ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Berkenstock - Satellite designer
Dan Berkenstock and his team at Skybox Imaging are rethinking how to take photographs from space.

Why you should listen

Dan Berkenstock is an entrepreneur and engineer from Chicago, who fell into a classic tale of Silicon Valley innovation while taking a graduate entrepreneurship course at Stanford. That class led him and some others to found Skybox Imaging, of which Berkenstock is now executive vice president and chief product officer.

Skybox's mission is simple, if bold: they're working to design and launch small satellites that "hitchhike" to space in an effort to revolutionize the satellite imaging business. In 2013, SkySat-1, the first such satellite, was launched and is now beaming back images that are high-enough resolution to show the real-time state of global commerce. The idea: to "revolutionize the ways that consumers, businesses, and governments make decisions in their day-to-day lives."

In a previous life, Berkenstock worked in the Advanced Supercomputing Division at NASA's Ames Research Center, and also worked as a counterproliferation analyst at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, where he focused on trying to find and thwart potential potential smugglers of nuclear technologies. He is currently on leave from the Ph.D. program in aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University.

More profile about the speaker
Dan Berkenstock | Speaker | TED.com
TED@BCG San Francisco

Dan Berkenstock: The world is one big dataset. Now, how to photograph it ...

丹.伯肯辛竇: 世界有如巨大的數據,至於怎麼拍照出來嘛...

Filmed:
888,941 views

我們對衛星拍出來的照片都很熟,卻不曉得它們都沒更新過。原因出於衛星又大又貴,能送出外太空少之又少。在這場精彩無比得演講中,講者提到他及團隊成功設計出便宜、輕如鴻毛的衛星,讓問題迎刃冰解。以大膽創新,前所未見的方式拍出地球的日常活動。
- Satellite designer
Dan Berkenstock and his team at Skybox Imaging are rethinking how to take photographs from space. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Five years年份 ago, I was a Ph博士.D. student學生
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我五年前還是個博士生
00:15
living活的 two lives生活.
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過著兩種生活
00:16
In one, I used NASANASA supercomputers超級計算機
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一個是用美國太空總署的超級電腦
00:19
to design設計 next-generation下一代 spacecraft宇宙飛船,
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設計下一代的太空船
00:21
and in the other I was a data數據 scientist科學家
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另一個身分則是數據科學家
00:24
looking for potential潛在 smugglers走私者
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找出誰有可能走私
00:26
of sensitive敏感 nuclear technologies技術.
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性能高的核能科技
00:30
As a data數據 scientist科學家, I did a lot of analyses分析,
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那作為一個數據科學家
00:32
mostly大多 of facilities設備,
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我做了不少的數據分析在設備方面
00:34
industrial產業 facilities設備 around the world世界.
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像世界各地的工業設備
00:36
And I was always looking for a better canvas帆布
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我總是在尋找更好的畫面
00:39
to tie領帶 these all together一起.
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把落在各地的工業設備拍在一起
00:41
And one day, I was thinking思維 about how
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有天突然靈機一動
00:43
all data數據 has a location位置,
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想到全部的數據不都有存放的地方
00:45
and I realized實現 that the answer回答
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瞬間發現
00:47
had been staring凝視 me in the face面對.
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答案早就在眼前了
00:48
Although雖然 I was a satellite衛星 engineer工程師,
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雖然我是衛星工程師
00:51
I hadn't有沒有 thought about using運用 satellite衛星 imagery意象
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卻從未想在工作中
00:54
in my work.
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使用衛星成像
00:56
Now, like most of us, I'd been online線上,
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你們大都知道我常在線上
00:58
I'd see my house, so I thought,
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我看得到我家,所以我就想
01:00
I'll hop in there and I'll start開始 looking up
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我可以跳入這個領域,然後開始尋找
01:02
some of these facilities設備.
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這類的設備
01:03
And what I found發現 really surprised詫異 me.
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我對搜尋的結果感到訝異
01:05
The pictures圖片 that I was finding發現
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我所找到的圖片
01:07
were years年份 out of date日期,
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已經遠遠過時了
01:09
and because of that,
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也因為這樣
01:10
it had relatively相對 little relevance關聯
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過時的圖對我
01:12
to the work that I was doing today今天.
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現今的工作毫無關聯
01:14
But I was intrigued好奇.
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卻引起我的好奇心
01:16
I mean, satellite衛星 imagery意象 is pretty漂亮 amazing驚人 stuff東東.
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用衛星拍出圖像是很酷的事
01:19
There are millions百萬 and millions百萬 of sensors傳感器
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今天有好幾百萬的感應器
01:21
surrounding周圍 us today今天,
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充斥在你我的周遭
01:22
but there's still so much we
don't know on a daily日常 basis基礎.
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我們卻對每日的變動一無所知
01:25
How much oil is stored存儲 in all of China中國?
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像中國蘊藏多少油?
01:29
How much corn玉米 is being存在 produced生成?
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有多少穀物生產?
01:32
How many許多 ships船舶 are in all of our world's世界 ports港口?
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今日全球有多少船駐入港口?
01:36
Now, in theory理論, all of these questions問題
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理論上來講,這些問題
01:39
could be answered回答 by imagery意象,
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可以看圖像回答
01:41
but not if it's old.
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但若用過時的可就難了
01:43
And if this data數據 was so valuable有價值,
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倘若這數據很珍貴
01:45
then how come I couldn't不能 get my hands
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我怎會沒法子
01:47
on more recent最近 pictures圖片?
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取得更多得近照呢?
01:50
So the story故事 begins開始 over 50 years年份 ago
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所以要從 50 年前講起
01:53
with the launch發射 of the first generation
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當美國政府發射出第一代
01:55
of U.S. government政府 photo照片 reconnaissance偵察 satellites衛星.
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衛星拍攝照片以利勘察
01:58
And today今天, there's a handful少數
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今日
02:00
of the great, great grandchildren孫子
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到處可見這些
02:02
of these early Cold War戰爭 machines
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早期冷戰留下來的機器
02:04
which哪一個 are now operated操作 by private私人的 companies公司
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現在都由私營企業經營
02:06
and from which哪一個 the vast廣大 majority多數 of satellite衛星 imagery意象
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也就是你我看到每日
02:09
that you and I see on a daily日常 basis基礎 comes.
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由衛星拍出的圖像
02:11
During this period, launching發射 things into space空間,
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在這期間,射東西到外太空
02:14
just the rocket火箭 to get the satellite衛星 up there,
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像用火箭射出衛星到外太空
02:17
has cost成本 hundreds數以百計 of millions百萬 of dollars美元 each,
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每射出一次就要花好幾億
02:22
and that's created創建 tremendous巨大 pressure壓力
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壓力大到喘不過氣來
02:23
to launch發射 things infrequently不常
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所以久久才會射到外太空
02:26
and to make sure that when you do,
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而且還要確保射時
02:27
you cram填滿 as much functionality功能 in there as possible可能.
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要盡一切塞進一堆功能
02:31
All of this has only made製作 satellites衛星
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這只讓衛星
02:32
bigger and bigger and bigger
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變得越來越來越大
02:35
and more expensive昂貴,
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越來越貴
02:36
now nearly幾乎 a billion十億, with a b, dollars美元 per copy複製.
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現在都要十億美元了,每份都是億開頭的
02:41
Because they are so expensive昂貴,
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正因為它們超級貴
02:43
there aren't very many許多 of them.
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所以數量不多
02:44
Because there aren't very many許多 of them,
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也因為數量不多
02:46
the pictures圖片 that we see on a daily日常 basis基礎
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平常看到的照片
02:48
tend趨向 to be old.
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都早就過時以久了
02:50
I think a lot of people actually其實
understand理解 this anecdotally據傳,
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我想大家都聽得懂我再講什麼
02:53
but in order訂購 to visualize想像 just how sparsely
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但為了能用想像得出
02:56
our planet行星 is collected,
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地球的照片真是少得可憐
02:57
some friends朋友 and I put together一起 a dataset數據集
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我與朋友就開始集中數據
03:00
of the 30 million百萬 pictures圖片 that have been gathered雲集
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集到三千萬張的照片
03:02
by these satellites衛星 between之間 2000 and 2010.
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都是在 2000-2010 年的衛星拍的
03:06
As you can see in blue藍色, huge巨大 areas of our world世界
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那一大片藍色代表
地球罕見的地方
03:08
are barely僅僅 seen看到, less than once一旦 a year,
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甚至一年也沒見過一次
03:11
and even the areas that are seen看到 most frequently經常,
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就算是最常看見的地方
03:13
those in red, are seen看到 at best最好 once一旦 a quarter25美分硬幣.
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紅色代表至少一季見過一次
03:17
Now as aerospace航天 engineering工程 grad畢業 students學生們,
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身為航空航天工程學的研究生
03:20
this chart圖表 cried哭了 out to us as a challenge挑戰.
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這圖表簡直觸動我每一根神經
03:23
Why do these things have to be so expensive昂貴?
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有必要那麼貴嗎?
03:27
Does a single satellite衛星 really have to cost成本
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一顆衛星真得有必要貴到
03:30
the equivalent當量 of three 747 jumbo巨大的 jets噴氣機?
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約 3 台波音 747 飛機合起來的價格嗎?
03:34
Wasn't there a way to build建立 a smaller,
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難道就沒有方法建造
03:37
simpler簡單, new satellite衛星 design設計 that could enable啟用
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更小、更簡單、更新穎的設計
03:40
more timely及時 imaging成像?
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更有效率的拍出圖像嗎?
03:42
I realize實現 that it does sound聲音 a little bit crazy
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我知道這聽來像瘋了
03:45
that we were going to go out and just
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但我們決定要到外面亂闖
03:47
begin開始 designing設計 satellites衛星,
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只為了重新設計衛星
03:49
but fortunately幸好 we had help.
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好在我們有貴人
03:51
In the late晚了 1990s, a couple一對 of professors教授
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在 1990 年末
03:53
proposed建議 a concept概念 for radically根本 reducing減少 the price價錢
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有幾位教授打膽提出
03:57
of putting things in space空間.
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讓衛星射到外大空更便宜的方案
03:59
This was hitchhiking搭便車 small satellites衛星
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這些小衛星
04:01
alongside並肩 much larger satellites衛星.
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都是隨著較大的射出
04:04
This dropped下降 the cost成本 of putting objects對象 up there
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這大幅降低成本
04:07
by over a factor因子 of 100,
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超過 100 倍
04:09
and suddenly突然 we could afford給予 to experiment實驗,
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突然間,研究變成負擔得起了
04:12
to take a little bit of risk風險,
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冒一點風險
04:13
and to realize實現 a lot of innovation革新.
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就可成就更多的創新
04:16
And a new generation of engineers工程師 and scientists科學家們,
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新一代的工程師和科學家
04:19
mostly大多 out of universities高校,
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大多大學畢業
04:20
began開始 launching發射 these very small,
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就開始射出小的
04:23
breadbox-sized麵包盒大小 satellites衛星 called CubeSats的Cubesats.
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像土司箱的人工衛星叫作CubeSats
04:25
And these were built內置 with electronics電子產品 obtained獲得
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這些電子器件都取自無線電屋公司
04:28
from RadioShack窩棚電台 instead代替 of Lockheed洛克希德 Martin馬丁.
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不是洛克西德公司的
04:32
Now it was using運用 the lessons教訓
learned學到了 from these early missions任務
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接下來就是跟前人取經
04:34
that my friends朋友 and I began開始 a series系列 of sketches素描
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朋友跟我開始畫出
04:37
of our own擁有 satellite衛星 design設計.
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一系列有關衛星的草圖
04:39
And I can't remember記得 a specific具體 day
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記不得是哪一天
04:42
where we made製作 a conscious意識 decision決定
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不知是哪根蔥促使我們
04:43
that we were actually其實 going to
go out and build建立 these things,
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決心將這些草圖變成實體
04:46
but once一旦 we got that idea理念 in our minds頭腦
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一旦那慾望跑進我們的腦海裡
04:48
of the world世界 as a dataset數據集,
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要將世界變成數據
04:51
of being存在 able能夠 to capture捕獲 millions百萬 of data數據 points
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要能夠捕捉好幾百萬的數據點
04:53
on a daily日常 basis基礎 describing說明 the global全球 economy經濟,
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日日都能收到
相關全球經濟的資料
04:56
of being存在 able能夠 to unearth挖掘 billions數十億 of connections連接
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能夠接收到幾十億地球外的資訊
04:59
between之間 them that had never before been found發現,
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而且是前所未聞的
05:02
it just seemed似乎 boring無聊
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這麼一想
05:03
to go work on anything else其他.
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要去做別的事情就沒勁了
05:06
And so we moved移動 into a cramped狹窄,
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所以我們就搬到帕羅奧圖城市
05:09
windowless無窗 office辦公室 in Palo帕洛阿爾托 Alto奧拓,
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又窄小又沒窗戶的辦公室
05:12
and began開始 working加工 to take our design設計
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開始將草圖上的設計
05:14
from the drawing畫畫 board into the lab實驗室.
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搬進實驗室做出實體
05:17
The first major重大的 question we had to tackle滑車
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我們遇到第一大的問題
05:20
was just how big to build建立 this thing.
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就是要建造的有多大
05:22
In space空間, size尺寸 drives驅動器 cost成本,
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在外太空,尺寸越大價格越貴
05:25
and we had worked工作 with these very small,
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而我們在學校裡
05:27
breadbox-sized麵包盒大小 satellites衛星 in school學校,
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有做過像土司箱大小的衛星
05:30
but as we began開始 to better
understand理解 the laws法律 of physics物理,
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隨著對物理定律的了解加深
05:32
we found發現 that the quality質量 of pictures圖片
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發現由衛星拍出
05:34
those satellites衛星 could take was very limited有限,
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圖像的品質很有限
05:37
because the laws法律 of physics物理 dictate聽寫
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因為物理定律名確指出
05:39
that the best最好 picture圖片 you
can take through通過 a telescope望遠鏡
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要能拍出質感好的圖像
05:42
is a function功能 of the diameter直徑 of that telescope望遠鏡,
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跟望眼鏡的直徑有關
05:44
and these satellites衛星 had a very small,
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但這些衛星都非常小
05:46
very constrained受限 volume.
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容量也有限
05:48
And we found發現 that the best最好 picture圖片 we would
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我們發現拍出最棒的
05:50
have been able能夠 to get looked看著 something like this.
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圖像卻長這樣子
05:52
Although雖然 this was the low-cost低成本 option選項,
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雖然成本低
05:54
quite相當 frankly坦率地說 it was just too blurry模糊
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但真得太模糊了
05:56
to see the things that make
satellite衛星 imagery意象 valuable有價值.
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這樣子衛星的優點都沒發揮出來
05:59
So about three or four weeks later後來,
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所以約 3-4 個星期後
06:02
we met會見 a group of engineers工程師 randomly隨機
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偶遇一個團隊的工程師
06:04
who had worked工作 on the first
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衛星首次傳送圖像
06:06
private私人的 imaging成像 satellite衛星 ever developed發達,
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就是他們打造的
06:09
and they told us that back in the 1970s,
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他們說 1970 年時
06:11
the U.S. government政府 had found發現 a powerful強大
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美國政府有找到強而有力的方式
06:13
optimal最佳 tradeoff交易 --
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拍出清晰圖像
06:14
that in taking服用 pictures圖片 at right
about one meter儀表 resolution解析度,
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拍照時用 100 公分的解析度
06:18
being存在 able能夠 to see objects對象 one meter儀表 in size尺寸,
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就能以同樣的尺寸拍到物體
06:20
they had found發現 that they could not
just get very high-quality高質量 images圖片,
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他們發現怎樣就是
拍不出解析度高的圖像
06:23
but get a lot of them at an affordable實惠 price價錢.
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所以用能負擔的價格多拍幾張
06:26
From our own擁有 computer電腦 simulations模擬,
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我們用電腦模擬
06:28
we quickly很快 found發現 that one meter儀表 really was
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迅速發現 100 公分
06:30
the minimum最低限度 viable可行 product產品
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小物體是可行的
06:32
to be able能夠 to see the drivers司機 of our global全球 economy經濟,
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能夠見到全球經濟的驅動
06:35
for the first time, being存在 able能夠 to count計數
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第一次我們能夠算出
06:36
the ships船舶 and cars汽車 and shipping運輸
containers集裝箱 and trucks卡車
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有多少船、車輛、運輸、貨櫃、卡車
06:39
that move移動 around our world世界 on a daily日常 basis基礎,
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每天在全球運作
06:42
while conveniently便利地 still not
being存在 able能夠 to see individuals個人.
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雖然還不能夠很簡單的看清楚人
06:46
We had found發現 our compromise妥協.
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我們也找到妥協的方法
06:47
We would have to build建立 something larger
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我們需要建造比原形
06:49
than the original原版的 breadbox麵包盒,
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吐司箱大小更大的東西
06:51
now more like a mini-fridge迷你冰箱,
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看起來像個迷你冰箱
06:52
but we still wouldn't不會 have to build建立 a pickup撿起 truck卡車.
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還不到建造小貨車尺寸的地步
06:55
So now we had our constraint約束.
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現在出現另一個限制
06:58
The laws法律 of physics物理 dictated決定
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物理定律指出
06:59
the absolute絕對 minimum-sized最小尺寸
telescope望遠鏡 that we could build建立.
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我們能建造出最小的望眼鏡尺寸
07:03
What came來了 next下一個 was making製造 the rest休息 of the satellite衛星
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接下來的任務就是打造出
07:06
as small and as simple簡單 as possible可能,
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越小越簡單的衛星越好
07:07
basically基本上 a flying飛行 telescope望遠鏡 with four walls牆壁
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基本上就是一個
會飛的四面望眼鏡
07:10
and a set of electronics電子產品 smaller than a phone電話 book
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有著一組電子器材
比一本電話簿還小
07:13
that used less power功率 than a 100 watt lightbulb燈泡.
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用量低於100瓦燈泡
07:16
The big challenge挑戰 became成為 actually其實 taking服用
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挑戰接著變成
07:18
the pictures圖片 through通過 that telescope望遠鏡.
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能否順利拍下圖像?
07:21
Traditional傳統 imaging成像 satellites衛星 use a line scanner掃描器,
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傳統衛星拍的圖像都用線掃描器
07:24
similar類似 to a Xerox複印 machine,
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就像一台影印機一樣
07:25
and as they traverse橫過 the Earth地球, they take pictures圖片,
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然後它們就會橫越地球拍照
07:28
scanning掃描 row by row by row
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每行每行的掃描
07:30
to build建立 the complete完成 image圖片.
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以便建立完整的圖像
07:32
Now people use these because they get a lot of light,
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現在人們都能用因為他們亮多了
07:35
which哪一個 means手段 less of the noise噪聲 you see
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這意味著畫質清晰多了
07:37
in a low-cost低成本 cell細胞 phone電話 image圖片.
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不像用廉價的手機拍照一樣的粗糙
07:39
The problem問題 with them is they require要求
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然而,又有問題出現了
07:42
very sophisticated複雜的 pointing指點.
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它們需要很精緻的數據點
07:44
You have to stay focused重點 on a 50-centimeter-厘米 target目標
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每秒能夠橫越超過七公里
07:46
from over 600 miles英里 away
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就能擁有很棒的解析度
07:48
while moving移動 at more than
seven kilometers公里 a second第二,
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但離物體遠超過 600 英呎的地方
07:50
which哪一個 requires要求 an awesome真棒 degree of complexity複雜.
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卻只能聚焦物體的 50 公分
07:53
So instead代替, we turned轉身 to a new
generation of video視頻 sensors傳感器,
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所以我們轉向新一代的錄影感應器
07:57
originally本來 created創建 for use in night vision視力 goggles風鏡.
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原本是要用於夜視眼鏡
08:00
Instead代替 of taking服用 a single, high quality質量 image圖片,
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與其一次拍下高值圖像
08:03
we could take a videostream視頻流
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我們就用視訊流拍下
08:04
of individually個別地 noisier喧鬧 frames,
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一張張粗糙的圖像
08:07
but then we could recombine重組
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然後幫它們
08:09
all of those frames together一起
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結成一體
08:10
into very high-quality高質量 images圖片
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成為高質圖像
08:12
using運用 sophisticated複雜的 pixel像素 processing處理 techniques技術
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使用的是精密的機器處理畫素
08:15
here on the ground地面,
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就在這地上
08:16
at a cost成本 of one one hundredth第一百 a traditional傳統 system系統.
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是原來成本的百分之一
08:19
And we applied應用的 this technique技術
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我們也使用這科技
08:20
to many許多 of the other systems系統 on the satellite衛星 as well,
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在別的衛星系統上
08:23
and day by day, our design設計 evolved進化
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我們的設計每篇都會做更換
08:26
from CADCAD to prototypes原型
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從電腦輔助設計軟體、原型
08:30
to production生產 units單位.
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到生產線
08:33
A few少數 short weeks ago,
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幾星期前
08:34
we packed打包 up SkySat天星 1,
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我們製的衛星 SkySat 一號準備好了
08:36
put our signatures簽名 on it,
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簽上我們的名字後
08:38
and waved揮手 goodbye再見 for the last time on Earth地球.
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就等著與地球拜拜
08:40
Today今天, it's sitting坐在 in its final最後 launch發射 configuration組態
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今日它仍在它當初射出的位置
08:44
ready準備 to blast爆破 off in a few少數 short weeks.
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準備在幾星期後射出
08:47
And soon不久, we'll turn our attention注意 to launching發射
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很快的,我們的注意力轉到發射
08:49
a constellation星座 of 24 or more of these satellites衛星
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一群 24 台或更多的衛星
08:52
and beginning開始 to build建立 the scalable可擴展性 analytics分析
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開始提供數據分析
08:55
that will allow允許 us to unearth挖掘 the insights見解
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讓我們看到地球外的視野
08:57
in the petabytes拍字節 of data數據 we will collect蒐集.
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用拍位元組收集而成
09:00
So why do all of this? Why build建立 these satellites衛星?
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用意是什麼? 為何要製造這些衛星?
09:04
Well, it turns out imaging成像 satellites衛星
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因為用衛星傳送圖像
09:07
have a unique獨特 ability能力 to provide提供 global全球 transparency透明度,
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才有辦法提供國際的透明度
09:10
and providing提供 that transparency透明度 on a timely及時 basis基礎
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為此透明度提供有效的時間單位
09:13
is simply只是 an idea理念 whose誰的 time has come.
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就是靈感的來源
09:16
We see ourselves我們自己 as pioneers開拓者 of a new frontier邊境,
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我們是自己為新領域的先驅
09:20
and beyond economic經濟 data數據,
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經濟數據也時時刻刻
09:22
unlocking解鎖 the human人的 story故事, moment時刻 by moment時刻.
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為人類提供圖像
09:25
For a data數據 scientist科學家
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作為數據科學家
09:27
that just happened發生 to go to space空間 camp as a kid孩子,
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感覺就像是個小孩
去了一趟外太空野營
09:30
it just doesn't get much better than that.
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沒有什麼比這感到更棒了
09:32
Thank you.
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謝謝
09:35
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Jen-Huei Wu
Reviewed by Ying Wang (王莹)

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Berkenstock - Satellite designer
Dan Berkenstock and his team at Skybox Imaging are rethinking how to take photographs from space.

Why you should listen

Dan Berkenstock is an entrepreneur and engineer from Chicago, who fell into a classic tale of Silicon Valley innovation while taking a graduate entrepreneurship course at Stanford. That class led him and some others to found Skybox Imaging, of which Berkenstock is now executive vice president and chief product officer.

Skybox's mission is simple, if bold: they're working to design and launch small satellites that "hitchhike" to space in an effort to revolutionize the satellite imaging business. In 2013, SkySat-1, the first such satellite, was launched and is now beaming back images that are high-enough resolution to show the real-time state of global commerce. The idea: to "revolutionize the ways that consumers, businesses, and governments make decisions in their day-to-day lives."

In a previous life, Berkenstock worked in the Advanced Supercomputing Division at NASA's Ames Research Center, and also worked as a counterproliferation analyst at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, where he focused on trying to find and thwart potential potential smugglers of nuclear technologies. He is currently on leave from the Ph.D. program in aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University.

More profile about the speaker
Dan Berkenstock | Speaker | TED.com