失，
05:05
their costs for water, electricity, gas are rising,
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他們的水費、電費、瓦斯費都在上漲，
05:10
because there are not enough people
to pay property taxes
to pay property taxes
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因為沒有足夠人去交房產稅
05:13
to help support the services that they need.
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以支撐他們所需要的服務。
05:16
Citywide, there are about 100,000 vacant parcels.
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整個城市裡大約有
十萬筆空置土地。
十萬筆空置土地。
05:21
Now, to quickly give you all a sense of a scale,
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現在，我簡單解釋一下
這是怎樣的規模，
這是怎樣的規模，
05:23
because I know that sounds like a big number,
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因為我知道這聽起來
像是一個很大的數字，
像是一個很大的數字，
05:24
but I don't think you quite understand
until you look at the city map.
until you look at the city map.
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我認為你得看一看
城市地圖才會更加清楚。
城市地圖才會更加清楚。
05:26
So the city is 139 square miles.
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城市面積是 139 平方英里。
05:29
You can fit Boston, San Francisco,
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其面積可以將波士頓、 舊金山
05:31
and the island of Manhattan
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和曼哈頓島
05:33
within its footprint.
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包括在內。
05:34
So if we take all of that vacant
and abandoned property
and abandoned property
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因此，如果我們把所有的
空置和遺棄的不動產
空置和遺棄的不動產
05:37
and we smush it together,
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加在一起，
05:39
it looks like about 20 square miles,
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有約 20 平方英里，
05:41
and that's roughly equivalent to the size
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其面積就大致相當於
05:43
of the island we're sitting on today, Manhattan,
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今天我們身處的曼哈頓島，
05:45
at 22 square miles.
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約為 22 平方英里。
05:46
So it's a lot of vacancy.
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所以它意謂著很多的空置面積。
05:50
Now some of our audience members
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我們觀眾中的一些人
05:52
also tell us about some of the positive things
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也告訴我們正發生在他們
05:54
that are happening in their communities,
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社區的一些正面的事情，
05:56
and many of them are banding together
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很多人團結在一起
05:58
to take control of some of the vacant lots,
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採取一些措施
控制空置土地，
控制空置土地，
06:00
and they're starting community gardens,
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他們開始在社區建造花園，
06:01
which are creating a great sense
of community stewardship,
of community stewardship,
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這建立了社區管理責任感，
06:04
but they're very, very clear to tell us
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但他們非常、非常清楚地告訴我們
06:06
that this is not enough,
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這是遠遠不夠的，
06:08
that they want to see their neighborhoods
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他們想要看到他們的社區
06:09
return to the way that their
grandparents had found them.
grandparents had found them.
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回到他們祖父母時期的生活方式。
06:13
Now there's been a lot of speculation since 2010
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自 2010 年起，就有很多關於
06:15
about what to do with the vacant property,
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如何處置空置房產的猜測，
06:18
and a lot of that speculation has
been around community gardening,
been around community gardening,
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關於如何打理社區園藝，
06:21
or what we call urban agriculture.
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也就是我們稱為的都市農業。
06:23
So many people would say to us,
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很多人跟我們說：
06:24
"What if you just take all that vacant land
and you could make it farmland?
and you could make it farmland?
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「可以把空置的土地變成農田嗎？
06:27
It can provide fresh foods,
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這樣可以提供新鮮食物，
06:29
and it can put Detroiters back to work too."
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也可以讓底特律人願意
回來這座城市工作。」
回來這座城市工作。」
06:32
When I hear that story,
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每當我聽到這個故事，
06:33
I always imagine the folks from the Great Migration
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總是想像著大遷徙時代的人
06:36
rolling over in their graves,
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翻身爬出他們的墳墓，
06:38
because you can imagine that they didn't sacrifice
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3317
因為你可以想像
06:42
moving from the South to the North
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他們付出了多少努力
從南方遷徙到北方
從南方遷徙到北方
06:44
to create a better life for their families,
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2112
若要創建更好的家庭生活
06:46
only to see their great-grandchildren
return to an agrarian lifestyle,
return to an agrarian lifestyle,
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只是為了看其曾孫
返回到一種耕地的生活方式，
返回到一種耕地的生活方式，
06:50
especially in a city where they came
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尤其是當他們拿著
06:52
with little less than a high school education
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2054
比高中文憑更低的學歷
06:54
or even a grammar school education
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1967
甚至是初中文憑來到這座城市
06:56
and were able to afford the basic elements
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2025
能夠負擔得起
06:58
of the American dream:
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美國夢的基本所需：
07:00
steady work and a home that they owned.
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4035
穩定的工作和屬於自己的一個家。
07:04
Now, there's a third wave of migration
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現在，第三次移民潮
07:06
happening in Detroit:
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在底特律出現了：
07:07
a new ascendant of cultural entrepreneurs.
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一些新興的文化企業家。
07:11
These folks see that same vacant land
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2416
這些人視那些空置土地
07:13
and those same abandoned homes
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和那些同樣被遺棄的住房
07:14
as opportunity for new,
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為新的機會，
07:16
entrepreneurial ideas and profit,
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創業想法和利潤，
07:19
so much so that former models
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427033
1987
此前的發展模式
07:21
can move to Detroit,
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1421
可以照搬到底特律，
07:22
buy property, start successful
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2321
購買物業，開始成功的
07:24
businesses and restaurants,
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1677
企業和餐館，
07:26
and become successful community
activists in their neighborhood,
activists in their neighborhood,
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2980
成為社區積極分子，
07:29
bringing about very positive change.
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3022
帶來了非常積極的改變。
07:32
Similarly, we have small manufacturing companies
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同樣的，有小型製造業公司
07:35
making conscious decisions to relocate to the city.
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決意遷往這座城市。
07:38
This company, Shinola, which is a luxury watch
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2785
這個公司，Shinola（公司名），
是一家經營名貴手錶
是一家經營名貴手錶
07:41
and bicycle company,
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1712
和自行車的公司，
07:43
deliberately chose to relocate to Detroit,
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1893
選擇搬遷到底特律，
07:45
and they quote themselves by saying
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他們引述自己的話說
07:47
they were drawn to the global brand
of Detroit's innovation.
of Detroit's innovation.
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4258
他們要成為底特律
創新的全球品牌。
創新的全球品牌。
07:51
And they also knew that
they can tap into a workforce
they can tap into a workforce
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2572
他們也知道，他們可以僱用
07:54
that was still very skilled in how to make things.
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對工作非常熟練的團隊。
07:57
Now we have community stewardship
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現在我們的居民區
08:00
happening in neighborhoods,
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有了社區管理，
08:02
we have cultural entrepreneurs making decisions
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2799
我們有文化企業家決意
08:04
to move to the city and create enterprises,
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遷往這座城市創建企業，
08:07
and we have businesses relocating,
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1735
我們有企業迴流，
08:09
and this is all in the context
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1386
在這樣的狀況下
08:11
of what is no secret to us all,
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2272
對我們所有人來說都不是秘密，
08:13
a city that's under the control
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這座城市在緊急情況處理下
08:15
of an emergency manager,
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1622
運作情況正常，
08:16
and just this July filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy.
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4274
今年 7 月只有 9 起破產申請。
08:21
So 2010, we started this process, and by 2013,
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3242
所以 2010 年，我們開始這個案子，
在 2013 年的時候
在 2013 年的時候
08:24
we released Detroit Future City,
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2084
我們推出底特律未來城市計劃，
08:26
which was our strategic plan to guide the city
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這是我們用於指導城市的計畫
08:29
into a better and more prosperous
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1819
引導城市更加繁榮
08:31
and more sustainable existence --
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2277
與更多永續發展的可能性——
08:33
not what it was, but what it could be,
201
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3665
不是過去，而是未來的可能性，
08:36
looking at new ways of economic growth,
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504988
3315
我們尋找新的經濟增長方式，
08:40
new forms of land use,
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508303
1981
新的土地使用方式，
08:42
more sustainable and denser neighborhoods,
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510284
3108
更多永續且高密度的居民社群，
08:45
a reconfigured infrastructure
and city service system,
and city service system,
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3416
一個改組後的基礎設施
和城市服務系統，
和城市服務系統，
08:48
and a heightened capacity for civic leaders
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2868
和能力得到提高的公民領袖
08:51
to take action and implement change.
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來採取行動和實施變革。
08:54
Three key imperatives were really important
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2598
三項關鍵要務
08:57
to our work.
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1281
對我們的工作很重要。
08:58
One was that the city itself
wasn't necessarily too large,
wasn't necessarily too large,
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3878
一個是，城市本身並不一定太大，
09:02
but the economy was too small.
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1688
但是，經濟規模太小。
09:04
There are only 27 jobs per 100 people in Detroit,
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3260
每百人僅有 27 個工作崗位，
09:07
very different from a Denver
or an Atlanta or a Philadelphia
or an Atlanta or a Philadelphia
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535643
3398
這和丹佛、亞特蘭大
或費城情況非常不同，
或費城情況非常不同，
09:11
that are anywhere between
35 to 70 jobs per 100 people.
35 to 70 jobs per 100 people.
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4920
那些城市每百人就有
35 到 70 個工作崗位。
35 到 70 個工作崗位。
09:15
Secondly, there had to be an acceptance
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2422
第二，必須接受
09:18
that we were not going to be able to use
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546383
1956
我們不打算使用
09:20
all of this vacant land in the way that we had before
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548339
2864
以前的方式來使用
所有的空置土地，
所有的空置土地，
09:23
and maybe for some time to come.
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551203
2009
也許要等待一段時間。
09:25
It wasn't going to be our traditional
residential neighborhoods
residential neighborhoods
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2565
它不會是我們傳統的住宅社區
09:27
as we had before,
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1617
如同以前那樣，
09:29
and urban agriculture, while a very productive
221
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2758
城市農業，在底特律
09:32
and successful intervention happening in Detroit,
222
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2692
非常成功且高效，
09:34
was not the only answer,
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2103
並不是唯一的解決方法，
09:36
that what we had to do is look at these areas
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2436
我們所要做的是，看看這些領域
09:39
where we had significant vacancy
225
567383
1808
這些有大量空缺
09:41
but still had a significant number of population
226
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3235
但仍有相當多的人口的區域
09:44
of what could be new, productive, innovative,
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2898
能否有新的、 更有成效的、 創新的，
09:47
and entrepreneurial uses
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1534
創業用途
09:48
that could stabilize those communities,
229
576858
1955
能穩定這些，
09:50
where still nearly 300,000 residents lived.
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3368
仍有近三十萬居民居住的社區。
09:54
So we came up with one neighborhood typology --
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2816
所以我們想出了一個鄰里類型學 — —
09:56
there are several --
called a live-make neighborhood,
called a live-make neighborhood,
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584997
2973
有幾個 — — 稱為社區發展，
09:59
where folks could reappropriate
233
587970
1959
在那裡，人們可以重拾
10:01
abandoned structures
234
589929
1738
被遺棄的結構
10:03
and turn them into entrepreneurial enterprises,
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2290
然後將它們發展成創業企業，
10:05
with a specific emphasis on looking at the, again,
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3083
再次特別強調
10:09
majority 82 percent African-American population.
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3185
大多數占 82% 的非洲裔美國人人口。
10:12
So they, too, could take businesses
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2101
所以他們，也可以開展商業活動，
10:14
that they maybe were doing out of their home
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602326
2399
他們也許能從本地發展
10:16
and grow them to more prosperous industries
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604725
2711
增長成為更繁榮的產業，
10:19
and actually acquire property so they were actually
241
607436
2710
並且購置產業，
這樣他們實際上是
這樣他們實際上是
10:22
property owners as well as business owners
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2449
物業的業主，同時也是企業擁有者
10:24
in the communities with which they resided.
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2526
就在他們所居住的社區。
10:27
Then we also wanted to look at other ways
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615121
2078
我們也想看看其他
10:29
of using land in addition to growing food
245
617199
3334
除了種植糧食的土地使用方法
10:32
and transforming landscape into
246
620533
1824
和發現土地能夠
10:34
much more productive uses,
247
622357
1860
更有效率的用途，
10:36
so that it could be used for storm
water management, for example,
water management, for example,
248
624217
3290
它以前於雨水管理，例如，
10:39
by using surface lakes and retention ponds,
249
627507
3016
通過使用湖泊表面、 池塘滯洪區，
10:42
that created neighborhood amenities,
250
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1760
為鄰里帶來歡樂，
10:44
places of recreation,
251
632283
1692
娛樂消遣的場所，
10:45
and actually helped to elevate
252
633975
1817
這實際上提升了
10:47
adjacent property levels.
253
635792
1687
社區的級別。
10:49
Or we could use it as research plots,
254
637479
1860
或者我們把它用作試驗田，
10:51
where we can use it to remediate contaminated soils,
255
639339
3308
我們可以用它來
補救受污染的土壤，
補救受污染的土壤，
10:54
or we could use it to generate energy.
256
642647
3966
或者我們可以
用它來試著產生能量。
用它來試著產生能量。
10:58
So the descendants of the Great Migration
257
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3198
所以大遷徙的後代們
11:01
could either become precision
watchmakers at Shinola,
watchmakers at Shinola,
258
649811
3244
可以成為在 Shinola
工作的精密鐘錶匠，
工作的精密鐘錶匠，
11:05
like Willie H., who was featured
in one of their ads last year,
in one of their ads last year,
259
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3311
像威利 H.，他出現在了去年的廣告上，
11:08
or they can actually grow a business
260
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2392
或者他們可以自己創辦企業
11:10
that would service companies like Shinola.
261
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2725
為 Shinola 這樣的公司提供服務。
11:13
The good news is, there is a future
262
661483
2002
好消息是，總有一個未來在等待著
11:15
for the next generation of Detroiters,
263
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2559
下一代的底特律人，
11:18
both those there now and those that want to come.
264
666044
3164
包括那些已經在這裡的
和那些想要來底特律的。
和那些想要來底特律的。
11:21
So no thank you, Mayor Menino,
265
669208
2131
所以不說謝謝，市長曼甯諾，
11:23
who recently was quoted as saying,
266
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1643
市長曼甯諾最近說，
11:24
"I'd blow up the place and start over."
267
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2615
「我會炸掉這個地方，然後從頭開始。」
11:27
There are very important people,
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2351
底特律有很重要的人、
11:29
business and land assets in Detroit,
269
677948
2401
商業和土地資產，
11:32
and there are real opportunities there.
270
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1796
並且有實在的機會。
11:34
So while Detroit might not be what it was,
271
682145
2623
所以也許底特律
不會重現舊日輝煌，
不會重現舊日輝煌，
11:36
Detroit will not die.
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1619
但底特律不會消亡。
11:38
Thank you.
273
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2023
謝謝。
11:40
(Applause)
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3428
（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Toni Griffin - Place makerToni Griffin is an urban planner working to make cities more just and resilient.
Why you should listen
Toni Griffin is the Founding Director of the J. Max Bond Center on Design for the Just City at the City College of New York. In addition to her academic involvement, Griffin maintains an active private practice based in New York. Prior to returning to private practice, Griffin created a centralized division of planning and urban design for the City of Newark, New Jersey, and before that, worked on waterfront and neighborhood revitalization in Washington, D.C.
Griffin recently served as director of the Detroit Works Project, and in 2012 completed and released Detroit Future City, a comprehensive citywide framework plan for urban transformation.
Toni Griffin | Speaker | TED.com